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  • Slide 1
  • Geri Lavrov / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images
  • Slide 2
  • Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress Effects and Health Coping With Stress Managing Stress Effects Happiness
  • Slide 3
  • Stress: Some Basic Concepts StressorsThings that push our buttons Stress reactionsFrom alarm to exhaustion
  • Slide 4
  • Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress Process of appraising an event as threatening or challenging and responding to Stressors appraised as threats Can lead to strong negative reactions Extreme or prolonged stress Can cause harm
  • Slide 5
  • Stress Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
  • Slide 6
  • Stress: Some Basic Concepts StressorsThings that push our buttons Catastrophes: Unpleasant, large-scale events Significant life changes: Personal events Daily hassles: Day-to-day challenges
  • Slide 7
  • Stress Appraisal The events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond. Fuse/Getty Images
  • Slide 8
  • Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress reactionsFrom alarm to exhaustion Cannon Sympathetic nervous system Flight-or-fight response Selye General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Taylor Tend-and-befriend
  • Slide 9
  • Fight-or-flight response Emergency response, including activity of sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity for attacking or escaping a threat General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Selyes concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in three stagesalarm, resistance, exhaustion Tend-and-befriend response Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
  • Slide 10
  • Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome AP Photo/ Luis Hidalgo AP Photo/ Chile's Presidency
  • Slide 11
  • Stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal ________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ________ response.
  • Slide 12
  • Stress Effects and Health Psychoneuro- immunology: Studies our mind- body interactions Emotions (psycho) affect your brain (neuro) which controls the stress hormones that influence your disease-fighting immune system. This field is the study of (ology) those interactions.
  • Slide 13
  • Stress Effects and Health Immune system is affected by age, nutrition, genetics, body temperature, and stress. When the immune system does not function properly: Responds too strongly Underreacts
  • Slide 14
  • Lymphocytes Two types of white blood cells that are part of the bodys immune system: B lymphocytes release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Coronary heart disease Cogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America and many other countries.
  • Slide 15
  • A Simplified View Of Immune Responses Fuse/ Thinkstock CNRI / Science Source NIBSC / Science Source Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH Eye of Science / Science Source
  • Slide 16
  • Stress Effects and Health: Immune System Malfunctions Reacting Too Strongly Self-attacking diseases Some forms of arthritis Allergic reaction Underreacting Bacterial infection flare Dormant herpes virus erupt Cancer cells multiply
  • Slide 17
  • Stress Effects and Health Stress hormones suppress immune system Animal studies: Stress of adjustment in monkeys caused weakened immune systems Human studies: Stress related to surgical wound healing and development of colds. Low stress may increase effectiveness of vaccinations. And sostress does not make people sick but it reduces immune systems ability to function optimally.
  • Slide 18
  • Stress And Colds People with the highest life-stress scores were also most likely to develop colds when exposed to an experimentally delivered virus (Cohen et al., 1999). Laurent / Yakou / Science Source
  • Slide 19
  • ________ focuses on mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health. What general effect does stress have on our overall health?
  • Slide 20
  • Stress Effects and Health Stress and AIDS Stress and cancer Stress and heart disease
  • Slide 21
  • Stress Effects and Health Stress and AIDS Stress cannot give people AIDS, but may speed transition from HIV infection to AIDS and the decline in those with AIDS. Stress and cancer Stress does not create cancer cells, but may affect growth by weakening natural defenses. Stress-cancer research results mixed.
  • Slide 22
  • Stress Can Have A Variety Of Health - Related Consequences
  • Slide 23
  • Stress Effects and Health Stress and heart disease 600, 000 North American coronary heart disease- related deaths yearly Stress related to generation of inflammation which is associated with heart and other health problems. Meyer and colleagues Stress predicted heart attack risk for tax accountants. Type A men more likely to have heart attack. Conley and colleagues Stress related to everyday academic stressors in students. 10-4 How does stress increase coronary heart disease risk?
  • Slide 24
  • Type A Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive, hard - driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger - prone people Type B Friedman and Rosenmans term for easy going, relaxed people Type D Term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval (Grande et al., 2012)
  • Slide 25
  • Coping With Stress Personal control, health, and well-being Who controls your life? Is the glass half full or half empty? Social support CLOSE-UP: Pets are friends, too Finding meaning
  • Slide 26
  • Coping With Stress People deal with stress in a variety of ways. Coping Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping
  • Slide 27
  • EXTREME STRESS Ben Carpenter experienced the wildest of rides after his wheelchair got stuck in a trucks grille. AP Photo /Michigan State Police
  • Slide 28
  • To cope with stress, we tend to use ________ focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world. When we believe we cannot change a situation, we may try to relieve stress with ________- focused (emotion/problem) strategies.
  • Slide 29
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Success in coping depends on several factors Personal control Optimistic outlook Social support Finding meaning Lets look at each of these.
  • Slide 30
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Personal control Involves to degree we perceive having control over our environment Studying personal control Correlation of feelings of control with behaviors and achievements Experiments involving raising and lowering peoples sense of control and noting the effects
  • Slide 31
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Learned helplessness Involves dramatic form of loss of control May result in negative health consequences Fox and colleagues Roberts and colleagues Fleming and colleagues
  • Slide 32
  • When animals and people experience no control over repeated bad events, they often learn helplessness. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
  • Slide 33
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being People thrive when they live in conditions of personal freedom and empowerment. Proposal to improve health and morale by control (Humphrey and others) Allowing prisoners to have more control over physical space Having worker participate in decision-making Offering nursing home patients more choices about their environments
  • Slide 34
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Who controls your life? Those who have an external locus of control believe that chance or outside forces control their fate They achieve more in school and work, act more independently, enjoy better health, and feel less depressed. Those who have an internal locus of control believe they control their own destiny:
  • Slide 35
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Half Full of Half Empty? Pessimists Expect things to go badly, blame others Optimists/Optimism Expect to have control, work well under stress, and enjoy good health Run in families; genetic marker/oxytocin Danner and colleagues: Optimism-long life correlation study
  • Slide 36
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Which of these factors has the strongest association with poor health: smoking 15 cigarettes daily, being obese, being inactive, or lacking strong social connections?
  • Slide 37
  • Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Social support helps fight illness in two ways. It calms cardiovascular system, which lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels. It fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning.
  • Slide 38
  • Can pets help people handle stress? Women experienced lower blood pressure spikes in presence of their dog during challenging test. Pets increase the odds of survival after a heart attack. They relieve depression among AIDS patients. Pets lower the level of fatty acids in the blood that increase the risk of heart disease.
  • Slide 39
  • Social Support Research findings Uchino: People supported by close relationships are less likely to die early. Kaplan and colleagues: People in low-conflict marriages live longer, healthier lives than unmarried. Valliant: Healthy aging is better predicted by a good marriage than by a low cholesterol level
  • Slide 40
  • Some research finds that people with companionable pets are less likely than those without pets to visit their doctors after stressful events (Siegel, 1990). How can the health benefits from social support shed light on this finding?
  • Slide 41
  • Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise Relaxation and meditation Faith communities and health
  • Slide 42
  • Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise, relaxation, meditation, and active spiritual engagement may help us gather inner strength and lessen stress effects. Based on what we have learned so far, can you guess why?
  • Slide 43
  • Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise Involves sustained activity that increases heart and lung fitness; reduces stress, depression, and anxiety Can weaken the influence of of genetic risk for obesity Increases the quality and quantity of life (~two years)
  • Slide 44
  • Does aerobic exercise produce a change in stress, depression, anxiety, or other health outcomes? AEROBIC EXERCISE REDUCED DEPRESSION (From McCann & Holmes, 1984.) 10 weeks into a experimental exercise program, the women in the aerobic exercise program reported the greatest decrease in depression. Aerobic exercise counteracts depression: it increases arousal; it does naturally what some prescription drugs do chemically: OLJ Studio /Shutterstock
  • Slide 45
  • Managing Stress Effects Relaxation and mediation Relaxation: More than 60 studies found that relaxation procedures can provide relief from headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety, and insomnia Relaxation training: Training has been used to help Type A heart attack survivors reduce risk of future heart attacks.
  • Slide 46
  • Recurrent Heart Attacks And Life-Style Modification The San Francisco Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project offered counseling from a cardiologist to survivors of heart attacks. Those who were also guided in modifying their Type A lifestyle suffered fewer repeat heart attacks. (From Friedman & Ulmer, 1984.) David Madison/ Jupiterimages
  • Slide 47
  • Managing Stress Effects Learning to reflect and accept Mindfulness meditation Involves attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner Improves many health measures
  • Slide 48
  • Managing Stress Effects Learning to reflect and accept How mindfulness contributes to positive changes Connections among regions are strengthened. Brain regions associated with more reflective awareness are activated. Brain activation in emotional situations are calmed.
  • Slide 49
  • Managing Stress Effects Faith communities and health: Faith Factor Religious involvement predicts health and longevity.
  • Slide 50
  • What are some of the tactics that help people manage the stress they cannot avoid?
  • Slide 51
  • Happiness The short life of emotional ups and downs Wealth and well-being Why cant money buy more happiness? CLOSE-UP: Want to be happier?
  • Slide 52
  • Happiness Resilience Involves process of bouncing back in the face of adversity or significant sources of stress HUMAN RESILIENCE Courtesy of Anna Putt
  • Slide 53
  • Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Suggests that when people feel happy, they become more helpful and doing good promotes feeling good Subjective well-being Includes feelings of happiness and sense of satisfaction with life
  • Slide 54
  • USING WEB SCIENCE TO TRACK HAPPY DAYS The days with the most positive moods are Friday and Saturday (Facebook) A similar analysis of emotion-related words in 59 million Twitter messages found Friday to Sunday the weeks happiest days. Adam Kramer (personal correspondence, 2010) tracked positive and negative emotion words in many exact number is proprietary information) of status updates of U.S. users of Facebook between September 7, 2007, and November 17, 2010.
  • Slide 55
  • THE CHANGING MATERIALISM OF ENTERING COLLEGE STUDENTS Yearly surveys of more than 200,000 entering U.S. college students have, since 1970, revealed an increasing desire for wealth. (From The American Freshman surveys, UCLA, 1966 to 2012.)
  • Slide 56
  • Happiness The short life of emotional ups and downs Over time, emotional ups and downs tend to balance out. Positive emotions rise over early to middle part of day and then drop off. Duration of emotions is overestimated; resilience is underestimated.
  • Slide 57
  • Does money buy happiness? Money surely helps us to avoid certain types of pain. Yet, though buying power has almost tripled since the 1950s, the average Americans reported happiness has remained almost unchanged. (Happiness data from National Opinion Research Center surveys; income data from Historical Statistics of the United States and Economic Indicators.) Economic growth in wealthy countries has provided no apparent boost to morale or social well - being.
  • Slide 58
  • Why Cant Money Buy Happiness? Happiness is relative Relative to personal experience Relative deprivation: Sense that people feel that they are worse off than others with whom they compare themselves Relative to success of others As people climb the ladder of success they mostly compare themselves with local peers who are at or above their current level.
  • Slide 59
  • Happiness Predictors of happiness Genes: Heredity accounts for about 50 percent of happiness ratings differences. Personal history: Emotions balance around level defined by experiences. Culture: Groups vary in the traits valued. Is there a happiness set-point?
  • Slide 60
  • Happiness Is...
  • Slide 61
  • Want to be happier? Realize that enduring happiness does not come from financial success. Take control of your time. Act happy. Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. Join the movement movement. Give your body the sleep it wants. Give priority to close relationships. Focus beyond self. Count your blessings and record your gratitude. Nurture your spiritual self. Photodisc / Jupiterimages
  • Slide 62
  • Which of the following factors do NOT predict self- reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors? a. Aged. Gender b. Personality traitse. Engaging work and leisure c. Close relationshipsf. Active religious faith