geriatric pharmacology barbara s. hays winter, 2006
TRANSCRIPT
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Geriatric Pharmacology
Barbara S. HaysWinter, 2006
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Adults >65 years old
• Fastest growing population in US
• 20% of hospitalizations for those >65 are due to medications they’re taking
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Effects of Aging on Rx use(Absorption)
• Reduced gastric acid production– Raises gastric pH– May alter solubility of some drugs (ASA etc)
• Longer gastric emptying– Delay or reduce absorption
• Decreased esophageal motility– Capsules more difficult to swallow
• Loss of subcutaneous fat– Increased rate of absorption of topical
medications• Increased fagility of veins
– IV administration more difficult
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Effects of Aging on Rx use(Distribution)
• Decreased cardiac output/circulation changes– May delay onset or extend effect of
medications– Decrease of lean body mass/increase of
fatty tissue where medications are stored• Prolong medication’s action• Increase sensitivity• Increase toxic effects
– Higher plasma levels/more erratic distribution
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Effects of Aging on Rx use(Metabolism)
• Difficult to predict, depends on– General health & nutritional status– Use of alcohol, medications– Long term exposure to environmental toxins/pollutants
• Aging causes decreased liver mass/ hepatic blood flow– Delayed/reduced metabolism of drugs– Higher plasma levels
• Lower serum protein levels– Loss of protein binding
• Idiosyncratic reactions
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Effects of Aging on Rx use(Excretion)
• Reduction in number of functioning nephrons/decreased glomerular filtration rate– Longer half-life of medications– Increased side effects– Increased potential for toxicity
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• A story: Tom, age 68– Takes seven different medications
– Can’t remember which medication to take when, so takes them all at bedtime
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“Tom” is typical of aging…
• Multiple medications to control multiple health problems
• Age changes pharmacokinetics, so more vulnerable to– Adverse effects– Drug interactions (can rob them of
therapeutic effects of medications they’re taking)
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• Functional impairments– Vision loss– Cognitive dysfunction– Musculoskeletal disorders
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• Sociocultural factors may make person unable/unwilling to follow prescribed medical regimen
• Loss of family, friends, income • Limited/fixed income
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• Economic factors– May have to choose between food and
medications• OTCs instead of expensive doctor visits• Use of outdated medications• Use of home remedies• Share medications• Nutritional status may affect how body
metabolizes medications
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Polypharmacy
• Concurrent use of multiple medications– >65 = 12% of population– Consume 30% of all prescription drugs
[average person takes 4-5 prescription meds]
– Consume 40% of OTCs
• Excessive use of drugs• Overdose of a drug
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Polypharmacy
• Doctors more likely to prescribe medications for older clients than young ones
• Altered response to medications: cumulative effect on physiology of aged:– Aging– Disease– Stress– Trauma
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Polypharmacy
• Elderly rely on various medication to control or relieve a range of age-related problems– Cardiovascular disease– Diabetes– Degenerative joint disease– Autoimmune disorders
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Polypharmacy
• Risks of problems:– Medication errors
• Wrong drug, time, route
– Adverse effects from each drug• Polypharmacy primary reason for adverse
reactions
– Adverse interactions between drugs
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Troublesome medications
• Antacids– Acid-base imbalance (sodium
bicarbonate)– Constipation (aluminum hydroxide)
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Troublesome medications
• Antiarrhythmics– Confusion– Slurred speech– Light-headedness, seizures– hypotension
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Troublesome medications
• Anticoagulants– bleeding
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Troublesome medications
• Antihistamines– Urinary difficulty– Short-term memory dysfunction– Drowsiness, dizziness
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Troublesome medications
• Antihypertensives– Dizziness and falls– Orthostatic hypotension
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Troublesome medications
• Antiparkinson’s agents– Uncontrolled movements (grimacing,
tongue movements, eyes rolling back, twisted neck)
– Dark urine (levodopa)
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Troublesome medications
• Antipsychotics– Jaundice– Extrapyramidal symptoms– Sedation, dizziness (can lead to falls)– Orthostatic hypotension– Scaling skin on exposure to sunlight
(phenothiazines)
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Troublesome medications
• Anxiolytics– Confusion, lethargy– Slurred speech– Ataxia, falls– Blurred vision
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Troublesome medications
• Corticosteriods– Sodium retention (may worsen HTN &
CHF)– Insomnia– Psychotic behavior– osteoporosis
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Troublesome medications
• Digitalis glycosides– Fatigue– Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting– Visual disturbances– Nightmares, nervousness– Hallucinations– Bradycardia, arrhythmias
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Troublesome medications
• Diuretics– Fluid/electrolyte disorders– Dehydration– Hypotension– Thiazide diuretics can increase blood
glucose levels (more insulin for diabetics)
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Troublesome medications
• Hypoglycemics and insulin (especially in people with reduced kidney function)– Hypoglycemia from missed meals,
alcohol intake, increased exercise
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Troublesome medications
• Laxatives– Intestinal malabsorption– Reduced absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins (if taking mineral oil)– Magnesium toxicity (clients with renal
insufficiency taking magnesium)
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Troublesome medications
• Narcotic analgesics– Respiratory depression– Constipation– Urinary retention– Demerol:
• Hypotension, dizzines• confusion
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Troublesome medications
• NSAIDs– Prolong bleeding
• Gastric discomfort, bleeding
– Increased risk of toxicity (with impaired renal function)
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Troublesome medications
• Respiratory agents– Restlessness, nervousness– Confusion– Blood pressure disturbances– Palpitations, tachycardia– Chest pain
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Troublesome medications
• Tricyclic antidepressants– Dry mouth– Constipation– Blurred vision– Postural hypotension– Dizziness– Tachycardia– Urinary retention
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If client taking > five meds regularly
• Suggest physician prescribe combination drugs or long-acting forms– Fewer pills to remember
• Suggest re-evaluation of medications periodically
• Encourage client to use one pharmacy• New medications
– Good information– Encourage follow up
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Medication aids
• Remove cotton packing• Store in original container
– Dry place– Away from heat/light
• Follow dosing instructions• Get rid of outdated medications• Avoid sharing medications
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Medication aids
• For those with vision problems– Large print labels– Color coded labels
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Medication aids
• Nonchildproof caps• Memory aids• If taking antihypertensives
– Get up slowly
• Alternative, non-pharm [or herb] therapies– Massage