german language - amazon s3 · below the declension chart for definite, indefinite and possessive...
TRANSCRIPT
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2. Family, Acquaintances and Friends
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2.1 German Nouns
–––
2.2 Cases and Articles
2.3 People
2.4 Jetzt üben wir!
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.1 German Nouns
–––
As you know already German and English are linguistically quite close. English belongs to the very large Indogermanic group of languages. Similarities between English and German vocabulary make this obvious:
• Hand (hand), Finger (finger), Fuß (foot) have a lot more in common with the English
• Than French main, doigt et pied or Spanish for that matter.
• Grammatical differences between English and German exist however
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2.1.1 Capitalization and Gender
–––2.1.2 Number and Plural Formation
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.1.1 Capitalization and Gender
–––
All German NOUNS, whether they represent people or things are capitalized and they all have grammatical genders.
One of three to be exact:
• Masculine
• Feminine
• Neuter
The English definite article the corresponds to the German article der, die or das depending on noun gender:
• masculine (m) der
• feminine (f) die
• neuter (n) das
The English indefinite articles a or an corresponds to (m) ein, (f) eine or (n) ein:
• ein Mann (m)
• eine Frau (f)
• ein Kind (n)
Male beings are usually grammatically masculine and female beings feminine but for the vast majority of nouns there is no predictable pattern.
My advice: it is best to always learn new German words with their grammatical gender, i.e. article.
Useful guidelines regarding German nouns
MASCULINE Nouns:
1.Male beings Professions Nationalities
der Mann, Sohn der Pilot, der Arzt der Deutsche, der Amerikaner
der Arbeiter der Professor der Kanadier
2. Days of the Week, months, seasons and nearly all weather elements
• der Montag, der Sommer, der Regen, der Schnee
3. Nouns ending in
• -ig der Honig
• -ling der Liebling
• -or der Motor
• -us der Faschismus
FEMININE Nouns:
Female beings Professions Nationalities
die Frau die Professorin die Deutsche
die Mutter die Arbeiterin die Amerikanerin
2. Nouns ending in -e (Plural -n)
• die Maschine
• die Sprache
• die Methode
3. Nouns ending in the suffixes
• -anz die Toleranz
• -enz die Frequenz
• -ei die Konditorei
• -ie die Demokratie
• -ik die Kritik
• -ion die Religion
• -heit die Menschheit
• -keit die Schwierigkeit
• -schaft die Fußballmannschaft
• -tät die Nationalität
• -ung die Bedeutung
• -ur die Prozedur
NEUTER Nouns:
1. Continents, Cities, Counties (most of them)
• das Asien
• das Berlin
• das Deutschland, Frankreich, England
NEUTER Nouns:
2. Nouns ending in
• -tum das Christentum
• -chen das Mädchen
• -ment das Experiment
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.1.2 Number and Plural Formation
–––
There are five basic plural endings for German nouns:
der Fahrer, die Fahrer
der Garten, die Gärten
1. Most nouns ending in -el, -en, -er: no plural ending or - ¨ -
• der Wagen, die Wagen
2. Many monosyllabic nouns: -e or - ¨e
• das Jahr, die Jahre
• die Angst, die Ängste
• der Stuhl, die Stühle
3. -er or ¨er
• das Bild, die Bilder
• das Buch, die Bücher
4. Almost all feminine nouns: -(e)n
• die Stunde, die Stunden
• die Zeitung, die Zeitungen
Nouns with feminine suffix -in double the -n before the plural ending
• die Autorin, die Autorinnen
5. -s for plural of foreign words
• die Party, die Partys
-en for borrowed words from Latin ending in -um and -us
• das Museum, die Museen
• das Zentrum, die Zentren
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D
American University
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2.2 Cases and Articles
–––
Grammatical function in the English sentence is indicated by position: typically the sentence subject comes first, followed by a verb which is then followed by objects.
No need for cases in English.
In German cases, are critical.
Cases are needed for comprehension. Case in point:
Diese Sängerin kennt den Mann seit Jahren.
This singer has known the man for years.
Diese Sängerin kennt der Mann seit Jahren.
The man has known the singer for years.
The German article declines, or changes, according to the gender, number and case of the noun it modifies. In other words, articles mark case, number and gender of nouns. If there is no article, the ending of the adjective takes the function of the verb.
You know already that German has CASES.
Four to be exact:
• Nominative
• Accusative
• Dative
• Genitive
The case of a noun is determined by its unique function in the sentence. Is the noun the subject of the sentence, its direct or perhaps its indirect object? Let us read several short passages to determine which grammatical function the different sentence elements possess.
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2.2.1 Nominative
–––
2.2.2 Accusative
2.2.3 Dative
2.2.4 Genitive
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.2.1 Nominative
–––
Die Familie
Die Mutter, der Vater, der Sohn und die Tochter wohnen in Berlin. Die Eltern haben zwei Kinder. Eine Tochter und einen Sohn.
A family in Berlin. The subject of a sentence is identified by asking wer or was, who or what. Who does what and who or what is that?
In this case: wer wohnt, who lives in Berlin? Die Familie wohnt in Berlin, the family is the subject in this case. In other words die Mutter, der Vater, der Sohn und die Tochter. All these nouns here are therefore in the nominative case in this passage. The family members are the subject of this particular sentence.
Now look at the same lines with the indefinite article mentioned earlier:
Eine Mutter, ein Vater, ein Sohn und eine Tochter wohnen in Berlin.
The article endings remained the same -e ending in die/eine. Masculine nominative singular: ein Vater, ein Sohn
Neuter nominative singular: das Problem/ein Problem, no -s ending in the indefinite article.
Below the Declension chart for definite, indefinite and possessive articles in the nominative case:
Nominative
Masculin der nette Mann
ein netter Mann
mein(my)
dein (your)
sein(his)
unser (our)
Feminin die nette Frau
eine nette Frau meine deine seine unsere
Neutral das nette Kind
ein nettes Kind mein dein sein unser
As you notice, German possessive articles/Possessivpronomen share the same endings as indefinite articles.
Please review comprehensive charts found in your grammar book.
The Nominative case is for the sentence subject, be it a person or a thing of course. The third person personal pronouns we studied in Module 1 - er, sie, es - refers to persons but can also refer to things.
Er, sie, es substitute for all der die das nouns respectively and can be the equivalent of the English it.
Example: Ist das dein Mantel? Is this your coat?
Ja, das ist er. Yes, it is he.
.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.2.2 Accusative
–––
Der Junge hat eine Freundin. Er spielt sehr gut Gitarre und hat ein Liebeslied für die Freundin komponiert. Er singt der Freundin das Lied vor.
Wer spielt Gitarre?
• Der Junge (subject in the nominative) spielt Gitarre.
Was hat der Junge?
• eine Freundin - a girlfriend.
Now we identified the first accusative direct object.
The others listed here:
• Der Junge hat (accusative) eine Freundin.
• Er spielt Gitarre.
• Er hat (accusative) ein Liebeslied komponiert.
• Er singt (accusative) das Lied.
Accusative endings change only in the masculine:
• Nominative der to accusative den and ein to einen
No change in the feminine and neuter.
Nouns or pronouns used to complete the action of the verb (as in what does he have?) are called objects.
The accusative is also used in many standard greetings we covered in the past module:
• guten Morgen
• vielen Dank! .
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.2.3 Dative
–––
The third case is the widely used Dative case. The person to whom or for whom something is done is called the indirect object. The indirect object is always in the dative case and usually requires an accusative object to complete its meaning.
Example: We give the child a book. What we give is in the accusative (book), the recipient who the book is given to (Kind), is the dative object.
Wir geben dem Kind ein Buch.
!!! The English to is not used to indicate indirect objects in German. The dative case is used instead.
Let’s identify the dative case object in the above picture and write it down.
Der Manager gratuliert einem Kollegen. The person receiving the praise is the dative object here.
Dative objects usually precede accusative nouns:
• Er erklärt seinem Sohn das Problem.
• Sie kauft dem Bruder einen deutschen Schäferhund.
Notice that the above dative objects are nouns.
The word order reverses with pronouns.
• Er erklärt seinem Sohn das Problem
• Er erklärt es ihm
The accusative pronoun es (das Problem) now precedes the dative ihm (seinem Sohn).
Dative and accusative objects often occur together with verbs of
• giving: bringen, geben, schenken (gifting) spendieren, kaufen (to treat, buy for)
• showing: erklären (explain), zeigen (show), beweisen (to prove)
• telling: beschreiben (describe), erzählen (to inform, tell), sagen
• recommending: vorschlagen (to suggest), empfehlen (to recommend)
.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
www.companyname.com© 2016 Jetfabrik Multipurpose Theme. All Rights Reserved.
2.2.4 Genitive
–––
The fourth case, the Genitive case rounds up our case discussion. It is not used much in spoken German but omnipresent in journalism, as well as in well-written German.
The genitive indicates possession.
The ’s in His father’s mom is sufficient to form the genitive in English. Not so in German.
The German genitive is expressed by a noun (the mother) followed by an article plus noun (+appropriate ending):
Die Mutter (m) seines Vaters
Der Schreibtisch (f) der Frau the woman’s desk
Der Bruder (n) des Kindes the child’s brother
The word von + dative is often used as a genitive substitute in spoken German and always used with personal pronouns (English of ): viel von ihrem Talent (much of her talent).
Genitive Noun Phrases commonly used:
Ich bin der Meinung, dass… I am of the opinion that …
Wir waren guter Laune, weil… We were in a good mood because…
Das Bier ist deutschen Ursprungs The beer is of German origin
Please review the somewhat neglected genitive by doing the exercises as it is ultimately indicative of polished writing. .
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D
American University
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2.3 People
–––
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2.3.1 Family
–––2.3.2 Acquaintances and Friends
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.3.1 Family
–––
English German Singular German Plural (die)
Father der Vater/Papa Väter/Papas
Mother die Mutter Mütter
Son der Sohn Söhne
Daughter die Tochter Töchter
Grandfather der Großvater/Opa Großväter/Opas
English German Singular German Plural (die)
Grandmother die Großmutter/Oma Großmütter/Omas
Grandson der Enkel Enkel
Granddaughter die Enkelin Enkelinnen
Sister die Schwester Schwestern
Brother der Bruder Brüder
English German Singular German Plural (die)
Stepsister die Halbschwester Halbschwestern
Stepbrother der Halbbruder Halbbrüder
Siblings die Geschwister (kein Singular)
Stepsiblings die Halbgeschwister (kein Singular)
Wife die Ehefrau, Gattin Ehefrauen, Gattinnen
English German Singular German Plural (die)
Husband der Ehemann, Gatte Männer, Gatten
Father-in-law der Schwiegervater Schwiegerväter
Mother-in-law die Schwiegermutter Schwiegermütter
Sister-in-law die Schwägerin Schwägerinnen
Brother-in-law der Schwager Schwäger
English German Singular German Plural (die)
Son-in-law der Schwiegersohn Schwiegersöhne
Daughter-in-law die Schwiegertochter Schwiegertöchter
Aunt die Tante Tanten
Uncle der Onkel Onkel
Useful vocabulary and related phrases
They wish to marry soon.
• Sie möchten bald heiraten.
Engagement
• Die Verlobung
She got engaged to Peter.
• Sie hat sich mit Peter verlobt.
They are engaged now.
• Sie sind jetzt verlobt. (with the verb sein)
You are invited to our wedding
• Sie sind/du bist zu unserer Hochzeit eingeladen.
He marries Monika
• Er heiratet Monika
They marry
• Sie heiraten
He is married to Monika.
• Er ist mit Monika verheiratet.
They marry
• Sie heiraten
Marriage proposal
• der Heiratsantrag
Wedding bells
• die Heiratsglocken
A divorce
• eine Scheidung
To divorce
• sich scheiden lassen
They are divorcing.
• Sie lassen sich scheiden.
They divorced.
• Sie sind geschieden.
.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.3.2 Acquaintances and Friends
–––
English German Singular German Plural (die)
male friend der Freund Freunde
female friend die Freundin Freundinnen
buddy der Kumpel Kumpel
male neighbor der Nachbar Nachbarn
female neighbor die Nachbarin Nachbarinnen
English German Singular German Plural (die)
male foreigner der Ausländer Ausländer
female foreigner die Ausländerin Ausländerinnen
male student der Student Studenten
female student die Studentin Studentinnen
male grocer der Lebensmittelhändler Lebensmittelhändler
English German Singular German Plural (die)
female grocer der Lebensmittelhändlerin Lebensmittelhändlerinnen
baker der Bäcker/-in Bäcker
cabbie der Taxifahrer/-in Taxifahrer
bus driver der Busfahrer Busfahrer
male police officer der Polizist Polizisten
English German Singular German Plural (die)
female police officer die Polizistin Polizistinnen
male maire der Bürgermeister Bürgermeister
female maire die Bürgermeisterin Bürgermeisterinnen
male tourist, visitor der Tourist, Besucher Touristen, Besucher
female tourist, visitor
die Touristin, Besucherin
Touristinnen, Besucherinnen
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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2.4 Jetzt üben wir!
–––
Bestimmter Artikel - setze Artikel und Nomen im Akkusativ richtig ein.
1. Ich kenne (der Film)
____________ schon.
2. Suchst du (die Lehrerin)
_______________?
3. Wer hat (das Wasser)
_____________ getrunken?
4. Ich verstehe (der Satz) ______________________ nicht.
5. Der Mann lernt (die Vokabel)
_________________.
Unbestimmter Artikel - setze Artikel und Nomen im Akkusativ ein.
1. Ich kaufe ein _____ Blume.
2. Wir haben ein _____ Hund gesehen.
3. Sie hat ein _____ Freundin im Café getroffen.
Welches Nomen steht im Akkusativ?
1. Der Student kauft einen Hut.
a. der Student
b. einen Hut
2. Die Rechnung hat der Mann bezahlt.
a. die Rechnung
b. der Mann
3. Die Kellnerin bringt das Essen.
a. die Kellnerin
b. das Essen .