getty enst. conservatİon of archeologİcal sİtes

8/3/2019 GETTY ENST. CONSERVATON OF ARCHEOLOGCAL STES

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Covr Francco Barolo, View of the To of Spalatro om te South West. chng, ca. 16 Fro

Robr Aa, Ruins of the Emperor Diocetian at Spaatro in Damatia (Lonon, 16), p Rourc

Colcion, Gy Rarch Inu for h Hory of Ar an h Huanii, Lo Angl

vvy Ball, Managing EditorSylva iwl Copy Editor

Dborah Lo an Robr Ruckan, Permissions Editors

Ana Ky, Production Coordinator

Jry Con, Series Designer

Hpnhi Dign, Book Designer

Prin in h Uni Sa of Arca

1 9 8 6 5 3 2

99 ] Paul Gy ru

Gy Conrvaion Inu, an orang progra of h] Paul Gy ru, wo rk inrnaion-

ally o furr h apprciaion an prrvaion of worl' cuural hrag for h nrchn anu of rn an fuur gnraion

Library of Congr CaaogngnPubicaon Daa

h conrvaion of arcaologca n Mrranan rgon an nrnaonal confrnc

organiz by h Gy Conrvaon nu an ] Paul Gy Muu, 612 May 1995 /

by Mara la orr

p. c

Incu bibliograpical rfrnc

ISBN 89236866

. Horc Mrranan RgonConrvaon an roraonCongr.

2. Hioric bulngMrranan RgonConrvaon an roraonCongr

Mrranan RgionAnquiiColcon an prrvaionCongr Culuralropry, Procon ofMrranan RgonCongr

I Gy Conrvaion Iniu III Pau Gy Muu

DE59.5C66 99

99 9822c2

I D a orr Mara, 1 96

91911

CIP


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Miguel Angel Corzo and John Walsh

Marta de la Torre and Margaret Mac Lean

Sharon Sullivan

Christos Doumas

Hartwig Schmidt

Rene Svan

Nicholas Stanley-Prce

John K. apadopoulos

Martha Demas

Contents

v Pee

x oo o e oeee Pp

PART ONE

The Management and Presentation of

Archaeological Sites

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PAR TWO

Three Mediterranean Sites

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Martha Demas ppex : a o ate ea t te

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Preface

v

INMAY 1 995 the et Conservation Instiue C ) and he] Paul

e Museum hosted a meeting of senor government ocias and

other speciaists in the areas of culture, archaeolog, and oursm from

seventeen naions around the Mediterranean Sea The purpose of the

meetng was o promote the proecton of the archaeologica heritage

through coordinated management of ts appropriate usesresearch, edu-

cation, and tourism

or several ears, the C has aken a leading role in advocatng

the conservaion of sites hrough balanced managemen of he nterests

and requrements of the varous concerned pares Archaeologcal stes

are of value o individuals and groups archaeoogiss, local popuaons,vstors, national authoriies, and others) for various reasons and decision

makers can protect these values once the are recognzed In its courses

and eld projects, the C has developed a methodolog for developng

ste management; t consists of a ssematic planning process that takes

into consideration man facors reang o he status of the ste, the

resources avaabe, the loca and natona laws, and he values perceived

b he various interested groups

The] Paul et Museum is commited to scholarl research on

reek and Roman antiquit and to the conservation of his heritage The

Museum and he Ctwo programs of the Paul et Trushavecomplementar inerests in archaeologcal sites, and ogeher the

endorsed the message of the conference: The archaeoogica hertage is

valuabe to professionals n archaeolog and ancien histor, and equa

vauable, for man reasons, o citizens, tourists, government ocials and

others To conserve t and proect i om damage, those responsible for ts

care must undersand all the reasons that make a sie valuable

The conference was desgned o promoe a broad, inernational,

and nterdscpnar exchange of information, deas, and vewponts abou

protecton and managemen of archaeologcal stes The organizers hoped

to expore the issues involved in the management, conservaon, and pre-sentation of ses and o encourage cooperation among the various

groups To ensure a productve exchange, nvtatons were exended to

ndviduals wth commtment, experence, and policmaking authort


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ix

Vassos Karageorghis Vassiis Lambrinoudakis, Demetrios Michaelides, and

Giora Solar, in collaboraion wih members of the Gety sta

Arriving in Athens after four days a sea, he group was welcomed

for he closing ceremonies a he Aula Magna of the University of Ahens

by the rector The organizers recognize he imporance of every singeperson's contribution, and all have our gratitude and hanks

The smooth deveopmen of our iinerary would no have been

possibe without the scrupulous atenion of Mhairi Forbes and Susan

Guerrero to he million and one details required o move a large group

smoohly hrough four countries by various modes of ransporation.

Phyli Lapin and Romany Hemy worked with Oscar Garca, Mario

Cabrera, Deak Tinner and Germn Rodrguez, security ocers of he

J Paul Getty Trus, to shepherd us safey hrough sites, docks, and airports

Final recognition mus go to the Gey sa who worked ogether

for wo years to reaize his project The Mediterranean ConferenceeamMarion True, Margaret Mac Lean, Martha Demas, Jerry Podany,

John Papadopouos, Nicholas SaneyPrice, and Susan Guerrero-were

committed coaboraors who worked closey with the conference director,

Mara de a Torre

Miguel Ange Corzo

DIRECTOR

The Gey Conservation Institute

John Wash

DRCOR

The] Pau Gety Museum


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beg wth thoough eseach ad cosutato with al those

coceed, eadg to a statemet of sgcace of the val-

ues of the site, followed b the settg of maagemet polic

ad stateges fo ts implemetatio.

4. This maagemet pocess shoud be led b specia desig-ated idividuas. Thei ole ad esposibilit must be

deed accodg to the eeds of each site, as well as to the

stuctues ad laws that gove each ste.

5 Additioal tag should be povided fo the pepaato of

specialists achaeologsts, achtects, at hstoas, ad oth-

es) who might become esposble fo the maagemet of

sites. Such tag should be eteded to those alead

esposibe fo achaeological sites b meas of couses

developed b the appopate iteatioal ad atioal

ogaizatos actg i cocet.6 The uses of a cultual site ofte evolve i the couse of tme

Theefoe the equiemets fo ts maagemet ma chage

accodg

7. The decto of a poposed ecavato should guaatee fom

the begig of eseach the pesece of vaous specalists

equed fo a tedisciplia appoach, ad ackowledge

i the pla the fa epesetatio of the teests of dieet

costitueces. The gatg of pemts fo ecavato shoud

deped o compliace wth ths equemet as wel as wth

atoa laws8. It is ecogzed that ma achaeological stes ca be mpo

tat ecoomc esouces Mass touism oes a oppotut

to utlize these stes fo ecoomic beet but at the same

tme t iceases the isk of deca ad destucto. The ma-

agemet pocess should take this ito accout.

9. Achaeologca stes ca also be educatioal esouces.

Plas fo the pesetato of such sites shoud espod to

this potetial ad ivove appopiate quaed pofessio

als Cotiuig evaluato should be a itega pat of

these pas.0 The patcipats ecommed that govemets ad othe

atoa ad teatioal ageces ecogize ad suppot ths

ew cocept of sites ad the maagemet

Athes, 2 Ma 1995


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P A R T ONE

The Management

and Presentation of



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3

Introductin to Part One

THE MANAGEMEN T ad preseaio of archaeologica ses areopics of grea scope ad compexi Each ideed could be he

subec of a speciazed pubicaio The frs pece b Mara de la

Torre ad Margare Mac Lea, preses a overvew of he issues addressed

b he coferece The oher four papers cosder various specific issues

more deai: wo deal wih he process of maagig archaeoogcal ses,

ad wo wh mehods of preseaio These opcs were seleced order

o gve paricpas he opporui o hear he vews of several specaliss

o ssues releva o he dscussios held durig he coferece These

papers, revsed ad expaded alog wih he geera overview, are pub-

lished i he followig pagesThe essa b Mara de la Torre ad Margare Mac Lea discusses

he diverse hreas o he archaeologica herage ad preses he wde

rage of valueseducaoal, ecoomic, ad hsoricalascribed o com

plex heriage sies also addresses i geera erms he eed o baace

he eress of proecio ad visiaio

Sharo Sulivas paper expais he plag process ha has bee

developed Ausrala for he maageme of cuural sies I he coex

of pas developed b his process, he saed am of he maageme of a

cuural sie is o coserve he values ha cosue each sie's sgcace

Suva preses he varous seps required for he preparaio of heseplas; while emphaszig ha successful plas mus be approprae o he

paricuar siuaio of each se, she formuaes prciples ha are releva

o cuural sies i geera

A se o he reek slad of Thera is preseed o illusrae

he appcaio of he process preseed b Suiva o a se he

Medierraea regio ocusig o he sie of Akroir, where he has

worked as a archaeologs for ma ears, Chrisos Doumas aalzes is

sigicace ad explas he maageme decisos ha have bee made

here i rece ears o proec he sie ad ope i o vsiors

The coribuios of Harwig Schmid ad Ree Sva, mea-whe illusrae wo views cocerg he preseao of sies Schmid

focuses o he recosrucio of hisorica srucures, a approach ha i

he pas has bee used wde i he Medierraea, ad dscusses is


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eects on the authenticiy and values of sies. Sivan, a member of the new

professional group of presentation speciaiss, discusses the use of ine-

pretation echniques borrowed from such elds as education and enter-

tainmen. Some of these techniques have been introduced only ecently

ino the achaeological word and are the subject of much debate as othe appropiateness of thei use in cuura sies This new exploation

of sie inepreation and presenaion consiues an emerging aea of

heritage work, and, ike any nascent discipline, its paramees and guiding

principles ae still being explored.

The opic of site interpretation and presentation was included in

the confeence and in this volume because, regardless of the methods

used, the ways in which a site is pesented and inepreed can aect the

inegrity of its values and hus, is conservaion as well


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8 de a Torre ad Mac Lea

e features n wc tose values mgt be emboded, and e peope wo

cers te ses

Vaue can be understood more cearl f some of e possbe

meanngs of e word n s contex are enumerated Value can be

equaed wt usefess f e place can be used for productve purposessuc as te educaon of ctzens or w sigicace f e place sgnes

or smbozes sometng arger and more mporan an mere te runs

of s arctecture Te curren benet can be understood as e postve

eects on te commun, culure natona mage, and so fort tat derve

from te exsence of te place Te poenal can be understood as e

possb of furter scenc nformaon or oter benets ta te place

s perceved to be able to eld Bo benet and poenal consttute value

A cultural erage se can ave man derent values aestec

storcal socal scentc regous, economc, educaona and so on

If a pace s seen b a stakeolder as avng Siec vaue t mgbe usefu or sgncan now or n e fuure for e arcaeologcal com-

mun Ts judgmen mg be made because te ste olds mporant

evdence for some newl undersood feaure of ancen cuture and as no

et been excavated and tus no et damaged As was noted above, certan

treas can utmae destro ese vaues ne wa n wc scenc

value could be compromsed for example, woud be f a new vsors cen-

er were bul on op of a ste before arcaeologss were able o under-

stand e place troug excavaton and protecton of s unque evdence

Converse, te educaioa vaue of e same place would be compromsed

f arcaeoogsts were allowed to excavate so muc of e se tat nongwoud reman of s features for nterpretaton o e pubc

Is aesheic vaue could be endangered f, for example, new con-

strucons were to obsruct te ancent vew of a mountan n e ds-

ancepar of te meanng and beaut of te ste

Arcaeologca ses are valuable to segments of socet for var-

ous reasons, and aspects of te ses are varabl sgncan If one groups

nteress are aowed o ake precedence over e nterests of oers values

mporan o man w be sacrced Idea a welbalanced approac o

managng a ste proecs te separae values and educaes sakeolders

abou te values mportant o otersArculaton and recognon of a partcular se of vaues for a ste

s onl e rst step necessar to ensure ter proecon An reats to

ose vaues mus be undersood and a plan mus be devsed to ancpate

and mgae tem

In some cases aspecs of a ste must be developed n order to

reveal ter ful gncance For example, a vsor mg nd educaonal

value n e stor told b te pacebut onl f e stor s made legbe

A tour organzer ma nd te place valuable because of ts locaonbu

onl f tere are adequae roads o reac t and sucent amentes o

accommodae several busloads of vsors per da In purel economcerms e sze of e ste, old rees around te permeter a allow

respte from te sun, and e vew a encourage an exended sta and


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1 0 de Torre d M c Le

Achaeological Heitage as

an Economic Resouce

I recet ears some coutries aroud te Mediterraea ave begu to

use fuds derved from tourism for te stud coservatio ad preseta

to of ertage stes We some iterestig albeit cotroversal) iter-

pretato eperimets are beg udertake te Medterraea see

Sva ere) far more attetio could usefu be spet i tis areaCosteective approaces iovative metods ad plaig teciques

are beg tested ad evaluated; te dissemiatio of te resuts of suc

eperimets would be a importat cotributio to everoe i te ed.

uidebooks avalable o steparticuar at te larger sitesare

useful. Weformed gudes are ofte ecelet dpomats wo represet

te site te mportace of protectg it te discipe of arcaeoog

itself ad te ost coutr. Iterpretve paels strategic areas ca gude

visitors toward areas safe for walkig ad awa from frage areas I some

cases restorato of a feature of a site ca elp vistors visualze te org

a ature scae beaut or arragemet of a placeTere are iteratioal covetios desiged to guide te work of

arcaeoogical restorato see Apped A). We implemeted appropri-

atel ad eplaied eectivel to te visitor restoratio ca be a impor

tat educatoa too see Scmidt ere) or te maorit of cases

owever recostructio is ot approprate istead models or drawigs

ca sow te site i ts origial coguratio ad i relatio to oter suc

places regioall. cotrast to recostructo suc modes ca aso be

easl caged to reect recet researc dgs.

Vsitors ca beet from eposure to books guides paels or

models tat create a cotet for teir eperece at te ste; form temabout its features istor ad sgcace ad advise tem about wat

to epect o te tour ood terpretatio ot ol eaces te educa-

tioal value of te ste but aso as ma oter salutar eects o visitors

formed vsitors are far more kel to avoid damagg a site for te ca

quickl deveop a protective attitude about a place tat meas sometig

to tem. ood iterpretatio owever requires tougt ad plag

wic must start durig te iital pases of ecavatio

Bot atura ad cultura stes ave become importat ecoomic resourcesi ma parts of te world ad teir ecoomic potetia is amost alwas

realized troug toursm. Wile te degradato of bot atural ad cul-

tural resources i te presece of arge umbers of vstors is evitable

we te situato s umaaged tere s a stroger awareess of te da

gers tat aect te atural abtat ta of tose tat imperl arcaeoogi

ca stes. Te coservato of te values of suc atural stes as beaces

forests ad ladscapes s kow to be close tied to ter ogterm eco

omic value Tere are ma eamples o te Me dterraea coast of

dirt overcrowded overbut beac resorts tat ow attract fewer toursts

or attract a less desrable cass of tourism tat brgs fewer ecoomicbeets. Te erosio of te tegrt of tese atura stes as eroded

ter commercal vaue as we.


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1 de Torre nd Mc Len

Balancing the Interests of

Protection and Visitation

t is ot uiversal recogized that archaeoogical sites have egitimate

value to ma groups ad that the views of these costituets should be

cosidered i decisios that aect the sites This situatio is evideced b

the fact that decisios cotiue to be made uiaterall based o the iter-

est of particular groupsArchaeologists cotiue to excavate without providig for the

coservatio of their discoveries or for the presetatio ad iterpreta-

tio of the site to the public; atioa authorities decide to promote a site

without cosutig with the local popuatio tourism operators iclude

sites i their tours without coiderig the impact of the larger umber

of visitors; dams are built without a stud of their eect o the water

tabe below the archaeoogical sites hotes sprig up aroud sites ad

their water ad waste disposal cotamiates ad decas the archaeologi

cal remais The list is log ad little seems to be eared from tragic

exampesWhie ot all coicts ca be soved to everoes satisfactio

much could be advaced b a coheret plaig process ivolvig broad

cosultatio of cocered groups

As is well recogized i the eld of maagemet there is o oe

right formua applicable to al situatios This is true aso of the archaeo-

logical heritage where there are ma variaces from site to site ad

om coutr to coutr i the values admiistrative eviromet

threats to sites coditio of the remais umbers of visitors ad avail-

abe resources These diereces do ot mea that there are o solutios

but rather that specic solutios must be foud for each site or culturalheritage professioals however there ca be ol oe obective i the

maagemet of a archaeoogical site ad that is to coserve its vaues

This determiatio of the values that take priorit at a give site must be

made i cosultatio with all stakehoders ad it must reect a ogterm

view of the site ad its use

Ma coutries ad iteratioal orgaizatios have deveoped

maagemet approaches to cutura heritage which var i their

eectiveess e of the most successfu models emploed i Australia

ad embodied i the Austraia CMS Burr Chrte is preseted i this

volume (see Sulliva ad Appedix A herei) Successful cultural maagemet starts with a plaig process that resuts i a maagemet pla to

guide all major polic decisios as well as datoda operatios at a site

A maagemet pa wil ot provide aswers to ever questio

that might emerge i the future Rather its usefuless lies i articulatig

policies for dieret areas of activitiessuch as excavatio coservatio

visitor maagemet iterpretatio ad maiteacethat are i accor

dace with the sigicace of the site ad with the values to be coserved

These policies will provide the framework for decisios that must be

made ow ad i the future i each of these areas

I additio because the creatio of a maagemet pla relies ocolaboratio ad commuicatio amog the various iterest groups its

beets are derived as much from the cosutative process as from the

resultig writte documet


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1 4 de la To rre and Mac Lean

management at the level of the natonal authortes, as well as the education

of the various groups with vested nterests n the archaeologica heritage.

At this time, there seems to be little regonal experence n manag-

ing sites for the purpose of ther ongterm protecton While t can be

seen that some stes have been conserved with more success than others,there is amost no nformation about the processes that were foowed or

the decisions that were made. Research and dissemnaton of cases that

can be used as exampes of the successfu appication of welldesgned,

longterm strateges would be hghy useful to those nterested in ntro-

ducing new approaches to managng sites n the Mediterranean regon

Open, negotated management is new to many places and is often

rejected a prior as impracticable or as "not feasible in certain cultures

The shft toward a partcipatory process of systematic decison making is

never a simple step In most cases agences or interest groups need to

relinquish a degree of authority to which they have been accustomed orentited. The Mediterranean region has a long history of excavaton and

toursm at archaeoogical sites; n some cases the admnstratve structures

for cultura heritage have been in pace for generatons and are resstant to

change The mplementaton of ncusive management approaches can

take place only f policy makers see potenta advantages in such a change

and if resources are allocated to put them into place. Whe the conference

participants recognzed that t is dicult to make decsions that introduce

radcal change, they encouraged natona authorites to adopt comprehen-

sive approaches to site management to assure sgnicant longterm

benets for the conservaton of the archaeologica heritage of theMedterranean regon


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15

A Planning Model for the Management of


hro ulliv

T O N V O N O can be acevedonl roug a compreensve approac o managemen a akes

no consderaon all of e se's values. Conservaon decsons

are mos eecve wen e are based on e nformaon gaered durng

a formal pannng process desgned o den approprae managemen

pracces and acons.

ver e ears culural erage professonas ave pu for a

number of conservaon prncples nended o gude er work. Tese

prncples and pracces ave aken e form of nernaona carers and

recommendaons see Appendx A). Te mos famous of ese s The

Veice Chre adoped b e Inernaonal Councl of Monumens andSes CMS) n 1965

In 988 Ausrala ICMS adaped e prncpes of The Veice

Chrer o local condons and pu em for as The Burr Chrer. Te

prncpes of The Burr Chrer ave been used o devse a plannng meod

a as dramacall mproved e managemen of ses as well as er

ongong conservaon Ts meod as been adaped successfu for use

n e Uned Saes and n Cna. Te process of adapaon of e

meod s essenal, snce managemen approaces mus be sued o local

condons and radons ncudng e socal, economc pocal and

pscal envronmens.Te plannng meod descrbed n s arcle consss of a seres

of nerrelaed seps underaken n a logcal order and resulng n a man-

agemen plan for e se. I provdes a srucure for approacng a com

plex suaon and for desgnng approprae soluons nended o conserve

e ses culural sgncance Plannng requres an nvesmen of bo

me and resources, and s mporan o complee e process n s og

cal order o la e foundaon for success n e managemen of e se.

Te nformaon presened ere provdes on e skelea srucure and

gudelnes for e process. For em o resul n a usefu managemen

pan, e mus be developed w nformaon relaed o e se underconsderaon.

Te prncpal obecve of a managemen plan s o conserve

e culural sgncance of a se no o mee e needs of ourss,


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I-r-


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27

Management Considerations at a

Mediterranean Site: Akrotiri, Thera

Christos Doums

Recording and

Documentation

T O O is locaed a e souern end of eraor Sanorini e soernmos island in e arcielago of e

Cyclades aroximaely sixy naical miles nor of Cree De

o is sraegic geograical osiion era layed an imoran role in

e isory of e Aegean e aciviy of e now dorman volcano

locaed on is island ad a maor inence on develomens on e

island and in e Aegean region in general e arcaeologis Syridon

Marinaos aribed e collase of e Minoan civilizaion on Cree o

one of e volcanos eruions a e beginning of e lae Bronze Age

(around e midseveneen cenry . . (M arinaos 939 is

eruion e magnide of wic is esimaed o ave been abo fourimes a of rakaoa sbmerged a large ar of era and buried e

remaining areas under a ick manle of volcanic as Aer a sysemaic

srvey of e island Marinaos cose o excavae close o e modern

village of Akroiri were e believed a large ciy was buriederas

e only one on e island dring e Bronze Age

From 967 unil is dea in 974 M arinaos direced a maor excavaion

a Akroiri o veri is eory (Marinaos 96773 Dring is eriod

excavaions were carried ou a a freneic ace a e exense of docmenaion and conservaion of e sie and e nds e oograic

docmenaion for wic Marinaos was ersonally resonsible could be

caracerized as adeqae However e comlee lack of lans and draw-

ings of e excavaed secors as well as e lack of deailed dayboo ks

diminises e value of e oograic arcive since i is exremely

dicul o relae i o e res of e excavaion daa

Since 975 a conscious eor as been made o ensure e flles

ossible docmenaion wic aears annually in e Proceedings of the

Archeoogc ociety in Athens (Prktik tes en Athenis Archioogkes

tireis) All e informaion from e eld is recorded on a carograicgrid wi recise geograical coordinaes n arallel all sages of e

excavaion rocess are described and drawn in deail Recenly an

AuoCAD soware sysem was inroduced o assis in e imely and


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MN N ON ON M N N S A O T 33

Figure 1 2

Cncrete replcement piernr pr-

ttn pthrn) he excavtr hve cre

te upprt r the wl bve the frme

well preerve the itrte frm f the

tructre relting m earthquke r generl amge t the bling.

Figre 1 3

Prtective cver ver the ite he exteniver ver the whe excvte prt f the te,

thugh it prtect the rin, h rwbck

Amng them re high mintennce, the cre-

atn f e thn ptiml cntn r vi

tr n ta, n intruin n the lncape

The exen of he sie esens a major challenge snce he

curenly exosed aea reresens bu onehrieh of s esmaed oal

suface The roecon of he oaly of he achaeologca aea has ce-

aed conic beween he se and he local inhabians, who have been

resained from he fu use of hei oees

The high degee of resevaion of he archiecual emainsasmenioned above u o wo or hee sores n acesaecs any lan for

her consevaion. Ye he hysica condion of he ruins s vey delicae

and he exosure o he elemens woud esul n hei oal desrucion

The oecive roof ha was bu ove he excavaed area has become an

obsacle o he fu documenaon of he se no aeal hoogahy s

ossble fo exame and disurbs he naural envionmen (Fig. 3). n

addon, mainenance of he oof in he damagng environmen of he


48/180

34 Doums

Figure 1 4

ouriaon vitor trac. ouan of

viitor walk al troug t ruin uner

te etal roof in te av tourit aon

(Apri roug Nover) eporar walk

wa crea o prevn aage to t onu

n apr bot circulation of vior an

t gung of large group

aea (de o he acidiy of he volcaic ash ad o sal om he eaby sea

is a majo coce . The caaizaio of he qaiies of aiwae col-

eced fom he exesive oof is aohe elaed obem

Foowig he gea eio of he volcao i acie imes, o-

es of aiwae desoyed may of he bildigs ad ceaed a avieha divided he sie i wo. The maageme of he sie ms ake io

cosideaio he dyamics of his avie

The fagile codiio of idivida elemessch as was

doos widows ad saicaseseses a challege fo hei maie

ace. The ceaio of faciiies eeded fo he cosevaio ad soage

of he wide vaiey ad age qaiies of ds ieviably disbs he

immediae eviome of he sie.

The hosads of visios who come o he sie daily dig he

smme mohs have a gea imac ad ae a soce of maageme co-

ce (Fig. 14) . fasce wok, sch as he oeig of oads he ce-aio of akig los fo he eveiceasig mbe of vehicles ad he

coscio of faciliies fo he gowig mbe of visios case seios

disbaces o oly o he immediae eviome of he sie b also

o he eie islad

The cowdig ad ciclaio of visios amog he fagile is

ae oeial dages o boh visios ad maeias. The eseaio of

he sie is cosaied by he ecessiy o imi visio access o he is

ad o he movable ds ad by he limied sace available o sie fo

gahic ad ohe kids of ifomaio.

These cosais challege he decisio makes o d soiosha wil addess he oblems coseve he igicace of he sie ad

ceae bee mehods ad echiqes of cosevaio ad eseaio

as well as eable he aiig of secialiss, he edcaio of he blic

ad he ceaio of jobs


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50/180


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M N N C O N O N M N N S : A O T 3 7

1 5

Pit applca f new rng pan: interna

vew f he pi rf A pilt appicat f

the new prtecve cveing ha entate

nt nl that cnitin wil ipve f pe

ple wkg r walin g ude the new f

but al hat t appearace th de a

tie will b e aeheical upei, uniing

the rken apect f the natura ancape

1 6

Plt appica f ew rg pla: exeral

vew f he pit rf (ee Fg 15 )

the denition o zones whee activities elated to touism can be deve-

oed without alteation to the community's taditional nucleus which

otunatey has emained unsoiled.

The oo coveing the site has sueed consideable damage

ove the thee decades since its constuction and its eacement isugently needed. A Euoean Union eseach oject unde the geneal

title o Achaeologica Sites otection mlementing Renewable Enegy

(ASRE has been cometed and its iot imementation has been

successully achieved Figs 1 51) The lans cal o elacing the oo


52/180

38 Doumas

igure 1 7

Pit applcain f new rng pan Te

unbuve eign blen n the urrun-

ing envirnen ee Fg 5 16)

wth anothe that wll be adated to the natural environmet and that wll

use ecologcally sesitive oms o energy ad mateialssun, wate,

wind, ad earth The new oo will rotect monumets and visitos om

the sun and cabon dioxide while ovdg localized acodtoed areas

or visitos and excavatos The constructio o the new oo has bee

incuded among the oects o the Greek Mnstry o Cuture to be

anced by Euoean Uion ogams

The oect to elace the roo has omted the study o a sereso measues that can be taken to minimze the conlict among the site's

varous values Under the new oo, a netwok o mai and secoday

wakways wl acilitate the circulation o a lage umber o vsitos These

new ciculation modes and atters will educe the dages to both visi-

tos ad ruis Located a ew metes above the ruins and aternating with

oveasses the walkways wll oe bette ersectves over the site, and

visitors wl be able see the nteros o buildings ad view the layout o

the ancet settemet

Thematic exhibitos o nds om the site wl be aaged at

tervals along the eimeter walkwa so that the vsit to the site becomesmore tha a bre esode durg a tourists summe vacatio t s hoed

that these esetations wl ovide a substatal intoducton to the

word o the Aegea Broze Age

The ooed area will be converted into a livg" museum, whch

with moden communcation technolog w be used to educate the vs-

tor in an entertaiing way Ongoing evaluation s laed through ques-

toaes o vistos, gudes tour oeratos tave agents members o

the local commuty, and scholars The inormaton thus gatheed wl

hel i the cotnued imrovement o vistg conditios

the above goas are realized, the achaeologcal site at Akrotiiwill become a lace o educato and ecreato Howeve the achieve-

ment o these two obectves requies the governmental bodes resosible

o ducation ad toursm to articate the cost o oeration ad main


53/180


54/180

40 Doumas

Marinatos, Spyidon

939 Th vlcaic uci f Ma Cr Antiquity 3:425-39.

1967-73 Excavations at Thra. Ah: Archagca Sci a Ah

Panagiotakopolou P. C Buckand P. M. Day, C. DomasA Sarpaki and P. Skidmoe

. Sl a c i h Aga Br Ag: A w f Thra a a rvauai

vc. Antiquit Fhcig

Sorakopoo P.

996 a Nlhic pr fr Akrir hra: I rla a h cqu

ipica I Di gisch Frhzit, Alra Sr 58 1-60. Via:

Orricich Akai r Wichaf.


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2 chmidt

Figr 1

Gioann Batsa Panesi Vew of th Arch of

Titus, ca 10. Eching, 4 X 71 m Resouce

Collecons, Gety Reseach Institute fo he

Hisoy of At and the Humantes, Los

Angees Ths mage of the uned Ach of

Ttus ges an dea of how dicut must

hae een to magne, fom he state of he

ancien uins the fome ntact appeaance

On the left s he enance o the Fanese

Gadens, n he backgound the uins of theRoman Foum. The emans of the umpha

ach had aleady been feed fom the

medeal supestuctue and buttessed y

masony on the left

elemens were of course created to the orgnal scale they were rendered

as smled shaes and roduced in a maerial derent from the orgnal.

Desie he atination of he new ars since the reconstrucon is

stll ossble to dstingush between original and sulemental elemens

Fig 2a b. Of course t s much easier for a vistor to comrehend a

comlete sructure than a buildng in a runed state. Archaeologsts

however are only ineresed n he original arts.

he condition of the Roman Forum oday illustraes another

roblem inherent in all reconsrucon Archaeological ruins once corresonded to and harmonized wth their orignal surroundings When

reconsruced however hese comlete new structures are ofen dicul

o inegrate into the existing seng his roblem s very evdent n he

case of the Stoa of Aalos on the Athenian Agora rebul by the American

School of Classical Sudies in Ahens beween 1953 and 1956. he large

size of the newly erected comlee hall resens a jarrng contrast to the

low runs of he ancien strucures that surround it Fig. 3

he Stoa of Aalos a resen of Attalos r. 15938 BCE.), king

of Pergamon to he cty of Athens was erected in the second cenury

B.C.E. Only small fragmens of he buldng have survived he ravages oftime Fig . he skllful reconstruction carried out by the Amercan

School used building maerials available in ancient imes. Since the new

buildng had to accommodate sorerooms a museum and workrooms for


57/180

gu 2, bAch of Ts, Roe. Fo a dsance (a) he

arch loos oday as f has sed nac

hogh e A closer ew (b eeas, how

ee, consdeabe daage n he cenral as

whch can be clealy deenaed fro he

newe reconsced as n he oe areas

The new eleens were consrced n

sled shaes as seen n he Cornhan

caas and n he ned con n he

gh corne. The new eleens were aso ren-

deed n deren aeraso exale

aene has been sbsed o he orgnal

arble Whle s sl ossble oday o ds-

ngsh beween he orgnal as and he

econscons, o he ncrca obseer he

ach aeas nac

R A B 43

b

archaeoogiss modern insallaions o wae gas and eeciciy wererovided or saey he resoes sed concree n he celings raher han

eodcng he oiginal woodenbeam conscion The rooms o

ancien shos on he bilding's grond evel were adaed o hose a

msem Gven he general condon o he bilding as well as he mod-

ern insalaions vsiors shold ndersand ha he srce s no n

ac ahenicaly ancen Even so or gdes eor ha i is oen

dic o rd oiss o heir romanic noion ha Socaes once ralied

hs sdens arond him on he very ses on which he modern vsiors

are sanding (Fig 5

Hisorc bildings are invalable sorces o hisoic reseach oonly do hey embody daa b hey ae aso ahenic angble remains o

he as ha have svved hogh hisor Ths hsory is maniesed in

he signs o aging and he inries le by se aleaion and desrcion

evidence ha docmens he assage o ime Some o he damage can be

reaied and os ars can be elaced The res howeve is no a moe

comlee ancen bldng b nsead a moden creaion

Towad he end o he nineeenh ceny archaeologss began

o ormlae rles o ense h ahenicy o rns and even hei

alsicaon icoaos Balanos ( 1 8601942, who led he eerecon o he

Acrool n Ahens rom 1895 o 1 940 described hs workng mehodwhich he caed styosis, as he reassemby o exisng b dismembered

as (Baanos 938 He conased hs mehod wh ecostuctio-

ecreaon wh new maerals o as ha no longer exis His conce


58/180

44 Schmid

Fiue 3

Th costct Stoa o Attalos i th

Athia Agoa. Th Stoa of Attaos og

aly blt ao 1 50 BCE was co-

stct btw 953 a 956 Th blg

appas omos i lato to th sog smal wlligs a spas mas of

oth acit bigs Th stct has

mo wat gas a lctical istalatios

so it ca s ts ct fctio as oc,

stoag a msm spac fo th Amica

Schoo of Cassica Sts i Aths

Fie 4

Act foatios of th Stoa o Attalos

pio to costctio. I 1952, wh th st

was xcaat, th foatios of th act

stct w ps o th who

gth of th blg, a th wals stoo at

thi l hight i two pacs

Fire 5

ot o th costct Stoa of Attalos

Th stas of th crepidoma a s as a st-

ig plac y mo sitos Athogh th

mposg lig is obosly a mo

costcto, to gs pot that

toists commoy hol th aachostc

otio that th stoa s athtically acit

of anatylo wa etablihed n 931 in te Recommendaions of he AhensConference; later it wa alo embodied n The Venice Chare whc lad

down binding principle for the conervation and retoraton o monu-

ment (COMOS 96 96 5 ee Appendx A) The Venice Charer tate that

ruin mut be mantaned and meaure neceary for the permanent con


59/180


60/180

46 Schmid

Fiu 8

T Lbay of Css n Epss ng t

excaatons n 90 Actects pt togete

t eanng actectal lents to gt an

dea of te appaance of t ognal Roan

bng So of tese elents a today n

ss n Vnna and Istanbl; tey aeete ssng n te oen constcton

o plac by cops

Tere is a serious danger tat through ignorance or te applica-

ion of unsound metods of restoration and anastyosis restorers can

distor ruins and destroy heir integriy as documents Suc erroneous

intervenions resut in a loss of vaue To safeguard against tese risks

The Venice Charer rejecs reconstruction on excavaion sites consideringanastylosis as te only permiible type of intervention

A reerection wen done strictly as anastylosis, diers visuay

from a reconstruction tat introduces new materials The Library of

Celsus in Epesus is a good example of anastyosis While Friedmund

Hueber wo reerected te sructure from 970 o 97, adhered to te

principles of The Venice Charer, e found it necessary to stabiize the

building wit reinforced concrete and some new columns Te building

does not look like a istorica forgery neverteless i is, in fact a

recenty created, modern ruin (Figs 1 1) .

Visitors close to he monumen can easiy detect tat it is onya paria reerection consisting mainly of the magnicent facade of

columns Tere as be en no aemp to reconstruct the whole building,

as in te case of te Soa of Aalos Te work was imited to assembling

te marble elements wen teir origina positions could be deermined

The rough sone masonry a he back was not reconstructed, and the

buiding remains in a partiay ruined condiion (Fig 12)

Fu 9

T bay of Clss sn at t n o te

Steet of te Cetes T agncnt able

aca was esto btwn 90 and 1978 by

Fdn Heb an V M. Stoca, wo

ncopoat ogna stons fond on te

ste cops o actctal ebes tat abeen oe nto s colectons and

new pcs ne fo stctal staby. T

senteentg aca donates t

sonng ns an attacts t attenton

of tosts


61/180

Figre 1 0, above

Th Lay of Css and s immda s-onds Ev af h 1980-89 consco

of h Ga of Mazs and Mhidas (on

h igh ad h Tagonos Agoa (no

visb h bay domnas h si

Figure I I , abve right

Th Libay of Css viwd om bow A

cos oo vas h s of oigia o

ms as w as h am of w

aas Th mssion cad is ha of a

ind bidng.

Fgure 1 2

Th bay of Css vwd fom h

sd Th cosco focsd maiy on

h facad; h s of h sc mas

in ins

R A B 47

Even so, the reerection of the seventeenmeterhigh facade

changed the character of the entire archaeological site, and the Libraryof Celsus has become the most prominent ruin of Ephesus: it towers over

the remains of all other structures, and since they are lower, their apparent

importance is diminished Although the intent and methods of reconstruc-

tion dier from those of the Stoa of Attalos the reconstruction has cre-

ated the same probema misleadingly dominant structural presence

In this light, it is logica to ask if there are valid reasons for

reconstruction and whether reconstructed ruins can have a viable exis-

tence here are good reasons to reconstruct structures but none of

them are justied within a true archaeologica site In contrast in an

approach known as "experimental archaeoogy, reconstruction is occasionally employed to test archaeoogical theories. he Lejre Historical-

Archaeoogical Research Center, founded in 1964 by Hansle Hansen in

Lejre near Roskilde Denmark, is a weknown interpretation of this idea

(Hansen 1 982). In ejre various excavations yielded data about materials

and their use; this information was used as a basis for the reconstruction

of three prehistoric vilages (Fig 1).

Another exampe of experimental archaeoogy carried out in

the 190 is the reconstruction of a Bronze Age settement in

Unteruhldingen, on Lake Constance in Germany (Fig 14) (Reinerth

1 980 12). he fuscale modes are based on the interpretation of datafrom excavations at various sites Although many of the archaeoogica


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67/180


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70/180

n:m l


71/180

Fe 6

Wie cela cave, Avdat Cemet eicas

smaig otey ae sed i aces whee

aciet jas wee od dg excavaio

Fie 7

Evometal eseato at the we me-

chats hose Avda I some istaces, thee

was scet matea evdece o tel a

gve soy Oly lieay soces ad some-

tmes aachosic oes wee available o

the ealy eod o he Naateas A atist

was commissoed to ceate iteetive

hmoistic sces

Fe 8

Eviometa eseaio a Avda deic-

ig a goathed ad his chages

A L L S 5 7

Dioama o multimdia prntation can alo provid anw

to th many ution that pul viito to archaologcal t ot al

vito a nttd in phyical atur mthod of contruction orarchtctura tyl in fact many want to know th oiginal unction o

th tuctur and how th ancint dnt wnt about thr daily liv


72/180

58 v

ure 9

nteetie anel at the man gate Tel Dan,

sael This anaanie oyal ciy was one of

the st saelte settements n anaan i

see as an imoan ceemonia site fom

he nnth to he seenth centy CE The

only infomation aailae to assst n inte-

etaion of he ste consists o naatie as-

sages om the Ble The anel, mae o

meal inco oaes elean bbical texs

iure 0

Stainless see econstucton of he alta,

Te Dan

Ater all human lke o learn about ther own kind rather than commune

with mue tone

nerpretive preentaton degned primarily to lumnae he

actvite o he ancent nhabitant can be een at Tel Dan, a biblcal

archaeoogcal te ocated n pper alilee (Fig 91 1 ) ther pobilitieare preened when ie are hetered n uch ntance, obect or repli-

ca can be ued particularly eectively However, while t true that more

techniue can be ued on hee te han in openair one, uch preenta-

tion mut tl be careully panned and degned Diplayng obect in

he prece locaion in whch hey were dicovered can ilutrae the

proce o excavaon, bu the practice i not an eectve way o inerpre

he pa bec or repca can inead be ued o hin at the orignal

unction or character o the pace (Fig 6 12) However, he preenaion

o nd in dplay cae end to tranorm a te nto an exhibiion hall


73/180

Fgue

ousing for holograms Tel Dan. The relevan

biblica narrative passages (see Fig 9) were

not considered sucien o explain o visiors

the imporance of a site hat does not have

any prominent archaeological features other

han a arge stone ema hat was used forsacrice. Th;s insalaion, ocated next o

he altar, houses a hoogram that ilustrates

he ries hough o have been performed at

the alar

T H P R O O F A R H O O S 59

and te mateial emans unintepetedcan convey ttle stocal

nomaton.

Sites oten ave lage spaces wt ew o no emains tese places

ae paticulaly suited o moe ceative actvities. Some activtes include

oppotuntes o visitos to ty tei ands at ancient cat o poductiontecnues assocated wit te ste

In spite o te wealt o tecniues available today, tee ae sites

tat do not end temselves easily to ntepetationand yet tey mgt

ave an mpotant stoy to tell. In suc instances, teatical gides can be

eective. Guides can epesent te stocal peiod pesented in ote

cases goups o actos can be stationed along vaous pats o te visitos

oute eenactng events elated to te site. In contast to taditional tou

gudes teatcal guides do not ecount te stoy o a site o exp ain

uns nstead tey geneally speak om ancent texts o delve addesses

tat evoke ancient times.e metods discussed above ae just a ew exampes o te possi-

bites o pesentng and intepetng an acaeological ste Te available

solutons ae as wideanging as uman imagination and ceativity and

new tecnologes ae contnuay nceasng te coices. Even so, egad-

less o tecnol ogy ceativty and innovation, a pesentation sould not

mpnge upon te integty o a ste. It is impotant not only to ntepet

te past but also to potect te acaeologcal eitage, eaving t intact

o te benet o utue geneatons.

Figure 1 2

Restored room in he Herodian Quarter o

he Od City Jerusalem. This Od ity site

encompasses a residential quarter rom the

Herodian period, which extended from the

rst century SCE o the rs cenury CE. In

addition to the origina mosaic oor therestored room contains some reconstruced

furniture and objecs ha were found in situ


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P A R T W O

Three

Mediterranean

Sites


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6

Introduction to Part Two

D O o h conrnc h organizr arrangd

vii o hr archaological i h wr chon o giv h

paricipan opporunii o conidr pcic iu raing o

h challng o managmn and conrvaion a complx hriag i

h plac lcdiazza Armrina, noo, and Ephurprn

a rang o cinic ahic hiorical, and ocia valu All hr loca-

ion hav acuird conidrabl conomic vau by aracing larg num-

br o viior Dciion mad ovr im hav innionaly or no givn

prioriy o crain vau and h rul o h dciion ar rcd in

many aur o h i a hy ar now prnd o viior Durin g

h conrnc h i wr no hld up or vauaion bu rvd inad

a xampl o provok hough and dicuion abou variou way o

rolv ignican iu

A h conrnc progrd and a h group ravld rom

iazza Armrina o noo o Ephu h iu undr dicuion

bcom mor numrou and inrica rlcing h incraing complxiy

o h i iazza Armrina i h locaion o an imporan Roman via,

whr h conrvaion and prnaion o h magnicn moaic hav

bn givn prioriy in many managmn dciion ohr aur hr-

or hav payd a prominn ro in h prnaion. noo pr-

n an inring ca o a i rconrucd according o h viion o

on archaologi I i now rcognizd ha om o h conjcur ha

guidd ha work arly in h cnury wr rronou and ha om o

h inrvnion ar advrly acing h condiion o h original

rmain h rconrucion il howvr, ha acuird hiorical valu

and now rank a an lmn o ignicanc in h managmn o h

i h urban i o Ephu i among h mo imporan in h

Mdirranan rgion a uch i ignicanc i drmind by a va

array o vaucinic and ahic a wl a ocial Sil undr xca-

vaion i i viid by mor han on milion ouri vry yar h

managmn o a i o hi magniud i a complicad undraking ha

mu addr in a baancd way h prrvaion o all h lmn ha

mak h i imporan


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64

Beore ea c site vist during te conerence, particpants prepared

or te experence by attendng an ustrated presentaton by an arcaeoo

gist on te etty sta Eac presentaton ncluded an account o te man

values o te ste, a brie story o modern interventions, and a dscus-

son o some o te management ssues created by current conditons Ineac case partcular ssues were selected to ustrate some o te most

common callenges aced by site managers ese presentatons are repre-

sented by te olowng artcles


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65

The Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily

Nicholas Stanley-Price

T L ON L of Piazza Amrna in Sicily particu-ary nown for t outanding moac oor Fw gnal uvy

of Roman art and achtctur pubhd in th pa hirty ya

fa o mntion th vlla A gudbook to Sicily and much of th

promoona maia for h land' ourm dirct th vitor oward

h aacon

h t a h ocality nown a Caa n cnral outhn

Sicy, om four kilomtr ouhwt of h htorc town of Piazza

Amrina At an lvaon of 550 mtr abov a lvl, h Villa d

Caal l at h foot of low hll that ar immdiatly o i north and

a o th north, h vally of h ociaa Riv povd om latlandwh i mg from th hill, bu only o h outh and outhwt do

th landcap opn ou ino xtniv vta of good aab land

Mot of h rmain vibl oday a h Caa t blong to a

lat Roman villa conucd probably dung h priod of 300330

(Ampolo t al 197 ; Khlr 197) h vla had bn prcdd by an

alr va (known a th Vla Rutica) of h t and cond

cntur Rmain hav cntly bn found tha indica an int-

mda pha bwn th two htorical pod, dad o a prod

btwn th cond and fouh cnu (D Mio 988 )

Phoogical vidnc appa to lnk h Roman town i ofPhiloophiana, mnond n h Antonin Itinay a a way ation on h

CatanaAgrignto road, and th Roman rman found a h ocaliy til

nown a Soana, locatd ix kilomt outh of th vlla (Adamtanu

988) h Vla dl Caa ha bn linkd in turn to th xnc of thi

way aion on th pincpa Roman oad n h ara

t no known how long th Roman villa of th fouh cntury

rmaind in u Cramc of th Byzann, Arab, and orman prod

hav bn found on th , ogh wh in plac, aociatd building

rman Sinc th man xcavation (by V ntil) hav nvr bn

fully pubhd and inc th xcavato dvotd mot of hi attnton toth Roman moaic, it ha bn ncary o rcontuct th natur of

potRoman occupaton on h t from th fw rpo avalabl and


80/180

66 ey-Prie

Signicance the Villa at

Piazza Armerina

rom more recent, limited excavation (Ampolo et al. 197 1 Wilon 98

De Miro 988)

Some reue o the Roman building eem to be atteted or the

Araboorman period (eleventh to thirteenth centurie), and tray nd

ugget activity at the ite in the Aragon period (eenth to eventeenthcenturie). ther nd date rom the eighteenth century by which time

the Roman remain are being reported by antiuarian (e.g, Leanti 1761).

Some o the Roman via wall urvive today up t o a height o about

eight meter, and they have probably away been expoed, even i

obcured by woodland and vegetation

he nonorthogonal plan o the vila i not unuual or large

Roman via (Fig. 1 ) . I t ha been explained a the reult o a ingle concep-

tion with a vanihing point oite to the north (Ampolo et al. 97 1 :

plan B) o r a the reult o organization, intentional or not, around a

generalized radial compoition o trongly ocal character (MacDonad 986 274 ) he ground rie gradualy rom wet to eat the bailica i at

the highet point o the excavated area (Fig 1 , no 58 ).

he ocial viitor woud preumaby have arrived at the monu-

mental entrance o three arche (no. a) and gradually acending, would

have paed through the courtyard (no. 1 1b), the entrance vetibue (no

a ), the main perityle (no. 9) , and the great corridor (no. 6b), nally

reaching the bailica (no 58) (Setti 1975).

he vila, built a a ingletory building, wa contructed

primarily o mortared rubbe wall aced with irregular piece o local

browntone. he great maority o excavated oor urace conited omoaic pavement, hal o them gured. he loor o the bailica, in

contrat had a magnicent decoration in opu ectile, while the open

courtyard were oten paved with brick (ee Carandini Ricci and De Vo

982:p. 2, or the ditribution o dierent type o loor urace through-

out the ite) It i etimated that ome thirtyvehundred uare meter

o moaic have been uncovered at the ite. n addition, although carcely

mentioned by the main excavator, almot a room in the vila building

had either marble acing or painted recoe on their wa Marble

tatuary woud have erved a additiona decorative element but ittle

ha urvived

he ite o iazza Armerina ha been and continue to be the ubject o

numerou cholarly tudie becaue o the many unanwered uetion

about it original owner and precie unction. Moreover, with the maive

increae in tourim ince the Second World War, the ite o iazza

Armerina ha become widely known to a ay audience. Becaue o it con-

tinuing acination or cholar and the teadiy increaing ow o viitor

that it receive, iazza Armerina preent a number o iue o general

relevance or the conervation and management o ancient ite.he vila ha a number o vaue that together contitute it wider

ignicance hee vaue can be broady claied into the categorie o


81/180

"

:''. .:.. .

.." - '"'" : .:.-,


82/180


83/180

igr 4

Sng of h a an s poc nco-

ss, sn fom h sohws. Th ocaon

of h a a h foo of woo hs s an

mpoan ashc au of h s

RO VL L P ZZ A S LY 69

owepwa pevouy uupected ad t dcovey a eued a

etepetato of e toy of povce ad pace e Roma

Empe of te me

Alo of tocal mpotace e poogca evdece fo co-

ecg e Roma etleme at te localty called Soaa out of evlla w te loopaa of te Aoe eay f t lk vald

ad f te vlla at azza Amea ca be elated te ame way a

Caad udy Flosoana popoe te te va' extece

gouded toca ecod (Caad, Rcc, ad De Vo 19 82)

Aesthetic value

e vlla of azza Amea a tog aetec value tat deve fom

locato ad fom te beauy of e moa c oo e mmedae ev-

ome of e va uexpectedy vedat eve umme, fo aea

of lad Scly (Fg 4) e tat e above e te fom e o-

eat to e otwet fom pat of e oute exemty of e Heaea

age wc atuy wa coveed oak foet a wa oed by te

cacal auo Dodou Sculu (484 1) oday e ae coveed wt

pe ad cype oak, eucalypu ade, ad azel pece ae commo

aoud e e e etg w wooded ll aded vaey, ad

c aable lad to e out ed Ceae Bad o wte of cada

beauty" emce moe of ucay a of Scly (Bad 956)

e vlla be kow fo t beaufu moac loo (Fg 2 3

Foud eavly good codo may loo ave bee fed ad eet

ad lacuae ave bee egated wt acet eeae A a eu fo

te mo pat te oo peet complee mage fo te vo to

appecate ad ejoy

e potectve ecloue eected ove te u of e vlla wee

deged ot oly to potect te moac oo bu alo o eace te

aetetc appea w a ecoed pace e ecloue becaue tey


84/180


85/180


86/180


87/180


88/180


89/180


90/180

6 Stanley-Prce

gure

Pocti oof (in acgond constctd

o th thapsd ha n 9 4 42 y Pio

Gaoa Th oof was at dmoishd whn

Mnssis potct ncosus w t n

th at 90 Th mosaic oos a cod

wh sand o potcton.

oten ound to be nadeuate, t s nevertheless necessary to understand

the clate o thought regardng scholarshp and preservaton that

prevaled at the te. t s also portant to retreve as uch noraton

as possble that was overooked n the past because o research prortes

that dered ro those o today; Carandn and coworkers have doneths or the vla (Carandn, Rcc and De Vos 182. Snce knowledge

about stes and hstorcal noraton evolve over te vstors to

ancent stes ust be tod how noraton about the s acured

and how the vsble reans ght present a pcture that does not

relect past realtes.

Protection of mosaics in situ through roong

The roo erected over the threeapsed hall n 1442 conssted o a

wooden rae covered wth clay tles supported by assve brck pllars

(Fg. 8 (Gentl 166:pl. 1; Carandn Rcc, and D e Vos 182:endpapers

Th e curvnear wals o the buldng were restored n part to hep

support the new pllars. The desgn was later crtczed by Cesare rand

who thought t ade what shoud be a suptuous roo ook lke a

hayot. The vstors could see the osacs only by walkng on the or

by clbng a wooden observaton tower bult at the entrance to the

shelter (rand 156. Gazzola's roo covered the outstandng osacs o

the threeapsed hall but wth the contnuaton o excavatons any

ore osacs were exposed and reured protecton.

The constructon o Gazzolas roo n the 40s rases

portant uestons concernng the protecton o oor osacs n stu.

How can protectve roos or shel ters be desgned to protect osacs ro

the weather whe aso allowng the to b e eas ly seen? Can a new roo

be desgned that does not have an adverse aesthetc pact on the ste

by donatng the landscape, or nstance?

Furtherore when contnued excavaton reveals any

addtona areas reurng protecton the rst roo erected ay need


91/180

gure 9

Proecie encosre o he esible seen

from he norhwes. Wal panels of shee

glass whch hae replace he origina corr

gae pasic sheahng maerial, hae encor

age hea bip

gure 1 0

Proece encosre oer he hreeapse

hal The origina corrgae plasc sheahing

maeral has been replace wh shee glass.

The false ceng can be ceay seen (c Fg 2

T RO VL PZZ A S Y

o be reconsdered o even deoshed (as was he case wh Gazzolas

roof. Should rs" oos be delberaely desgned o be low n cos and

easly dsanled?

Design of translucent enclosure buildings

for ancient remains

The proecve enclosure buldngs desgned by Mnss were nended

o poec he osacs whle also aowng vsos opal vewng

(Fgs. 10 (SaneyPrce and Pon 16. These sepaae as reuedsoe coposes n he desgn ha allowed he econcaon of ech

nca conservaon reueens and aeshec consderaons.

n he consevaon sde n orde o avod he poena hea prob-

le (a geenhouse eec" posed by a ansucen srucue n he Sclan


92/180


93/180


94/180

80 Stanley-Prce

Figure 1 5

Supports o the protectve encosures

designed to suggest the nterior oumes o

the ogina buidng (see also Fig 14) Hee

at the nothwest ange of the man peristye,

the suppot also represents the om o a col-umn captal Minssis am was "to form anew

not econstuct) the oomaeas corespond-

ing to the dieent mosaics (Mnissi

9 6 : 13 1

ot o ese goals ueced Msss orgal desg. Wt te beet

o dsg ad wt oday's cagg perspectves e soluo adopted

te 1950s rases a uber o ssues cocerg vstor access ad

terpretato.

Te oder vsor ca vew al te preserved oors ta ave

bee ucoveredore, act a a Roa vstor o te va would

probably ave see However, te aesec presetato o e

outsadg oor osacs s aceved at e expese o a accurate

storcal erpretao o ow a Roa vla uctoed. Te xedvsor route olows te wal ops o a seres o roos owever by

so dOg, t caot suae orga paers o ovee te

acet vlla.

I recet years vsors, stead o arrvg roug te

ouetal etrace o te vlla (Fg. 1 o a , ave arrved ro te

ort o a route tat takes te pas e uraces o e bat copex

ad a lare (o. 14)ardy e approac a a dstgused Roa

vstor would ave ake. Te perstyle, aroud wc Roa abtas

ad vstors would ave walked ca be vewed oy ro aar by te

vstor; so oo e portat bascaTo uderstad e vla, vstors ust deped o orao

ro a gudebook or ro te tour gudes wo escort groups. (Te ocal


95/180

Figure 1 6

Crows of mmorning isitors he i

n My 99 The xe nerry cree by

he wwys i n he 90s s no onger

eqte t o sere e nmber o f stors

s mny s two tosn per y t peperos

T H R O N V L P ZZ A N , S C Y 81

nglianguage gideboo i Gentil' [1 966]. ) Tere i amot n o written

or vual normaton provded on te iteinformaton tat mgt, or

intance, luminate te functon of te room.

Te priority gven to aetetic preentation of te moaic over

te imulaton o orginal route o movement troug te villa under

tandabe given Min' aim to create a "pecal ind of mueum round

exibit wc were already n pace (Minii 1961:131). Moreover, many

itorica quetoneven te functon of evera roomreman unre-

olved, and o relatvey lttle nformaton can be preented to te viitor

it condence. Anoter ue raied by te xed vtor route witnte main encloureone tat could not be oreeen by te decion maer

of te 1950i te carryng capacity o te walway. A a reult o

te advent o ma tourm (Fg. 16), at pea period, te opportunity to

experience te moaccareuly deigned by Minii and i

colleague at r o being lot in a ingele ma urge o

viitor toward te only ext.

n ummary, te protective encloure contructed at te va

orty year ago raie ome general ue or ite management today.

Foremot of tee i te reconciliation of conervation and preentation

objective in a te management plan. Bot aetetc and itorcal valueneed to be incorporated into te preentation of oor moac (or any dec-

orative urace) pen queton are weter te deign of modern vi

tor tinerare ould mmic te probable acce pattern o te orgnal

occupant o te ite, and weter te viewing condition o, for example,

ancient moaic ould attempt to imitate origna condition or oud

intead be optimized or te convenience of te modernday vitor.

Fnally, te need to accommodate to day' ma torm empaze te

neceity o upgradng vitor aciltie degned everal decade ago.

ter ave argued tat te protective encoure and vitor tin-

erary degned forty year ago ould now be condered obolete, incetey caue damage to te ite' remain and provde an unatiactory

vitor experience. I o, te many ue tat ti oution attempted to


96/180

82 tey-Price

Acknowledgments

Note

References

resolve in te 150s ae no less edae odaybot for Piazza

Arena and for ancent sites n geneal.

Te autor owes a pacuar debt to D. Gianni Pon wo reseacede isory of inervenons at te vlla faciliaed oca aison in tay and

accopanied te autor on esearc vsis o Piazza Areina fo te

prepaation of tis sdy Te auto is aso ndebed to Dr. Ganllipo

Var sopritedete of e Sopinendenza ai en Cultura e Abienta

di Enna for uc elp and for allowing access o unpblsed epos n

e soprntendenza's arcves and to oter ebers of te sa wo

elped povide infoation abot te va: Dr. Enza Ca Paaone e

arciect Rosa lva Dr. Anna obaci te arciec Claudo Meraga

and te srveyo Lborio elone n Roe te actect Franco Mnssi

was vey elpful n dscussing s work at te villa as was ProfessorAndea Caandn Te auor s gaefl to al l tose enoned fo

elping ake tis sudy possible.

Pspx mnufctu by ICI of nt Kngom

88

Amstnu,

Son: Sc, 14 161. In a villa maa del Caale di Piazza Ameia A i della IV

Riuie Siea della Sla di Peeziame i Aelgia Claia dell'Uieri diCaaia . So Go 7483 Conc Acoog o 3. Cn:

Isttuo Acoog, ns Cn

Apolo C, A Cnn ucc, n P Pnsbn

171 L Vl l Cs P Amn: Poblm sgg sgc cc.

Mage de lEle Faaie de Rme, Aiqui 834181

Boot A n Cuo

1 Pzz Amnll omn Cs: Ingn mcoclmc Lbotoo

Fsc, Cnto Rgonl p Pogttzon l Rsuo, Plmo.

Bnb B 4 7 P Amn: Rsu mosc omn l Csl izie degli Savi di

Aii 3.

Bn C

1 6 Acolog scln Bllei dellIiu Ceale del Reaur 783100

Cnn, A A Rc n M . Vos

18 Filaa Te a f Piaza Ameria. ols Plmo: S F Fccoo

Ct,

3 6 Sc scop stu monumnt ntc n Sc n qunqunno 1 3 1 13

Ai della Sie aliaa per il Prge delle Sieze 36

10 Scl Pzz Amn: oto sc scopt, su l l'[mpo Romno

Bllei Cmuale di Rma 6830


97/180

T RO V L P ZZ A S Y 8

De Mr E

19 88 La la de l Casale di Piazza Areria: Nuoe rcerche I La villa romana del Casale di

Piazza Armerina: Ai della IV Riunione Scientica della Scuola d i Peezionamento in

Archeologia Classica dell'Universit d i Catania, ed Salatore Garrao, 5872 Croache d i

Archeooia o. 23. Cataia: Istituto di Archeooa, Uersit di Cataa

De M E d E F Miss

1972 Proetto per i Museo d Pazza Areria Musei e gallere d'Italia 17

Gr S ed

988 La villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina. Atti della IV Riunione Scientca della Scuola

di Peezionamento in A rcheologia Classica dell Universit di Catania Croache d

Archeoloia ol 23 Cataia: Istituto di Archeooa, Uiersit di Cataa

Get G V

950 Pazza Areria: Gradiosa lla roaa i cotrada Casale Notizie degli Scavi di

Antichit, 291335.

92a

192

1956

1966

a la roaa del Casae d Piazza Arera. I Atti del I Congresso Nazionale di

Archeologia Cristiana Siracusa, settemre 7 182 Roe: L'Era" di

Bretscheder

I osaci dela la roaa del Casae d Piazza Arera Bollettino dArte 37:3346

La ila iperiae di Piazza Areria I Atti del VII Congresso Nazionale di Storia

dellArchitettura settemre 2470 Paero I Cotato

The Imperial Villa of Piazza Armerina Guidebooks to the Museus Galeries, ad

Mouets of Itay o 87 3d Elish editio Roe: Istituto Poliraco delo Stato

Lbreria delo Stato.

Ke

1973 Die a des Maxentius ei Piazza Armerina Moueta Artis Roaae, ol 12 Berli:

Ma

et, A

176 1 Lo stato presente della Sicilia Paero: Fracesco Valeza Ipressore della Ss Crociata

McDld W

986 The Pazza Areria la Appedix to Th e Architecture of th e Roman Empire Vo 2,

An Uran Appraisal 27483 New Hae, Co Yale Uiersty Press

Mss F

19 6 Protectio of the osac paeets of the Roa ila at Piazza Areria Museum

14 : 13132

si P

93 Roat e aaz roa i Sicla Piazza Areria Roma 12 :255

ppld

188 Le recenti scoperte in contrada Casale presso Piazza Armerna Np.

992a

1992b

S M

Eerecy tereto o oo ded osaics at Piazza Areria. International

Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics Newsletter 9: 1 78

Pazza Areria: Vlla roaa del Casa e. Cetro Reoae per la Proettazoe e l

Restauro Palero


98/180


99/180

la

Ib

85

Pates a-d

Roma vila o Paa Armea, Sicly Itay.

he geeral view o the bath (a how the

ecloe erected to potect the ite moac

loor, which ae amog the mot comete

a late Roma vila he Great Hut moaic

(b, c protected by roog ad viewed

both om god level ad from a eevated

walkway he Lab f Heue moaic

how i detail (d), aother o the vlla

mot mpotat artwok


100/180

86


101/180

8


102/180

88

a

Pate a-d

e palace of osso Cree, reee, exca

vaed ad reosruced y rhur va

egiig i 19 00 e Norh Lusra Basi

(a) ad i reoed ieral coum () show

ow mode srucures ow domiae he

sie. e oigia r Fresco vey ie o

whh wa acualy preseved, wa resoed

i 193, ad hree cope () were laer added

aroud he hroe Room. hese rescoe

ie e opy of he Cueare Feo (d) i

he Souh Popyaeum, a wel as he re of

e palace, ae argey mode ceaios


103/180

89

z


104/180

0

3a

Pate a

hesus, ukey The reoRoman iy o

hesus (a), seen om Mount Coessus; nenter oeground is the uer anent iy;

the modern town o Seluk is seen in the

dstane hesus retans its ntegriy as an

anent andsae and as an exame o

Hellenisti and Roman ahiteture and urban

lannng The estored Lbray o Celsus (b

is the site's most rominent strutue other

remains () evoke the romanti astoral

uaiy o ruins overgrown by nature. The

engmat tumbe o arhitetua ees n

Domitian Squae d) both onuses and

ntigues visitos whle the monumental

theater (e), reenty restoed today oasion-

ally seves as an entertanment venue, end-

ing a ina desion on ts onsevation and

uture use


105/180

9 1

3b

3c


106/180

92


107/180

Kossos

Joh K. Papadopouos

IN 100 JO N N ebaed on a ullscale excavaiona e peisoic se on e Kepaa Hill a Knossos and ediaey

cae acoss e eains o e buidng e was o call e Palace

o Minos (Fgs. 14) Te dscovey lae eed o as e nd o a

lieie (Howz 181; Evans 14; Haden 18) boug o ig a

ieounnown cvilizaon dubbed e Mnoan. Ealy n s cenuy

Evans no ony excavaed e sie bu boldly ansoed e onuen

oug esoaon econsucon and enoced conceeino one

o e os eueny visied acaeoogical sies n e ld Wod.

Te ognal eoliic seeen pobably dang o beoe

000 BC.E, as wel as e lae palace a nossos ae suaed on e lowill o Kepala appoxaely ve iloees soueas o Healon

(Candia). Te geae acaeological aea o Knossos (Fig. 2) as dened

by Hood and Sy 8 1 ) is sgncanly lage an e iedae

palace sie i coves an aea o soe en suae oees being us

unde ve iloees no o sou w a axiu wid o ee

iloees eas o wes. Tis aea includes e seleen sie o Knossos

n is vaious pases as well as os o e ceeeies o all peiods. nly

a sall poon o is aea is exposed oday as pa o e acaeologcal

se s poon includes in addon o pvaely owned plos o agicu

ual land sx oden villages. nensve building n ecen yeas asansoed e noen pa o e aea ino a subub o Heaion.

eveeless i as been eaed a peaps no oe egon o

ancen seleen n Geece as been so oougly exploed as is aea

o soe en suae iloees" (Hood and Sy 1 8 1 : 1)

As a lage seeen and ceeey sie o any peiods nossos

aises a vaey o issues and saes any o e pobles ineen a all

sies wi a long and coninuous occupaon soy. A e sae ie

despie alos a cenuy o excavaion and sudy e se s bes nown

aong bo specialss and e boade publc o s eaable cenal

building convenionally called a palace (Fg. ) (Gaa 162; Cadogan16; Hgg and Mainaos 18; c Casleden 0) Tis buildng discov-

eed eay n e isoy o invesgaions a e sie and exensively

exploed is one o e ealies ancen buldngs o ave been esoed o


108/180


109/180

Lato Mirabell o


110/180

96 Papadopou lo s

'Roman amphiteater\\} ,. , C \ Roman basilIca \'. -- % . ' ,-- Villa


111/180

A-C-XVll

5 .

7.

IISte of 1

orthwest \House

West Court

Wes MagaznesWest MagazinesoulouesAltarsWes PorhCoido of he PoessonSouhwes PohSepped PortioSouth TeaeSouth PopylaeumSouth CorrdoSouth PohPiest ing RelefSite of the Geek tempe

athub with Linear B TaetsLong Coidor of the WesMagaznesDeposi of Heogyphi ablesCordo of he Stone asinAnteoom of he Throne Room

Fgure 3

Plan of t paac of noso afte A.

33.

34.

35 .

37 .

Evas)

Thone Roomnne SantuaySepped PorhTipatte Shrne

Conjectual wals

_Aua certain was

Loby of he Sone SeatTempe ReposoiesPa CypsGrand StaaseHa of he Double Axes (ng's Hall)Queen's HaQueens Dessing RoomCou of he DistasServe SaiaseSouheast BahoomShrne of he Doue AxesSoutheast ustra asinLobby of he Wooden PossEast PooLapdays WokshopShoooom

K N O S S O S 97

-

Chane Seen

38 Cout of the Stone Spout39 . Magazines of he Gant Phoi40 Eas Baston Corrdor o f the Daughboard oheast al. ortheast Magazines Room of the Sone Drainhead45 Magazne of he Medaion Pitho46 Cordo of the Bays Ealy eep orth Entane Passage orth Pillar Ha orth Gae5 1 . oh Lustral Basin and Intiatoy Aea ohwes Poo heaal Aea54. Roya Road orhwest Entane?


112/180

8 Ppdopouos

Figure 4

oo viewed om the ea i 1902, wo

yea afte Eva taed hi excavatio The

oi dum o the eae loe o the ite,

which wee vile 90 1 , have ee moved

The Thoe Room ha ee ooed (ee

Fig , a etaiig wal o he Cea Couha ee uit, ad vaiou at of he

Dometic Quate have ee aally

eoed o cooidated.

prolic scholarly research in any areasincuding archaeological

hisorical, phiologica arhisorical anhropological, and scienicboh

for he ronze Age and for earlier and laer periods

Symbolic and associative values

Cree is he seing for nuerous Greek yhs and of hese any are

enaced agains he elaborae backdrop of he palace of ossos The

sybolic and associaive values of he sie have deed he passage of ie

o such an exen ha ahough Minoan nossos was los fro huan

view, i was never los fro huan eory The legendary Minos son of

Zeus and uropa feaured proineny in laer Greek accouns as he rs

person o organize a navy, hrough which he conrolled he greaer par

of he Aegean where he also esablished he rs coonies he lived on

even in deah as one of he grea judges of he underworld (aan

12 : 7074) Pasipha, he Minoaur and Daidalos's any devices and

creaionsincluding he abyrinh and his subsequen huanpowered

ligh fro Cree wih his son karoswere well own in Classical Greek

ragedy, as well as in Greek Roan, and even odern radiion and

iconography (Morris 12; Farnoux 13) So oo were Theseus and his

slaying of he Minoaur, aided by Minos's daugher Ariadne Alhough

ahisorica or yhhisorica hese radiions add o he alure and

signicance of he sie is perhaps no coincidence ha soe of he earli

es odern raveers o Cree were os ineresed in he legendary

labyrinh of Daidalos

Aesthetic value

Modern aciviies on he sie have enhanced he aesheic vaue of

nossos which aracs os curren visiors o he sie Whaever is


113/180


114/180


115/180

Tabl 5 Nmer o vitor to noo and

Phato the two motvited arhaeoogial

ite on Crete 198789

Year noo Phaito

987 67 97 160,160

1988 675,600 69,980

989 652,895 170960

Sources S n o b 2

Tab 7 Montly tket ale at noo 98794

1987 1988

Janary 1,700

Ferary 200

March 1 , 4 1 7 4554

April 72800 66900

May 83900 84300

ne 81 100 86300

Jly 09200 105,300

Agt 88,400 128200

eptemer 86,80096,400

ctober 74300 75600

oember 8000 9950

Deemer 2,200 4,040

Tota 6 8 1 7 675344

Tabl 6 Qarterly nmer o vitor to

noo and Phaito 99

Qarter ( 199 ) noo Phato

JanaryMarch 1 778 4,362ArlJne 69953 33 9 1

Jlyeptemer 285949 5,357

toerDeemer 76077 17700

Sources S 2

1989 990 1991

4,310 2344 847

3 ,153 2690 ,043

22,846 10300 8,888

53300 68,780 25862

87700 89400 59262

77700 89200 84829

92,700 05947 1 16,492

11 700 132,598 84,829

01900 10 85 84628

83,800 77701 67746

9700 12,863 6,827

4186 3630 1503

652995 706304 543756

1992

1,784

1522

5 36

73,884

94,048

86613

06500

122,699

108,994

79675

5643

2,377

689,055

K O O 0

1993 1994

1 , 6 1 7 2644

1 182 1724

7602 15,609

60,925 67,314

7692 94087

79156 91899

02952 112 ,96

124,668 129,517

106355 10089

35696 53407

10,654 10,459

2788 2612

60 ,5 16 691557

Soure: S o Tl (Fgs pri o Mh 987 r o vlbl.)

886 Evans 89 Kalokairinos canced upon several nscrbed sybos

on gypsu blocks now referred to as asons' arks"; it was tese

arks peraps ore tan anytng ese tat drew Evans to te ste He

rst vsited te site in 894, quickly purcased te land and set about

pannng its excavation for a varety o political and econoic reasons

owever e was not able to begin unt 1900 (Evans 899900:45; Hood

and Tayor 98 2 .

Excavations and activities of Arthur Evans,

phase 1 (circa 1900-1913)Apart fro a nineyear gap brdgng te First World War and severa

sorter perods of iatus Evans excavated te ste ro 900 to 190.

Fro te pont of vew of restoraton and conservation is activites ay


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6

Tre Rm vewed fm te ea 1900

afte e year f excava T e dcv-

ery f ar f e gym lr ad

wall frece made evdet ta me frm

f mmedae rtec frm e eemewa eceary Eva ad frt f te

e te acgrd

7

F rtecve f ver te Te Rm,

vewed fm te eat, 90 Te lat f

wa rted y ck lar alg e de

ad y terr cm a were made f

wde a, cvered w later, ad

aed Te er clm, wc

rted a mer famewr, wee ted

t cced y e gal Ma

clm Fr rec, e eclre wa

tted w wg r ralg ad r

gate Te ectve rce cveed ly

te Te Rm; m f e exeve exca-

va wa exed e eleme

K O O 10 3

were dscovered it was cear tat soe sort of protective cover for te

Trone Roo was urgenty needed. Te rst roong soution was co

peted in 90 . t conssted of a at roof supported by bric piars aong

te sides Counsconstructed of wooden sats covered wit paster,

and pantedwere tted into postons forery occupied by Mnoan

couns were tey supported a tiber fraewor Te structure wasfurter protected by wrougt iron rangs and iron gates Fig 7) n 904

te at roof was repaced by a ore peranent structure wt a ptced

roof supported by eta girders (Fig 8). Te oft of te buding was tted

wit sevng and used as a nd of reference useu" (Brown 983:2);

it saw service for uite a nuber of years before being repaced n 930

by a assve structure of renforced concrete wic attepted to convey

an dea of te origna (Fgs 9, 2) Atoug providing a soution for te

Trone Roo, te various structures of ts pase protected ony a sa


118/180

04 Ppdopouos

Figure

Seod oof ove he hoe Room vewed

fom he ouhea, 1904 he eae la oof

Fg 7) wa elaed by a moe emae

uue wh a hed oof uoed by

mea gde he lo wa ed wh helv-

g ad eved a a efeee mueum

Figure 9

hoe Room vewed fom he ouhea

930 he fuoa eod hee fo he

hoe Room (Fg. 8 wa elaed by a ma

ve uue of efoed oee baed o

Eva' dea of he ogal Moa buldg.

h uded he ouo of he eely

mode ue oy, ued a a ue

galey fo oe of feoe fom vaou

a of he alae. he ewly eoed

Seed Poo, hoe Room omlex, ad

We Poo of he oh Eae Paage

a be ee

Figure 1 0

hoe Room, Aeoom ad Seed

Poo afe exavao 1900 he fagy of

he ogal fab of he moume a be

ee he eeoao ae of he hoe

Room ad mmedae uoud

Figure 1 1

Ieo of he hoe Room a eoed

93 0 hee oe of he Feo wee

added o he oga, fagmeay g d-

oveed u 1 900. he eoao da-

ma he degee o whh afomed

he exavaed ema of he aea (Fg 5 )

(ee oo lae 2)


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0 Ppdopouos

igure 1 4 above

Dmst Qarr vwd m th as 19 01

Frm ft rgh ar h Hal f h Dubl

Axs part f h stars ladig t h uppr

EasWs Crrid

getty enst. conservatİon of archeologİcal sİtes

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