geothermal resource assessment of lebanon
TRANSCRIPT
The National geothermal resource assessment for Lebanon
Geothermal Resource Assessment of Lebanon Dr. Vincent Badoux, GEOWATT AG, Zürich, Switzerland
Mövenpick Hotel, Beirut, 24th of March 2014
Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
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Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
3
Aquifer
0 m
-1000 m
-2000 m
-3000 m
-4000 m
-5000 m
10°C
50°C
90°C
130°C
170°C
210°C
Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE)
U-tube
Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE)
coaxial
Two boreholes (Dublet)
(HYDROTHERMAL - HSA)
Two boreholes with stimulation
(EGS)
closed systems open systems
Technical scope • Power generation only (evt. Cogeneration of heat)
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Objective
• Three parameters are important for the economic feasibility of a geothermal project:
– The depth of the geothermal reservoir
– Temperature
– Flow rate
• Where in Lebanon is there water higher than 100°C?
– How deep?
– Which temperature (>100°C)?
– How much water?
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For geothermal power generation, we need heat and water
at a temperature higher than 100°C.
Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
6
Overall methodology
Construction of the 3D geological model
Understanding the Ground water systems
Adjust a temperature model on the site conditions – Temperature at the surface
– Heat flux
– Thermal properties
– Field measurements
Assessing the geothermal resource • Maps of depth, temperature, heat in place,...
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Basal heat flux
Surface temperature
Mount Lebanon
Bekaa Valley
Data collection/compilation
+ important contributions of private people
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Geological Field trips 9
North of Lebanon during the LIPE conference in June 2012
Faraya area with the team of the University of St.Joseph in June 2012
3D modelling 10
Regional Heat flow map Calculation
11
• Data collected from the international heat flow commission [IHFC]
• No measurement point in Lebanon
Surface Temperature Calculations
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• Data collected from NASA MODIS database
Field rock sampling and laboratory measurements
• In collaboration with Students from the AUB, under the supervision of Dr. Fadi Nader
• Thermal conductivity measurements in our Lab in Switzerland
13
Temperature gradient field measurements
• Shallow groundwater wells – GEOWATT instrumentation toolkit
– Field work done by ENGICON Consulting (Beirut).
• Deep O&G boreholes – Field inspection by ELARD (Beirut)
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Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
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Identification of the potential aquifers
• Many karstified carbonate rocks
• Presence of deep aquifers
• Cretaceous Aquifer (in green)
• Jurassic Aquifers (in blue)
• The two water tower of Lebanon
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Intense degree of karstification
• Cold water infiltrates and circulate through the massif
Cooling effect of the whole massif
Deeper thermal anomalies are masked
17
Volcanic Rocks
• Presence of volcanic rocks in the North and in the South
• 2.6 to 23 Million years old
• No recent volcanic activity
• Evidence of residual heat in the North and in South
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Hot water
• Groundwater wells
• Thermal springs
• Ain Esamak (North)
• Semmaquieh Well (North)
• Kaoukaba (South)
• Kfar Syr (South)
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Fault zones
• Presence of many fault zones
• Potential areas of increased productivity (flow rate)
• Higher risk of induced seismicity
20
Seismic activity
• Indication of the presence of active flow circulation
• Risk of induced seismicity
Hydrothermal technology only EGS not mature yet.
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Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
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Depth of the reservoirs 23
Top Cretaceous Aquifer Top Jurassic Aquifer
Temperature of the reservoirs 24
Cretaceous Aquifer Jurassic Aquifer
Recoverable heat (Power generation) 25
Cretaceous Aquifer Jurassic Aquifer
Recoverable heat (Power generation) 26
Depth of 4000 m below ground Depth of 5000 m below ground
Site selection
• Akkar – Evidence of thermal
anomaly
– Aquifer deep enough
– Thermal isolator
• Bekka Valley – Presence of very deep
potential aquifers (temperature uncertain)
– No evidence of thermal anomaly
• Kaoukaba, Kfar Syr – Evidence of thermal
anomaly
– Aquifer not deep enough
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Further exploration is required in all these areas !!!
0 m
-500 m
-1000 m
-1500 m
-2000 m
10°C
50°C
90°C
130°C
170°C
Two boreholes (Dublet)
(HYDROTHERMAL - HSA)
Akkar conceptual model 28
Cretaceous Aquifer – 70 °C (observed)
Jurassic Aquifer – 130 °C (expected)
Outline
1. Introduction
1. Scope (technical)
2. Objectives
2. Summary of the work done
3. Resource Assessment
1. Key geothermal features
2. Resource estimates
4. Economical scenarios
5. Opportunities and barriers
6. Conclusions and next steps
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4 Scenarios for geothermal power plants development 30
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Akkar Bekaa Beirut Parameter Unit HSA EGS HSA EGS
Plant capacity factor - 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Plant lifetime year 30 30 30 30 Reservoir depth m 1,500 4,000 2,800 6,000 Production temperature
°C 130 200 130 140
Injection temperature °C 70 70 70 70 Flow rate l/s 46 46 46 46 Pump power consumption
kW 577 577 577 577
1 2 3 4
1&2
3
1&2
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Expenditures estimates
Akkar (Hydrothermal)
Akkar (EGS)
Bekka (Hydrothermal)
Beirut (EGS)
Heat generation MWth 13 29 13 16 Geothermal Power MWel 1.3 2.9 1.3 1.6 Investment costs Mio US$ 24.8 52.5 34.9 68.5 OPEX 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.4 CAPEX 2.1 3.9 2.7 4.9 OPEX/CAPEX % 30 30 30 30 Net electricity prod. in GWh/year 6.0 18.2 6.0 7.7 Specific cost in US$/kWh 0.46 0.28 0.60 0.81 Risk of non-discovery Medium Medium High Medium Technical risk Low High Medium Very high Time horizon 2020 2025 2020 2030
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Geothermal potential 32
Description Energy / Year
Total energy demand in Lebanon in 2000 8,630 GWh
Total energy demand in Lebanon in 2015 14,087 GWh
Total Energy Stored until 7000 m depth 1.0109 GWh (70,000x)
Total Energy that could be extracted 1.0108 GWh (7,000x)
Only Hydrothermal technology is feasible until 2020 1.2105 GWhth
Power Generation 12,000 GWhel
Exploiting 100% of this potential would mean to construct 2,000 power plants of 1.3 MWel gross each.
1 Pilot Power Plant until 2020 5 Power Plant until 2025
1.3 MWel 6 GWhel (each)
Summary
• Opportunities – Evidence of thermal anomalies in the Akkar and Kaoukaba regions;
– Presence of deep aquifers potentially productive (temperature and flow rate) enough to allow a economically viable geothermal installation;
– Collaboration with the O&G industry
– Politic willingness
– Local source of energy
• Barriers – Lack of information at depth -> further exploration required
– Risk of induced seismicity -> risk mitigation procedure needs to be implemented
– Protection of sites, landscape and patrimony
– Drilling and conversion technologies needs to be further developped
– Administrative and legal system (permitting)
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Recommandations and further steps
• We strongly recommend proceeding in exploration in the identified most prospective areas in the North and in the South – Field measurement of the geothermal gradient in Lebanon
– Drill the deep Jurassic Aquifer in the Akkar region.
– Estimated costs : 5 Millions US$
– Timeframe : 3 years
• Simplification of the administrative procedures would be an asset.
• Due to the high investment costs and high exploration risk, strong financial incentives are required in form of loan, lease, or grant-aid feed-in tariff.
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