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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Germination Variability in Different Populations of
Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) in Tunisia
ABDESSAMAD. Abdessalem1, 2
, KSONTINI. Mustapha1, et SALHI HANNACHI Amel
2
1Laboratory of Physiology and Ecology Forestry, National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering & Forestry INRGREF Tunis, Tunisia
2Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, 2092 El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
Abstract: The cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is a Mediterranean species, having great ecological and socioeconomic importance. In
Tunisia this species occupies considerable areas including Kroumirie Mogods. Germination is a phenomenon that leads to the inert seed
to a plantlet can emit its first leaves. It has various modes of expression. In the present work we have undertaken a study of germination
performed semi-controlled conditions (nursery) of INRGREF (Tunis) different populations of cork oak in Tunisia: El Feidja
(GHARDIMAOU), Beni M'ttir, Hammam Bourguiba, Dar Fatma, Oued Zena and Mejen Essef (Ain Draham), Ain Zana (Bouselm)
Jebel Zouza (Nefza) Keff El Rand (Haouria), Steam Jdidi (Hammamet) and Jebel Kroufa and Bellif (Tabarka) located Kroumirie
Mogods and Cap Bon. Our results showed that the maximum germination rate is very high (98-100%), respectively, for the people of
Jebel Kroufa, Oued Ezzen, Keff El rand, Blessed Mtir and Hammam Bourguiba, Jebel Zouza and Mejen Essef of lesser degree for the
people of El Feidja (95.83%) and Ain Zena (90.27%) by cons it is lower for the population of Bellif, Dar Fatma (86.41%) and Hammam
Jdidi (72.83%). The lag phases recorded are of the order of 42 days, respectively, for the population of Dar Fatma, Hammam
Bourguiba, Jebel Kroufa, Steam Jdidi, Ain Zena and Mejen Essef, 49 days for the people of Jebel Zouza 56 days for public of Bellif,
Blessed Mtir and Keff El rand, 63 days for the people of Oued Ezzen and about 70 days for the people of El Feidja. The difference in
germination between populations can be attributed to ecological and climatic conditions of the original site and / or specific biological
conditions of the case study.
Keywords: Germination, population, cork oak, variability, Tunisia
1. Introduction
Forests, although they cover only one tenth of the surface
of the planet, representing almost 90% of all biomass
dominated by trees such as oaks and account for nearly
half of the primary production biosphere [4]. The global
distribution of these forests obeys great ecological
gradients among current major explanatory factors, the
temperature and water data provide a couple of prime
importance, as well as genetic data that identify the
variation between and within species population. The
study of the germination of this species for assessing
populations and help conservation by providing better
production quantitatively and qualitatively.
This is a first step in identifying the existence of the
strongest sources and newer that seem best suited to the
environment in Tunisia and help the conservation of the
forest genetic heritage: the optimization of conduct
cultivation of a variety of interest and selection of
genotypes having outstanding characteristics. In this
context a comparative study of germination of twelve
populations of cork oak El Feidja (GHARDIMAOU),
Beni M'ttir, Hammam Bourguiba, Dar Fatma, Oued Zena
and Mejen Essef (Ain Draham), Ain Zana (Bouselm)
Jebel Zouza (Nefza) Keff El Rand (Haouria), Steam Jdidi
(Hammamet) and Jebel Kroufa and Bellif (Tabarka) the
purpose of identifying the within population of cork oak.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Site Collection Seed
The cork oak acorns L were collected from different
locations in Kroumirie, Mogods and Cap Bon in Tunisia
(72 individuals from each populations of Hammam
Bourguiba [HB], Dar Fatma [DF], Oued Zeen [OZ], Aîn
Zana [AZ]; Mejen Essef [ME]; Béni Mtir [BM]; Djebel
Zouza [DZ] (Ain Draham) El Feidja [EF] (Gar Dimaou);
Bellif [B] (Nefza); Djebel Khroufa [DK] (Tabarka); Keff
El Rand [KR] (El Haouaria) and Hammam Jdidi [HJ]
(Hammamet) (Tab 2 and Tab 3). The choice of the sites
was carried out according to the geographical distribution,
the bioclimat and the relief in December 2011(Table.1).
2.2 Germination Experiments
In semi-controlled conditions in the nursery INRGREF
Ariana under semi arid bioclimate higher. The acorns are
sown in polythene bags of 12 cm diameter and 20 cm deep
filled with a substrate (mixture containing 1/3 2/3 sand
and humus cork oak) and whose composition
physicochemical is given by (Table.1).
Seeds were considered to be germinated when the radical
emergence. After seed sowing, the germinated seeds were
counted and eliminated every week for 140 days.
Table 1 : Soil texture culture
clay (en%) 10% pH 7.5 coarse sand 48%
fine silt 3% total limestone 2% total nitrogen 560 ppm
coarse silt 5% P2O5 15 ppm organic matter 1.8%
sandy 32% K2O 70 ppm
Paper ID: SUB151595 1497
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
2.3 Methods of Germination Expression
The characteristics of seedling emergence were (FG),
number determined: final germination percentage of days
to first germination (delay of germination), critical limits
of germination and mean time to germinate (MTG). (i)
Final germination percentage (FG) was calculated as the
cumulative number of germinated seeds with normal
radicles.
GP = Σ𝑛, where 𝑛 is the number of seeds that had
germinated at each counting. (ii) Mean Time of
germination: MTG was estimated according to the
formula:
MTG = Σ (n. 𝑑𝑖)
where 𝑛 is the number of seeds germinated at day 𝑖,𝑑 the
incubation period in days, and 𝑁 the total number of
germinated seeds in the treatment.
2.4 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA and DUNCAN) to test the
variability of germination characteristics for different
populations. All statistical methods were performed using
SPSS, version 17.
3. Results
3.1 Germination rate
The maximum germination rate are recorded in the order
of 100%; 100%; 100%; 100%; 100%; 98.77%; 98.61%;
95.83%; 90.28; 86.42%; 86.42% and 72.84% respectively
for the population of Beni Mtir, Hammam Bourguiba,
Jebel Kroufa, Oued Ezzen, Keff El rand, Jebel Zouza,
Mejen Essef El Feidja, Ain Zana Bellif, Dar Fatma and
Hammam after Jdidi 140 days (Fig.1)
3.2 Speed germination
The lag phases are recorded in the order of 42, 42, 42, 42,
42, 42, 49, 56, 56, 56, 63 and 70 days respectively for the
people of Dar Fatma, Hammam Bourguiba, Jebel Kroufa,
Steam Jdidi, Zena and Mejen Essef Ain, Jebel Zouza,
Bellif, Blessed Mtir and Keff rand El Oued and El Ezzen
Feidja
3.3 Germination capacity
The germination capacity are recorded in the order of
100%; 100%; 100%; 100%; 100%; 98.77%; 98.61%;
95.83%; 90.28; 86.42%; 86.42% and 72.84% respectively
for the population of Beni Mtir, Hammam Bourguiba,
Jebel Kroufa, Oued Ezzen, Keff El rand, Jebel Zouza,
Mejen Essef El Feidja, Ain Zana Bellif, Dar Fatma and
Hammam after Jdidi 140 days (Fig.2).
3.4 Mean Germination Time (MTG)
Mean Germination Time are recorded in the order of 1.14;
1.11; 1.07; 1.07; 1.05; 1.04; 1.03; 1.03; 1.00; 1.00; 0.89
and 0.89 days respectively for populations Bellif;
Hammam Jdidi; Oued Ezzen; Mtir blessed; Jebel Zouza;
Keff El rand; Dar Fatma; Hammam Bourguiba; Jebel
Kroufa; El Feidja; Mejen Essef and Ain Zana (Fig.3).
3.5 Coefficient velocity
The coefficients of velocity are stored in the order of
99.09%; 96.92%; 96.82%; 96.13%; 95.23%; 93.86%;
90.62%; 88.62%; 88.47%; 88.17%; 83.05% and 78.81%
respectively for the people of Jebel Kroufa; Hammam
Bourguiba; Dar Fatma; Keff El rand; Jebel Zouza; Mtir
blessed; Hammam Jdidi; Mejen Essef; Ain Zana; Bellif;
El Oued and Ezzen Feidja (Fig.4).
3.6. Energy germination
The germination energy are stored in the order of 98.77%;
98.77%; 98.61%; 97.53%; 97.22%; 96.30%; 93.06%;
87.50%; 85.19%; 83.95%; 71.60% and 71.60%
respectively for the population of Hammam Bourguiba;
Jebel Kroufa; Oued Ezzen; Jebel Zouza; Mejen Essef;
Mtir blessed; El Feidja; Ain Zana; Keff El rand; Dar
Fatma; Bellif and Hammam Jdidi. (Fig.5).
Paper ID: SUB151595 1498
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Table 2: Characteristics geographical, bioclimatic and relief of different populations of oak cork (Quercus suber L) in Tunisia
Site Abbreviation Area Geographical
distribution
Bioclimat (bioclimatic
stage) Relief
Altitude
(m)
Characteristics
Geographical
4. Discussion
Germination is often seen as a phenomenon that leads
from inert seed to a seedling capable of transmitting its
first leaves. This presents various modes of expression.
Germination rates observed over a period of 140 days
were manifested in three phases: first a latency period of
70 days for the people of El Feidja; 63 days for the Oued
Ezzen population; 56 days for the people of Bellif,
Blessed Mtir and Keff El rand; 49 days for the people of
Jebel Zouza and 42 days for the people of Dar Fatma,
Hammam Bourguiba, Jebel Kroufa, Steam Jdidi, Ain
Mejen Essef Zena and then a second acceleration of
germination phase (ranges from 56-126 days in the
population of Bellif; 42-112 days with the population of
Dar Fatma, 49-91 days for the people of Jebel Zouza; 56-
91 days in the population of Beni Mtir; 42-105 days with
El Feidja EF Ghardimaou Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
780
m
32 43 84
22 E
40 40 26 7
N
Beni M'ttir BM Ain Drahem Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
800
m
32 47 48
36 E
40 65 89 8
N
Hammam
Bourguiba HB Ain Drahem
Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
570
m
32 46 76
08
40 71 96 0
N
Dar Fatma DF Ain Drahem Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
909
m
32 47 84
09 E
40 73 59 6
N
Oued Zena OZ Ain Drahem Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
675
m
32 48 22
49
40 75 63 0
N
Mejen Essef ME Ain Drahem Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
800
m
32 48 17
17 E
40 69 20 4
Aîn Zana AZ Bouselm Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
851
m
32 48 77
03 E
40 64 69 4
N
Djebel Zouza DjZ Nefza Western North
(Kroumirie)
Wet superior at moderate
winter Montagne
542
m
32 49 96
49 E
40 77 41 2
N
Keff El Rand KR Haouaria North Est (Cap Bon) Sub-wet superior at hot
winter Montagne
642
m
32 65 77
63 E
40 77 15 8
N
Hammam Jdidi HJ Hammamet North Est
(Cap Bon)
Semi-arid lower than hot
winter Montagne
174
m
32 62 08
79 E
40 35 84 9
N
Djebel Khroufa DjK Tabarka Western North
(Mogods) Wet inferior at hot winter
Chaine
tellienne
160
m
32 49 41
25 E
40 90 49 5
N
Bellif B Tabarka Western North
(Mogods) Wet inferior at hot winter
Chaine
tellienne 88 m
32 50 79
87 E
40 98 60 9
N
Paper ID: SUB151595 1499
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
the population of Hammam Bourguiba, 70 to 105 days for
the people of El Feidja; 42-98 days for the people of Jebel
Kroufa; 63-84 days for the people of Oued Ezzen; 56-84
days for the people of El Keff rand, and 42 through 119
days among the population of Hammam Jdidi; 42-98 days
for the people of Ain Zana and 42-112 days in the
population of Mejen Essef) and a third phase
characterized by a plateau indicating the maximum rate of
germination (from 126 days in the population of Bellif;
112 days in the population of Dar Fatma; 91 days among
the people of Jebel Zouza; 91 days in the population of
Beni Mtir; 105 days in the population of Hammam
Bourguiba; 105 days in the population of El Feidja; 98
days among the people of Jebel Kroufa; 84 days in the
population of Oued Ezzen; 84 days in the population of El
Keff rand; 119 days in the population of Hammam Jdidi;
98 days among the people of Ain Zana and 112 days in
the population of Mejen Essef).
The last phase is relatively large for all populations of
cork oak with a more or less for the people of El Feidja
(70j) compared to that of the population of Wadi Ezzen
(63j) and populations Bellif, Blessed Mtir and Keff El
rand (56j), the population of Jebel Zouza (49J) and
populations of Dar Fatma, Hammam Bourguiba, Jebel
Kroufa, Steam Jdidi, Ain Zena and Mejen Essef (42j).
This can be explained by the time required for the seed to
put in place mechanisms that allow it to adjust its osmotic
potential with respect to the medium [8]; as well as its root
development. This scope is a limiting factor of
regeneration by planting cork oak especially when it is
unable to provide a balance between the nutritional needs
of other wildlife [3] environment.
Note also that there is a differential dormancy within the
same species from the same population or the same seed
lot of the same population of cork oak. Or even among
seeds from the same mother tree. The dormancy intensity
varies with latitude, population and harvest year. This has
the effect of dormancy stagger the germination over a
period of time or longer [6].
[5] also described the germination difficulty by the
existence of embryo dormancy due to the mechanical
action exerted by the pericarp to the output of the radical
and that depends on the shaft which is a producer of
characteristics physiological acorns mature and freshly
harvested. The slow germination is also recorded for [2]
for the holm oak [1] and olive [9].
Preney et al (1997) show that the germination rate
decreases with increasing shelf life because they reduce
the vitality of acorns.
Our results showed that the maximum germination rate
are recorded in the order of 100%; 100%; 100%; 100%;
100%; 98.77%; 98.61%; 95.83%; 90.28; 86.42%; 86.42%
and 72.84% respectively for the population of Beni Mtir,
Hammam Bourguiba, Jebel Kroufa, Oued Ezzen, Keff El
rand, Jebel Zouza, Mejen Essef El Feidja, Ain Zana Bellif,
Dar Fatma and Hammam after Jdidi 140 days. In the
nursery, the twelve populations of cork oak have high and
varied maximum rate of germination obtained after one to
two months of storage (42 days to 70 days). These results
are in agreement with that found by [7] on the species of
oak.
Germination appears to be also dependent on the size
factor acorns; our results showed the highest rate (96%)
for the species of oak afares length of about 4.09 cm in
diameter on the order of 1.72 cm. For zeen oak species, it
has the germination rate of 94.44%, it has at the same time
a length of 3.80 cm and 1.62 cm diameter. The population
of cork oak (82.40%) has tassels length of about 2.93 cm
and a diameter of about 1.56 cm. These results are
consistent with those found by [3] attributed the size of
acorns or their weight to a positive influence on the
germination and early growth stages (days); during this
period of life, the seedling uses the reserves of acorns and
more important are his best reserves will start germination
and growth. The difference in the size of acorns can be
attributed to environmental and climatic conditions of the
original site and the specific conditions of the study
species.
5. Conclusion
As a result of the present study, we can conclude that
traits related to germination of Quercus suber.L constitute
a useful approach to analyze the diversity in this important
species. This variability related to the germination rate,
speed germination, germination capacity, means
germination Time (MTG), coefficient velocity, energy
germination present the most discriminating value. A case
of homonymy was detected in cultivar originating from
Ain Drahem.
This study although revealed considerable variability in
germination among oak cork accessions, accurate oak
cork cultivars identification however, needs a large
number of morphological markers and the exploration of
other eco physiological, biochemical and molecular
markers such as sequencing at end to analyze genotypic
diversity.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants of the National
Institute of Research in Agricultural engineering, Water
and Drills (Institute Tunis Carthage), and the Faculty of
Sciences of Tunis (University Tunis El Manar).
This paper is dedicated to Professor Mokhtar Trifi,
Director of the molecular Laboratory of genetics,
immunology and biotechnology, and co-author of this
work, who passed away in September 2010. May God
bless his soul and dedicated.
Paper ID: SUB151595 1500
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Figure 1: Germination rate based on time acorns from different populations of cork oak (Quercus suber. L) in Tunisia (semi-
controlled conditions)
Figure 2: Germination capacity acorns from different populations of cork oak (Quercus suber. L) in Tunisia (semi-controlled
conditions)
Paper ID: SUB151595 1501
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Figure 3: Germination mean time (GMT) acorns from different populations of cork oak (Quercus suber. L) in Tunisia (semi-
controlled conditions)
Figure 4: Velocity coefficient (CV) acorns from different populations of cork oak (Quercus suber. L) in Tunisia (semi-
controlled conditions)
Paper ID: SUB151595 1502
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015
www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Figure 5: Germination energy (EG) acorns from different populations of cork oak (Quercus suber. L) in Tunisia (semi-
controlled conditions)
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Paper ID: SUB151595 1503