Georgia StudiesGeorgia Studies

Post WWII and the Civil Post WWII and the Civil Rights MovementRights Movement

Unit 8-9, Chapter 12Unit 8-9, Chapter 12

Impact of Governor Ellis Impact of Governor Ellis ArnallArnall

During WWII, Governor Arnall worked to During WWII, Governor Arnall worked to modernize Georgia to change the way modernize Georgia to change the way state government operated (we state government operated (we discussed him last unit)discussed him last unit)

By end of war he was speaking out for By end of war he was speaking out for political equality for black Georgians.political equality for black Georgians.

He believed one way to improve race He believed one way to improve race relations in Georgia was to attack relations in Georgia was to attack povertypoverty

He had a lasting impact on the direction He had a lasting impact on the direction Georgia politics would take post WWIIGeorgia politics would take post WWII

Georgia After WWIIGeorgia After WWII

Georgia was shifting from a wartime Georgia was shifting from a wartime economy to a peacetime economyeconomy to a peacetime economy Agriculture was NO LONGER as dominant in Agriculture was NO LONGER as dominant in

the State as it had beenthe State as it had been MANUFACTURING was now more importantMANUFACTURING was now more important

Transformation of Agriculture and Georgia’s Growth

Between 1945-1950 almost 28,000 Between 1945-1950 almost 28,000 Georgia families (mostly tenant Georgia families (mostly tenant farmers) left agriculturefarmers) left agriculture

Between 1920-1950 the number of Between 1920-1950 the number of Georgia farms decreased by more Georgia farms decreased by more than 100,000than 100,000

Why Agriculture ChangedWhy Agriculture Changed GI Bill allowed young men to have GI Bill allowed young men to have

new opportunities – they did not new opportunities – they did not have to return to the farmshave to return to the farms

Improvements to agriculture: seed Improvements to agriculture: seed technology, fertilizer, and pesticidestechnology, fertilizer, and pesticides

New techniques: crop rotation, New techniques: crop rotation, terracing, erosion controlterracing, erosion control

More farmers could afford tractors More farmers could afford tractors and harvestersand harvesters

Why Agriculture ChangedWhy Agriculture Changed Farmers were so efficient they were Farmers were so efficient they were

producing too much – federal producing too much – federal government began to pay farmers government began to pay farmers not to plant on some of their landnot to plant on some of their land

As farming efficiency improved two As farming efficiency improved two things happened:things happened: Crop yield per acre increasedCrop yield per acre increased Tractors and other motorized Tractors and other motorized

implements allowed a single farmer to implements allowed a single farmer to work larger plots of landwork larger plots of land

THE 1950’sTHE 1950’s

The Postwar PeriodThe Postwar Period The 1950’s were a good time for most The 1950’s were a good time for most

peoplepeople Suburbs sprang up around citiesSuburbs sprang up around cities So many children were born that this period So many children were born that this period

was known for it’s ‘Baby Boom”was known for it’s ‘Baby Boom” America’s love of automobiles reached full America’s love of automobiles reached full

bloombloom Rock and Roll music dominatedRock and Roll music dominated

Television Changes AmericaTelevision Changes America Television use expanded in the Television use expanded in the 1950s Frozen dinners were invented to heat Frozen dinners were invented to heat

quickly and eat in front of the TVquickly and eat in front of the TV More televisions were in homes and More televisions were in homes and

people spent more time watchingpeople spent more time watching ABC, CBS, NBC were major networksABC, CBS, NBC were major networks Entertainment was importantEntertainment was important

““I Love Lucy” was a popular TV showI Love Lucy” was a popular TV show People could now watch news events People could now watch news events

almost as they happenedalmost as they happened

The Cold WarThe Cold War Relations between the US and USSR Relations between the US and USSR

became tense after WWII.became tense after WWII. This hostility was called the This hostility was called the Cold WarCold War

Cold WarCold War: a war fought mainly with words : a war fought mainly with words and diplomacyand diplomacy

US and USSR were world’s most powerful US and USSR were world’s most powerful countriescountries

The Cold WarThe Cold War The hostility rose for many reasonsThe hostility rose for many reasons

The US expected the Soviet Union to permit The US expected the Soviet Union to permit free elections in the East European countries free elections in the East European countries it occupied after WWII….the Soviets did notit occupied after WWII….the Soviets did not

Instead they held on to these countries with an Instead they held on to these countries with an “iron grip”“iron grip”

Winston Churchill called it an “iron curtain”Winston Churchill called it an “iron curtain” The Soviets believed that Communism would The Soviets believed that Communism would

triumph over democracytriumph over democracy Communism- Communism- a form of socialism that a form of socialism that

abolishes private ownership; it is a political abolishes private ownership; it is a political theory favoring a classless society theory favoring a classless society

The Cold WarThe Cold War The US adopted the foreign policy of The US adopted the foreign policy of

ContainmentContainment Containment:Containment: a policy to prevent the Soviet a policy to prevent the Soviet

Union from expanding it’s control to other Union from expanding it’s control to other nationsnations

The containment of communism led to war The containment of communism led to war in Korea (1950’s) and Vietnam (1960’s)in Korea (1950’s) and Vietnam (1960’s)

The Korean War (1950-1953)The Korean War (1950-1953) Korea was divided after WWIIKorea was divided after WWII

3838thth parallel was line between communist parallel was line between communist North and democratic SouthNorth and democratic South

June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South KoreaKorea

United Nations countries sent troops to United Nations countries sent troops to assist South Koreaassist South Korea

Peace was finally declared in 1953 with no Peace was finally declared in 1953 with no clear winnerclear winner

The Korean WarThe Korean War

The economy of Georgia benefited from The economy of Georgia benefited from the “arms race” (weapons) and by the the “arms race” (weapons) and by the need for military preparednessneed for military preparedness Many businesses benefited from doing Many businesses benefited from doing

business with the military bases and armed business with the military bases and armed forcesforces

50’s Pop Culture50’s Pop CultureMOVIE STARS

MUSICIANS

50’s Pop Culture50’s Pop CultureINVENTIONS and CULTURE

Transportation GrowthTransportation Growth Congress in 1956 decided to build a Congress in 1956 decided to build a

41,000 mile national network of interstate 41,000 mile national network of interstate highwayshighways

Atlanta was chosen to be the southeastern Atlanta was chosen to be the southeastern hub on which it was to be builthub on which it was to be built Would be one of only five cities served by three Would be one of only five cities served by three

separate interstate highways (I-75, I-85, I-20) separate interstate highways (I-75, I-85, I-20) also I-285 would be a perimeter freeway also I-285 would be a perimeter freeway around the cityaround the city

This decision attracted business, industrial and This decision attracted business, industrial and transportation facilities to Atlantatransportation facilities to Atlanta

Transportation GrowthTransportation Growth During the 1950s-1960s the Atlanta During the 1950s-1960s the Atlanta

Metropolitan region grew rapidlyMetropolitan region grew rapidly Easy access to Atlanta by train, truck, Easy access to Atlanta by train, truck,

or plane was a major reason for that or plane was a major reason for that growthgrowth

1961 a new $20 million terminal was 1961 a new $20 million terminal was built at the airport making Atlanta’s built at the airport making Atlanta’s airport one of the busiest in the nationairport one of the busiest in the nation This provided easy access to national and This provided easy access to national and

international marketsinternational markets Atlanta was the heart of all Atlanta was the heart of all

transportation in the southeasttransportation in the southeast

Transportation GrowthTransportation Growth Georgia Ports:Georgia Ports:

The ports in Georgia which are operated by the The ports in Georgia which are operated by the Georgia Ports Authority are key to international Georgia Ports Authority are key to international imports and exportsimports and exports

Savannah has two different terminals on the riverSavannah has two different terminals on the river Savannah’s Garden City terminal is the 5Savannah’s Garden City terminal is the 5thth

busiest container port in the nationbusiest container port in the nation Brunswick has three different terminals. Autos Brunswick has three different terminals. Autos

are imported from Europe and Asia here.are imported from Europe and Asia here. Georgia’s Ports and related industries is Georgia’s Ports and related industries is

responsible for over 275,000 jobs (about 7% of responsible for over 275,000 jobs (about 7% of Georgia’s total employment)Georgia’s total employment)

They generate over $35 billion in sales each year They generate over $35 billion in sales each year (about 7% of total sales in the state)(about 7% of total sales in the state)

Georgia’s International Trade Exports

Paper products Forest products Kaolin Farm products

(peanuts, soybeans, tobacoo, cotton, corn, wheat)

Processed poultry Autos Transportation

equipment chemicals, Computer and

electrical equipment Manufactured goods carpet

Imports Furniture and other

wood-related products Autos Toys Clothing Plastic products Manufactured goods Machinery Chemicals Stone and mineral Iron and steel

Transportation GrowthTransportation Growth

All four principal forms of All four principal forms of transportation – highway, rail, air, transportation – highway, rail, air, and water have combined to help in and water have combined to help in Georgia’s economic and population Georgia’s economic and population growth.growth.

Industries Move into GeorgiaIndustries Move into Georgia

Businesses continued to move into the stateBusinesses continued to move into the state Air conditioning began to be installed Air conditioning began to be installed

making year round work more comfortablemaking year round work more comfortable Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to

workers and businessesworkers and businesses Lockheed became largest employer became largest employer CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta

headquarters establishedheadquarters established

The Three Governors Episode The Three Governors Episode (1946)(1946)

Eugene TalmadgeEugene Talmadge Herman TalmadgeHerman Talmadge Ellis ArnallEllis Arnall

The Three Governors The Three Governors Episode…”the players”Episode…”the players”

Eugene TalmadgeEugene Talmadge Former GovernorFormer Governor White supremacistWhite supremacist Ran Again for Governor in 1946Ran Again for Governor in 1946 He was 62 years old and in poor healthHe was 62 years old and in poor health

Herman TalmadgeHerman Talmadge Eugene’s sonEugene’s son Held many of the same beliefs as his dadHeld many of the same beliefs as his dad

The Three Governors The Three Governors Episode…”the players”Episode…”the players”

Ellis ArnallEllis Arnall Defeated Eugene Talmadge in 1942 for Defeated Eugene Talmadge in 1942 for

GovernorGovernor The first governor to serve a four-year The first governor to serve a four-year

termterm Led Georgia to become the first state to Led Georgia to become the first state to

give 18 year olds the right to votegive 18 year olds the right to vote

The Three Governors EpisodeThe Three Governors Episode

In 1946, Governor Ellis Arnall’s term was drawing to a In 1946, Governor Ellis Arnall’s term was drawing to a close.close. Because he could not succeed himself, Georgia had to elect a new Because he could not succeed himself, Georgia had to elect a new

GovernorGovernor

Eugene Talmadge won the Democratic party primary due Eugene Talmadge won the Democratic party primary due to the County Unit Systemto the County Unit System Ellis Arnall and Eugene Talmadge were arch rivals…but were both Ellis Arnall and Eugene Talmadge were arch rivals…but were both

DemocratsDemocrats

The Republicans did not have a candidate, so Eugene The Republicans did not have a candidate, so Eugene Talmadge ran unopposedTalmadge ran unopposed

The Three Governors EpisodeThe Three Governors Episode

When the general election was over, Eugene When the general election was over, Eugene Talmadge elected Governor. His Lt. Governor Talmadge elected Governor. His Lt. Governor was Melvin Thompsonwas Melvin Thompson Eugene Talmadge died before he was sworn inEugene Talmadge died before he was sworn in

This is where the confusion began…This is where the confusion began… The legislature chose Herman Talmadge as successor The legislature chose Herman Talmadge as successor

based on the size of the write-in votes for him- a good based on the size of the write-in votes for him- a good number of which were suddenly “found”number of which were suddenly “found”

Ellis Arnall supported the Lt Governor Melvin Thompson Ellis Arnall supported the Lt Governor Melvin Thompson as the successoras the successor

The Three Governors EpisodeThe Three Governors Episode

The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Melvin Thompson was to hold the position Melvin Thompson was to hold the position of Governor until a special election could be of Governor until a special election could be held in 1948held in 1948

In 1948, Herman Talmadge was legally In 1948, Herman Talmadge was legally elected as Georgia’s governor elected as Georgia’s governor

““One Person, One Vote”One Person, One Vote”

At the beginning of the 1960’s, the County At the beginning of the 1960’s, the County Unit System began to be scrutinizedUnit System began to be scrutinized The concept that each citizen’s vote should The concept that each citizen’s vote should

equal every other citizen’s voteequal every other citizen’s vote This was a violation of the 14This was a violation of the 14thth Amendment Amendment

County-unit system was declared County-unit system was declared unconstitutional in 1962unconstitutional in 1962

““One Person, One Vote”One Person, One Vote”

This change caused more representatives This change caused more representatives to come from urban areasto come from urban areas

General Assembly had to reapportion General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population size (because of equal population size (because of gerrymandering)gerrymandering)

THE 1960’sTHE 1960’s

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement African Americans who returned from the African Americans who returned from the

WWII found little change in attitudes WWII found little change in attitudes towards blackstowards blacks

In 1946, President Truman set-up the In 1946, President Truman set-up the president’s Committee on Civil Rights to president’s Committee on Civil Rights to study the problem of discriminationstudy the problem of discrimination

1948: Racial integration was ordered in 1948: Racial integration was ordered in armed forcesarmed forces

The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and EducationEducation

In 1935, The NAACP began the fight to In 1935, The NAACP began the fight to end segregation in schoolsend segregation in schools

1950: 1950: Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education – – case overturned case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson’sPlessy vs. Ferguson’s “separate but equal”“separate but equal” ““Linda Brown, a seven year old black Linda Brown, a seven year old black

student, tried to enroll in an all-white school student, tried to enroll in an all-white school in Topeka, Kansasin Topeka, Kansas

Schools were to be integrated “with all Schools were to be integrated “with all deliberate speed”deliberate speed”

New State Flag Controversy New State Flag Controversy 19561956

General Assembly approved a new state General Assembly approved a new state flag-one that included the Confederate flag-one that included the Confederate battle flagbattle flag

Some Georgians were preparing for the Some Georgians were preparing for the Civil War CentennialCivil War Centennial

Supporters said it better marked Georgia’s Supporters said it better marked Georgia’s southern heritagesouthern heritage

It came on the heels of the It came on the heels of the Brown v. Board Brown v. Board of Educationof Education desegregation case desegregation case

Some people saw this new flag – one of Some people saw this new flag – one of protest against the federal government and protest against the federal government and desegregationdesegregation

The Sibley CommissionThe Sibley Commission In Georgia, most of the state’s schools refused In Georgia, most of the state’s schools refused

desegregationdesegregation

Sibley CommissionSibley Commission Held hearings all over the state to learn how the Held hearings all over the state to learn how the

public felt about integrationpublic felt about integration The commission found that most Georgians would The commission found that most Georgians would

rather close schools than integrate themrather close schools than integrate them

In many communities, private schools were In many communities, private schools were opened to avoid the issueopened to avoid the issue

Georgia Begins to IntegrateGeorgia Begins to Integrate In 1961, The University of Georgia, with the help In 1961, The University of Georgia, with the help

of of Governor VandiverGovernor Vandiver, allowed it’s first two , allowed it’s first two black studentsblack students The two students had to be escorted into the school The two students had to be escorted into the school

by state patrol officersby state patrol officers Charlayne HunterCharlayne Hunter- became a nationally known - became a nationally known

newspaper and TV reporter newspaper and TV reporter Hamilton HolmesHamilton Holmes –became a doctor (orthopedic –became a doctor (orthopedic

surgeon) in Atlantasurgeon) in Atlanta Many UGA alumni and Georgia politicians pleaded Many UGA alumni and Georgia politicians pleaded

with Governor Vandiver to close the University rather with Governor Vandiver to close the University rather than allowing the two students to enroll.than allowing the two students to enroll.

Georgia Begins to IntegrateGeorgia Begins to Integrate

Integration moved slowly in Georgia.Integration moved slowly in Georgia. The state’s largest school system began The state’s largest school system began

token integration in 1961 (it allowed only a token integration in 1961 (it allowed only a small # of black students in)small # of black students in)

In 1969, the US Department of justice sued In 1969, the US Department of justice sued the Georgia Board of Education, demanding the Georgia Board of Education, demanding that Georgia was to hold funding from any that Georgia was to hold funding from any school district that refused to integrateschool district that refused to integrate

1971: All Georgia public schools integrated1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott The desegregation of the transportation The desegregation of the transportation

system in the South on Dec. 1, 1955 when system in the South on Dec. 1, 1955 when Rosa ParksRosa Parks refused to give up her bus refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL.seat to whites in Montgomery, AL. Rosa Parks was heading home from work on Rosa Parks was heading home from work on

the bus and sat down in the first empty seat the bus and sat down in the first empty seat just behind the “whites only” sectionjust behind the “whites only” section

She was told to move because the “white only” She was told to move because the “white only” section was full but she refusedsection was full but she refused

Rosa Parks was arrested and briefly jailedRosa Parks was arrested and briefly jailed

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks was a member of the local Rosa Parks was a member of the local NAACPNAACP

The NAACP asked Atlanta-born Dr. The NAACP asked Atlanta-born Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to be their Martin Luther King, Jr. to be their spokesperson and agreed to boycott the spokesperson and agreed to boycott the city buses on the day of Rosa Parks’ trialcity buses on the day of Rosa Parks’ trial

The community decided to continue the The community decided to continue the boycottboycott

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

Dr. Martin Luther King began making Dr. Martin Luther King began making speeches in support of the boycottspeeches in support of the boycott

During this time, the US Supreme court During this time, the US Supreme court had just upheld a district ruling that had just upheld a district ruling that made segregation on public made segregation on public transportation unconstitutionaltransportation unconstitutional

The Montgomery bus boycott was over, The Montgomery bus boycott was over, but the movement for civil rights was just but the movement for civil rights was just beginning beginning

A Nonviolent Movement is A Nonviolent Movement is BornBorn

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta Atlanta

Developed a nonviolent approach to Developed a nonviolent approach to social change.social change.

Four-prong approach:Four-prong approach: direct, nonviolent actionsdirect, nonviolent actions legal remedies (go to court)legal remedies (go to court) Ballots (get blacks voting)Ballots (get blacks voting) economic boycottseconomic boycotts

A Nonviolent Movement is A Nonviolent Movement is BornBorn

SCLC:SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceSouthern Christian Leadership Conference The civil rights group led by Dr. KingThe civil rights group led by Dr. King

Sit-in:Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy Dr. King’s strategy A type of demonstration where people A type of demonstration where people

refuse to leave a public building until their refuse to leave a public building until their demands are metdemands are met

The Albany MovementThe Albany Movement

1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil 1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activityrights activity The SNCC challenged the segregated bus The SNCC challenged the segregated bus

system in Albany by sitting in the “whites only” system in Albany by sitting in the “whites only” waiting room at the city’s bus station waiting room at the city’s bus station

This system was still segregated even though the This system was still segregated even though the Supreme Court had declared the segregation of Supreme Court had declared the segregation of public transportation systems unconstitutional.public transportation systems unconstitutional.

Nearly 500 people ArrestedNearly 500 people Arrested

The Albany MovementThe Albany Movement

This prompted the African American community to This prompted the African American community to unite and form the Albany Movementunite and form the Albany Movement Black and White “freedom riders” arrived in Albany from Black and White “freedom riders” arrived in Albany from

all over the country and began sitting in the “white only” all over the country and began sitting in the “white only” waiting areaswaiting areas

Many were arrested, including MLK Jr.Many were arrested, including MLK Jr.

Before the years end, a Bi-racial committee was Before the years end, a Bi-racial committee was formed to study concerns of African Americans in formed to study concerns of African Americans in AlbanyAlbany

Protests Move to AlabamaProtests Move to Alabama In April 1963, MLK Jr. began a campaign in In April 1963, MLK Jr. began a campaign in

Birmingham, AL to end discrimination in all Birmingham, AL to end discrimination in all areas of that city’s public life.areas of that city’s public life. For several nights, the television news showed For several nights, the television news showed

police attempts to control demonstrators with police attempts to control demonstrators with attack dogs and high-pressure fire hosesattack dogs and high-pressure fire hoses

Over 3000 people arrested, including MLK Jr.Over 3000 people arrested, including MLK Jr.

Protests Move to AlabamaProtests Move to Alabama

In September 1963, a bomb killed 4 black In September 1963, a bomb killed 4 black children during Sunday School at children during Sunday School at Birmingham’s 16Birmingham’s 16thth Street Baptist church Street Baptist church

African Americans and whites from the African Americans and whites from the north and south began to join together to north and south began to join together to stop the violencestop the violence

March on WashingtonMarch on Washington On August 28, 1963 250,000 people On August 28, 1963 250,000 people

had gathered in Washington DC to had gathered in Washington DC to support jobs, freedom, and President support jobs, freedom, and President JFK’s civil rights legislation. JFK’s civil rights legislation. Participants included blacks, whites, Participants included blacks, whites,

actors, and about three hundred actors, and about three hundred Congressional representatives. Congressional representatives.

CBS provided continuous televised CBS provided continuous televised coverage of the march. coverage of the march.

MLK Jr. gave his famous "I Have a MLK Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech Dream" speech

MLK SpeechMLK Speech

““I have a dream that one day, even the state of I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” Ultimately, proclaimed content of their character.” Ultimately, proclaimed King at the end of his speech, he believed that King at the end of his speech, he believed that one day blacks and whites would come together one day blacks and whites would come together and sing the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last, free and sing the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty, we are free at last.” at last, thank God Almighty, we are free at last.”

The Civil Rights Act (1964)The Civil Rights Act (1964) President John F. Kennedy created new civil President John F. Kennedy created new civil

rights lawsrights laws JFK was assassinated before the new laws came into JFK was assassinated before the new laws came into

effecteffect Lyndon B Johnson became president and pushed Lyndon B Johnson became president and pushed

for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 This was the most important civil rights legislation since This was the most important civil rights legislation since

Reconstruction.Reconstruction. All public facilities had to be integratedAll public facilities had to be integrated Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor

unionsunions

The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights Act In spite of the Civil Rights Act, African In spite of the Civil Rights Act, African

Americans in many sections of the South Americans in many sections of the South stillstill could not vote could not vote

In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered worked to get African Americans registered to voteto vote Called the Called the “Freedom Summer ““Freedom Summer “

The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights Act To call attention to the cause of voter’s To call attention to the cause of voter’s

rights, Dr. King planned a march from rights, Dr. King planned a march from Selma, Al to the state capitol of Selma, Al to the state capitol of Montgomery, AL Montgomery, AL Dr. King led 30,000 marchers Dr. King led 30,000 marchers

The march influenced Congress to pass the The march influenced Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Federal legislation that enforced equal voting Federal legislation that enforced equal voting

rights among all racesrights among all races Within 18 months, one million African Within 18 months, one million African

Americans were registered to vote in the SouthAmericans were registered to vote in the South

A Shift in MoodA Shift in Mood After the Selma to Montgomery march, the After the Selma to Montgomery march, the

mood of many seeking civil rights changedmood of many seeking civil rights changed Some people moved from the nonviolent Some people moved from the nonviolent

strategies to more aggressive onesstrategies to more aggressive ones SNCC replaced it’s leader with a more SNCC replaced it’s leader with a more

radical leader and began to speak of “black radical leader and began to speak of “black power”power”

The militant group, the “Black Panthers,” The militant group, the “Black Panthers,” had many confrontations with the policehad many confrontations with the police

A Shift in MoodA Shift in Mood

Malcolm X preached black separatismMalcolm X preached black separatism Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and NewarkRace riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark Dr. King and his supporters urged an end to the Dr. King and his supporters urged an end to the

violence, but…violence, but…

On April 4, 1968, Dr. King was assassinated by On April 4, 1968, Dr. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN while working James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workerswith striking sanitation workers

Atlanta… “Times, They are a Atlanta… “Times, They are a Changing”Changing”

In Atlanta, with the exception of two fairly In Atlanta, with the exception of two fairly minor breakouts, the desegregation and minor breakouts, the desegregation and integration of business, city government integration of business, city government and schools were peaceful.and schools were peaceful.

This was due to the influence of…This was due to the influence of… Church leaders, like Martin Luther King, SR!Church leaders, like Martin Luther King, SR! Businessmen like William Hartsfield and Ivan Businessmen like William Hartsfield and Ivan

AllenAllen

William HartsfieldWilliam Hartsfield

Mayor of Atlanta for six terms (1937-1961)Mayor of Atlanta for six terms (1937-1961) Acknowledged for making Atlanta an aviation Acknowledged for making Atlanta an aviation

hubhub Organized bi-racial coalition with African Organized bi-racial coalition with African

American church leaders to register black American church leaders to register black votersvoters

In 1948, hired black police officersIn 1948, hired black police officers Slowly but surely, Atlanta became known as Slowly but surely, Atlanta became known as

a city of racial moderationa city of racial moderation

William HartsfieldWilliam Hartsfield

In 1958, he asked the state to allow Atlanta to In 1958, he asked the state to allow Atlanta to decide whether or not to keep integrated schools decide whether or not to keep integrated schools openopen At this time, the state refused to fund integrated schoolsAt this time, the state refused to fund integrated schools The State visited the schools and agreed to keep them The State visited the schools and agreed to keep them

openopen In 1960, he and local African American leaders In 1960, he and local African American leaders

joined forces to end lunch counter segregationjoined forces to end lunch counter segregation The Atlanta Airport was named in his honorThe Atlanta Airport was named in his honor

Ivan AllenIvan Allen

In 1962, Ivan Allen became mayor of In 1962, Ivan Allen became mayor of AtlantaAtlanta He ordered the “immediate removal of the He ordered the “immediate removal of the

Colored and White signs on all entrances and Colored and White signs on all entrances and exits to City Hallexits to City Hall

He integrated the city’s fire department and city He integrated the city’s fire department and city governmentgovernment

In 1963, he integrated all public facilities, like In 1963, he integrated all public facilities, like movie theaters, universitiesmovie theaters, universities

Lester MaddoxLester Maddox

Although things went smoothly in Atlanta, Although things went smoothly in Atlanta, they still had their share of racial problemsthey still had their share of racial problems

Lester MaddoxLester Maddox SegregationistSegregationist Used a gun and ax handle to chase African Used a gun and ax handle to chase African

Americans away from his restaurantAmericans away from his restaurant

The Civil Rights Era comes to a The Civil Rights Era comes to a close…close…

In1968, MLK Jr. was buried in AtlantaIn1968, MLK Jr. was buried in Atlanta The city was united in mutual griefThe city was united in mutual grief

In 1969, In 1969, Sam MassellSam Massell became the first became the first Jewish mayorJewish mayor Dr. Benjamin MaysDr. Benjamin Mays: African American leader : African American leader

who became a member of the city’s Board of who became a member of the city’s Board of Education in 1969Education in 1969

Maynard JacksonMaynard Jackson

In 1973, In 1973, Maynard Jackson Maynard Jackson became the became the first African American mayor of Atlanta.first African American mayor of Atlanta. Called the “ultimate mayor”Called the “ultimate mayor” Gave local community citizens a voice in city Gave local community citizens a voice in city

politicspolitics Led the development and expansion of MARTA Led the development and expansion of MARTA

(subway)(subway) Dies in 2003Dies in 2003

In recognition of his many achievements, the airport In recognition of his many achievements, the airport was renamed the Hartsfield-Jackson International was renamed the Hartsfield-Jackson International AirportAirport

And In Sports…And In Sports…

““Hammerin” Hank AaronHammerin” Hank Aaron Georgia nativeGeorgia native Became the Atlanta Braves 1Became the Atlanta Braves 1stst African African

American PlayerAmerican Player Broke Babe Ruth’s HomeRun record when he Broke Babe Ruth’s HomeRun record when he

hit his 715hit his 715thth Homerun Homerun Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982

60’s Pop Culture60’s Pop CultureMUSICIANS and CULTURE

60’s Pop Culture60’s Pop CultureTV