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GEOSPATIAL SYSTEMS AS ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY

TOOLS IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Engr. M. M. Maina, PhDmainam@buk.edu.ng

Dept. of Agric. Engineering

Faculty of EngineeringSource: NASA

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Presentation outlines

Precision Agriculture

Global Positioning System (GPS).

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing (RS)

Software

Conclusion

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Precision

Agriculture2/25/2015

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PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Precision farming is an integrated agricultural management system incorporating

several technologies. Precision farming is defined as information and technology

based farming management system to identify, analyze, and manage variability

within fields for optimum profitability, sustainability and protection of land resources.

Precision farming is geared toward increased productivity in the face of variability

found within the fields. It is not aimed at obtaining same yield everywhere rather

same input on site specific that can guarantee long term benefit/cost ratio..

The concept of “doing the right thing in the right place at the right time” has a strong

intuitive appeal which gives farmers the ability to use all operations and crop inputs

more effectively.

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PRECISION AGRICULTURE

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Precision Agriculture (PA), precision farming (PF), or site

specific management (SSM) as a management technique for

sustainability in production agriculture.

The aim of PF is to apply the right input in the right place at

the right time and in the right amount.

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The technological tools often include:

Global positioning system, Remote Sensing

Geographic information system,

Yield monitor,

Variable rate technology.

The variable rate applicator has; a. Control computer, b. Locator and

c. Actuator

The application map is loaded into a computer mounted on a variable-rate

applicator. The computer uses the application map and a GPS receiver to direct a

product-delivery controller that changes the amount and/or kind of product

according to the application map.

PRECISION AGRICULTURE CONTD.

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Precision agriculture can address both economic and environmental

issues that surround production agriculture today.

Future satellites will have better spatial and spectral resolutions.

Launching more satellites will also improve temporal resolution;

hence the delivery time of remote sensing data to the customer will

improve.

Even third world will begin to fully practice precision agriculture

Future of precision Agriculture

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What is GPS?GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is the only system today able to show exact position on the Earth surface anytime, under any weather, anywhere.

The three parts of GPS are:

•Satellites

•Receivers

•Software

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SatellitesThere are quite a number

of satellites out there in space.

They are used for a wide range of purposes: satellite TV, cellular phones, military purposes.

Satellites can also be used by GPS receivers.2/25/2015 10

GPS Satellites

The GPS Operational

Constellation consists of 24

satellites that orbit the Earth

in very precise orbits twice

a day.

GPS satellites emit

continuous navigation

signals.

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Characteristics of GPS

• Free

• Precise

• Reliable

• Anytime & anywhere

• All weather

• Unlimited user capacity

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GPS Receivers

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GPS Data Format

The most current geodetic datum used for GPS is the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84).

All GPS receivers export data in decimal degrees, WGS84

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Application of GPS in Farmland

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GIS Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer

system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and

displaying geospatial data.

Geospatial technology is listed by the U.S. Department of

Labor (2012) as one of the three emerging industries,

along with nanotechnology and biotechnology.2/25/2015

Basic Functions of GIS

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Data Acquisition and prepossessing

Database Management and Retrieval

Spatial Measurement and Analysis

Graphic output and Visualization

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Components of GIS

PeopleGISSoftware

Infrastructure

Data

ComputerSystem

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Spatial features may be represented as vector data or raster data.

•The vector data model may be georelational or object-based, may or

may not involve topology, and may include simple or composite features.

Spatial Data

Vector data Raster data

(a) The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point features

and (b) the raster data model uses cells in a grid to represent point features.2/25/2015

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GIS activities can be grouped into spatial data input, attribute data

management, data display, data exploration, data analysis, and GIS modeling.

GIS Operations

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A vector-based overlay operation combines spatial data and attribute from different

layers to create an output.

Layers

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Complex data Overlay

Soil Moisture layer

Crops Layer

Roads layer

Final map

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Geospatial data are data that describe both the locations and characteristics of

spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s

surface.

Geospatial Data

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• Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format.• Revision and updating are easier.• Geospatial data and information are easier to search,

analysis and represent.• More value added product.• Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.• Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.• Time and money are saved.• Better decision can be made.

Benefits of GIS

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REMOTE

SENSING2/25/2015

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It is the collection of data from a distance without necessary coming in

contact with the surface.

Data sensors can simply be hand held devices, airborne or spaceborne.

Plant stress related to moisture, nutrients, compaction, crop diseases and

other plant health concerns are often easily detected in overhead images.

Remote sensing can reveal in-season variability that affects crop yield,

and can be timely enough to make management decisions that improve

profitability for such crop.

Remote Sensing (RS)

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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

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Elements of Remote Sensing

1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)

2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)

3. Interaction with the Object (C)

4. Recording of Energy by the

Sensor (D)

5. Transmission, Reception and

Processing (E)

6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)

7. Application (G)

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Remote Sensing

Types of sensors

1. Optical sensors

2. Microwave sensors

Passive sensors (Optical)•Landsat•ASTER•Quickbard•Ikonos

Active Sensors (Microwave)•LIDAR•RADAR

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Remote Sensing Sensors

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UAV or Agricultural Drones

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REMOTELY SENSED DATA

Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard/Aster

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BUK New Campus

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BUK Old Campus

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Flood

Optical Sensors used in remote sensing systems

Multispectral Scanner - MSS

Thematic Mapper - T M

High Resolution Visible - HRV

Linear Image Self Scanning - LISS I.II

Linear Imaging Self Scanning Camera-3 - LISS III

Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Camera-4 - LISS IV

Panchromatic camera - PAN

Wide Field Sensor - WiFS

Advanced Wide Field Sensor - AWiFS

TYPES OF SENSORS

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1 LANDSAT Series

2. MODIS ,ASTER

3 SPOT Series

4. IRS Series

5. IKONOS

6. LIDAR

7. RADAR

8. SRTM

SATELLITE TYPES

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Nigerian Satellite

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1. NigeriaSat-1

2. NigeriaSat-2

3. NigeriaSat-X

4. NigComSat-1 2004 lost in sky

5. NigComSat-2, 3 launched 2012, 2013

6. NigeriaSAT-1 To be launch 2015

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Software422/25/2015

GIS and Image Processing Software

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• ERDAS Imagine GRASS*

• TerraLook PCRASTER

• ENVI FLOWMAP*

• ILWIS* IDRISI*

• ArcGIS RAMAS GIS *open source

• PCI Geomatica MAPMAKER

• eCOGNITION TacitView

• gvSIG Dragon/ips

• Capawork opticks

• SAGA GIS QGIS*2/25/2015

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ArcGIS 10.1

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Nigeria

Nigeria map showing

Kano state in colour2/25/2015

Roles Geospatial Technology in Agriculture

The significance of geospatial technology in agriculture lies to

the fact that agriculture is spatial in nature.

GIS can store information in the form of layers such as soil

nutrient level, yield map, soil moisture content,

Evapotranspiration etc.

GPS can be used in farm machinery automation and

unmanned farm vehicles.

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Remote sensing keep tract of mapping and monitoring large

farms These include; current extent of crops, disease

infestation, crop stage of growth, soil degradation, irrigated

area, yield prediction etc.

Retrieval of information through spectral emittance.

Decision Support; using the information retrieved critical

decision can be taken to solve immediate problems.

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ChallengesHow skilled are the farmers to take advantage of gamut of

technologies that comes their way?

At the fore front of these challenges are the reputation of

farmers that geospatial systems are difficult to learn.

That is hard to process data to make meaning out of it.

Academicians in third world countries on geospatial systems

are adamant to address their immediate problem of

environment. 482/25/2015

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There is phobia of using anything to do with computer,

satellite etc., this is not only to farmers but even

among academics.

Therefore there is need to train and retrain all

stakeholders in geospatial systems to be able to make

use of the abundant and free satellite data online for

sustainable agricultural development and other

environmental issues.

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