getting to the root of the “root” word. the only things in language and culture the europeans...
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Getting to the root of the “Root” word
Etymology 101
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What Did Europeans Create?THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE THE EUROPEANS
CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN
INFORMATION
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Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words.Last week, we discussed the meaning of words with
the roots ori, nat, gen, and kin. All of these words relate back to the idea of BIRTH and the SOURCE.
The etymon is the root meaning of the word.
Etymology can increase the number of words a child can learn per week.Etymology can help students learn at least 60 new
words per week.
Review: Why Etymology?
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Europeans have used linguistics to socially control us via our misunderstanding of language. By applying connotative or additional/shaded meanings to words, we bury the denotative meaning, which suppresses the true meaning of the word.
The meaning of words all have a cultural context. Europeans added connotative meanings to words to take the word out of its cultural context; this causes misunderstanding or lack of knowledge of ancient customs and practices.
We want to get back to the principles and customs of our ancient mothers and fathers so that we can use astrology, geometry, metaphysics, and cosmology to heal ourselves and heighten our frequency.
Review: Why Etymology?
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Etymology
The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology. Etymology: The study of the origins of words.
Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of)
Etymology consists of Word Parts (Affixes and Roots) Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…) How words change over time Word cognates in various languages within a language family.
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Word Parts: PrefixA prefix is a word
part that is placed at the beginning of a word.Pre (before) + fix (to
fasten)
Other Examples:Review
React
InterviewInteract
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Word Parts: PrefixA prefix changes the meaning of a word
Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstructStruct (the root) means to build
Con + struct: to build together/withRe + con + struct: to build together againDe + con + struct: to build down
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Prefix RulesA prefix can function
as an intensifier. Example:
Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength.
Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.
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Word Parts: SuffixA suffix is a word part
that is placed at the end of a word.Suff (after) + fix (to
fasten)
Other Examples:hopeful
goodness
lawfulhappiness
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Word Parts: SuffixA suffix can change the part of speech of a word
Noun Suffix Endings -age: mileage; postage; damage -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship
Verb Suffix Endings -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise)
Adjective Suffix Ending - able (capable; lovable) -al (national; natural; seasonal)
Adverb Endings -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) - where (somewhere; anywhere)
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Suffix Rules A word can have as many as three suffixes
Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality
Root: sti: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tionCon (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + alCon (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity
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Suffix RulesSuffixes have meanings
LikeMusical; comical; classicalFantastic; realistic; Slavic
State of/Condition/QualityAppointment; retirementInsistence; patience; inheritance
One who:Physician; musician; politicianTeacher; barber; carpenterArtist; pianist; astrologist
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Word Parts: Roots
What is the Root?The root is the main part
of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened.Remember:
pre (before) + fix (fasten)suf (after) + fix (fasten)
Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.
The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.
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Word Parts: RootsCred: to believe
Incredible: In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able)
Definition: not able to believe Creditor:
Cred(it) + or (a person who)Definition: a person that determines whether you can
be trusted or believed
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Word Parts: RootsJect: to throw
Reject:Re (back) + ject
(throw):Definition: to throw
backProject:
Pro (forward) + ject (throw)Definition: to throw
forwardInterject:
Prefix: Inter Definition: to throw
between
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Word Parts: All Together
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Prefix Root Suffix3P 2P 1P 0 1S
2S 3S_______________________________________________
Prefix-Suffix-Root Line
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Conspicuouscon + spic + uous:
visible, open to view, striking
ResistRe + sist
To stand against
What’s the Root of this Word?
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RespectRe + spect
To look back (and see someone); to regard
Restitution
Re + sti(t) + ut(e) + ionThe quality or condition of standing again
Institute
In + stit + ut(e) + ionTo cause to stand (i.e. establish)
What’s the Root of this Word?
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ReparationsRe + par +at(e) + ion
The condition or quality of putting back in order/arranging (par=to arrange; re=again)
EstablishE + stabl(e) + ish
To make stable
What’s the Root of this Word?
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RegardRe + gard (as in guard)
To look or to heed
SubjectSub + ject
To throw under
Speculative
Spec + (ul) + at(e) +iveDescribing something that has been looked at or examined
intellectually
What’s the Root of this Word?
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1. Which words have similar meaningsSpeculative; conspicuousRestitution; reparationEstablish; instituteRespect; regard
2. Think about your understanding of the word subject. It is used in various contexts. One context is school. Knowing the definition, why do you think they refer to the different fields of study as “subjects”.
Semantic Discussions
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3. Another context of subject is to use it as a verb- to subject a person to cruel and unusual punishment is a violation of the Constitution. How does this relate back to our understanding of the denotative meaning of the word subject?
4. The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?
Semantic Discussions (con…)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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Word and the National OriginEnglish is the youngest language on the planet; it is
a compilation of tongues of the world. We are often told that these words are mostly from Latin and Greek; however, most words can be traced back to Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Egyptian.
Knowing the origin of words is important because it can direct you to the basic and most fundamental meaning of a word.
Words have connotative and denotative meanings (see in slides later). Having knowledge of both will help you understand more accurately many of the words with which you already may be somewhat familiar.
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Denotation vs Connotation Denotation:
This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology).
Connotation:This is the shaded/colored meaning. It
translates as added letters/markings
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What is the Connotation?
StenchDefinition: a smell, a
scent, an odor. Etymology: O.E.
stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c.
ScentDefinition: what can
be smelled.Etymology: O.F.
sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see
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Defining Words: The Matrix Principle
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Indo European refers to the language and people that historically range from Europe to present day India. Indo Europeans existed during Bronze Age and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic (Greek), Indo-Iranian /Aryan, Italic, and Tocharian. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families.Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into
one sub-family group, called the Balto-Slavic language family.
Indo European Languages
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Indo-European Language Family Tree
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English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic.
We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:
Proto Indo European Roots
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Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°.
American Heritage Dictionary
PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.
Proto Indo European Roots
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The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is
gen-
which means Birth, Source, or Origin
PIE Example #1
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Basic Form: genƏ
With Suffix: genƏ-esLatin: genus; race and kind
Gender, general, genre, miscegenationGreek: genos and gena; race.
Gene, genocide, genealogy, heterogeneousWith suffix: gen(Ə)-yo
Latin genius; procreative divinity; inbornGenial, genius, congenial
With suffix gen(Ə)-menLatin: germen; shoot, bud, embryo
Germinate, germane, germinal
PIE Example #1 (con…)
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O-Grade Form: gonƏ, reduced to gonGreek: gonos, child, procreation, seed
Gonad, gonadotherapy, aganogony Sanskrit: janah; off-spring, child, person
Harijan
PIE Example #1 (con…)
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Zero-grade form: gnƏ
With Suffix: gnƏ-yoOE: cyn(n), race, family, kin
Kin, kindredOE: cyning; king. From Germanic: kuningaz
Both cyn and kuningaz come from Germanic kunjuam, family
With Suffix: gnƏ-t; gnƏ-ti, gnƏ-to OE: cynd, gecynde(e); origin, birth, race, family, kind
kindGermanic: kundjaz; race, familyLatin: gens, from genti; race, clan
Genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, jaunty, gendarmeGreek: genesis, birth, beginningOld High German: kind, kentham; child
Kindergarten, Kriss Kringle, wunderkind
PIE Example #1 (con…)
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Zero-Grade Form (con…) Sanskirt: jata; born
Reduplicated form: gi-gn(Ə)Latin: gignere; to beget (past participle of genitus)
Genital, progenitor, primogeniture, progeny, gingerlyReduced form: gn and suffix form –gn-o
Latin: benignus, malignus; benign, malignTransliterated: gna
Latin: praegnas Pregnant, impregnate
Suffixed form: gnƏ-sko to gna-skoLatin: gnasic, nasci (past participle gnatus, natus)
Natal, nation, nature, noel, cognate, Renaissance, PunyReduced form: gn
Sanskrit: krmi-ja
PIE Example #1 (con…)
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The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root.
The PIE root for the above roots isHint: look up words with the roots named
above. Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent
Sta-
Which means to stand or remain in place
PIE Example #2
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Sta in Latin is stare or stat-. In Germanic, STAND, STEOOL, STEM, STEED, STUD, STEER.
Old English stead, stod.Standan: to standStede: placeSteal: place where cattle are kept
In Old Norse standa.Stedi: anvilStallr: pedestal for idols, altar
In Old Saxon and Gothic standan (to stand) In Old High German stantan. In Swedish sta, Dutch staan, German
StehenStall: stable
PIE Example #2
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Old Irish Sessam: the act of standing
Indo-Iranian Sanskrit: tisthati, (stands) Avenstan: histaiti, (to stand) Persian: stan (country; where one stands)
Hellenic: Histemi: put, place, cause to stand; weigh, stasis: a standing still statos: placed stater: a weight; coin stylos: pillar
Italic In Latin:
Sister: stand still, stop, make stand, place, produce in court stare status: manner, position, condition, attitude statio: station, post
PIE Example #2
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Balto-SlavicLithuanian:
stojus (place myself)statau (place)
Old Church Slavic:Staja (place myself)Stanu (position)
PIE Example # 3
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Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words:ActuaryAffidavit Advisory FealtyNavigateNice Scientific SopranoSovereignWitness
Practice with PIE Roots
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Answers to Step 1: Identifying the PIE rootActuary (act)- agAffidavit (fid)- bheidhAdvisory (vid)- weidFealty (fea)- bheidhNavigate (ig)- agNice (sci)- skeiScientific (sci)- skeiSoprano (sopra)- uperSovereign (sover)- uperWitness (wit)-weid
Practice with PIE Roots
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Step 2: Find three cognates in various Indo European languages (preferably Latin, French, Old or Middle English, Germanic, or Greek)
Step 3: Give at least 5 other words in Modern
English with the same PIE root.
Practice with PIE Roots
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Look Up the following Words and Identify the Meaning based on the Proto Indo European Root.
Black- bhel: to shine a bright color; white
Colored- kel: to hide or conceal
Orphan- orbh: to change one’s allegiance; to
pass from one status to another
Legal Terms
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The legal meaning correlates to the derivative meaning, as seen in “Black’s Law
Dictionary” (4th ed).
Legal Terms and Etymology
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BlackBlanc (French)
Blanco (Spanish)
bhleg- to shine, white Black was not associated with “the pupil of the eye” until as early as the 700s AD and as late as
1400s AD, in many
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yrZpTHBEss
Legal Terms and Etymology
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Thank you for your time and attention. Feel free to contact me with any questions or
comments.
B.Selah Li-BeyThe Cultivated Mind Learning Program
Selah Educational Services LLCwww.cultivated-minds.com
Thank You