getting uphill on a candle: crushed spines, detached retinas and one small step

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Getting Uphill on a Candle Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

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Page 1: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

Getting Uphill on a Candle

Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

Page 2: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

On July 20, 1969 a quiet man from Ohio set foot on the Moon.

Page 3: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

On December 13, 1972 an outgoing man from Chicago was the last to step off the Moon.

Page 4: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

We talk about the Apollo Project as if it is too big to ever do again.

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We talk about this as if humanity has lost something essential to itself.

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But we haven’t.

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1903 North Carolina

Page 8: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

Orville Wright takes off in Flyer 1.

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This is the first powered flight in human history.

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The Wrights continue their research and

begin selling it in the US and in Europe.

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By 1910, advances are being made in Europe using adapted Wright Brothers technology.

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The U.S. is the world leader in aeronautics

research.

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Then the Great War happens.

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Early aircraft are not for combat.

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Early aircraft are for reconnaissance purposes.

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That is, until a Frenchman takes a machine gun up

in a reconnaissance craft.

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Great Power advances in aeronautics happen

rapidly.

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Meanwhile, the U.S. is twiddling its rudders.

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It’s obligated to buy French aircraft on entering the war.

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1915 Washington, D.C.

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NACA is formed.

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National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

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A government agency conducting basic R&D for the benefit of American industry.

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1922 Langley, Virginia

Variable Density Wind Tunnel

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1928 Langley, Virginia

Aerodynamic engine cooling.

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1934 Langley, Virginia

photograph of airfoil

shockwave

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American aviation makes great strides.

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1934 London→Melbourne

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DC-2 leisurely keeps pace with custom race aircraft.

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Let’s talk about

Artillery

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Single biggest threat to infantry in WW1.

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(Other than the flu.)

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Very difficult to maneuver.

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Tanks are mobile, but you still have to be right in the action.

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Airplanes tend to fall out of the sky.

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What’s wanted is a remote weapon.

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1923 Göttingen, Germany

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Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen”

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1926 Auburn, Mass.

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Robert Goddard achieves first-flight of a liquid fuel rocket.

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His paper on the flight casually mentions sending a probe to the Moon.

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He is promptly ridiculed in the New York Times.

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Members of the Verein für Raumschiffahrt in Germany take notice.

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1930 Berlin

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Oberth fires his liquid fuel rocket.

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Werhner von Braun is one of his research assistants.

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1932 Roswell, New Mexico

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Goddard stabilizes rocket flight gyroscopically.

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1934 Kummersdorf, Germany

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von Braun group fires Aggregat-2 into the North Sea.

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Gyroscopically stabilized, it’s based on Goddard’s designs.

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1940 Peenemünde,

Germany

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1940 Peenemünde,

Germany

A-4 takes flight.

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The von Braun group solve a key problem: guidance.

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They perfect the use of gyroscopic control.

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The Aggregat-4 is also called the

Vergeltungswaffe-2.

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This was not for peaceful purposes.

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1942 Oak Ridge, Tennessee

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Mass production of U-235.

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The US project to construct a nuclear weapon is the largest practical R&D project in the nation’s history.

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1945 Los Alamos, New Mexico

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The research pays off.

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This was not for peaceful purposes.

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Nuclear weapons pose a particular problem.

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It’s real easy to

kill yourself.

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What’s needed is a remote delivery

mechanism.

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You can bazooka

them.

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You can shoot them out of an artillery cannon.

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You can drop them from a bomber.

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All much too close for comfort.

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In the late 40s there were two options:

Page 72: Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small Step

In the late 40s there were two options:

1. Hypersonic aircraft

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In the late 40s there were two options:

1. Hypersonic aircraft 2. Long-Range Rockets

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Neither were available.

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1946 Pinecastle Army Airfield, Florida

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Jack Woolams pilots the NACA designed Bell X-1.

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The X-1 is a drop-craft rocket plane.

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1947 Rogers Dry Lake, California

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Chuck Yeager hits Mach 1.07.

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The United States has hypersonic aircraft.

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There’s a slight problem.

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It is believed that greater than 18G’s of acceleration are fatal.

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1948 Edwards Air Force Base

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Captain John Stapp survives 35G’s on the “Gee Wizz”

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All the capillaries in Stapp’s eyes burst, filling them with blood.

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“"This time, I get the white cane and the seeing eye dog."

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He was only temporarily blinded by the ride.

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1945 White Sands Missile Range,

New Mexico

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Captured V-2s are studied by the U.S. Army.

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The rocket is significantly more sophisticated than the solid rockets the Army used in the war.

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1946 Fort Bliss, Texas

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Operation Paperclip brings the von Braun group to the United States.

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In exchange for a clean slate, they bring the Army up to speed on the V-2 rocket.

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1946 WSMR, New Mexico

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The first U.S V-2 sounding rocket flies.

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The V-2 is a single stage rocket.

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Single staging is an extreme limit on the efficiency of a rocket.

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Staging correctly requires sophisticated coordination in the rocket control system.

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1950 Cape Canaveral, Florida

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Bumper-8 delivers its payload 320km downrange.

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V-2

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V-2

WAC Corporal

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The U.S. sophistication in rocketry advances rapidly.

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1953 Huntsville, Alabama

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Army Ballistic Missile Agency flies first Redstone.

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This is a multi-stage derivative of the V-2, designed by the von Braun group.

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Semi-secretly, the von Braun group has used Army money to build a LEO satellite system.

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Per spec, payloads are nuke sized.

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But not necessarily

just nuke sized.

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1954 Bell Aircraft Corporation,

United States

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Walter Dornberger proposes a manned spaceplane.

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The idea is to test re-entry procedures in a reusable craft.

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NACA bites and starts assembling the funding.

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The U.S announces it will launch a satellite.

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The U.S announces it will launch a satellite.

The USSR announces

it will launch a satellite.

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The Space Race is on.

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Fun fact: Soviet nukes are heavier than U.S. nukes.

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Extra fun fact: Soviet rockets are bigger to

make up for this.

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1957 Baikonur, Kazakhstan

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Sputnik 1 becomes the first artificial satellite.

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Eisenhower insists on the civilian designed Vanguard.

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It doesn’t go well.

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The United States seems to be rapidly falling behind the Soviet Union.

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1957 Washington D.C.

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NACA becomes NASA.

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Disparate military programs are folded into the new civilian agency.

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Some projects survive, some are put into cold-storage.

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Among the survivors, an early stage proposal for

a Moon landing.

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1958 Cape Canaveral,

Florida

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1958 Cape Canaveral,

Florida Explorer 1 launches atop a Juno.

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Explorer 1 is the first US satellite.

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The Juno is an ABMA improvement over the ABMA Redstone.

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1959 Edwards Air Force Base,

California

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Albert Crossfield pilots the first X-15 flight.

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The X-15 will prove out controlled re-entry techniques, flight equipment.

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1960 Huntsville, Alabama

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ABMA becomes the Marshall Space Flight Center.

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They bring plans for an exceptionally large rocket.

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Originally commissioned by the Army to heft

fusion bombs…

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von Braun semi-secretly designed a rocket that could heft a spacecraft

to the Moon.

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1961 Bay of Pigs, Cuba

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The US backs a failed invasion of Cuba.

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President Kennedy has been working closely with NASA regarding the “missile gap”.

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He has also been steadily briefed by his aids regarding the NASA proposed lunar mission.

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1961 Washington, D.C.

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I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal…

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before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.

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No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind … or expensive to accomplish.

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We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft.

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With a massive influx of money, NASA aggressively runs projects in parallel.

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“Feeder” projects are established for Apollo.

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1962 Edwards AFB, California

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X-15 is flown with fly-by-wire system.

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The X-15 flights validate interactive fly-by-wire systems.

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Apollo will be fly-by-wire.

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The X-15 also underscores the need for careful rocket

maintenance.

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1957 Langley, Virginia

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Wind tunnel tests show re-entry shockwave on

Mercury capsule.

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Mercury is intended to prove out ballistic capsule re-entry and retrieval.

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“Man in a can”

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1962 Low Earth Orbit

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John Glenn orbits the Earth three times.

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Mercury launches atop an Atlas rocket.

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An uprated ICBM.

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Nuke

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Nuke

Glenn

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As the flight plan for Apollo shapes up it’s clear there are many unknowns.

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1961 Langley, Virginia

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Gemini is a bridge between Mercury and Apollo.

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Its re-entry is precise.

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It holds two crew.

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1965 Gemini 4, LEO

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Ed White performs

the first US EVA.

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1966 Gemini 8, LEO

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Neil Armstrong accomplishes

first dock in space.

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1966 Gemini 12, LEO

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Buzz Aldrin perfects long-duration EVA.

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Saturn V, the largest rocket ever flown, is ready for the Moon.

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All the techniques that, just ten years ago, were unknowns are ready.

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1968 Apollo 8, Moon

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Humans orbit the Moon for the first time.

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Humans leave Earth for the first time.

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1969 Apollo 10, Moon

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LEM descends to 14km

above lunar surface.

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Docking with CM checks out okay.

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1969 Sea of Tranquility, Moon

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Neil Armstrong walks on the Moon.

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Buzz Aldrin joins him.

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Citing Apollo’s high cost, Nixon

approves a reusable

spaceplane project.

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And cancels three Apollo flights.

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On July 20, 1969 a quiet man from Ohio set foot on the Moon.

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On December 13, 1972 an outgoing man from Chicago was the last to

step off the Moon.

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We talk about the Apollo Project as if it too big to

ever do again.

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Why?

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Progress takes time.

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Flying for twelve seconds is one thing.

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Flying across an ocean is another.

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Flying to the Moon a whole

other.

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Each step requires circumstance, effort

and dedication.

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We went to the Moon. Why not Mars?

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As our ambitions increase, the difficulty increases

exponentially.

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We don’t know how to do long-term spaceflight.

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We

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are

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learning.

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We don’t know how to write

safe software.

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Even when it really matters.

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We don’t know how to do cheap launches.

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$1billion / launch

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Yet.

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$0.16billion / launch

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We don’t know how to do a lot of stuff.

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But we’re figuring it out.

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Slowly but surely.

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