German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

German Gov’t

•Chancellor- Bismarck

•Upper house -

•Reichstag

Bismarck says won’t be bound by parl majority

- tariffs won support of industrialists

Socialism

• feared revolutionary activity

• Used fear -attempt on WI life (not socialists) to restrict socialist rights

• Outlawed Social Dem Party-organized underground

• Bismarck's new tactic…..

Social reform• Win support of workers by Social security

laws …– National sickness and accident Insurance 1883– 1889 old age pensions/ retirement benefits– 1st of its kind --- Eng to follow soonResult - they still vote socialist???-Marxist Social Dem party legal again under WIIMany in Reichstag in the 1890’s/ most in 1912

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary- Ausgleich

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary- Ausgleich

The Hungarian Flag

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

• 1850s Russia was poor agricultural society

• 90% of the people lived off the land

• Serfdom was still the basic institution

• Emancipation Edict - in 1861 abolished serfdom

• Massive investment didn’t even help, but did encourage social reformers

Modernization of RussiaModernization of Russia

• 1850s Russia was poor agricultural society

• 90% of the people lived off the land

• Lacked a solid middle class

• Serfdom was still the basic institution

• Very backward country – over 200 nationalities – majority were poor peasants

• Majority under 10 and illiterate

• intelligensia

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Reform from above

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Crimean WarCrimean War

• British and French ill-founded fear of Russian strength:“Russia is the strongest state in Europe!”

• Illusion of Russian expansionism“Russia plans to carve up Turkey”

• Ill-founded belief the Turkey was collapsing

• This defeat marked a turning point for Russia and the start of the Great Reform

• Russia needed new railroads, better weapons, and a reorganized army

• Alexander II told serf owners reform needed to come from above

• Emancipation Edict - in 1861 abolished serfdom• Emancipated serfs received about half the land and had 49

years to pay• The land was owned by a village (mir) and the village was

responsible for individual payments

WAKE UP CALLWAKE UP CALL

• The govt. hoped collectivism would create unity–In reality it made it hard to progress–No incentive to improve if didn’t ind. own

• Zemstvos to run local govt. in the rural areas• Courts were reformed, equality of law was

established, education was liberalized, and censorship relaxed

• 1870s the Populists wanted more reforms and resorted to terrorism– Peoples will

IndustrializationIndustrialization• Until the 20th century Russia made great progress in industry

not politics• After 1860 the govt. encouraged and subsidized railway

companies• By 1880 Russia had a well developed rail-equipment industry• Industries grew in the suburbs of Moscow and St. Petersburg• Industrial success strengthened the military as the country

expanded south and east

• 1881 Alexander II was assassinated

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

• Reform ended with Alexander III, a strict reactionary – ruled with iron fist

• Political modernization froze but economic industrial modernization increased with the industrial surge of the 1890s.

• Pogroms – Russification• Trans-Siberian railroad

Sergei Witte, • minister of finance• Witte saw Russia’s industrial backwardness as a hindrance to Russia’s

greatness• He established tariffs and put the country on the gold standard of the rest of

the world• He used the west to catch the west i.e. foreigners to use their technology and

capital to build up southern Russia• In eastern Ukraine foreigners built huge plants and factories, steel and coal

industries from scratch• By 1900 only the US., Germany, and Great Britain were producing more

coal/steel• Small middle class develops

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

• Liberals wanted reforms based on western models

• Marxists wanted to overthrow the monarchy

• Populists wanted a massive peasant revolt

• Any trouble makers were arrested or forced into exile

Political Philosophies

Pre-Revolutionary Russia• Only true autocracy

left in Europe• No type of

representative political institutions

• Nicholas II became tsar in 1884

• Believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by God

• Russo-Japanese War (1904) – defeat led to pol. instability

• 1903 Russia established a sphere of influence over Chinese Manchuria and were looking at northern Korea

• 1904 Japan launched a surprise attack, defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War at Port Arthur

• Distance and size works against Russia and creates further peasant dissent

• 1905 Russia accepted a humiliating defeat

• January 1905 a crowd demonstrated at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to petition the tsar for reform

• Troops opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds. This massacre became known as “Bloody Sunday"

Revolution of 1905Revolution of 1905

• The image of the tsar was shattered• October 1905 a general strike paralyzed the

country and forced the govt. to give in • The czar issued the October Manifesto granting

full civil liberties and creating the Duma (national representative body)

• The Social Democrats rejected it and the workers protested in Moscow in December 1905

• The tsar dismissed the Duma, only to find a more radical one elected in 1907

• The tsar and his advisors rewrote the voting laws and gave more power to the landed aristocracy

• With Duma full of aristocrats the tsar was assured of support

• In 1906 Peter Stolypin was appointed chief advisor• August Decree established military courts which

hung almost 1,000 people• Wanted to preserve aristocracy but pushed agrarian

reform• Peasants, even more agitated, were still a caste apart• In 1911 Stolypin was assassinated• The Revolution of 1905 had changed little in Russia-

the tsar still controlled the army and the aristocracy controlled the govt. with the tsar having veto power

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”