Geostationary Observations of Hot Spots in Hawaii

Luke Flynn, Robert Wright, Andrew Harris

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

GOFC/GOLD Global Geostationary Fire Monitoring Applications Workshop

Darmstadt, Germany

March 24, 2004

Hawaii Hot Spot Detection Program• Objective: To provide operational synergistic global coverage in

near-real-time for hazard management applications. • Available High-Temporal Monitoring Systems:

– MODIS Terra and Aqua – Up to 4 times a day polar orbiting global coverage restricted to active fires (only hot spot data recorded).

– GOES 9, 10, 12 – Geostationary coverage of most of Western Hemisphere plus sporadic coverage of Pacific Rim.

• Satellite and Field-Based Validation Data Sets:– High spatial resolution data from ASTER, Landsat 7, and EO-1 (Hyperion

and ALI).– Field-based comparative data of radiative flux from Kilauea (on-line) and

other volcanoes.

• Supported Projects– Mainly Volcano Hazard Monitoring– Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) effort to monitor fire hazards within Pacific

Rim and west to include India and Australia.

Current Hotspot Monitoring Sites

GOES 8/10 Hotspot Images http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/

MODIS Thermal Alerts http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/

Pu'u 'O'o Vent Monitoringhttp://volcano2.pgd.hawaii.edu/puuoo

Selected western-hemisphere sites updated every 10 to 30 minutes. Data are collected by geostationary GOES 8 and GOES 10 satellites in 15 minute intervals.

Global maps of thermally significant events captured daily by MODIS

1 Hour, 4 Hour, Daily and Weekly plots of thermal activity from selected locations within Pu'u 'O'o Crater

Hotspots, such as volcanic eruptions or fires, pose serious hazards to sensitive ecosystems,transportation and communication networks, and to populated regions.

Orbiting Earth-observing satellites gather and relay valuable data on these hotspot hazards asthey develop around the globe.

Timely dissemination of these data to scientists and to local civil defense officials is crucial inefforts to understand and minimize losses from hazardous hotspot activity.

HOTSPOTS ties together various sources of near-real-time data acquired by differentEarth-observing satellites and processed by scientists at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics andPlanetology, University of Hawaii.

Geostationary Hot Spot Detection

• GOES 9, 10, and 12 provide near-real-time event detection (8 – 11 minute delay) of Western Hemisphere (every 15-30 minutes) and Pacific Rim (5-8 images per day).

• Data are available online for 15 day period after which they are stored to DVD. Online data browse tool helps image searches.

• DVD archive extends from 1998 to present. Huge data set that is unwieldy to respond to multiple large data queries.

• Automated email alert notification system extending to hazard mitigation officials now in 5th year of operation.

GOES 8/10 Hot Spot Images

With acknowledgments to theNaval Research Laboratory Satellite Applications Group

headed by Jeff Hawkins (hawkins@nrlmry.navy.mil)for data processing and access, and the

University of Hawaii’s Satellite Oceanography Laboratory

Status: All sites operating normally. GOES Image Viewer

Continental USGOES 10

AleutiansUpper Aleutians

Big IslandHawai’i

Hawai’iState of Hawai’i

e158s09Kavachi

e169s18Yasur/Ambrym

New ZealandNorth Island

GOES 8

AmazonBrazil

ColimaW. Mexico

CotopaxiEcuador

GalapagosE. Pacific

LascarN. Chile

Santa MariaGuatemala

MontserratLesser Antilles

NicaraguaCentral Am.

PopocatepetlCentral Mexico

VillarricaChile

Costa Rica(& Panama)

SenegalW. Africa

Western USWestern US

Eastern USEastern US

Eastern USEastern US - Maine

Direct GOES reception every 15

mins.

Automatedpre-processing

Automatedproduct

generation

Email alert

Observatories

Rec

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lag:

12

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Web-based hot spot maps &

images

Public/media

Direct route

Optional route

Http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/ Near-real-time hot spot data processing and

dissemination

The GOES

System

RGBImage

Map with hot spot

projection

Subject: GOES alarm for kilauea

Date: Sun, 17 Dec 2000 07:24:27 -1000From: Virtually Hawaii <virtualh@hotspot1.higp.hawaii.edu>To: goesbigi@pgd.hawaii.edu

Current Directory: /aux0/goes/bigislandCurrent File: 20001217.1700.g10Area: kilauea 309 255 20 20Alarm Radiance: 500000.0 Total Radiance: 1105716.7Images:http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.b1.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.b2m4.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.rgb.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.hot.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.prob.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.key.jpghttp://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/bigisland/jpg/2000/352/20001217.1700.g10.dif.jpg

Email Notice

AmazonBigislandColimaCotopaxGalapagosHawaiiLascarMontserratNicaraguaNZLPopocatepetlSantamaria

2001:1492001:1502001:1512001:1522001:1532001:1542001:1552001:1562001:1572001:1582001:1592001:160

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Site Name Year:Day Image Type

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20010605.0215.g08.rgb.jpg20010605.0245.g08.rgb.jpg20010605.0315.g08.rgb.jpg

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http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu - Email Notices

HVO (Hawai’i)

CSIRO (Kavachi)

Darwin Research Station

(Galapagos)

SERNAGEOMIN(Chile)

Inst.Geofisico(Ecuador)

CENAPRED(Popocatepetl)

MVO(Montserrat)

Colima VolcanoObsevatory

(Mexico)

Yasur, Ambrym,North Island (NZ)

August 2000

INSIVUMEH(Guatemala)

U. Blaise Pascal & INETER

(Nicaragua)

GOES-9 coverage extends to Pacific RimGOES – 9 coverage is sporadic but allows us to see fire activity in the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Kamchatka.

October 7, 1999 Eruption of Guagua Pichincha

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Time (Days Since January 1, 1999)

Figure 5

Pause #28 (tilt = 14:00 - 10:15)

Cooling/waning flow

11:30Flow fieldresponds

9:45-10:00Pu'u 'O'oresponds

15:00Flow fieldresponds

12:30Pu'u 'O'oresponds

13:15 16:00

November 7-8, 1999

Flow Field

Pu'u 'O'o

UH MODIS Thermal Alert System - 2004

• Provides global observations for geostationary data validation a few times per day and extends to upper latitudes that geostationary systems do not cover.

• MODIS Alert acquires channels 21, 22, 31, and 32. Channels 21, 22, and 32 are used for the alert test.

• Latest online addition of software provides point and click zoom capability (0.5 deg x 0.5 deg).

• High resolution Shuttle radar DEM of globe provides great location accuracy for hot spots.

• Ability to run a variety of algorithms on completely online data set.• Data transfers are very small making it an excellent option for field

locations with poor Internet connectivity.• Potential UH MODIS Thermal Alert Difficulties

– Cannot distinguish between cloud-covered fire and no fire (MODIS Rapid Response can distinguish clouds).

– Cannot map burn scars (MODIS Rapid Response).

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Thresholding lava pixels: Big Island example

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Thresholding hot-spots using (22-32)/(22+32)

Status of MODIS Thermal Alert Data Archive

• MODIS data were processed for short period in June, 2000 and also currently for September 15, 2000 – March, 2004.

• Processing continues to lag present day by less than 1 day.

• All alerts available on line for data queries.

• High spatial resolution radar DEM covers a large part of globe.

• Weekly summary of active volcanoes updated daily (~ 10-15 active volcanoes/week).

• Developed PDC Algorithm - 10 largest hot spots tracked (added radiance from contiguous pixels) per day.

Comparative Sampling of MODIS Alerts

Daily Sampling

Monthly Sampling

MODIS Thermal Alert Zoom Capability

MODIS alerted pixels projected onto radar DEM provide excellent accuracy for hazard applications and geostationary validation exercises.

Tracking hot spots with MODIS

The eruption of Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands illustrates the utility of the MODIS system for hot spot validation studies.

Most hot spots are located within the eastern crater of Anatahan where the main eruption took place.

Red dots mark the centers of alerted pixels, orange boxes the extent of 1 km pixels, and yellow circles the possible error where hot spots could have been located to affect the alerted pixel.

MODIS Thermal Alert ResultsVolcanoAmbrymArenalBagana

Balagan-TasBezymianny

Big BenCleveland

ErebusErta Ale

EtnaFuego

IbuKarangetang

KarymskyKilauea

KrakatauLascarLopeviMayonMerapiMichael

Miyake-jima

ActivityLava-lake

VentLava dome

??Lava dome

VentVent

Lava-lakeLava-lake

Vent/lava flowVentVent

Lava domeLava domeLava flows

VentLava domeLava flowsLava domeLava dome

??Vent

Alerts83

101

1053

58496312

103

871512

2021

VolcanoMontagu

NyamuragiraNyiragongo

PacayaP. FournaisePopocatepetl

RabaulSanta Maria

SemeruShiveluchMontserratStromboliTinakula

TofuaUlawun

VillarricaYasur

Activity??

Lava flowsLava flows

VentLava flowsLava dome

VentLava dome

VentLava domeLava dome

VentVent

??Lava flowsLava-lake

Vent

Alerts2

18351

21383

39141328131312

Hyperion for Fire Radiance Validation Studies

Hyperion has 220 bands at 0.4 - 2.5 m with 30 m spatial resolution, but only a 7.5 km swath width.

Part of a Hyperion image on left showing more extensive eruption.

Saturation of detectors over hot channels cause a radiance echo in Hyperion data.

We are working to reconstruct the originalanalog signal from the saturated pixels and the radiant echo.

Hyperion Spectra - July 22, 2001Lave Profile Spectra: July 22th 2001

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bkgd X:73 Y:3593~~1 mid start X:53 Y:3631~~1 edge start X:51 Y:3631~~1

tip X:144 Y:3656~~1 crater X:45 Y:3614~~1

Operational Conclusions

• Have to identify users and deliver product within their time frame.

• Have to deliver a product that is readily interpretable - not complicated.

• With the volume of geostationary data, deliver notice when search criteria are satisfied.

• Provide product support for users.