ghana mining sector management &. envionment. project · mining sector management &....
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EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports _____
Report E0049
G -.Ghana -
Mining Sector Management&. Envionment. Project .EA Category B
Environmental Analysis
June 1994
This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
GHANA
MINING SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
AND
ENVIRONAMENT PROJECT
PROJECTIFORMAATIONDOCUAMENT
Emrvnme,xAmess=e Caftgory B
hIsued by the Environental Protection Council (EPQGovmwnt of Ghana
anne 2,91994
Environmental Anlsis
GHANA
Overview
1. The objective of the above project is tD establish capacity in the Government to ensurethe sustainable development of the country's mining sector. This is expected to be achievedthrough the setting up of an effective regulatory framework to carry out all mining activitiesin an envir y sound manner. Pilot tesfting of different mechanisms and techniqueswill be used tD improve the productiviy and financial viability of small-scale miners while atthe same time reducing environmental impact of these activides. The aim is to provideincentives to small-scale miners to contain their activities tD clearly demarcated areas of land,providing them with access to geological inmormation and technology as well as extensionservices to enable mining activities to be carried out in an environmentally sustainablemanner. In addition, the project will address the environmental impact of past miningactivities through the pilot testing of different techniques and mechanisms for reclamation and -.
rehabilitation of priority areas.
2. The project aims to provide assistance to the Goverment to achieve the followingobjectives with regard to environmental management in the mining sector: (i) minimization orpre-emption of envirommental impact of new mines; (ii) contaiment of the impact ofestablished mines; and Ciii) assessment of best practices and options for ensuring thereabilitation of disturbed land. In order to achieve these objectives, the project will providetechnical assistance and capacity building support to the mining sector agencies. In addition,the project will carry out pilot testing of alternative techniques including equipment andprocessing technology which will increase the productivity of small-scale miners while at thesame time containing the environmental impact of these activities. The equipment andtechnology to be pilot tested, will be limited to those that are already operational and havebeen approved as being environmentally responsible in the source countries. They will betested for applicability to local conditions and acceptability by the small-scale miningcommunities. The project will also address the reclamation and rehabilitation of land degradedthrough past small-scale mining activities. The reclamation and rehabilitation activities will becarried out on a pilot basis, to test best practices and cost-effective mechanisms.
3. Ihis project has been classified as Category B, according to the Bank guidelinespertaining to environmental review procedure. The design of the project benefitted fromseveral studies that were carried out by the Minerals Commission of Ghana, to ascertain theimpact of small-scale mining activities on the ecology and on communities. These studieshave assessed the social, environmental, health and safety impact of small-scale mining.Summaries of two of these reports (Socio-economic Impact of Small-sale Mining andEnvironmental Audit to Study Effects of Small-scale Mining Activities on Vegetation), areattached to this document, as Annex I and Annex IL
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Nature of the Project and Environmental Analysis
4. The project is mainly a technical assistance project and the only investments are of apilot nature. The project contains a significant degree of flexibility in design, unlike atraditional project where the type of investment and the resulting impacts on the eco-systemsand communities could be asessed during the preparatory stages of the project. In thisproject the equipment to be utilized would be detrmined during the course of projectexecution, depending upon the applicability to local conditions and acceptabBity by thecommunities concerned. Likewise, the reclamation of land would be carried out on Landsdetemined by the Govemment and by communities, as being priority. Reclamation will becarried out using community involvement and participatory methods. Once the types ofequipment and processing techniques are determined under the project, and the reclamationmethods and locations are demined in consultation with the recipients, specificenvtironmentalanalysis will be carried out as part of project implementadon, to determine bestpractices and midgation measures.
5. During appraisal of the project, a Beneficiary Particpation Workshop will be held, ina location where small-scale miners are active to enable inputs of all stakeholders to beincorporated into the details of project design and arangements for implementation. Ideas ofbeneficiaries will be sought, particularly with regard to the implementation of the pilotacivities.
Prject Components as they address Enviromnental Management in the Mlnii8 g Sector
6. A brief description of the project components in the context of how they addressenvironmental management in the mning sector is provided below:
Strengthing of Mning Sector Institutions
7. This component comprises four sub-components:
(a) hnproved Regulatory Framework. Under this sub-component, the projectwould provide assistance to the mining sector agencies to review existinglegislation, regulations and monitoring and enforcement activities in order todetermine modifications for the improvement of the institutional andregulatory frmework. Guidelines and standards would be developed forenvironmental monitoring and control of all mning activities. This activitywould be carried Out by the Minerals Commission (MC) in Ghana, in closecollaboration with and under the guitance of the Environmental ProtectionCouncil (EPC).
(b) Improvement in Enforcernent. Support will be provided under this sub-component to the Mines Department (M) to caury out inspection, monitoringand enforcement responsibilities, particularly with regard to environmentalinpact and health hazards. Equipment will be procured for the MinesDeparanent to carry out monitoring and sampling of air, soil and water in andaround mine sites.
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(c) Environmental Informatdon. Assistance under the project would extend tothe setting up of a mining/environmental data base which would be part of acomprehensive mineral information system. The environmental data gatheredby the Wmes Department, petaining to soil and water quality in and aroundmine sites and information pertaining to mine effluents would be fed into thedata base. This data base would fully consistent with and compatible to theEnvironmental Information System being developed at the EPC.
(d) Studies. Studies to be carried out under this component include an analysis ofappropriate mechanisms to enforce regulations, including (i) an assessment ofthe applicability of performance bonds and other measures to ensure that mineoperators carry out eavironmental mitigation; and (ii) a pollution abatement,water and sanitation strategy for the township of Obuasi, where pastenvironmental degradation is especially severe.
Assistance to Smalkscale Mining Enterprises
8. Under this component, equipment and technology known to be environmentallyresponsible, would be pilot tested to determine their acceptability to local small-scale miners.The dissemination of these as well as processing technology which is environmentallysustainable is aimed at reducing the environmental impact of small-scale mining activities.The project aims to provide incentives to small-scale miners to contain their activities tospecific locations in order to minimize environmental impact on extensive land areas.Extension services would be provided under the project to carry out mining activities in aresponsible manner, which would include traWing in activities such as the safe disposal ofmine wastes, handling of toxic or hazardous materials, safety in mne operations and therestoration of the land utilized to an acceptable state.
9. Under this component, degradation of lands through past mining activities of small-scale miners would be addressed through the pilot testing of methods to reclaim andrehabilitate priority areas. The MC has already commenced the idetification of priority landareas that have been degraded, in consultation with the EPC and with the departments of landand forestry. Reclamation work has already begun on some priority areas in the GreaterAccra area. The project would build upon the work already carried out, and carry out pilottesting of different mechanisms for rehabilitation including participatory approaches wherecommunity involvement would be sought in the reclamation and reforestation activities. Theaim of this sub-component would be to determine cost-effective methods for futurereclamation activities. Reclamation activities will include the closure of abandoned shafts andsurface dumps and filling of mined out areas. Rehabilitated land will be planted with fast-growing indigenous vegetation, mobilizing community participation in the selection of plantvarieties as well as with regard to the methods of afforestation.
PID.M&E
&A X
06
SMALL SCALE GOLD AND DIAMONDMINING IN GHANA
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY..
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Prepared For
THE MINERALS COMMISSION ANDGTZ
(TECHNICAL COOPERATION FEDERAL REPUBUC OF GERMANY)
by
L Dr. M. Y. Boateng (Team Leader)
Ms. E. Ofei-Aboagye
Mr. T. K. Nsiah
January, 1993
-- .- - -- ~-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .-
~~. * ~EXE-CU!ZXYE SmuXN RE 0 MYE SYUDY1.0 INTROD=NT
W 1.1 Small Scale Mining had been fraught with illegalities due
mainly to foreign exchange restrictions. Resulting from the
t cStructural Adjustment Programme (SAP) the sector was legalized in
May 1989 by PNDCL 218. The Minerals Commission was charged with
the responsibility of implementing the law, thus the -Small Scale
Mining Project. The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-
economic impact study of the project and to provide guidelines f'or-
the second phase.
1.2 Study Area and Tarcet Group and Kethodologa
The study area comprised all the Small Scale Mining areas
(except Kibi and Konongo areas), and the target groups were
considered to be the Project Management Unit (PMU), the Extension- Officers (Field Officers), and importantly, the Concession Owners,
Workers and the Licenced Buying Agents (LBA's).
The study used both Primary and Secondary Data.
2.0 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC8 OF THE S8 MINERS
2.1 Family Size Age and Marital Status
General characteristics of the target group (the Miners) are
III very vital for planning purposes. The average age of the Miners
(including the Buyers) is 38; however the Workers seem to be much
younger, with an average age of 33. Eighty-eight percent of the
target group are married with a family size of seven persons, five
of whom are dependants.
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mlI-
pl~2.2 ocaupation ad Re119i@n
The major occupation for about 65% of the respondents is
mining business, the rest have farming as their major occupation.
Those who have mining as their major occupation have farming as
N their minor occupation and vice versa. There are two main
N religions at the target area, namely: Christian and Muslim. About
77% of the Survey are Christians while 19% are Muslims, the rest
being pagans.
N 2.3 Education
It is interesting to note that about 89% of the respondgnts
PU have had formal education ranging from Middle to Post Secondarya School. The LBA's have all had formal education that will enable
them to read and write some English. About 87% of the Workers have
N had Middle School education. Just 11% of the respondents have not
had any formal education.
2.4 EthnicitY
Most of the operators are Akans (84%), followed by North-
;l erners (12%), and then Ewes (4%). About 63% of the LBA's and the
Workers respectively are migrant operators however 64% of the
N concession owners are indigene. On the whole less than half (43%)
of the operators are indigene while majority (57%) are migrant
operators.
N. .
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N-
3. 0 DENEIICTCRY PERCEPTION OF THE PRQJECT
3.1 The Minerals Commission was charged with the responsibility
of implementing the SSM Project which made the PNDCL 218 operative.
The most important beneficiaries of the law, viz-a-vis the project,
are the Small Scale Miners, which comprise the Concession Owners,
the Licence Buying Agents, and the Workers. In order to ascertain
the authenticity of their responses, the study tested the miners
awareness of the project/law.
3.2 Awareness*
The study indicated that virtually all the three groups of
respondents were aware of the project and the Law, except-some 3%
of the Workers who expressed unawareness of the project. They all
got to know about the project/law mostly through the radio and
through friends; and most of them got to know about it in 1989.
3.3 Peroeetion
The first impression the miners got was that the project was
going to make them rich because they could then operate without
apprehension and going through cumbersome registration procedures.
They perceived the project to be job creating, also.
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3.4 P*resnt Situation
Several responses were recorded from the respondents
concerning the benefits of the project. The Concession Owners and
the LBA's h'ave similar responses, ranging from (top priority) "I
now have enough money to look after my children in school; I am
able to expand my farm and other jobs" to "I am able to build a
hoUse". As regards the workers their first relief was that they
had no fears in working since they could now operate under 0
Licenced Concession Owners. Their main benefits can be read from
their responses. "I can now get a regular source of income to look
after myself and family; My living conditions have changed for the
better, "and, "I have been able to improve upon my farming
business". Few of the workers however expressed negative feelings
about the project, alleging that they saw no improvement in the'ir
lives because the mineral content in the land where they worked was
very low, so they got very little after hard work.
3.5 Work Problem
There is some light animosity between the LEA's and the
Concession owners since each operator is under different entities.
Thus the linkage between the LBA's and the Concession Owners is one
of uneasy Co-existence through the Workers/Diggers.
'qZ
" ~~~~~~~~~xvi
U1.
4.0 * CZNLfi&UBDNx
4.1 The marketing function is performed by the Precious Minerals
Marketing Corporation (PMMC), although under the Minerals
. Commission, but outside the project domain. The study observed
very pertinent marketing problems from the Miners.
4;2 Differeaces in Valuation
The Cencession Owners and the LBA's find vast differences in
valuation between them and PNMC. The LAB's complained that when
M they sent their minerals to PMKC the valuers would not allow them
to see toe process of carat determination. The Concession ouners
5J see another difference from the type of machines or Scales-, both
parties use, in addition to the LBA's observation.
- _ Both the LBA's and the Concession Owners feel the present
M -mariEgtIig arrangement is too expensive and risky. They all have to
travel to Accra to sell their stuff, incurring very high
transportation cost, hotel bills and exposing them to risks of
keeping their stuff and money safe. This encourages illegal buying
_ and selling of the minerals, since the risk of selling at Accra is
= higher than selling a chunk of the stuff to illegal buyers. The
* ! Workers alleged that there are fewer buyers in their areas of
" operation so the buyers dictate the price and thus makes the
business unlucrative. There is always the temptation to find
illegal buyers to ;ell to them. PMMC's monopoly position is
_ therefore hurting the project.
xvii
rn- '
4.3 PN0C4 PriCing PrOgAt=r
The basis for forecasting weekly prices by PMMC is by using
the weekly prices on the world market, and supplementing with their
perception of the future price trends. Using the estimated and
real prices documented by PMMC, the consultants observed that the
procedure was not based on scientific method of forecasting where
econometric or simulation methods are employed. Thus any increase
in price is due to the depreciation of the local currency not on
demand and supply of gold in the world market.
4.4 gold and Diamond Pur-chases During Proieat Pariod
One of the objectives of the project is "to increase-the
official earnings from the sector". The available data indicate
that the SSM produced (or sold) 7,717 ounces of gold valuing P984
million in 1991 only, while the PMMC purchased 548,782 carats of
diamonds worth p6.5 billion in the same year. It is estimated that
an average of J5 billion or US$13.3 million could be realized each
year during the project life. (This estimation is very
conservative), from production of gold and diamond from the Small
Scale Mining. There is therefore a high prospect for the second
phase of the project if management would implement sone very
important suggestions by the Consultants.
xviii
T.
5.0 ISOCIO-EcONOKZC
5.1 Nmg thu obi.atiTia or the Proiect axm:
- To create employment in the rural and urban areas,
especially to absorb the retrenched labour;
- To improve mining skills of the Small Scale Miners and to
improve the production process or techniques;
- To improve Small Scale Miners' access to equipment,
capital and marketing outlets.
5.2 EmblovUent
The study revealed that about 1,200 retrenched workers-were
absorbed by the project, while the total estimated employiient by
the project is in the range of 24,000 and 30,000 if we consider
those operators who are not yet registered but are operating behind
some association names. It was thus observed that each Concession
owner employed an averaged of over 60 workers, while an LBA
_ employed an average of 4 people. The the project therefore, has
fulfilled the first objective.
5.3 !mproovem9at of Minig Slcills
Mining Skills were measured in our study through training
and types of training attended by or given to the SSM's. Although
very few SSM's were trained in adulterated gold, health aspects,
Safety aspects and Operation of Simple Equipments and Methods of
N * working, as well as Emergency and First Aid Procedures, the
xix
N-~~~~~~~~~~~~~_U
number is so negligible that it can be concluded that the trainings
wie not effective. Perhaps the second phase will consider this
objective very seriously.
5.4 Sourc. of Iinance/Credit
One of the important aspects of the project was to improve
SSM access to equipment and capital. The study tried to find out
where the operators obtained finance/or credit. The main source of
finance at the target area is Private Money Lender, followed by
Family Money, and Own savings. Sometimes they obtained some money-
from fiends. None of the respondents obtained credit from :the
project or the bank. The study revealed that the objective quoted
above has not been addressed. It is hoped that the second phase of
the project will tackle it seriously, if the miners are to adopt
new technology and improve their mining skills.
6.0 HOUSEHOLD INCON END WELFARE OF THE S SAL c 89AI"MNERS
6.1 The ultimate aim of any project is to make the beneficiaries
better off. Among the terms of reference of the study is one which
* requests for determination of (household) income, consump-tion, and
welfare patterns of the target group of the project.
S
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6.2 No.s.hold Incomes in the 8urvey area- The household incomes were measured via expenditure pattern
-||g and how much respondents were prepared to sell their services. The
LBA, on the average, spends ¢188,5OO every month and the breakdown
is as follows: 32% on food, 29% on housing, 10% each on clothing
and transportation, and the rest on Education, donations etc. This
- suggests that an LBA in 1992 was earning approximately X2.3 million
W||S per annum. The monthly expenditure for a Concession Owner was
calculated to be S142,384 on the average. The distribution is
similar to that of the LBA. Thus the annual estimated income for
a Concession Owner was 91.7 million. Similar analysis was done for
No the worker, and his monthly expenditure was 9O,O00, suggestinn an
annual Income/Expenditure of X1.08 million. Asked how much they
would sell their labour/services for, the worker who spends C90,000
g a month would sell his services for about g70,000 a month, the LBA
will settle for Z145,000 a month, while the Concession Owner will
" be content with C122,321 a month. Probing for more information the
" . .-.iners said that they also earned substantial money from their
secondary occupation. The LBA earns ¢166,000 a month from his
* secondary occupation, the Concession Owner earns gS3,000 while the
worker earns £28.000 a month from his secondary occupation. If you
q add the value of his services to the secondary occupation it can be
* concluded that the monthly income far exceeded the monthly
expenditure, suggesting that the excess is saved. For example the
worker's total monthly estimated income is C97,400 which exceeds
--! ehe expenditure by Z7,400. Thus income via expenditure is a
urn~~~~~~~~~x'' -U
conservative measure. If we accept the expenditure as income,i it
can be safely said that those in the Small Scale Mining
sector/business are far better off financially than Chief Directors
in the Civil or Public services.
6.3 8Lvinas
The above analysis shows that some of the respondents make
some savings (difference between expenditure and income). The
study showed that less than 40% of the survey actually save. Those
who save more are the Concession Owners. The most common use of
savings of respondents is for investment in tools and equipment for
the business, however a few use their savings for consumptionq~~~_ goods, especially electrical appliances, while some invest in'off-
mining business like farming. The usual reason for not saving is
that the proceeds are not enough.
U 6.4 Welfare of Resoondents
The welfare measurement in our study was assessed through
ownership of homes, work-days, and sick-days. A quarter (25%) of
the respondents own their own homes; 46% of the concession owners
4' own their own homes, followed by 31% of the LBA's and lastly 12% of
the workers. On the average the miners work 6 days a week as
compared with the civil service of 5 days. * This may explain why
* they earn more than the civil or public service. About 7 days a
month was recorded as sick-days. The LBA's reported much more
xzii
U
U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
sick-days (lO) than any of the other two. The Concession Owners
q are more healthy than the LBA's. About 7 sick-days a month for
_ workers are acceptable due to the labourous nature of their work.
7.0 KM.Q2MZAZIQN
7.1 The project has as part of its strategy to encourage the use
U of improved equipment and appropriate technology, and this calls
for a viable credit scheme. Such credit schemes can be effici-
ently effected through groupings like the Smallholder Credit Input
* and Marketing Project (SCIMP) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA.):
The study revealed that out of the 104 respondents only 2B%-.(29
people) belong to some organizations. Asked why they did not
belong to any organization in their community those who responded
negatively said there were no mass organisations in their
flu communities. Others said they had been disappointed by
organizations before. The workers who do not belong to any
organization said they were not convinced by the objectives of
organizations. All this suggests that there has not been any
deliberate effort by the project to organize the target group .nto
associations to benefit from some credit scheme. Efforts should be
made towards this direction if objective 5 of the project is to be
achieved.
U xx~~~~~~~~ziii
S..
8 .0 CONB!RAIN!S OF T1E OPERKTOR&
8.1 Several objectives for the successful implementation of the
project have been addressed in the study. The study has traced the
activities. of the target groups (the miners) and how the
objectives/strategies impacted on these activities. Small Scale
Miners face several very important constraints that together limit
their ability to expand production.
8.2 Constraints Identified
The survey revealed that the most constraining resource is
mineral land, followed by money or finance/credit for operativ^t.
|lnll Tools and EauiDment/Machines for mining ranked third. The highest
constraint outside the domain of the project is good Drfce for
Rroduct, viz-a-viz marketing problem. It is hoped that the second
~ phase of the project will address these issues very fervently.
zziv
I 9.0 AN ASBEBSXENT OF TNE ACHIEVEKENTS OF THE PROJECT 'I BOECTXVESFROMX THE PONT OF VXEW OF TRE PROJECT/FIELD OFFICERS
9.1 The Nine Project/Field Officers interviewed indicated that
_ the objectives of the Project had been achieved to some extent.
They all mentioned that the objective of generating legitimate
employment in particular had been met. Another important objective
- that a sizeable proportion (67%) mentioned as having been met was
the reduction in smuggling of minerals and increased earnings in
" foreign exchange to the state.
9.2 Constraints ExDressed by the Project officers
"U Some of the constraints to the effective performance and
subsequent achievement of the project's objectives were
U identified. The majority of the Project Officers (90%) stated that
the riaiditv of the lega1 framework was a major constraint. More.
than half felt that the lack of adequate financial support and
aDDrobriate eguipment for mining and processinc operations had
hamPered the success of Small Scale Miners under the auspices of
the Project. Other salient constraints mentioned was conflict
with/lack of co-operation from the staff of the Mines Department
and some district administrators.
An assessment of the delivery of the various components of
the Project that had been proposed was also made. These included
- training for project staff; and technical, financial and
administrative assistance to Small Scale Miners.
xZV
2
9.3 Training for Proisot Offiar.
All project staff had benefitted from short-term (i.e. less
than three months) professional development programmes both locally
and externally under the auspices of the project.
Some programmes had been related to "Objectives-Setting" and
Project Planning. Other programmes had facilitated the develop-
ment of technical skills such as the testing and use of improved
equipment, gold metallurgy, extraction and assaying. Eighty-nine
per cent had benefitted from study-tours in Zimbabwe.
9.4 TeChniIa1 Uxuertise
The aim of the Project which is to give Small Scale Miners
access to technical expertise was considered to have been achieved
ff _ to some extent. All Project Officers provide assistance to Small
Scale Miners by way of exposing them to more efficient methods of
mining processing and use of equipment. Other forms of assistance
< related to technical aspects of the job given include issues in
health and safety, land reclamation and the tracing of rich gravel
zones.
9.5 Work-gethods
More than half (67%) of the Project Officers considered the
working methods of their clients economically acceptable. The
three officers who felt that their working operations could be made
more efficient economically suggested that efforts should be made
to employ methods that will enhance recovery of the ore.
.. Km' ;
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~ov
The majority (89%) considered the working methods of their clients
environmentally unacceptable. More than half of them stated that
while small Scale Miners destroyed the eco-system, they did not
seem to have any plans for reclamation. As such there was the need
to step up education for both Project Officers and Small Scale
Hiners..
on financial and finance - related assistance given by the
Project or under its auspices, the major form of assistance
provided has been credit/loan facilities for the purchase or hiring
of equipment.
9.6 Pro_Jet Officers' ssistance to the SSK
As part of the package to assist Small Scale Miners, Project
Officers aee expected to provide them with administrative and
organisational assistance. All the Project Officers interviewed
indicated that they give this form of assistance. However in
certain key areas such as in records keeping, the formation and
management of co-operatives and the. acquisition of relevant
permits, the officers indicated that they have not assisted Small
Scale Mining ventures to a large extent.
. vii
9r7 ONMention for WorX Xugroveimt
Xn view of the fact that the Field/Project Officers have
in their work, been confronted with the practical difficulties and
bottlenecks, their suggestions on improving the implementatioz? of
the project were solicited.
Their suggestions for improvement included the following:i
- Regular training and uDdate of skills of both Proj'ect
Officers and Small Scale Minera; the Project Officers
suggested training in Business, Progect or Production
Manaaement for themselves. They also suggested training
in the provision of extension services and
_ - environmentally-friendly mining practices.
--., - Amendment of Small Scale Gold Ninina Law to allow for
-limited RrosDectinc, "blasting" and the inclusion of
other precious minerals (in addition to gold) in the law.a - Intervention of authorities in the allocation of
concessions; namely, that government should intervene in
t- __ -the re-allocation of mined-out lands of large scale
mining concerns to Small Scale Miners. Other viable
lands should be located, demarcated and made ready for
allocation.
xxviii
- A more conscious effort should be made to provide credit
at reasonable interest rates and ecuiDment to intended
benef iciaries; the possibility of establishing a Plant
Pool to assist Small Scale Miners was alsp to be
considered,
- - Sg=ice centres should be stb hd at strategic places
(e.g. District Centres) to offer such services: as
geological assistance and assaying. PMMC centres could
even be sited at the District Centres.
- The streamlining of *relationships with the Mines
Department and District Administration Offices; and.
- Enhancing co-ordination and communication links between
the district offices and the headouarters.
FF:
I. 1 ' is
3ECOIO3NDaZoNs FOR TRn mIDY
The study has shown that employment,. legalization of SSM,
enhancement of SSM activities, and increase of official earnings
enshrined in the project objectives have been effectively achieved.
However, two of the objectives, namely: improving mining skills,
and access to equipment and capital, have not been effectively
addressed. Marketing of the precious minerals by the SSM leaves
much to be desired.
The project officers also have observed similar achieve-
ments and bottlenecks of the project impact as stated above, and in
addition have observed anomalies in the legal framework of the
project and limitation in their capacity to deliver effective
extension services to the SS, as. vell as discordant elament
between the mines department and the district administration.
In view of the above, the study recommends that:
1. More mineral lands of the large scale mining concerns be
released to SSM.
2. The project should form the SSM into some groupings or
co-operatives to enable them benefit from credit, tools
and equipment lease or high -purchase.
3. Government amend the Small Scale Gold Mining Law to
include limited prospecting and "blasting", and the
inclusion of other precious minerals, in addition to
gold, in the law.
Z=
4. Harketink p which is the backbone of the project success
needs to be overhauled to break the monopoly position of
P3UC:
a) there should be more buyers preferably at every
mining area.;
b) precious minerals marketing should be decentra-
lized;
c) the equipment for weighing and carat determination
should be standardized like that of the Cocobod;
d) the pricing method should be improved to reflect
supply and demand forces of the market. -
5. Relationship between the project and the PMNC sKould be
streamlined to encourage transparency.
6. Relationship between Mines Department and District
Administration should be streamlined to ensure success of
the second phase of the project.
7 There should be proper needs assessment of the Project
-- _Officers to enable the project develop a training
programme to develop their human resources to enable them
better serve the SSM in the second phase of the project.
X=i
7.~~~~~~~~~~~~~A e m1.
SMALL SCALE MNING PROJECTL;
13 ENVRONMENTAL AUD1T TO STUDY TE EFFECrS OFSMALL SCALE MNING ACTIVTITES ON VEGETATION
FINAL REPORT
:1 BY
'9 DR. ANGELINA JUMAHPRINCIPAL CONSULTANT
AND
JAMvES ADOMIAKO & DANIEL ABBIWASSOCIATE CONSULTANTS
J * DEPARTMENT OF BorTNY, UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON
SEEMBER, 1993
*~~~~~~~~~~* .- , .. _,~'
AN.W '
rlACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our appreciation to Prof. B.C. Clerk of the
Department of Botmny, University of Ghana, Logon for stimulating
discussions during the planning of the proJect, deigning bf the
questionnaire and preparation of tho manuscript.
We will like to thank staff of the "inerals Commission at the various.
centres for assisting in the field organization of the work.
Technical assistance by fr. JY. Amponsah is gratefully acknowledged.
.a
.,I
.I
[j CONTENTS
Page
; SUMMARY ......... .......................... ***** I
TERMS OF REFERENCE .. ................. 2
| . INTRODUCTION . .... ... *................... 3
A1 2. METHODOLOGY .............. ...... 13
J 3. VEGETATION TYPES OF THE STUDY AREA .................. 14
*1 4. PROCESSES OF EXTRACTION OF THE MINERALS .............. 17
5. THE CONCESSIONS ................................... 19
6. CONCLUSIONS ........................... 121
7. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 124
8. REFERENCES ........... ... . 132
9. APPENDIX 1.
10. APPENDIX 2.
U.
.0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
V..
SHALL SCALE HINING PROJECT
Environmental Audit to Study the Effects ofSmall Scale Hinina Activities on Vegetation
SUHMARY
The tormas of reference of this study required a study of
the impact of the activities of small scale gold and diam6nd&
miners on the environsenz. The effects of the operations. on
the vegetation, soil and ecology of 43 concessions. havo-been
studied. The concessions are in the Central, Eastern, Western
and Ashanti Regions and the majority lie in the Hoist Evergreen
and Hoist Sezi-Deciduous forest zones. Vegetation types en-
countered are grassland, forest regrouth, secondary thickets,
swamp forests and secondary forests.
Transects and quadrats were used during the survey. Plant
species were identified and the frequencies and families to
which they belong determined. The records presented include
.1 the economic inportance of the plants. Mining is taking place
in river beds, along river banks and on land. Operations have
greatly affected the vegetation and the soil, and some areas
which have long been abandoned still show a scarified land-
scape, because rehabilLtation is not being carried out.
UFEM ff SCALLE N1 U71 VEA X X ES ON VEGETffT pa I.~~~FET OF SML ai
3
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Me , Ap.
The major mining operationva 'zvs TTvial mining,
land alluvial mining and excaNatibns of lode.
It is proposed that mining in rivers and at river banks
should be regulated and controlled to safeguard the stability
£ i of water flov. Rehabilitation of concessions should be en-
trusted to competent organizations like the Botany Departments
of the Universities and the Forestry Departsent. At the same
time, it should be the responsibility of the operators to re-
fill spent pits and trenches.
* ii TERMS OF REFERENCE
L. The Consultant shall study probleGs related to the
environment in connection with small scale gold and diamond
mining operations vithin the areas licensed tinder the Small
Scale Mining Project.
2. Iv- this respect the Consultant shall specifically
provide information on the effect of activities of licensed
small scale miners on the vegetation and the overall ecology.
3. The Consultant shall provide field inventory of
species of the vegetation in the selected areas, identifying
-- the various categories as follows;
1'
-, a) Families
b) Genera
Pap 2 FFEC IA SCAEW 1131 AiTIVJTZES ON VEGETATION
.
*-a -
* ~~~~cI Species - Identification and Frequency
d) Physiognomy of the vegetation
3-e) Economic importance
''1 f) Weeds and parasites
4. The Consultant shall identify the occurrence of uaz-
I lands, rlvers,and land-fills in the selected areas.
5. The work of the Consultants will enable the imp&ct O -
the activities of small scale mining on the environment t% %.
modelled.
6. The Consultant shall make appropriate recommendatiouz
fcr mitigation.
1. t'lTFODUCTION
The legislation on small scale mining in May 1989. provxi-.
:.- titutiona. 'ramework for bringing tiae opezar.ica.
illegal mining and =ale of precious minerals into the main-
j 5siream economy. In addition to helping government to recover
! t.he income from prectous minerals that would have hithertc. b_ :
-nu&gled out of t:.e :z;.ntry, the regularisation exercisz.:
1 expected to:
F1
_u '~~UfiCTS Of SMALL SCAL MIMIN xT'r:E;. ;fF; VE8EArUU Pag 3
..- :; E *.- *w'
i provide gainful * ascef
tng rural labour force
Li isprove rural weltare, and
Lit regularize the operations of ssall scale ainers in
q an environmentally compatible sanner, through the use of appro-
priate mining technologies.
A recent socio-economic impact study concluded in March
1992 revealed that the regulariisation scheme has helped in
creating about 24,000 rural jobs. The sector also recorded a
gross income of three billion cetis CC3bnl and contributed 13
I1 million US dollars CUSS13a) towards the balance of payment _
(Minerals Comuiss3om. pers. cons.).
However, in the event, sone harnful environmental effects
are beginning to appear. These include considerable destruct-
&on of %he vegetation (deforestation), excavation of deep pits
and trenches, and accumulation of tips of washed sand, gravels
_J and stones at mining sites. As a result, forest vegetation
with its direct and indirect benefits, beautiful scenery and
aesthetic values are interfered with or lost coMpletely.
Deforestation has serious Consequences. With the loss of
its cover, the soil suffers from extremes of temperatures and
soil erosion which removes amuch of the valuable top soil aeces-
sary for both food crop and cash crop farming. It also causes
rapid runoff of ra,n water, resulting in floods during the
Pap 4 FMS OFLL W MNIMUU ATIZES U VUETATION
.1
[1 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~. ,.. * -'
rainy season. The forest canopy is a *hleli uhik braakbslhdtba
force of rain drops allowingi the water to reach the soil uore
gently and to sink into the soil.
Rhmoval of forest cover also causes rapid drying up,
especially in the dry season, of small streams that build the
rivers. This is even more serious when vegetation of water
shed is destroyed. Forest destruction could also lead to the
extinction of both plant and animal species. Herbivores die
:j. from starvation due to loss of their plant food, carnivores
suffer when their preys die off, and sany other specie: becoue
exposed to predators.
This study has become necessary for two reasons in line
with Part II Section II of PNDC L. 218. The first reason is
that unatever the nature of %he smpacts of ssall scale mining,
I they need to be documented. Secondly, a system of mining and
processing should be designed to mitigate the unavoidable nega-
I1- tive impacts in order to optimise the net benefits to the eco-
nosy.
Location.
I The study mas condueted on a nusber of concessions at
seven centres listed in Table 1.
2 EFFECTS OF SALL SCE XINuX A£TIVIZES ON 5WTATIE pop!
I
I .
1 - ~Table 1. Lpslof, 43- COROON SWI-SUX1. '' '
.1 Austin loan No. of Concessions#kin 0s" 5
J ~~~~Assin Fosu 5Bibimni 3Dunkua 2I nchli 7KCibi ITarkwa 21
I The centres are in the Contral, Eastern and WesternRegtons, (Fig. 1).
Vegetation.
Forest investigations by different workers in the past,
have revealed the existence of differences from one part of the
forest zone to another in the structure and floristic composi-
.tion of a mature high forest. This has resulted in different
classifications by the different investigators. Taylor 11952)
.1 places the vegetation types of sh- centres in the Celtts-
Triplochiton and Lophira-Triplochiton Associations, while
MCooney (1959) pLaces them in the Ve-t and Dry Facies of the
Cel.is - Triplochi:on Association. These tuo classificatacns
are based on the inventory of dominant esergent trees only.
that is those stands above LOu of height.
A serious omission in this systeu of vegetation classifi-
cation is that it is not trusly representative of the forest
flora, because %he understoreys, shrubs, cliabers, epiphytes
and flora of the forest floor, which together contribute a
Pap 6 gr[ IFW MAP SW DiME XZITIES II VNETZIN
In
I
:1 , .-r=..........
Bi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
.w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d
!-1~~~~*
| ~~~~SURVJNA FASO _r;
1. I. '1 I
t~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
I I. I
I -I~~~~~~ECH
w- I. s e S
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
f _ *"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a > w
n | F n * G
F m
Lt ~~~~~~~~Fijure x. Small-scalc mmm dirzica
Ž1 b.* ___ _*_ _lII
I. - large proportion of tke plant population, vere not taksen into
consideration.
A acre recent clasuification by Hall L Swaine (1981),
3i reproduced in Fig 2, identifies the forest types of the centres
as shoWUn in Table 2.
1 Table 2. Vegetation types of the study areas
Centre Vegetation type Annual Rainfall (us)Akin Oda Hoist Seni-deciduous 1500-L750
(South-east subtype)ii Assin Fosu * a) Moist Semi-deciduous 1500-1750(South-east subtype)
b) Dry Semi-deciduous type 1000-1250N c) Southern marginal type 750-1000
Bibiani Hoist Evergreen > 1750Dunkwa Hoist Evergreen > 1750Enchi Hoist Evergreen > 1750Kibi MHost semi-deciduous 1500-1750
(South-east subtype)Tarkva Hoist Evergreen > 1750
* The Assin Fosu Centre extends over three forest types.
The class.iicazLon of Hall . Swaine tIS81J take.m into
account all the species Cunderstoreys, shrubs, climbers, epi-
phytes and plants of the forest floor as well as the emergents
and tall %rees) that occur four or more times in a total enuse-
ration of 155 sample plots measuring 25m x 25m. The feateres
of these forest types could be summartsed as follous:
1 fEFFECTS OF ShUAL SCALE INIS XCTIZTEs : rE;moIaN Pap 7
U.,
n~ -. w- **
,.u %;. , :.. f.d~ .. a-.,.. ... en *0
LJ
n IVORY s { _ 8 sX TOGO
DONDOUIW kIUTAMPO. w v\maw JUr
- -i~~~NurnuUM ~~~~1:IJu.ANuI (PQBMAAM (
Fig. 2. uishibutI.D d foret typo. lota IMU ISuIme I97) i astkmal Ohana. Forest- type 'bbreathmst WU at bwiMa ME Hoist Everpem a.
MS *Mlist Se.I-deciduooi (NlW. orth vesWt euMy S, s.Seut-uutmMype)IOs. Dry SI-dscdwos (FZ. F1MeZensub1ye ilZulonnvZoneubhtyps ljSM Southern Marginat .
.1 ~ ~ E ^S R,s/C
I.wv
I.I'
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .,.
Hoist Evergreen type.
The tallest trees in Holit Evergreen forests are about 43a
high.. Deciduous trees form only a suall proportion C(20X) of
the canopy. Characteristic species of these forests include:
Dlchapezalus ctxtcarus (a woody climber), Dsoapyroa gabunenats
(-Akan: kusibiri); Maranches glabra (Akan: afamnini); Placodis-
cus bancoens I( Akan: kafuosonmni) and Rtnorea ablongifol fa
(Akan: apawutuntum).
Moist Semi-deciduous tvpe
U Trees in this type of vegetation are taller than in any
other type; heights often exceed 50m and sometimes 60n. The
I upper canopy consists of a sixture of deciduous and evergreen
species in varying proportions but on the whole the two occur
in about equal proportions, hence the name semi-deciduous. The
.1 understorey trees are sometimes gregarious. In contrast the
upper canopy is usually composed of a few species from a pOssi-
_ Xble list of about sixty. The characteristic species include:
-' Saphia n:icda Camwood (Akan: odven); CalycoboJus africanus
U (Akan: mutuo); Celtis 1lldbraedll (Akan: esa); Gr1ffonta
'1 slmpliclfolia (Akan: kagya); Microdesufs puberula (Akan: ofema)
and Nesogordon ia papaverifera (Akan: danta).
PiN-I;
I.
I.. ~~~ .y7n;~.
Dry Semi-deciduous type.
* ~~The tallest tress in this type of forest are mostly
-~~ between 30. and 45m in height. Characteris-tic trees include:
Cel:is zenkeri (Akan., esakcokoo); Cola *illenla (Akan; ananse-
dodua); Diospyros aonbuttensts (Akan: atwere-nantin); Stercuila
triagacantha, African Tragacinth. (Akan: sofa); 7Triplachacon
scleroxylon, Obeche, (Akan: uawa) and Zanthexyuan leprleurli
(Akan: oyaa).
* ~Southern Marxinal type.
q ~~Trees in this type of forest are rather short. rarely7.
exceeding Z-m. Species which are normally understorey trees
may form the main canopy with isolated emergents towering above
them and. forming a discontinuous upper canopy. Characteristic
species include Cynometra neg&JophyJla (Akan: anan-ta-akoal;
I ~Dialium guineense, Velve-t Tamarind, CAkan: asena; Ca: yooyi);
Dzospyros abyssinica (Ga: gblitso) and Nesogardanra papaveri-
fera (Akcan: danta).
Owing to years of human interference and dlisturbances, the
close-canopy forest is -virtually all lost except for few
pockets of fetish groves, sacred forests and burial grounds.
The original vege-tation has been replaced, in most cases, by
one or more of the following: permanent crop farms, food farms,
-' secondary vegetation, riverine vegetation and bare ground. The
nature of degradation which has gone' on in the areas- studied
EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE 115N5 ACTIVITIES ON VE6ETATZOM Pap, 9
' vould bo dsucw1bed in stotis1 in Section 5. A 1 ut of the con-
cessions atiidisd ta prasonted. in Table 3.
11.
. iin
.4
Ji
.1
1.
* .-_ 1 . b. ' ' '-
Table 3. Particulars of Concessions Studied
BRANTNAME LOCATION DISTRICT CENTRE SIZE DATEA.L. Issarrah Co. Ltd. Akatin Wust-Akim Akim Oda 25.0 5/2/90* No.SMP117ERClub one Man. Soc. Dochi Kwaebibirem Akim Oda 25.0 11/6/90No.SMP172ER
Kensworth Contract & Near West Akim Akim Oda 21.2 14/11/91Mining Ltd. Sesease
No. SMP273Ek*is1mLInga Yaaba Hin. Soc. Asuboa Dirim South Akim Oda 14.0 19/8/92No. SMP3 1 9ER
Abusuapanyin Korankye & Akim ICwaebibirem Akim Oda 6.0 15/2/93Group Scabe
No. SMP557ERGeisendorfer tln. Io. Ltd. tomua Winneba/ As. Fosu 25.0 16/I-10/9No.SMP263CR Abrekum Apam
IKwame Otabil/Boamnpong Ghana- Assin As. Fosu 5.0 23/4/92N .SMP299CR Camp -
Robert K. Akrabo & Group Atentang Assin As. Fosu 5.0 3i/10/9c- l j:| No. SMP2O4cR-_
?.wotku Sudtt U :at _r-juU v.ut cFUdi Assin As. Fosu 5.0itNo. sPm!P-rrf
Jacob K. Asmai.h *- Group Eguafo K.E.E.Abirem As. Fosu 21.0 14/11191No.SMP271CR
Sunsum Mining Co. Ltd. (Afere S/Juabeso- Sibiani 25.0No. SMP044WR Dia
* Nsuo Akyi Smai: Scale Bxbiani Atwima Dibiana 2.6No.SMP043AR
Yaw Adomako Ohiampe- Dib/Anh/ Bibiani 2.01 16/5/91No.SMP27ZLJR -n i-a BekwaiTonto Mining Enterpriso Tontokrom Amansie- Dunkwa 25.0
.j No.SMPO5OAR WestSamuel Okrah Jacobu Amansie- Dunkwa 3.0
No. SMPO'36_;fl East- Askwa Mining Group -ampe Wassa Amenfa Enchi 13.0 15/3/91
No.SMP229WR-' Lorando Mining Company 4;n.jchikrom Aowin- Enchi 23.4 26/4/91Xj No. SMP244WR Suaman
Prestige Mini no Groaur :, tfa? Aowin- Enchi 2S.0 4/3192No.S4P2B6WR. 'tqDum Suaman
^AbDlordepp*i:v *Thri a ' Aotjin- Erichi 25.: 15C I: 492- Consult Suaman
No.SMP297WRB.8. Mining Co. Lto. ' *:-rom Aowin- EnchL 25.0 6/5?92No.SMP301WF Suaman
Atuabo Small Scale . -_Uf Aowan- Enchi 24.0 312/93Mining GrouOU Suaman
No.SP35.wFcBawdie Small Scale ,t-w ie Wassa Enchi 25.C 15/2/93
Mining Group Amenfi3 . SMiP5o5WF
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE OHliH .E': mrs .n VEGETATION Page 11
I
Tabl* 3 (contdA.
Gemfind Conmpany Ltd. Jimpoman; Fantm- Kibi 24.6 10/5/91No. SMP248ER Ak wa
_' Nana Yaw Asantq Group lKwabedu Wasmaw- Tarkwa 5.0* I No.SMPO03WR IAwudua West
'J Yalsaj Co. Esuaso Was-aw- Tarkwa 225.0No.SMPO1BWR West
Mbmase Nsuta Wood Co. Ltd. Prestea Was-aw- Tarkwa 25.01 No. SMP02'_'WR Weast
Kyerenyianan Co-Op Kadadwen Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0Sol d Sac . West
No. SMPO:3SBWRKadadwen Co-Op Gold Soc. Kadadwen Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0
No. SMP039WR WestI Kanyankaw Co-Op Gold Soc. Kanyankaw Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0
No. SMP')9j2WP WestHun1-Va±Ley LO--Qp iJvarne- Wassaw- Tarkwa Q5.4 3Yio/e9
No.SMP066WR bekyere West+ 1 ESUSO CO-OP Gold Soc. EsuoLso Wassaw- Tarkwa 25. ) -. 3/10/E3
No. SMP069WR WestSunwin2 Aboie Co-Op Soc. t4wudua Wassaw- Tarkwa -5. ) *3/1(/ec-
No.SMP072WR WestDenkyembrom Co-Op Soc. An waso Wassaw- Tarl;wa 25.0 1!Ja-No* SMPO9SWR West
i Huniso Obuoho Co-Op Sac. Awudua Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0 13/3/90No.SMP10WR . West
Bompieso min. Co-op Soc. -tiompleso Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0: 12/7J90No.SMP141WR West
* ICKennedy & Thomas Grou.p ihwudua Wassaw- Tarkwa 15. S0 13/4/90No. SMPL7QWR West
Dakete Company Ltd. T.amso Wassaw- rarkwa 25.0: 17/7/90.No. SmPieiWR West
J Modern General Electri--l Agona Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0 27/9/90No.SMP193WR West
Ali Alhassan * Brcthers .awchiri- Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.*: &/11/9CNo. SMP2'6WR Prestea West
Bosomtwe Group Huni Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.0 25/2/91I' No.SMP221WR '-al I ey West
Donkoh gc 'aw Afeme Group Kawchiri Wassaw- Tarkwa 25.": 22/3/91No.SMP23T5WR W e-st
Tetrern Sinal Scale retrem Ahanta- Tarkwa 25.0 16/7/911 lMining Group West
No. SMP25-WRAlpha, Botwe & Group Bepoasi- Wassaw- Tarkwa 25." 86/7/933 No.SMPZ75WR !vrestea West
Page.Z EFFECTS OF SML SCALE IIIIIN6 ACrTIYTES u e!:r:
I.
n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *- Wa?
I .2. METHOLOB*
The m-thology of the stuiy was as follows:
h) The plant species of each area were identified and
listed. The frequency of the spmcies was then determined using
either.quadrats or transects.
i. Transect A transact of 25 metres was taken and
plants along it were noted at one metre intervals.*1 t
ii. Quadrat An area of 25m X 25m was demarcated and
all the species in tne area were identified and frequencies
determined.
_i
bi The general form of the vegetation in undisturDea
j -areas of the concession was studied and used as data base for
the determination of the extent of disturbance that has gone-on
i at the operation sites.
C) The operaLioni sites were studied by recording sires ot
cleared areas, sires and depth of pits and trenches, extent of
damn.ge to the v-eqet.at_,sn. soil and any water bodieas in tne
area..,
J dd) Photographs were taken of both undisturbed and opera-
SI tional sites.
e) The questionnaire, reproduced as Appendix 1 was used
*I Jto obtain full information on the activities of the mining
operations.
3 EFFECTS Of SALL SCALE NININ ICTIVITIES ON YEGETDIU F
mfi- - -
BzS~Wo
3. VEGETATION TYPES IN THE STUDY AREA
The a-man studiud are "ad up of secondary vegetation,
plantationk and farmlande. There were also highly degraded
lands in almost all the sites.
i) Secondary Vegetation.
This is the vegetation which has regenerated naturally
after a disturbed area has been abandoned. It goes through
different phases of development. Immediately the area in aban-
doned, any plants that survived the disturbance comence rapid
growth. The bare soil created by the disturbance allows
'I invading seeds to germinate and become established. Very soon:
the area becomes covered by a tangl- of herbs, such as members
of the Acanthaceae and Commelinaceam families, scramblers and
climbers including Acacia pennata, Combretus sp. and Griffonia
siaplicifolia and a few grasses like Panicum sp. and Centho-
theca sp.
Trees and shrubs with e+ficient -ned dispersal mechanisms,
especially those dispersed by wind and animals are among the
-, early colonisers. Invading trees fall into two ecological
groups; firstly those with very short lifespan (less than 30
years) like Pusan;a cecropioides Umbrella Tree, Harungana
madagascariensis and Albi ria zygia (Akan: okuro); and secondly
those which persist much longer and eventually become mature
forest trees such as Mz!icia excelsa Iroko (odum), Terainalia
il superba Afara (ofram) and Triplochiton scleroxylon Obeche
PageL4 EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE NlNII AVZIES ON VEGEUTA10N
23
.
3 (wawa). After about five years, the abandoned area consists of
.*4M4Ah. almost impenetrable vegutation mad. up of many young trees and
III masses of climbers and tangles. The vegetation at this stage
may be termed a secondary thicket. If the land is not further
nI disturbed, the process of recolonization and regrowth continues-! unutil the vegetation gradualljy changes into a secondary forest.
The area studied included different stages of regenerated
vegetation: far-m regrowth, secondary thicket, swamp forest and
grass cover.
a) Farm regrowth is very early stages of regeneration
nI of abandoned farms.
b) Secondary thicket is an intermediate stage of
regeneration, consisting of a very thick and impenetrable
vegetation of herbaceous plants, climbers, shrubs and small
trees and quite often tall, scrambling grasses like Scleria
J boivinii (Akan: aberewa sekan).
a) Secondary forest is a comparatively long-standing
forest with tall trees and much reduced undergrowth.
d) Swamp forest occurs in areas where the soil is
water-logged for a greater part of the year. The vegetation is
dominated by palms like Raphia hookeri, (wine palm) and Lacco-
sperma opacus, Rattan Palm. There are a few broad-leaved tree
species like Nitraqyna stipulosa (Akan: subaha) adapted to this
environment and the undergrowth consists mainly of ferns andu forest grasses like Leptaspis cochlemta.
EFFECTS Or SMALL SCALE MINIM ACTIVIT!ES ON VEGETATZON Oq is
t1
% -C-'-..
e) erass cowr is a rug-neration of nearly continuous
grass cover with small clumps of scrub. There arm hardly any
trees. Tht area with this type of vugutation is very close to.J
the sea (between Apam and Winnuba) and the present vegetation
might have resulted from poor drainage and high salt content of
the sail.
ii) Plantations.
2! This vegetation consists mainly of trees of a particular
species deliberately planted. Some concessions had plantations
of Hevea brasiliensis, Para Rubber, and Cassia siamea.
iii) Farmlands.
i These were farms of different food crops and cash crops.
The food farms consisted mainly of plantains, cocoyam and
4 cassava, often in mixed cropping. There were one or two corn
farms. The cash crop farms were those of Theobroma cacao
.4 (cocoa) and Elaeis-guineensis (oil palm). Such farmlands con-
tained a few small trees such as Albizia adianthifoZia (Akan:
pampena), A. zygia (Akan: okuro) and tall ones like Ceiba
pentandra, Silk Cotton Tree, (Akan: onyina), Milicia excelsa,
Iroko, (Akan: odum), Triplochiton scieroxylon, Obeche, (Akan:
wawaj and Spathoce& j.'ar.ulata, African Tulip Tree, (Akan:
kokoanisuo)-
iv) Degraded areas.
The highly degraced portions had hardly any vegetation and
>3 top soil left. Only a few trees are left standing, and most of
Page IS EFFECTS OF SMALL SCE MINNG ACT!VITIS ON VEGErATION
-Wv
them have their roots cut off during the excavation. Such
trees readily fall down in storms. The open pits, trenches and
craters, and the heaps of soil together with scattered fallen
trees dug up or blown down by storm give the area a derelict
appearance.
4. PROCESSES OF EXTRACTION OF THE MINERALS.
i.. Sold Winning.
There are three main gold winning processes, viz: _
extraction from rock (lode)
river panning and
inland panning.
a) Extraction from lode.
The vegetation and top soil are removed either manually or
mechanically with bull dozers to expose the rock which is then
chipped with hammer and chisel. The broken pieces are ground
with mechanical crushers or manually with metal mortar and pes-
tle into a very fine powder. The powder is washed (sluiced) to
concentrate the ore Ln a small quantity of water. A Few drops
of mercury are added to extract the gold by amalgamation. The
excess mercury is drained off and the amalgam is heated to
evaporate the component mercury leaving behind the gold.
EFFECUTS eF SIALL SCALE KIHING ACTIVIT:IE ON VEGETATION
I
I.,~~~~~~~~~~ ..
-ff
Sluicing l.done at the site eLther at a nearby stro-a or
a dug up well. The pieces of rock could also be transported to
working shops s-t up in nearby villages where th- processing is
carri d out.
b) Riv-r panning
Alluvial soil from the river bad is sieved in the river
for the ore. An amalgam is produced as described above.
c) Inland pan)ning
The vegetation is removed and the top soil is panned for
the ore using water from a dug up well or a nearby river. An
11 amalgam is produced by addition o4 mercury.
2. Diamond Winning.
rhe gem is obtained by panning the top soil and the sub-
soil after the vegetation has been removed.
=i
5. THE CONCESSIONS.
The plant species of the concessions and species frequen-
cies are presented in Tables 4 to 44. The families of these
_ species and the economic importance of the plants appear in
Table 45, and a summary-of the important features of the conce-
ssions in Table 46. Photographs depicting both the vegetation
and operation sites of the concessions appear in Plates 1 to 58
at pages 87 to 117. Rivers and streams on the various conces-
Page 18 EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE ZIIII6 ACTIVITIES ON WEHEATIM
sions, with thu exception of River Ankbral, worm not polluted
by chemicals as nonm are used at the site. The Ankobra River
has buan highly pollutud by slimes and waste from the Prastea
Goldfilds.
AKIM ODA CENTRE.
i. A.L. Issarrah Co. Ltd.: Akatan near Osenase (Alluvial
Gold)
The concession is situated in a farm regrowth. The plant.
species are recorded in Tables 4a and b. The area is a flat
terrain nd the Sushien river flows through the concession. The:
river is used by the inhabitants for washing and drinking.
About ten acres of the concession are occupied by a cocoa farm
and a plantain and cassava mix-cropped farm. About five acres
of the concession have been used so far, but there has not been
any activity at the site for the past one year.
Pits were dug and the soil panned in the river. No
attempts have been made to cover the pits (Plate 1).
J
..
EFFECTS F SnALLSCALE SIMIN ACTLIIT:; .'............. rveGEATION Paye IS
*1
-, Table- 4. Species List
Adenium obosum Manihot esculentaAgeratum conyzoides Marchantia speciesAnthocleiste vogelii Mimosa pudica
LiJ Artocarpus communis Musa paradisiacaAspilia africana Olyra latifoZiaAtaenidia conferta Panicuu laxumBambusa vulgaris P. maximusBlighia welzitschii Paullinia pinnatagrillantaisia patula Pennisetua giganteunCentrosema plumieri Phyllanthus niruroidesChro-olaena odorata Piper umbellatusCoaseZina species Piptadeniastrum africanu-
n Costus afar Pneumatopteris afraCyclosorus quadranqularis Pteris burtonuiDistemonanthus bentha-ianus Pueraria phaseoloidesEmilia sonchifolia Pycnanthus angolensis
| Fzicus asperifolia Rauvolfia vowitoriaF. sur Ricinodendron h-udelotii
Hoslundia opposita Setaria negaphyllari - Justicia flava Tabernaesontana crassa
Lapportea aestuans Theobroma cacaoMaLlorus OppOsitlTOLuS
Table 4b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FREQUENCYMallotus oppositifolius 1 4Ataenidia conferta 1 4Rauvolfia voaitoria 1 4
J Chroaolaena odorata 8 32Adeniuu obesum 1 4Aspilia africana 2 a
-j Piper uabellatum 1 4Homordica charantia 1 4Brillantaisia patula 2 8Manihot esculenta I 4
M Ageratum conyzoides 3 12Paullinia pinnata 1 4Centrosema plumier: 1 4Lapportea aestuans 1 4
TOTAL 25 100
O aut of a total of 25 sampling spots. A Total Frequency less
than 25 indicates absence of plants at some sampling spots.
+ Percentage Frequency calculated out of possible total of 25.
.Pap 2 EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE MulE ACTIVITIES ON vE-.4ITION
I
.4.. * -..
s- .. .*---'.2 e ss
ii. Club One Mining Sociutys Dochi near Praukese (Alluvial
Gold)
'The vegetation is partly secondary forest and partly farm
regrowth. (Plate 2). Thu plant species are recorded in Tablas
5a ang b. It is a flat terrain. There is about an acre of
cassava and corn mix-cropped farm and a stream in thu conces-
sion. The stream is usRd by the inhabitants as their source of
1 drinking water.
About an acre of the concession has been worked. Panning
is done in the stream and heaps cf sand and gravel were fbund
N at the washing site. Activities in the area have apparently
;s,pendea.
Table 5a. Species List
Alchornia cordifolia Justicia flavaAnr:ar:s toxicarza Manihot esculentaArtocarpus communis Mitracarpus scaberBrillantaisia patula Panicus laxu-Cassia absus Paspalum orbiculareChromolaena odoratd Phylianthus niruroides
-v Culcasia angolensis Pneumatopt.ris afraCussonia nigerica Pueraria phaseoloides
-- Des3odiua adscendens Pycnanthus angolensis- Dioscorea bulbifera Ricinodendron heudelotii
Elaeis quineensis Sida acutaEleusine indica Sporobolus pyra-idalisEuphorbia hirta Synedrella nodiflora
_ Ficus asperifolia Tabernaesontana crassaF. sur Terninalia superba
Hoslundia opposi.ta Xanthosoaa saffafa
iC
EFFE--CTS. OF'S"ALL SCALE MS ACTUd:E:.3-D VECETATION Page 21
Table 5b. Specie' Fr-quuncius (25 metre Transact)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEChrouolaena odorata B 32Sida acuta 2 BSporobolus pyramidalis 6 24
) Panicua laxum 3 12Paspalum orbiculare 1 4ritracarpus scaber 1 4Pueraria phaseoloides 1 4Zanthoso3a nafiafa 1 4hanihot esculenta B E
TOTAL 25 100
iii. Kensworth Contract and Mining Ltd.: Kobiriso near
Seseasi. (Alluvial Gold).
The concession is a flat terrain. The vegetation is
:Oti' 3a ;r_ture -e-cndary forest with a patch of Typha swamp
(Plate ,. The plant species for the area are recorded in
i1 Tables ba and b. A small stream, Bomofo (Pram) which passet
through tne ccncess:on is the main source of drinking water for
the inhabitants. Only about half an acre of the concession has
I been worked.
A buildozer ts used to clear the vegetation and dig up the
soi--0 for washing 'Plate 4). Washing is done by a small plant
using water from a specially constructed pond. Old pits had
been filled in.*1
-q
Page EFFECTS OF SIL SMALL ISICAL MINING:- *c~ .. ld
I
.1
Table 6e. SP-crna List
Ageratum cony:oides Persia americanaAlcharoia cordifolia Phyllanthus niruroidesAlstonia booneL Piptedenzastrui adricanumArtpcarpts comunis Piper umbellatum
LIJ Aspilif africana Pityrogranma calomelanosCarapa procera Playtcerium elephantatisCeiba pentandra Pteris acanthoneura
r1 eChromoleena odorata P. burtoniiCola gigantea Rauvolfia vouitoriaCyperus corpressus Setaria megaphylla
I Desplatzia subericarpa Solanum torvusFimbristylis triflora Sorghum arundinaceumGongrorema latifolium Terainalia superbaMarungana madagascariensis Trema orientalis
J jMomordica charantia Trichilia sonadelphaHusanga cecropzuides Triplochiton scleroxylortPanicus laxum Typha domingensisPaspalum orbiculare
N] Table 6b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
S'wEC I ES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE,Chromolaena odorata 6 24
F' Synedrella nodiflora 1 4Cyperus corpressus 1 4Panicum laxun 2 8I Ageratum conyzoides 3 12Sorghus arundinaceum 1 4Pityrogramma calomelanos 3 1-Phyllanthus niruroides 1 4
J Paspalus orbiculare 4 16Aspilia africana 2 8Desplatzia subertc-rpa 1 4
TOTAL 25 100
iv. Amunna Yaaba Mining Society: Asubua near Akim Oda
(Alluvial Diamoncai.
dd It is a flat, marshy area. Part of it, about five acres,
1 -s an old oil palm plantation and the rest, about ten acres, is
a shrumby thicket. rhe plant species are recorded in Tables 7a
IFrrr :i ALL SCALE- n!dh Tf E ONVGTATIO Fiqe 2..IU~~ :--¢ALC!-!'*; -uv6GQ ^
1=i .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WI
and b. A stream which it the major urce noi water
for the inhabitants runs thr6ugh thu concession.
About five acres of the concession have already been
worked. Shallow pits, up to one metro deep, are dug to expose
the gravel containing the gem. Panning In done In puddles of
.water that collect in the pits CPlate 5). Attempts are made at
reclamatiom by filling the old pits with soil and gravel dug
'1 from now ones, though not all pits are filled (Plate 6).
Table 7a. Species List
Aqeratum conyyozdes Ludzigia octovalvisAohvrn:a orT, :. Mariscus usell-atus
1 AJstonia boonez Panicuu laxumAspilia africana P. maximumBaubusa vulgaris Paspalu- orbiculareCentrosema plumieri Passiflora glabraChromolaerna odorata Paullinia pinnataConnelina capitata Pentodon pentandrusCyclosorus quadraniularis Phyllanthus niruroidesCyperus compressus Physalis angulata
,J Diqitaria horizontalis Pnreuatopteris afraDissotis rotundifolia Pteris burtonii-Eclipta alba Pueraria phaseoloidesElaeiz guzneensis Rottboellia exaltataEleusine indica Scieria boiviniiEailia sor.chifolia Solanuu torvuaEuphorbia cyathophora S. verbascifoziuuFiubristylis triflora Spigelia anthez-ialnperata cylindri.a Stachytarpheta cayennersis
'1 Justicia flava Trema orientalis
Page 24 EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE MINING ACTIVITZES 0N i.iT-;AT1D
I-'. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~MP
Table 7b. Specie. Frequencie. (25 metro Transact)
* ~~~~SPECIES FREQUENCIV PERCENTAGEE.laeis guhngeesis 1 4Pa,njcum lacum 2 9] ~Enilia sonchzfolza 1 4Phyllanthus rnzruroides 1 4Ageratum con~yzoides 2 a'1~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pueraria phaseoloides 12Chrosoaonava odoraeta 1 4RattboeflZa axaltata 1 4PaspaLua orb.zculare 1 4
TOTAL 13 52
.1 ~~v. Abusua'paning Korankcy. and Group! Saab. near K~ade.
* ~(Alluvial Diamondl).
The concession is in a flat, marshy area with a small
stream at one ena. The vegetation is partlyf swamp forest and
partly mature secondary forest. The plant species are recorded
in Tables Ba and b. A cocoa farm and a rice farm take up about
an acre of the concession.
Only about half an acre of the concession has been worked.-
4 ~Trenches up to five metres deep had been dug to collect the
* ~gravel containing thle gem. Washing is done in a specially c=n
structed pond (Plate 7).
Attempts are made at reclamati.on by filling old trenches with
soil dug from new ones.
3 ~EFFECTS COF SJL4.4L SCALE FIRIH A(TRMlTES: ON YEE7ATRION Z
-~~~~a
Table 9a. Species List
Adenium obesum Macarnga hurifolicAlbizia zygia forinda lucidaAlchornia tordifolia Dusanga cecropiaidesAnthocleistm vogelfi Palisota hirsutaAspilia africana Panicur laxuw
-, Baubusa vulgaris Paspalua orbiculareCeiba pentandra Paullinia pinnataCentrosena pluuieri Pentodon pentandrusCeratophyllus denersum Piper quineenseChromolaena odorata Pistio stratiotesCissus producta Pityrogramua calaoelanosCleistopholis patens Pneuuatopteris afraCouuelina *acrosperua Psychotria schweinfurthiiCulcasia scandens Psydrax subcordataCyclosorus quadrangularis Pteris burtoniiElaeis quineensis Pycnanthus angolensisI * Ficus sur Rhaphia hookeriFuntunia africana Sailax kraussiana
F. elastica Sterculia tragacanrtha71 Gonqroneua latifoliu- Tectaria angelicifoIia
Grewza malacocarpa Trichilia uonadelpha_ebuna& per p.* _szi t*
- Table 80. Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEAlchornia cordifolia 1 4Smilax krau-siana 2 8
- Pneuuatopteris afra 7 28Psychotria schneinfurthii I 4Panicus laxun 3 12Costus afer 1 4Paullzina pinnata 1 4Phyllanthus niruroides 1 4Chrouolena odorata 2 BAgeratuu con yzoides 1 4
U Desuodiua adscendens 2 BPa:zsota hirsuta 1 4RauvI fia vouitorza 1 4Dioscorea bulbifera 1 4
TOTAL 25 100
*.UT
| ~~PaquZ EFFECTSOF SMALSCL MINIM ATIVITIES O VEGETATIO
I
AMt -
ASSIN FOSU CENTRE
vt. Geasecorf r Mining Company Ltd.: Gomua Abrekum near
Winnena (Al-luvial Sold).
The concession is a flat land with mainly a grass cover
and patches of secondary thicket. The plant specie5 are
recorded in Tables 9a and b. -
Only a quarter of an acre has been worked. Pits (2m x 2m
-, and 4m deep) are cug manually and the soil washed in a water
reser.vir, constructa: at the site (Plate B). No attempts have-
been made at reclamation.
Table a. Spec:as _. ut
_ Abt_:;r; maair:?iarn: Passiflora glabraAniseia zarr nicer-s: Pennisetum subanqustuaAspUlia africana Phoenix reclinataAzadirac;..a zrndica Rhynchosia *inima
Borreria scabra Ruspolia hypoccrateriforse2. . .: _ . a,, . SansevAeria libericaCapraria biflora Securinega virosathloris barbata Sesbania sesbanChroaolaena odorata Sporobolus pyraeidalisDichrcrt~ s ayci- er-- 3Striqa heruonthecaEhreeza cymosa Tacca leontopetaloidesFinbristylis tritlora Triclisia subcordataGriffonia siaplicifolza Urginea indica-eteropoqon contort ; Uvaria globosa
Ii Lonchocarpus cyanescen- Vernonia cinereaMalacantha alr.zo.. V. colorataPanicuw naximum Vetiveria fulvibarbisrat8::n:a pinnata
.Ed4a SZASS 4 A2:4- :~:-TAT. ...
3 i i e; i" |x^!l
Table 9b. Specis Fr-quencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEAnislea martialcensis 3 12
_1 -fNoterapoqora covtortus 6 24Sporobolus pyr-midal is 1 4Azadirachta indica 12Securine9a virosa 1 4Triclisia subcordata 1 4Abutie.T. namauritiaria 1 4Fi-bristylis triflora 3 2Ch61ori oarbata 1 4
TOTAL 20 eo
.1,V!I 0w*-me '2abi1/Boamponq:* Akonfoci (Ghana Camp) near
Assin Fosu tAlluvial Diamond).
A flat swampy area covered mainly by a swamp forest. The
- = a:: ;- recorded ir. Tables J,va ar. b. Tr.ere Ia a
cassava farn. r tne concession.
Atiut twc ac-es o0 the concession have beer worbsed.
k Altr= tnere is a small stream (Baaoun) on the concession Zug
up grvoIl is _anned in water that collects :n the pit. -G
pits are -illed as the work proceeds.
iu
~.
* dJ
~~-~ ' _ XS._ ~* - JF.ni: Lz ;': s ........... ir . _;,. >....
PIZ.
Table 10a. Saecims List
AQer-a;. canayzoades PaJisotm hirsutaAlbiz:ia :ygia Panmcum laxuaAlchurnia cordifolia Paullinia pinnataAspilia african. Pentodon pentandrusCeiba pertandra Phyllanthus airuroidesC.ntrosema plucieri Pueraria phaseoloidesChromulaen. udorata R.phia hooker Commelina capitata R-uvolffa vaoitoriaCrotalarja retusa Secason-e afzeliiElaezs guintensis Solanum torvu-Ert4.i t .;lerat Sorghum arundznaceumKyliin .a pum ila Spathodea campanuZatsLudwzg.a octovalvis Sporobolus pyranidalisDariscus umbellatus Stachytarpheta cayrnnensisMimosa pudica Terminalia ivorensisNrwbouldia laevis Urena lobata
Table lOb. Species Frequencie (25 metre Transact)
SPECIES FREQJENCY PERCENTAGEAlchornaa cardifolia 1 4
ri Pan icus la us 4 16Aceratum 'r.v:;4:'.:.__.-v:...... 1 .4
'1 Sorghum arundisaceum 1 4Sporobalus pyramida:is 1 4Ludgiv -a octovalvis .1 4Pen:odo-t pertandrus 1 4Asp: i'a africana 2 a-Ci.aeli:a capitata 1 4Kylnr;.a pumzla 1 4
TOTAL 17 68
,;z::. RAoert Kof. Akrabo and Group: Atentang (Akonfodi.)
near Ass:n Fosu (Alluvial Diamond).
A ;1atland through which the stream, Baabun, also passes.
E::az: _a t an acre ot cocoa farm, the area is covered partly
ty : -e-,rowth and _ :. Dy a secondary forest. The plant
spec:es are recorded Ln Tables lla and b. The stream, Baabun,
passes tnrough this C-.-ce,SLan also.
* ... ~~~ %LEg !f1aii t;':2 ..- .*.:' tT ;c 3
II
l - -.
9 .
pitsAbout threu acres of thu concassion have been worked. The
pit% from which the diamonds are extracted are quite deep,
] about four to five metres, (Plate 9). Washing is done in water
tht collects in the pits. No attempts have been made at
n*' reclamation.
.iTable 'la. Species List
Ageratum conyzoider Pennisetum pedicellatu-Albz-za adianthifolia Persea americanaI Anthocleista vogelii Phyllanthus niruroidesAspilia africana Pneumatopteris afra
.ij Baphia nitida Pteris acanthoneuraCeiba pentandra Pueraria phaseoloides
U Chromo!aena odorata Ricinodendron heudelotliCnestir ferruoinea rettboel!f a eyaltat:Cola qz gartea Scoparia dulcisEleusine indica Smilax kraussianaFicus asperifolia Solanum verbascifoliumGriffonia simplicifol1a Sporobolus pyrauidalisHoslundra apposita Sterculia traqacantha
- Hugonia plarTchOnil Synedrella nodifloraS . tMallotus oppositizoi'us Terminalia superba
* ;ertflL_.L8 c.nerea
Pan iz..a _ aAuz
Tab = Sp Secies ?rocue-nc:es ' metre Transect)
C-PECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGECoabretua oyemense 1 4Saphia nitida 1 4S Chrouolaena odorata 7 28Panicua Zaxua 4 16Aceratum conyzoidez 4
, Phyl2:armehas n iruero:e 42' ? Sporobulus pyraaidalzs 2 8Scoparia dulcis 1 4Verneonia .zirerea 1 4
TOTAL 23 2
'a>-: . ^EF.FECTS OF SUALL SCALE MINMIN CTIVITIES ON d3-.-F:CJ
.1
* . - 5 -
.*.... ... . .et.>
ix. Kweku Se:du and Group: Akonfodi near Assin Fosu CAllu-
v:al Diamonoa.
A flai, marshy land. The vegetation is mainly a swamp
forest. The plant species arm recorded in Tables 12a and b.n
There is a small stream, Dunya, which forms the boundary at one
side of tne concession. A cocoa farm on a neighbouring plot
extenas for about half an acre into the concession.
Nearly two acres have been worked. Gravel from shallow
pits, about a metre deep, are panned in the water that collects
: :n tne pits (Plate 101. Abandoned pits are filled with dug -up-
* vegetation cover oi fresh sites and soil and gravel from 'new
jI Table- 1'-a. Scec:as L5st
Aanorpe ieucsbto:r%,a Marantochloa purpureaAqeratum conyzo:de-: Myrianthus arboreus
4 Albizia zyqia Palisota hirsutaAlchorruia cord:to2:a Panicum laxu-Alternanthera -as:fl- P. maximumA:atnmicle:sta v *:e.:.: Passif!ora glabraAspilaa africana Paullinia pinnataBaphia nitida Pentodon pentandrusCissus producta Phyllanthus niruroides
U Cyclosorus quadranru:Xrz;: Physalis anguiataDesm4 .ia.; j.Jsce;.c. Pneuaatcp:eris afra
*1 C!. ;arTgeticum Pter -e acanthoneuraDl. S..:... co 4_._. . Setarsa aeqaphyllaE13e.~- w .N ir.erfn: sDSida acutaEntada scelerata Solanua torvumJustic:a SynedrelZa nodiflora3 Lu&MJga oet:-:a':::
--*..~~~- - .Z:$ZCY CW- 4!%P;
U'-- X'^*- jj T, '. -zn e-
U~~~~~
Tabla '12b. itmiw Frmqumncis (25 metres transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPhyllanthus nrruroides 1 4.4spiFia africa3ia a ;z;ZIP erata cy!idr:s 4 liJusticia flava 2 8Der::>.) 1 4
J n ~Aqe7at:; ct'ny:ozdis 1 4C:A r! 3 .i 4 1t
A1.h.orr*ia o:r.4?iwoi:.a 1 4
. * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.
-1l.3O- KcLr.a Asmah and Group: Eguafo near Elmina (Allu-
3l Ths 's a hilly area partly covered with a farm recroiwthv,
* ...... _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a _.:or. .--_;-c:>! -Lf f = -.. r.e
!~ .-- ; e -w2 ampy- Tne plant species are recorded in Tables
't-5Ut two acres of the concession have been used. Tne
t=,so:l anr marm o- toe suosoil, xo a Cepth of two metres, are
- -z:vprn an-- w;asne-c - : -tract the .- e. The roots of trees at
It' .. '- . cr, s''tDFs h.O-:e -een exposed anrc n some cases cut %Plate
- ~ '1. it hao become n.ecessary to fell some of the large trees
uso a+ected to 3re-ent accidents should they fall dur -ng
I z.mc-. Washi- - -cne .n ; onds constructed at th-
.c: ate I2!.
*1 :-.e si:te =. u .imaby an old settlement. There ,re
; er --. * -. : -- d other implements among the .
SW. . . ::cr_. :- *:r's wer-e apparently goldsmiths for . r;e
EFEL7S OF FIAL L SCALE MINING ACTIVZITEZ '
.,II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rFE7 U "L :!)JlCRV7f
excavations yield scm gold ornamtn-cwhch require only
cleanxng - usually done with concentrated nitric acid.
Table 13sa. SPecies List
Adenrum obesum Lecaniodiscus cupanioidesAgeratua cony:oides . hallotus oppositifoliusAlbizza adzanthifolia Momordica charantia
A. :ygia Nymphaea lotusAlstonia boonei Panicum laxu-Anchowanes difforais Paullinia pinnataArtocarpus comuunis Phoenix reclizataBambusa vulgaris Piper uubellatumBaphia ni tida Pneumatopteris afraCardiosperauw haltcacabus Priva lappulacea *
Ceiba pentandra Pteris acanthoneuraChroaolaena odorata Pueraria phaseoloides
-*1 Cnestis ferruginea Ricinus coamunisCola ;igan tea Setaria aegaphylla.
sc*mze.'wr.: .r t-S-olanwa torvunCyclosorus quac rangularis Sorghum arundiraceum
* Desaodiun adscendens Sporobolus pyranidalisFsuntumia af-icana Sterculia tragacarnthaElaezs gyineensic Synedrella nodiflara* Glir :-Sa ;&.erta Voacanga africana
Ta3e 2 Z. Snacaes Frequencies (25 meter Transect)
SPO E-ES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES a. .:- . :'a . .......1 4
Cflr;#-:aer*a ~t.f.4.trate 7 28Paul lZnxa pi 2 8
* CCard:v!sper:uz halfc3cabuu 2 8* Lecanrazdis:us cp,;an:oides 1 4
Si Paia l--um !axr*r 4A,p:.';a airzc:ana 6 24P:2er.rH _ -:-.- -..
_ Albx::.2 .;d:3: .t> :f.nl^'a ... 1 4
TO-5T AL 23 92
Paige
I
"@;. BIBIANI CENTRE
xi. Sunsum Mining Company Ltd.: Afere near Juabeso (Rock
S o'a).
The area is nilly with marshy grounds at the low-lying
parts. The main vegetaton is a mature secondary forest. About
ten acres of the =oncession are occupied by cocoa farms. The
1 plant species are recorded in Tables 14a and b.
Only abouz M.alf an acre was worked before the area- 'Was
abandoned ancut a year ago. There is a gaping trench measuring
u.n. x 4.r anc ... ; --a P:ata ::s. The vegetation at parts o;
* the disturbec sttas are, anyway, regenerating (Plate 14).
i Table 14a. Spec:es L:st
Acac:a penna:a Kigelia africanaa Ageratum con3re:_oides Leptaspis cochleata
Albizia adiantMrc!-a .fallotus oppositifolius- 1Achornia Mcnrdifrdia Hapania baldnfinri
.Ast:,r.- b; z..-..:: faezoneuror. benthaaianus- Aw.mphim;as ptercar pa: 'e: Morinda lZcida
Ar.choaanes diffar:-: Olyra latifoliaI t.mnrot.Ar.1c ha ira.;r .. - . PaZisota hirsuta
j Banphia nitida Panicum laxunS. p.,berCF:': Paspalun orbiculare
z1ighia sapfda Paullinia pinnata*eib r5 .e,r. !. *,.......... ,,Ura:.r.h;; :._rrt,2hes
- Cren trzaseia p,3.'i : Pi per quineenseCercestis af:el_: ...........P. u.bellatuu
9 l Chr:n&.s'.aena :tt.'ra.............. -a'. Platysepalua hirsutumI Cissaj.t;elvs .'sar. - : Pneu.atopteris afra
Lr1a .it'da Psydrax subcordataU C':!c';i>,a ar:..a.''r:-r: r Pteris atrovi-rens
..S. scanze::s Pycnanthus angoleuasisE -;:w!r us r:-r arA:;! r:s: Sabicea caZycina
* Dareiellia v.qea Smilax kraussianazu.t .a:; e.: ..... --- r; ads'. - Sporobolus pyrareidalis
| r ~ * ...... .EFFECJS 9F SALL EALE MINIS ACTIYITIES QH Y:---QR
* U
'' * .1 ;4 .:j , 5 . . .- *. .- .
.-j.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
TabZl 1.4a Ccor.dAOI
Dracaeha surculosa Tabernaemontana crassa_ .-.:. .s ;b'ata ... Terainalia superba
r. elastic- Thonninqgia sanguineaGr-_ffa,lia simpiapLJc'13ia Trilepisium madagascariwnsisIrvT.;: 9za:n.-2nz Triplochiton scleroxylon
Tat2a £4o. Spec:es FrPeuencles (25 metrm Transact)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEBlignza zapida 1 4C..erze;:; ;tf:e_i i 1 41 Culcasia arqolens1Z 1 4
~. :--n ier:. 1 4
V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pr.a: t_rzn.:: 1 4
3: -f f -' -za --w zff@o ia 4
I ;~ :.r: t: -r t_r.dra 2 seT a-:. .- _uS S aedanr Nukarnenee 7 29C.'rTne l2acr6a dcorata 1 4 -. t
--. - L.~... 1 4
i =- 1 4. : o . rgnatg ze-
i.CZtiz-a adrarcth :tT ela 1 4-J r erii.So.a o maplzwi folia 1 4
.ier n zzm ernse 1 4
-I T;'T- 22 99
1 .ne o.e acre concession lies in an old and unkemp-
J ~pL-anta*:on of Cassia siaaea set up by a previous large sfcale
1 *v:.r.-z..X comnany. The plant species of the regenerating vwe;e-
J =~-= .:r; are recorded rn Tables 15a and b. There is a _.r_.
a ~str-a.t Sonkurom, wn:cm ts the source of drinking water 4<r the
^ . ;a.nr.ar.:tants.
-jout one anc a half acres of tne concession have teen
3 | worked. The vegetaz:nn and top soil are cleared mannually to
E|EC,TS OF SHALL SWALE .?5?Ui CT1;b 4
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ,.. i*,, rs,expose thm rock with the ore. Logs are piled on top of the
enpcs. c rocic artn .bire set on tire to heat the rock. When water
1 is splasnea or tne roc while it is still hot it splinters.
Li The broc.:en pleces are collected and processed as outlined in
Section 4. The operation has created two large craters. Each
crater measured ab..out 31m x. 16m in area and about 15m deep
(Plate 15). rthe wood for heating the rocks is harvested from
the t&aL;: aiwea on the concession.
Table 15a. Species List
Abrus precatorius Paullinia sinnatasus,,:.;; .!£.*: .......... ;; Persea aaericanaAIt~ - 4¶5 - ; .i ''P; _ ihyiauttsus discozdeus
A. Zyg9z P. niruroidesAlchurnia cordif.p)Iia Pit yrogramaa calomelanosAistnnza boone : Pycenanthus angolensisBaissea ulutif lora Roettbollia exaltataCassea s:ami.a Secasone afzeiiCetr,t-sesa plusi-r: Setaria megaphyllaChromolaena od.rata Sida acutaCtabret.uz i.'yee;erse Sailax kraussianaCrotalar:- retusa Solanus torYusDesa:'dium ad;cer,dns S. verbascifoliumFicus anaphaiocarpa Solenostemon monostachysGnea i:s arbDoreaa Sporobolus pyrasidalis-or m-2a lucida Stachytarpheta cayermenszsflusansa ceceopios&a;ms Sterculia tracacanthaPanzcu: Ia.xum Synedrella codiflora
P. maximum Teruinalia ivorensisPaspaluc urbiculate
Tab'r - ._;,r*.:t.; *-f:er.xt. (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGErj Chrouusiuersa :.iusrata 10 40* j Sida acuta 3 12
Cass ia sAiabDa 4 16Syneare'la ana it>.: . 1 4Cobtr e:.5 :eaen.r 1 4
-d Alstonza boonel 1 4
TOTAL 20 80
Y =£FECTS OF SNALL SCALE IAiING ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATI'N
I
igijia Yaw Adomakos Ohiampeanika n-ar Biblani (Rock Sold)
The vegetation is a secon'dary forest. The plant spEcies
of the vegetation are recorded in Tables iba and b. The areo
] was previously utilised by a large scale mining company and
present activities are in a big trench (Plate 16) along an old
rail track laid by the previous mining group.
95
Some of the outlying vegetation has been cleared for camp
sites an other, purposes. The disturbed area measured about
half an acre- sluicing is done in a streamn, Amponsah, (Plate
17) at the outskirts of the town. A traditional belief forbids
inhabitants from drinking water from this stream so it is used
only for was.hng.
Table 16a. Species List
i Alchornra cordifoZia Musanga cecropioidesAnthocleista voqelii /fyrianthus arboreusBoabax breev:cuspe Paspalus orbzcuJareCassia siamea Pellaea donianaCentroseaa pDuaieri Pityrograa.a calonelanosChroaolaena odorata Pneumatopteris afraCrotalaria retusa Pteris acan.thoneura*Cyclosorus quadrangularis Pueraria phaseoloidesDesaodium raaosssisaua Rottboellia exaltataDicranupteris Zinearis Sabicea caJycina
j Elaeis guineensis Setaria uegaphyllaEailia sonchifolia Suilax krausszana,Iperata cylTindrica Stachytarpheta cayennenszsI1itracar pus s.:aber Tridax prticubeo,
-J Norin.da lucida Urena lobata
iEE
EFFECTS OF3NLLS.AL jC.''ia-;7!.:m 21.......... V-.E.3E7A'OH u;e :.
II.
* . t . wJ9w - .. .- .-a
Table l6b. Species Frequenci *- r
;PECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEChronoJaena odorata a 32Pajp4uiu oroicular. 2 8Pftyra.qra aa calowelanus 2 8:orirnda lucide 1 4Alchornia cordilfvslia 1 4Horinda l ucida 1 4Smiiax ksraussiana 1 4£jilja soTnchifolia 1 4
TOTAL 17 61
DUN#1WA CENTRES
x:1.i. ronto Mining Enterprise: Tontokrom (Alluvial Sold).
CJra, sioe oi the concession is a flat land while the other
as hA,Ly. The hilly side is covered with a secondary forest.
The iiax ±tnd area, on tne other hand has a secondary thicket
anc is marshy towac-ds a small stream, Chua, near one end of the
concession. The plant species are presented in Tables 17- and
b. fmout four acres of the concession on the hilly side are
occupied by a cocoa farm.
About 12.5 acres have already been worked and the
vegetation there has been greatly disturbed. The area was
clearea with a bu' l dozer and a large plant (Plate 18) was
instiLed 4or wasnr.L. rime gravel. Water from the stream has
been diverted into a pond constructed at the site (Plate 19)
from where it is pumped into the washing plant. The waste
water :is c::vertte.a t o the stream.
.TnE
F,GE w- .:;;:bw; G~~~FFETS F SHALL SCAE NIRUi6 ACTIVIIES ON W£L--A73"2'
I Ie
The activities have left an extensive area of almost bars
ground with scattered hoaps of washed sand and loag (Plate 20a,
b and c). No reclamation of the disturbed areas,has begun yet.
LI
Table 17a. Specie. List
Ageratum cony:oides Mezoneuron benthanianusAlbizia adianthifolia Nilicia excelsaAlchornia cordifolia fouordica charantiaAlstonia boonei Panicuo laxumAtaenadia conferta Paullinia pinnata&itdeas pilosa Pellaea donianaBussea occzdentalis Phyllanthus niruroidesCarapa procera Physalis angulataCardiospermuu halicacabus Pityrogra-aa caloeelanosCentrosema pluaieri Pneu-atopteris afraChromaolena odorata Pteris burtanuiCyclosorus quadranqularis Raphia hookeriDissotis granddiflorr Raphidophora africanaElaezs guineerus.sx Rauaolfia vowitoriaEleusine irdica Rottboellia exaltataEmilia sonchifolia Scoparia dulcisFicus asperifolia Suilax kraussiana
F . platyphylla Solanum nigruwGlinus oppositifolius S. tarvuwGongronena latifolium Spigelia anthelmiaGriffonia siapl:cifoli Stachytarpheta cayennensisHarungarea uadagascarionsis Sterculia tragacanthaHoloptelea grandis
Table 17b. Species Frequencies C25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEHowordica charantia 2 E
Ji Solanue raiqrus 4 16S. torvum 1 4
Gor groriema latiftoius 2 2Centrosema plumieri z 2 aChramolaeria.odorata 2 6Ficus asperifolia 2 8. J Spiqelia antheluia 2 aRauvolfia voaitLlria 1 4
U: IAL 18 72
*E
*I
:- . e"; . .
. @~~~~~ *,e W< @ .. ',
.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..
xv. Bamuel Okra En emgm acab,.-t. Rock- Gold).
The concession lies in a hilly area covered with. a
secondary forest. There is about half an acre of cocoa farm.
The plant species of the vegetation are recorded in Tables 18a
ri nand b. There is a small stream at one and of the concession.
Only about a quarterof an acre of the concession has been
worked. An adit (Plate 21) about 30m long has been constructed
along the reef. Eight pits, each 1.5m x 1.5m and 3m deep have
been sunk along the reef. Pi.ces of Teak, brought in. from
Obuasi, have been used as pit props along the adit. Rail track
have been laid for trucks with metal wheels which are used to
carry the excavated rocks. Crushing o4 the stones is done
manually but arrangements are being made to have a mechanical
crusher installed. The vegetation has suffered very little
i disturbance.
Table 18a. Species List
Ageratum con yzoades Mimosa pudicaAlbizia zygia Mitraqyia stipulosaAlchornia cordifolia Homordica charantia
IIJ Aspilia africana Opzisuerus hirtellusCapsicum ansuua Panicue maximumCarapa procera PsspaZlu orbiculare
__ Cardiospersum halicacabun Paullinia pinnataCentrose-a plu-ieri Phyllanthus riruroidesChroaolaena odorata Pityrograrna caloweZavws
, l Cnestis ferruginea Pteris atrovirensCoabretum oyemense Raphia hookeriCola aillenii Rottboellia exaltataCyclosorus quaorangularis Sabicea caZycinaDessodius adscendens Schrankia leptocarpaDissotis rotundifolia ScJeria boiviniiEleusine indica Sida acuta
Pa ge 40 EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE HIRING ACTIViTIES ON VEGETATION
- - -. *~~.,-. : .. 7v
Table iSa (conte.iLannei eaveluitschiz Smialx krauss*anaLecaniodiscus cupanioides Seachytarpheta cayennensisLygodium saithiaRus Triclisia patensHanrziophyton fulrum Vernonia cinerea
LI Table 18b. SPecies Frmqumncy C25 metre Transact)
SPECIES FREQUENCY, PERCENTAGELmcaniodtiscus cupanioides 1 4Cr.eeti, te.rrug.znea 1- 4Chrv,olaena odorata 10 40Stachyrarpheta caywnnensis 4 16Paspalua orbiculare - 2 aLannea Nelwitschii 2 8
* Sida acuta 1 4Capsicum annuua 1 4Desnoedium adscendens 1 4
TOTAL 23 92
I ENCHI CENTRES
-: ,._ia ;r.;g Gt,-jup. Pampe near Bawdie (Rock Gold).
The concession lies in a hilly area covered with a mature
seconcary forest. The plant species are presented in Tables
19a and b. A stream which is the major source of drinking
water for the inhabitants passes through the concession.
About one and a half acres of the concession have been
-= worked. The vegetation and top soil are removed with a bull
dozer to expose the lode. Crushing and washing are done at the
stream. The area has 6een greatly disturbed leaving a large
crater surrouncei , As extensive bare ground (Plates 22 & 23).
Al[;T.h;L SdALi' .sih ......... £.iT . :D I:i.hETrATZOM ..... Page 41
I
*I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..t
Table 19-. SUiicie. List
Acaci. pennata Griffonia sisplicifoliaAgeraeum conyzoides Guarea cedrataAlstonla boonel 6. thowpsonziAntiaris toxicaria Hanioa klaineana] Aptandr. renkerf Hypselodelphys vioJaceaBaphia niitida 1solona cooperi
fl 8. pubescens Lannsea wl.witschli'I Begonia species Louariopvis quineensis
Blizhza welwitschii Lycopodiella cernuaCarapa procera Hapania baJdwirziCeiba pentandra Manniophyton fulvuaCercestis afzelii Iicrodesais puburujaChromofaena adorata Ioaordzca charantiaCnestis ferruginea Monodora *yristicaCola giganteH hyrianthus libericus
C. nitida Hapoleonaea JeonensisCorynan,the pachyceras Panicum JaxuaCraterisperaua laurinua Piper quinernse
* Cteniiis jenseniae Pityrograram caloxelanors-Culcasia angolensis Pteris burtonui
n Cyc.losorus quadrangularis PycnaDthus agoleonsisDarie l ia ogea Rhaphidophora africanaDes_!2t-ia suber :_-iz Sarcophryn,ua brachystachysDissot.s rotundifolia Suilax kraussianaDisteoonanthus bentharianus Sterculia tragacanthaDracaena caaeroonensis Stroubosia glaucescens
D. perrottetii Synedrella nodifloralD. surculosa Tabernaesontana crassa
Fiabristylis triflora Trichilia nonadelphaFuntumia elastica Uapaca quineenseGeophzla Obvailata Vitex *icrantha
j Grewia hookerana Xylopia quintasii
Tabie 19b. Species Frequencies C25m x 25m Quadrat)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGECarapa procera 4 14.B
Si Ha,noa klaineana 3 11.1Col1a gi-antea 2 7.4
C. nztida 1 * 7Triz.:'i3 7oade a 1Xylopia quihtassi I 7 7Cvrynanthe pachyceras 1 Z 7Blighia welwitschii 1 3. 7Diste.onanthus benthamianus 3. 7Antiaris toxicaria 1 3.7
qq Desp!atzia subvri-3rpa 1 . 7di ,Taberraemontana crassa 1 , .7
Ceiba pentandra 1Z 7Lannea welwitschii 1 .7
Pac-9 42; EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE ZIVING ACTVITIEs 3M MK
I,
-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T-
Table 19b (cont&L.)Baph*a nitida 1 3.7
L. pubesc.ns 1 3.7Ouarea thompson i i 1 3.7Pycnauwthus angolensis 1 3.7
; * Fw~urtumia *lastica 1 3.7'solor7a coop-ri 1 3.7Uapaca quineense 1 3.7
ri TOTAL 27 99.4
:vii. Lorando Mining Company: Mawchikrom near Enchi (Rock
GoCld) .
This is a hilly arma with a secondary forest. The plant
specaes are prcrented in rables 20a and b. There are about.two
acres of cocoa farms in the concession. _ .
ri About five acres have been utilized. The area has been
- aiti 7 r it. ' _ ashowing au: a.tensive area o+ nare ground witn
several pits, each about 2h x 1.5m in area and 33m deep and
trenches (Plates 24 & 25), a large crater (Plate 26) and heaps
o- soil (Plate 27). Crushing and sluicing are done off site,
zn a stream near the village CMawchikrom).
Table 20a. Species List
Ageratum conyzoi des fMusaiaga cecropioidesAlbizia adianthifolia Panicu- laxuaA.ston.ia boonei Paspalus orbiculareAlchornia cordifolia Phyllanthas niruroides
Antho.!eista v.. .- Physalis angulataCarapa procera Pityrogranna calouelanos
q Cecropia peltata Pneuaatopteris afraCeiba pentandra Pteris burtonil
A Chro.olaena odorata Raphia viniferaCleistopholis patens Scleria boivinliCommelir.a speci-- Suilax kraussianaCyclosorus quadrargularis Solanu- torvu-Dicraropteris !Tnearis Stachytarpheta cayennensisFuntuaia aifricana Sterculia tragacantha
UH,g ¢-Lt !'.dz.lswtLtaO Pae 43.'. . L44L CALE OMMi"i ACTARITIES ONf VEETATIONPge4I.';.I
-I
* Table 20a (cont.L.*1po-o. a turbinata Syn-dr-Ila nodiflorm
aanziophyton fulvu* Trewa orientatJsiHtragyna stipulosa
Tab!. 20b. Species Fr-qu.ncims t25 metro Transect)
fl SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPaspalum orbiculare 5 20AlchIornia cordifolza 3 12Pityrogramaa caloaelareos 1 4Syynedrella nodiflora 1 4Coavezina species 2 8Ceiba pentandra 1 4Albizia adie:thifolia 1 4Panicun laxun 2B
TOTAL 16 64
:viii. Prestioe Mining 'Group: Achimfo/Oubum near Enchi
It is a hilly area covered by a secondary thicket domina-
I] ted by Chromolaena odorata (Siam Weed). The plant species are
recorded in Table 21.
About five acres of the concession have been worked.
There are 20 pits, each measuring 2m x 1.5m in area and 7m in
-epth. In addition to these pits in the concession, several
old pits in the village have been left unfillled by previous
mining activities. There has not been any activity in the
concession in the past year.
* EA
oage 44 EFFECTS OF 3hALL SCALE MiMiNG ACIVIIESO UN VEETATIO
*II
*I.
n. ... .,
* . ;ts . . i E *i ..- ^
Table 21a. Species .Lj ;i io. .: - IJ.,, ...r
Ageratum conyzoides .Pityrogramma calom.lanosAlbizia zygie Peeu.atopter*s afraAlstonia boon-i Pteridius aquilinu-ChronolaeP4 odorata Pteris acaethoneuraConbretu- oyenensw Sol-nost*3on sonostachysCyclosorus quadrangularis Spondias nonbinJatropha curcas Stachytarph.ta cayennensisOciaus qratissimua Terminalia superbaOplimenus hirtellus Vernoia .asygdalinaPhyllanthu: niruroides
xix. Ablordeppey Geological Consults Toko-uo near Enchi.
The concession is on a flat terrain covered by a mature
i a secondary forest. The plant species are recorded in Table 22.
A stream runs along the edge of the concession near the main
road to El' "o. Mining actvity is yet to begin.
a Table 22. Species List
Afraavoua qeocarpur Houordica angustisepaZaAlbizia zyq.a Palisota hirsutaAlchornia cordifolia Paullinia piinataAlstonia boonei Piper guineenseBaissea nultiflora Piptadeniastrus africanumChroaolaera odorata Pityrograusa calonelanosCnestis ferruginea Pneuuatopteris afraCulcasia angolensis Pteris atrovirens
'1 Cyclosorus quadrangularis Pueraria phaseoloidesDracaena surculosa. Pycnanthus angolensisFuntuaia africana Raphia viniferaHypselodelphys violacea Setaria *egaphyllaManniophyton fulvun Snilax kraussianaHarantochloa congensis Tabernaenontana crassaHicrosorius puactatu- Tersinalia superbaMimosa pudica Vitex *icrantha
* Uq..
II
x::. B.B. Mining Co. Ltd.. fawchikrom nT. 9Echif:! (Rock
Gold).
There are farms including about a 12 acre-farm in the con-
cession. The rest of the land is a farm regrowth dominated by
Chromo1aena odormta (Siam Wood). The plant spucius in thu arme
are recorded in Table 23.
Only one pit, 3m x 3m in area and 7m dump, has ben dug.
There is no activity thern at the moment.
11, Table 23. Species List
Mouordica charantia* Cecropia peltata Mlorinda lucida
Chromolaena odorata Panicu- laxuaCnestis ferruginea Phyllanthus niruroidesEmiZia sonchifolia Rauvolfia vouitoria
* Ficus asperifolia Sabicea calycinaGongror.eaa latifoziua Sida acutaGriffania szwaplicifolia S. rhombifoliaHarungar,a adagascariensis Solanue torvu-Lygodiu- swithianum Synedrella rodifloraHanniophyton fulvum Vissia guiDeensis
* zilicia excelsa
-:xi. Atuabo Small Scale Mining Group: Tokosue near Enchi
(Rock Gold).
The concession lies on a plateux with an unkempt rubber
- plantation. The plant species are recorded in Tables 24a and
b. It is an old mine site and old machinery (Plate 28) from
the previous mining activity are still lying about.
dd Only aDout half an acre of the concession has been
* 3 utilized. There are tnree pits each measuring 4m x 4m in area
Pa^a4X EFFECTS OF SNALL SCAE XIIMO ACT IVZTIES Ol VEGETATZON
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. and 10 mtrm duep. Crushing and washing are don- In theg . ; . . ...
stream, Tako-ue, in the villa-g. One timber tram, Terainalia
jvorensis, Emire, had been removed from th- concession, but
another timber trae, Piptadebiastruu africanum (Akan: danhomal
Li in as yet untouched. Non-timber species are boing used to
construct steps and as buttrosses for the pits.
Table 24a. Sgecies List
Agelaea trifolia Nypseiodelphys violceaAlbi:ia adianthi&olza Lecaniodiscus cupanioidesA. :ygia Leea guineaesas
Alstonia boonez Hjcrodesuis puberulaBaissea aultif lvra Microsoriua punctatusBaphia nitida IyriaDthus arboreusBlighia sapida Panicus laxumCarapa procera Petersianthus *acrocarpusCeiba pentandra Piptadeniastrua africanunChrysophyllum aloidua PIatysepaluv hirsutum
1- r *_t_ _ h ,__ _,,v Pneuaaeopterzs afra'o la gga&ntea Pteris acanthorieura
I Cyclosorus quadrangularis Secamone afzelii.1 Dieffenbachia species Sualax *raussiana
DiscogJypreana caloneura Tectaria angelicifoliaElaeis guineensis Teroinalia ivorensis
* Ficus gnaphaJocarpa T. superb&Funtuaia africana Trichilia prieurianaGriffonia siap.- fn!:a rripluch4toun sleruxylchHevea brasiJienszs
Table 24b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPEC'ES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPneuuatopteris afra 5 20Panicuo laxuo 4 16Agelaea trifolia 3 12
LI Sailax kraussiana 3 12Secang.ne afzelil 2 8
.1 Baissea xuJtzfllora 2 aqriif.fcl *a ip._f!:ja 1 4Baphia nitida 1 4Albizia xygia 1 4
TOTAL 22 EB
I
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
xxii. Bawdlo Small Scale Min (oFck Sold).
The concession is in a hilly area. The vegetation is
partly a jsecondary forest and partly a farm regrowth. The
*, plant species are recorded in Tables 25a and b. About two
Ti acros of the concession are occupied by a cocoa farm and a
maiue farm. There is one- str-am which is the source of
dr:iisng wacter for the inhabitants.
About three acres of the concession has been used. The
area rias mooer greatly disturoed.' There are 42 pits, each about
4m : 4. in area and 9.2m deep and trenches (Plates 29, 30 &
31). Smaall trees removed from the area are used as bridges and
pi.t props tPlate 29). Crushing and washing are done o*fsite in
a vwlIage workshop.
TaDwle 22a. Species List
Acacia pe.nData Ludw'gia octovalvisAbrus precatorius Lycopodiella cernuaAchyrar.thes aspera Hwcarangd hurifoliaAgelaea trifolia Jfanihot esculentaAlb:zia adianthifolia Ifanniophyton fulvus
A. zygia Iinosa pudicaAlchornpia cordifolia fzitrecarpus scaberAmphimas pterocarpoides ovnodora uyristicaAnthocleista vogeill Morinda JucidaAntide3sa Jaciiniatun fusanga cecropioidesAspilia africana Myrianthus arboreusSa: _Ca _ I.tif2e0ra M. libericusBapihia nitida Panicue laxu-
1~ . Boubax brevicuspE Passiflora glabra4 Dussea occidental-is Pennisetus pedicellatus
* Carapa procera Phyllanthus niruroidesChcri&.o'aena odorata Pneu-atopteris afra~ C2n:.: f.ru:rc~e,, Pteris burto*ii
&A COc3 chlavydantha Pueraria phaseoloidesCobra ttu*i oemeense Pycranthus anglensisCyclo'vorus quadrangularis Rauvolfia voritOria
= -~ EFFECTS OF SNALL SCA!E j!INIZG ATiVTIYIES ON YGENTZIN
I
Table 25a contd:.)- Vessodium r.mostssim Sabice. calycina
Dicranopteris Jin-aris Sclwr*a boivinziDracae perrottetil Scoparia duJcisEleusine jndica Sida acuta
ri Ficus exasperata S-ilax kraussiaeaL F. sur Sporobolus pyra.idalis
Flabristylis triflora Stachyterpheta c.y.nnensisn Funtunim africaba Synedrella nodifloraGeophisa obiallata Synsepalum dulcificusOriffonia simplicifolia Urena lobataHarungana aadagascariensis Zornia latifoliaHugonia p1anchonii
Table 25b. Species Frequencies t25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREOUENCY PERCENTAGEkaTniophyton fulvuw 2 9Baphia nitida 1 4Scieria boivindi 1 4Chronola&Da odorata 4 16Combretum oyemense 1 4Mitracarous scef.a _Sida acuta 1 4
* I Haanihot esculenta 1 4
TOTAL 13 52
KIBI CENTRE.
,:xiii. Gemfind Company Ltd.: Jimpomani near Osino (Allu-
vial Sold).
The concession lies in a farmland in a hilly area. Crops
WI being cultivated include cocoa, oil palm, plantains and coca-
- yam. The plant species are recorded in Tables 26a and b.
There is a small stream near the concession.
_ * Only about halF an acre of the concession has been worked.
d However, numerous small open pits arising from activities of
EFFECTS 3F SEALL -CALE AITiNG.4CU.T'IIES Gl VEGETATION Page 49
U.
previous illegal miners ar t throughout the conces-
Sion. Gone of thues pits havw gradually filled up with litter
and soil deposited by run-off water and have b-mo cultivated
(Plato 32). For the present operations, two large craturs cach
fl 9. x 3m in area and 10m damp have been dug. Panning is done at
th- section of the stream whore a dam has been constructed to
create a fairly large lake.
Table 26a. Species List
Abrus precatorius Nallotus opposltifolius---1. Adenium obesum Napamfa balwifui f
Albizia adianthifolia farantochloa purpurea-A. zqa 'usanga cecropioiaes
ADothocleista vogelii Nesogordoania papaverifera-I Alston!ia boonei Newbouldia laevis.-. Asystasia calycina Olyra latifolia.
Baphia nitida Panicue laxumCardiospersua halicacabus Parinari excelsaCeltis mildbraedzi Paujlvnia pinnataCercestis afzelii Pergularia dae-iaCitrus sinensis Persea americanaCola gigantea Phaulopsis ciliataC. nitida Piper guiniense
Coryyborchis corymbis Piptedeniastrus afric-numCorynanthe pachyceras Pneu.atopteris afraCostus afer Pteris acanthoneuraCyclosorus quadrangularis - Pycnanthus angolensis*ioscoreophylluu cumuinsizz Sabicea calycina
* Elytraria narginata Sida acutaFuntumia africana Snilax kraussianaGlyphaea brevis Sterculia oblongaGriffonia sinplicifolia Terainalia ivorensis
~ ; SHypselodelphys violacea TripZochiton scleroxylonKhaya ivorensis Xanthosoaa saffafaMacar anga hurifolia.
PL.
I~~ae5 FESO IJI CAgiilWFTVlSO EEAt
n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 ;-;
I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,;it :'-.
Table 26b. Species Fr-quenci-s (25 metr-- Transect)
SPECIES FREGUENCY PERCENTAGEMallotus oppositifolfus 4 16'teaolDatna odorata 1 4*i.;.asi;a calycina 1 4
Cercestis afzelii 1 4Piper .uTineense 1 4
fl Baphia nitids 2 8Adentux obesua 1 4Phaulopsis cizlata 8 32
naranrtochloa pur purea 1 4Griwf oria simplicifolia 2 aElytraria uarziarta 1 4Xan-thosoaa maffafa 1 4Perg ularia daesia 1 4
TOTAL 25 100
TARKWA CENTRE.
1 ::xiv. Nana Yaw A%anta Sroup: Kwabedu Awudua near Prestea-J
l l uv:al Gold)..4
The concession lies on the banks and river bed of R. Anko-
cra. The vegeta2on is a secondary thicket dominated by Aspilia
africana (Haemorrhage Plant) and Centroseaa plu-ieri (Plate
-_nne plant species are recorded in Table 27. Two small
streams, Bakatokuro and Boguri, join the Ankobra in this area.
Boguri is used as a source of drinking water. The Ankobra
River nas been highly polluted by the activities of the big
mining companies in the area, and i5 therefore unsafe for
drinking.
Only one and a half acres of the concession have been
id worked. The banks and the river bed are dug (Plate 34) and the
---:.CT Q.- VWt S 3I 3.E -Il. 3!1 *.uJn Page 51
A
. a-1, "m
milt panned for the ore. Band bags are used to dea and div-rt
the river so that the bad can be dug. Activities in the area
had been suspended due to the high water level.
LJ
Table 27. Species List
Ageratum conyzoides Oplisaenus hirtellusAlchornia cordifolia Panicu3 Jaxum
'l Ancho-anes difformis Paspalue orbiculareBaphia bitida Paulliria pinnataCentrose.a plumieri Pauridiantha silvicola
|1 Cyclosorus quadrangularis Pellaea donianaL:acranopter.s linearis Phyllanthus suelleriavus.Elaeis guineensis Pityrogramma calomwlanos
| Funtuaia africana Psychotria peduncularisHarugiana madagascariensis Pteris vittatasLaccosperma opacus Puwraria phaseoloidesnl Haanniophyton fulvue Rauvolfia vomitoriaJlovsordica charantia Snilax kraussiana_ .as s ;..,usiLuLOe5 Sterculia tragacantha
xxv. Yalsaj Co.: Esuaso (Alluvial Sold).
The concession lies on a flat terrain covered with a
mature seconoary forest and through which runs the River Bein.
TF,e plant species are recorded in Tables 28a and b. There are
about two acres of cocoa farm.
-' About 15 acres of the concession have been worked so far.
Activities in the area have been very intense leading to much
destruction of the vegetation and top soil (Plates 35, 36 &
37). Soil is dug from pits about 13.5m x 10.6m and up to 7m
j deep for panning. The river bed is also dug by diverting the
course of the river as described for the previous concession
di (xxiv) above. Panning is done directly in the river which has,
Po EFFECTS OF SALL SCLW MINING ACTIVITIES Oh r.LTATZOH
I'
fl'A4 I l.P 4-.:zL
!~~~~~~~~~ '. ..r-; w
am a result, becom very muddy;.,C t 4"Wr 37) t No attempt
has been made at rehabilitation.
Table 28.. Specie. List
Acacia pennata Musang. cecropioJdesAlbizia zygia Myrianthus arboreusAlchornia cordilfoZia M f. libericusArscystrocZadus abbreviatus Nauclea diderrichifAptandra z*nkeri Palfsota hirsutaAspilia africana Panicum laxuwAspJenium africanum Paullinia pinnataBaissea multiflora Piper guineenseZaphia nitida Paeumatopteris afraCarapa procera Psychotria calceataCeiba pentandra Pteris burtonfiCercestis af:elii Pterocarpus santalinoidesChrysophyllu. albidus Ptycopetalum ancepsCouwelina erecta Pycnanthus angolensisCoryrborchis corymbis RauvoIfia vouitoria, S, tA.a 7Tet Rhaphia viniferaCraterispermum laurinum Rhaphidophora *fricanaDesplat:ia subericarpa Rothmannia whitfieldiiDissotis rotundifolia Sarcophryniuu brachystachysElaeis guineensis Scieria boivinli
4 Geophila obvallata Sailar kraussianaGriffonia simplicifolia Tabernaesontana crassaYypselodelphys violacea Tectaria angelicifoliaLeea guineensis Terainalia superba
J Laccosperua opacus Thauuatococcus danielliiflacaranga hurifolia Trichilia przeuriana -
Hausea africana Triplochiton scleroxylonf4arantochlua cuspidata Uapaca heudelotifHi tracarpus scaber
'4 Table 28b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE_ tfyrzanthus arboreus 1 4
Pneumatopteris afra 3 12Dissotis rotundifolia 1 4Tabernaewontana crassa 1 4Penianthus zerkeri 2 8Tectaria angeJicifolia 1 4L-uilax kraussiana 1 4
Ii, Hypselodelpys violacea 1 4Couuelina erecta 2 8Alchornia cordifolia 1 4
E ;FrTS eOF SiALL SCALE MINlIN AC TIVITIES ON VEGETATION Page 53
I.'
f I. I. .'a
Tabla 28b (contd6)Acacia penn-ata 1 4Hauclea diderrjchzi 1 4TrichlZia prizuriana 1 4Baphia nitida 2 9Lriffonia simpjlcifozia 1 4RothaaRnia whitfieldzi 1 4LandJlphda oaaariensis 1 4I1 Paullinia pinnata I 4Geophila obva- lmta 2 9
] TOTAL 25 100
xxvi. Mb.ase Nsuta Wood Co. Ltd.. Mbease-Nsuta near
F re- wv *..: :,vA Gold).
ij The concesiion lies in the valley of River Ankobra. Thu
u vegetation is a mature secondary for-st. The plant species are
recorded :n Tables 29a and b. There is a small cottage and an
old farm in the concession, but the rest of the forest is un-
disturbed. Two small streams, Nyankyere and Jaboa, join River
Ankobra in this area The small streams are a source of drink-
ing water for the inhabitants.
About five acres of the concession have been utilized.
Dig:ng is confined to the immediate river banks and the river_J
bed. Dams are constructed to divert the course of the river as
described above. Many pits, each measuring 1.5m x 1.5m in area
and 5m - 7m deep have been dug.
w i
E1
II
* , ... m*~ ,ops * i5b iP4iU ' a
Table 29a. Specie. List1.
A-el-ac trifolSa Morinda lucidaAlbizia adidnthifolia Mussaanda clegmrsAiJchorni* cordSifoJia Panicur raxumArechomanes difformis Paspalus orbicuZareiJ Aspilia africana Phyllanthus muollerianusChromolaern odorata P. ruriroaids
f rl Clerodendrum capitatue Pityroqramma calomelanosCoebretum ovyemen: e Pneunatopteris afraCunnhrus atricanus Pteris utrovirensC,CLosurus quadraragularis Rauvalfia vomitoriaEleeis guineensis Sabicea calycina
* Ficus asperifolia Scleria boivinfilF. sur Selaginella myosorus
Hairnroa klaineana Solanus torvum* Mfarun qana uadaqascariensis Spondias woubin
lpomoea turbinata Sterculia tragacanthaManthot esculentar Xanthosoma *aff afaMlelanther tadi- lore Zanthoxyluw xanthoxyloidesflicrodesuis puberula
i r-m---rt i rii enri D25 net-e Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEJ. -i.Thornia cordzro to 1 4Paspaluu orbiculare 4 16Z7nroaolaarra od.orota 4 16I !poaoca"& Z: Wu. za -.* ~: 1 4
II ' aCombretus oyerer;:e 2 8½:^ thco .; maf.. 1 4A,;2 I i africana 2 8!lartihot esctder*ta 2 B
TOTAL 17 66
xxvii. Kyeronviaman Co-Op Gold Soc.: Kadadwen near Tarkwa
J t(Alluvial Gold).
Tre concss-:on lies in a valley with a mature secondary
forest. The plant species are recorded in Tables 30a and b.
About 2.5 acres have been utilized. The area has beena gr~tiy aisturbea. Fits and trenches CPlates 38 & 39) are dug-
to the deptn of 3m - 5m. Panning is done in ponds constructed
,.ECISOF SRC' 9f SC;ALE jIUIiiG 4CTV!T!Cr ON VEGETION Paw 55
.. at th-*it. t Timbri tree, including Piptadeniastruu africanum
(Akana danhoma), arm left standing, but 3ome non-timber trees3 had blen cut for thu construction of steps at the mining situ
or for fuolwood. Some old pits have been filled but others re
nI ii left open.
Table 30a. Species List
I 8 Aerva Janata Marantochloa congensisAgeZlaea trilolia Mimosa pudicaAgeratun conyzoides Musanga cecropifidesAlbisia adianthifolia Mussaunda elegansAlchornia cordifolia Myrianthus arboreusAnthocleista vogelhi Mhsogordonia papaveriferan Ataenidia con ferta Palisota hirsutaBaabusa vulgar:s Panicun laxun
Paspalue oroiculareCarapa procera Pentodon pentandrusChroaolaera odorata Phyllanthus niruroidesCleistopholis patens Piper quineenseCyraometra ananta Piptadeniastrun africanu-I Desaodium ramosissinua Pityrogranma calonelanosDissotis rotundifolia Pneunatopteris afraEmilia sonchifolia Pueraria phaseoloidesFun tunia africana Pteris acanthoneuraGeophila obvallata Rottboellia exaltataHarungana madagascarzensis Sabicea calycinaHeritiera utilis Sarcophryniun brachystachysHypselodelpnys violacea Solanun torvus
J2 Kylinga punila Stachytarpheta cayenTensisLowariopsis guineensis Thonningia sanguineafMacaranga hurifolia Trema orientalisflapania baidwinhi Vitex micrantha
n
* EE
3 Page;56 EFFECTS Of SMALL SCALE MINIM B ACIVITIErS ON VEGElTATION
II
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..luW~W I' ';''
Tabla 30b. SPecie. Fruquencium C25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPhyll-nthus niruroides 3 12fi:aosaopudica 3 12
.1 Paspalum orbiculare 3 12ChroaoJaer.a oderata 2 8
ri Panicue datum 2 9Enia l ai z.¶rtchafolia 2 ePir.yrogr.arama caiou.Janas 2 9/Pueraria prhaxo-d.'!ides 2 erpnrod.'n pen ra.udrus 1 4Z:zszotzs rorun.ifolia 1 4PD'p?r urbellatum 1 4(ieophala ooi0,J1Jata 1 4Lc'uar iopsis g74ineensis 1 4
TCTAL 24 96
i| I^. .*b. Vtdadwen Co-Op Gold Soc.: Nyaneho-Nsuaem near
! ~ ~:.-.aOvJUfl L.:l*v:tal Gold)'
Tne :oncEo¶fln lies in a valley. The vegetation is mainly
m mature secondary forest but the worked area is covered with a
tnr:-:r' -hic I:ec. The plant species are recorded in Tables 31a
anC b. There is a stream, Nyame, within the concession. The
cDr.cess:on is aormant. There has been only a limited activity
-. 3lor.-c tne stream (Plate 41).
.3I*1l
- *"t -*
Table 31a. Spjcis. List
Agelaw. trifolia Minosa pudicaAnthocleista vogqlii Musainga cecropioidesAspi Iia africana Hussarnde elegans3i Begonia species Panicus laxu-Chromalanea odorata Phyllanthus airuroidesCleistopholis patens Pn.umatopteris afranl Cola chlaaydantha Pterfdium aquilinu-CycJosorus quarar vularzs PterJs atro'irensCyperus compressus Sabicea c.lycina
I Desaodiur raaoszssimuu Selaginella *yosorusDesplatzia subericarpa S. versicolorElaeis guineensis S. speciesGluaaa ivorersis Sailax kraussiaroaLycopodiel a cernua Sphevocwntrum JollyanumMacaranga htjrifolia . Tectaria angelicifoliaharantochloa congensis Trichilia prieurianaFlicrosorium p;unctatum Vissia guineensis
Table 31b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transact)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPreumatopreris afra 1 4Himosa pudica 9 32Panicur laxu- 4 16Chro.olaena odorata 1 4Emwilia sonchzfolia 2 8
4 Desaodiun ramosissiuum 4 16Phyllanthus niruroides 1 4Cyperus compressus 2 8Pityrograasa caJomelanos 2 8
TOTAL 25 100
-j
-1 'xxix. Denkyembrom Co-Op Soc.: Ankwaso near Awudua, Prestea
(Alluvial Gold).
-_ The concession lies in tne valley of R Ankobra. The vege-
tation is a mature secondary forest. The plant species are
recorded in Table 32.
q
Pae 58 EFFECTS BF SHALL SCALE 6MIDHE ACTIVIT1EI 3. E. IONI. I
nt,~~~~~~~~~~~1
1I ' "*-' -- C
* ';,. k.Z2.. s,, 'J,.; & k.t i. %***,.*
* Three acres of the concesuidn'havu been worked. Soil dug
from the river bed is panned for the ore. The river is dammed
to change the course as described above. Activities had been
Lij suspended due to the high water level.
Table 32. SPecies List
Alchornia cordifoJia Mfitracarpus scaberAspiLia africara Panicum laxum
1 Centrosema pluwieri Phyllanthus niruroidesCombreturn oyemen:e Pityrograaua calonelanosCyclosorus quadrmngularis Pteris acanthoneuraCynradon dactylon P. burtoniiDigitaria horizontalis Sucurinega virosaD£ssotis rotundifolia Solanum torvusElaeis guineensis Uren. lobatani rp.i.i.ea tu:rtin-t.
I xxx. Huniso-Obuoho Co-Op Soc.: Awudua (Alluvial Gold).-I
Tne concession is in the valley of R Ankobra. The vege-
'ta.-Or. is a nmature secondary forest (Plate 41). The plant
species are recorced in Tables 33a and b.
Anout half an acre of the concession has been worked.
So:L cug from the banks and river bed are panned in the river
f_r the mineral. There were four pits, each 7m x 7m and 3m -
hi 5m deep. An area clo!5e to the bank has been cleared for use as
:a ca.-,p site (Plte 47), using wood from trees felled to
constr-uct huts. Some of the wood is also used as fuelwood.
* O
| :,, ,s, OF ,;SHAL &ALE ..iUIHS ACTIVITIE eH VEGETATIM Page 59
*1
fl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s i a->. Pfi
Tablc 33a. Specirs List
.;ridocarpus sreathsannii Lewa guineensisAqelaee trifolia Lophira alata
.. Ar,chorapas diffornis Macaranga hurifoliaAptandra renkeri ahnnhophyton fulvusBaubusa vulgaris Microdesnis pubwrulaSlighia aaelNitschii Microsoriur punctatum
C Bridalia ricrartha Musanga c.cropioidesCaropa procern Hapoleonaea leonensisCercestis afzelfii Panicus laxuuCola chianydantha Parinari excelsaCoubretuw oyeamense Paspalum orbiculareCoula edulis Pellaea doniara17raterjsperuus laurinua Penianthus zenkeri
, CnCestis fetruginea Phyllanthus niruroidescuicasiaf angolensis Physostzgna venenosuuCycl-zsorus quacranguJaris Pneuuatopteris afraDe:Jaidium adscendens Pteris acanthoneuraDicraropteris lznearis P. vittatasDissotis rotundifolia Ptycopetaluu anceps
rlz Elaeis quineensis Ricinodendror heudelotii.. ,:us 5ur Sarcophryniur brachystachys-P* :.r-;;3aia 3 S'! .....t :~ -.- Selaginella vyosorusGephhila oovaaiira Suilax kraussianaaGresvia hookerana Sterculia trgacantha
.1 Hannoa klaneanaa Strychnos floribundaHosoptelea grarncis Syaphonia globulifera
6f lyme7ocoieus species Tabernaeuontana crassaHypfrelode)phys &s'olacea Thonningia sanguineaLaccosperra opacua Trichilia prieurianaAaLanrea auelontschii Uapaca guineense
.
Tate 73b. Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGECulcasia anqolersis 2 9_Hapoleoraea leaner,sis 1 4Ptycopetalus anceps 1 4Paspalu cn orbiculare - 3 12nlacaranga hurifolia 1 4P'.t ::.pt ,' 4 16teea uiorernsis 1 4Coabretum oveense 1 4Carapa prccera 1 4
15 60
di
1- -;:. GEFFECTS OF SIALL SCALE iNIG ACTIVITIES ON VEGETAION
IrI
.1,
xxxi. Bompieso Minina Co-Op Soc.. Bompiemo near Abono
(Rock Sold).
] The .ccncess:on lies in a hilly area covered with a second-
ary thicket. The plant species arm recorded in Tables 34a and
b. About an acre of the concession is occupied by a cocoa
farm.
About two acres have been worked. There were up to ton
pits each measuring 1.5m x 1.5m in area and lOm - ISm deep, and
an area anout b6 x 4m around each pit has been cleared. Stonis
chipped out from pits are carried to the village for crushing
and washing. There were ten crushing sites in the village.
Sluicing is done in ponds (Plate 43) constructed in a marshy
3 area on the outskirts of the village.
Tanle 34a. Species List
* 4AdeTium tiegei Hypselodelphys violacea_3 Alchornia cordifolia Lannea welaitschii
Alstoaria boonei Lycopodiella cernuaAnthocleista voqelil Lygodium swithianumAtaeridia conferta Macaranga hurifoziaBrillantaisia patula M Dilicia excelsaCanariui schweinfurthii fusanga cecropioidesCeiba pentandra fyrianthus libericus
S Chrouolaena odorata . Hauclea diderrichiiComaelina erecta Piper quineense
q Costus afer Pityrograuma calorelanos_ Cyciosorus quadrarnqularis Pneumatopteris afra
Desmodiun adscerdens Rauvolfia voeitoriam Distemonanthus benthamjanrus Ricinodandron heudelotiij Elaeis quZTee.siT; Sarcophry7aurm brachystachys
Ficus asperifolia Scleria boivinilFuntuwia africana Setaria aegaphyllaGe oph-!Z . b>a1l ara Suilax kraussiana
ii Hatungar:a uadagascar: tr. ::s Trichila aonadelphaHlar crepitans Vitex aicrantha
EFFECTS Di 53A' SCALE HLCRH AC7 ur:E5 -fl VEGCEUTION Page 61
6 1wf0t-:r,*t4jW
n-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 .. 6,
rabica 34b. Species Frequenci-- t rs, _craan-sac
SPECIES FREOUENCY PERCENTAGECo-a-jinta *recta 3 12Panicue taxua 4 16Funtuuia africana 1 4Coabretum oyemerse 1 4Alchornia cordifolia 1 4Suilax kraussiana 1 4; Pneunatopteris afra 2 aSynedr.lla nodiflora 5 20
* D,isjoeis rotundifolia 3 12RauvoJYia vonitoria 1 4
TOTAL 22 88
xxxii. Kennedy & Thomas Group; Awudus near Prestea.
'I'he concession stratches from the valley of R Ankobra to
xne adjoinino n:chlanas. The vegetation 1s a matura seconaary
forest. The plant species are recorded in Tables 35a and o.
Two screams, Kyinky2ni and Anamonta, .oin River Ankobra in this
area. The two streams are used as a source of drinking water
* by _ nr haOitar:,.
.JAbout half an acre of the concession has been worked.
lnaere were ten p:ts, each measuring 10.4m x 7m in area and 6m -
7m aeep at the banks of R Ankobra. The forest has not been
much disturbed.
PS
Pmqu&z FFECTS OF SMAL SCAE 1111 AC7IVIIES 09 EGEN ION
I.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..- ~4u*
Table 35a. Spudi. List
Acridocurpus serthinnii Grea hookeranaAgelaea trifolia Griffonia simplicifoliaAlchornia cordifolia Narchantia species.11' Aptandra zenkeri Hyrianthus arboreusBaissea aultJflora Napoleona.a vogelfiBaphie nitida Oplismenus hirtellusI BIihia welmitschii Panicum laxumCnromolaena odorata P. maximumCola giqantea Pentaclethra macrophyllaCuAcasia anqol,r1zss Pityrogra-a- calomelanosCynodon dactylon Pteris burtoniiCyperus distans Raphidophora africanaDialiua aubrevillea Smilax kraussianaDiospyros vignei Solenostemon monostachyusElaeis iuineens:- Strophanthus hispidusEreaospatha macrocarpa
Table 35b. Species Frequencies (25 metre TransectJ
:;PEC1ES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE' -s': o ->uiwn so: -. 2 a
CrroMolaena odorata 1 4ChrysophylJlu albidum 1 4Culcasia anqolensis 3 12Panicum laxum 1 4Carica papaya 1 4Paspalun orbiculare 4 16Griffonia simplicifolia 1 4
TOTAL 14 56
::xxiii. Dakete Company Ltd.: Tamso near Tarkwa (Rock Gold)
The concession lies in a hilly area, in an old largu-scale
mine. The vegetation is a secondary thicket. The plant
species are recorded in Tables 36a and b. A stream, Bediabewu,
runs through the concession. It is used only for washing.
q . Only about a quarter of an acre of the concession has been
* used. Most of the activities are in old pits left by the
EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE XINING ACTiVITIES ON VEGETATION Pal&3
It
- ' A -i 4 I W I P b S-I ;'|- 'Iw ! t>i '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b'.N" ?.r
4ii ,;/-. .a:. *b.
3 . . . *.... ..̂ . . .,At'6,e.@' ,
large-scale mining group. Only one.-snmW pit, 1.56 x 1.5 and
about 20. dump (Plates 44 & 45) ham buen dug by thu present
group. Disturbud area around the pit measured 14.8m x 13m.
Crushing is done mannually at the situ (Plate 46), spreading
over an area of 80 x 6Om. Sluicing is done near the stream,
at a site measuring lOOm x BOrm. Watr for sluicing comes from
the stream by a specially constructed canal (Plate 47). Masses
of boulders and stones uxtending over more than a hectare,
resulting from activities of a previous large-scale mining
company, have become a source of chips for building purposes
(Plate 48).
Table 36a. Species List
Ageratua conyzoides Lycopodiella cermua4 Alchornia cordifolia Mimosa pudica4 1AnthocJeista Nogelii Morinda lucida
Aspilia africana 1usanga cecropioidesBasbusa vulgar is Panicus laxuaCeiba pentandra Paspalus orbiculareCrotalaria retusa Pentodon pevtandrusCyclosorus quadrangularis Phyllanthus niruroides.Cylicodiscus qabunensis Pityrogram.a calomelanosDesrodiu. adscendens Pneumatopteris afra
I Dicranopteris linearis Pteris burtontiDioscorea bulbifera Pueraria phaseoloides-Dissotis grandiflora Raphia vinifera
D0. rotundifoiia Rmuvolfia vomitoriaDuparquetia orchzdacea Scleria boivinii
1j Elaeis quineensis Selaginella myosorusf_CLS sur Sailax kraussianaFuntuwia africana Sporobolus pyramidalis
q Garcinia epunctata Stachytarpheta cayennensisfHarunqana *adagascariensis Synedrella vodifloraJusticia flaya Tetracera alJifoliaKylinga pu:ila Triuufetta rhomboidea
t ~Lantana camara Urena IobataLudmiqia octovalvis
page 61 EFFECTS IF SAL SCALE MNINIM ACTVZ1TIES IN VETATZION
I.* I
' i 1,. . M
* . .Z . -4;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n JT ..77 ^ t .. m t it
Table 36b. Speci-- Froquencis (25 im-tr- Tranuuct);;>;iw. -
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTASEPaspalus orbiculare 7 29Mfiaosa pudica 2 B
* Aspizia .africana 1 4Pueraria phaseoloides 2 BParnicum laxuu 2 8Oissotis rotundifolia 3 12
' I flStachytarpheta cayeanensis 1 4Kyilzaga pumila 1 4Justicia flava 1 4Synedrella r odzflora 1 4PI.ylanthus Tiruroides 2 13Selagnztella myosorus 1 4
TOTAL 24 96
-- 'IV. Modern General Electrical: Acona near ?arkwa
ri.~ ~ (I- Gr * Tne concession lies in a flat terrain in the Neung Forest
Reserve. The vegetation is a mature secondary forest. The
,.I plant species are recorded in Tables 37a and b. The stream
Bediabewu is one of the boundaries of the concession.
About seven to eight acres have been used. The top soil
ana -art a4 tne sub soil are dug leaving large trenches. The
dug up soil is put into an old trench, mixed with water and
washed over a sluice box (Plate 49) to concentrate the gold.
The trenches (Plates 49 & 50) measured 5.5m x 5.Sm in area and
aoaut one metre oeep. Small trees are often uprooted but large
ores are left standing. They, however, fall easily in storms
since some oF their roots are cut during digging. Timber trees
left standin-g n the worked area include Heritiera utizli
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE HIRING ACT7VITIES ON VEGETATZUM Page 65
I
II
n p *-
: E **k`n5: nyanko , ui(ptadenfmstrum f;ican (Akans dinhoma) and
ftan.ma africaDa, African Mtammy Apple, (Akan: bompagya). Old.1. ~ ~ ~ : ^ ~pits -wv filled with sail -from now ones.
Table 37a. Species List
Acadia pennata Laccosperea opacusA4qelaea trifoJia Landolphia oNariebsisAlbizza adianthifolia Lorariopsis quineensisAnthonotha fraqrans Mamaia africanv Antidesma laciriatun Mapania baldaaziiAtaenidia confer*a Marantochloa covgensisI Baphs'a nitida Hicrodesmis puberulaCarapa procera Microsoriuu punctatu '
* Cercestis afielii Musanla cecropioidesI CCnestis ferruginea Napoleonaea leonensis
Cola gigabrea NaucJee diderrichiirV ICombretsa oyesense Panda oleosaCl*Jsf{aJ 3 ano er. Pentaclethra racrophylla
, .I!.e-,slat:r., ;_eer--.-r. P.°-z*c:or 13_.rum safricatiuxalal26ij d 5 nagow. Psychotria peduacularis-
D.:ospyroz sanza-mirrika Pycnocoua *acrophyllaD. souoreana Sarcophrynizu brachystachys
Dracae.a s:rcuJosa Serowbosia glaucescensElaeiS 4ulneensis Tabernaeuontana crassaEntada scelerata Trichilia sonadelphaHeritzera ut!Jis T. prieuriabaKhaye ivorensis
Table 37b. Species Frequencies (25m x 25m Quadrat)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE_ Desplatzia suberzcarpa 3 12.5
Cola gigantea 3 12.5Carapa procera 4 16.7Antidesaa laciniatus 3 12.5Trichilia sonadelpha - 1 4.2CStr&bosia glaucescens 2 8.3
U Diospyros .-- ;'_ 4.2Landolphia ozvarierazs 1 4.2H4uclea diderrich.z 1 4.2Panda oZeosa I 4.2
icrodesuis puberula 1 4.2Albizia adianthifolia 1 4.2
^ * ~Piptadeniastrum africanum 1 4.2U *Tabornaemontana cra.2a 1 4.2
TUTAL 24 100.3
* Page 66 EFFECTS OF SULL SCALE IIJHJIII; ACTVIVZES ON1 VEGETATZON
I.I,|
-.w Xl - l
xxxv. All Alhausan and Brothurs: Kawchiri near Prestea
(Alluvial Gold).
i] Thr concession lies in the valley of River Ankobra. Thevegetation is a secondary forest. The plant species could not
be lsted because the watur level was very high and it was not
possiole to cross the river and got into the concession.
OOsurvations were thurufore mad- from the opposite bank.
About throe acres of the concession have been worked. The
river banks and the river bed are dug and the soil washed for
gold. Depth of excavation is 3m - 7m. Digging is so extensive
e|- that it is gradually extending to the forest area, anc at the
z-ie *6..aa *:icee-:n; the flood plain of the river (Plate 54)..
xxxvi. Bsosmtwe Group: H4uni Valley (Rock and Alluvial
;1 Gold).
The concession is hilly on one side and flat and
marshy on the other. The area is covered with four vegetation
types; a farm regrowth, a secondary thicket, a swamp forest and
a mature secondary forest. The plant species are recordea in
Tac'es Z8a, _ anz c. About 4-5 acres of the hilly area are
* ccupied by cocoa farms. There is a stream, Twenosim, flowing
through the concession which is partially blocked as a result
j o*o the m-ning activities.
I
I~ rrcso #USdX#Savr £gtP l
- a: n . ¶ .t'
A.4 J tii sc 4'%>i.: s
, -I About five acres of the conceusion hAve;- boon workud.
There is rock mining on the hilly side and alluvial mining
* (Platu52) on the marshy sioe. A big trench 12.4. x 4.5m and
LI t 4.5m deep (Plate 53) has been dug on the hilly side for the
extraction of the ore. The disturbed area around the trench is
289.8 x 19.7m. Washing is dons on the marshy side close to the
stream (Plate 54).
Table zea. SOeci es LISt
Albz:ia aazanthifolia Ludwigia octovalvisA. zygia Lycopodiella cernua
Alchornia cordifolia flacaranqa hurifolian fl.t Anthocleista vogelii . anoea africanaBaJDusa tulgaris Hicrodesmis puberula
---. a.-;- flilicia excelsa
Carapa procera Oldenlandia corymbosa
Chro.olaena odorata Oplismenus hirtellus
1 Clerodendrum capitatum Panicuu laxun
Cola chlaydantha Paspalum orbiculare4 C~ombretst oyemense Pentodon pentandrus
Cost_s afer Phyllanthus niruroides
Cyperu; compreSsur Pityraograaa caloaelanosDacr-yodes eduJis Pneumatopteris afra
Desmodium raaosissimus Pteris acanthoneura
De;cfl-,tzia zuberzcarpa Pycnocoma macrophylla
Digitaria h.orizontalzs Raphia vinifera
F: g:n.; eens:_ RauvoZfia vonitoria
-- DEil ia sonchifoiia Sabicea calycinaFicus sur SelaginelIa uyosorus
F. species * Sida acuta* mJ Fuirena uubellata Solanum torvum
Geophila obvallata Sporobolus pyraeidalis
I Hfannoa klaineana Synedrella nodiflora
-Harulhe a a adaaa;carJer:s22 Teruinalia superba
'oeritiera utilis Thausatococcus daaiellzi
Ipomoea turbinata Trichilia sonadelphaKy linqa pumila Triu-fetta rhomboidea
.L
II~ ~~FgSEfcso SLCIE lII lTVJSO EEGO
i -. .;. - - - .,ri . i , , -''.'.Table 398.-.Sp bo- Fromu!nc iCiuTranucit) (Alluvial)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEPanicus lRxum 7 26
* . _. FFuirena u-bellata 2 E* I C,,perus compressus 1 4
* E fDaEilia sonchifolia 2 BKyirinq3 punila 2 anl Phyllanthus niruroides 1 4
TOTAL 15 60
T;.c ZESc. Species Frequencv (2Sm Transact) (Hard rock pit)
SPECIES FREOUENCY PERCENTAGEClerodendrun capitatuu 1 4D.407i tarza hori_ontalis 2 8 . -
Syiedrel la nudiflora 4 16Phylar.ithus niruroides 2 8Sida acuta 1 4Dessadius ramosissiua I 4Parnicuw laxua -2 *Rau.olfia voLitoria 1 4Sp.::irooluts pyrasidalis 1 4Bidenes pilosa 1 401d2riJandia cory:bosa 1 4
TOTAL 17 69
x::xvi:. DonKoh and Yaw Afeme Group: Kawchri near Pr-estea,.
The concession extends from the valley of the Ankobra
w . Rivc-r to the adjoining high lands. The vegetation is a
secradary iorest (Plate 55). The plant species could not be
' --ed For the same reasons as stated above in xxxv.
* A stream, Kwakyere, joins River Ankobra in this area.
The stream is used as a source of drinking water and for wash-
ing. About two acres of the concession is a cocoa farm.
EFFECTS OF SNIALL SCALE NJIHNI ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATION Page 69
.n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~% * Jw,, -- : '. .F
Thera has not bmn any activity thNtIi.-cone&-ion for the
past two years, and the vegwtation had not binu destroyed.
%xxviii. Tetrem Small Scale Mining Group: Tatrem near
Tarkwa (Rock Gold).
Tne concession is on a flat terrain covered with a second-
ary thicket. Five acres of the concession are Citrus and oil
palm plantations. The plant species are recorded in Tables 39a
and b. A small stream, Fonkwaa, runs through the concession.
It is a source of drinking water for the inhabitants. _
About four acres of the concession have been worked. The
ai,,a:n pit maasures 2m x l.5m in area and 17m deep. There are
other shallower pits of about 3m in depth. Crushing and
* washing are carried out in the village.
Tatle 39a. Species List
Aaere-t,a corsyzoides Harantochloa purpureaAjtftz.a Zygia Helanthera scandensAlChornia corditolia fomordica charantiaAspilia africana Husanga cecropioidesRc-abax brevicuspe Hyrianthus arboreus
bid Ceiba pentandra Panicum laxumChra.'olaena odorata P. maximumCovn'elina species Paullinia pinnata_Cyclosoruz quacraqularzs Phyllanthus niruroidesDe3Fvodius r-aosissimus Pneumatopteris afraDioscorea bulbifera Pteris atrovireRsEleusine indica Pueraria phaseoloidesFicus asperifo!ia Rauvolfia vomitorzaRoslundia opposita Rottboellia exaltata7" .. ticia fiaea Sida acutaLanta;n; camaaa Solanum torvuaMaizot-; oppositifoljus Sterculia tragacantha
Synedrella nodiflora
Page 70 EFFECTS OF SNALL SCLE I1J11 ACTZVZTZES' G YEGETATION
ii Table 39b. Specia. Fr-qu.ncy C25 metre Transact)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGESida acuta 1 4EZeusine indica 1 4] Aspila african. 20Pueraria phaseoloides 5 20Hos1uvdia opposita 1 4Paullinia pinnata 1 4Panicu- laxuw 2 8Ia4lotus oppositifolius 1 4Rauvolfia voxitoria - 1 4
* Alchornia cordifolia 1 4*; Chro-oJaena odorata 1 4
Coaselina species 1 4Dessodium,velutinum 1 4T ____________Justicia fzava 1 4
TOTAL 23 92
xx::1x. Alpha, Botwe and Group: Bepoasi near Prestea
(Alluvial Gold).
The concession lies in a hilly area. The vegetation is a
jl secondary forest. The plant species are recorded in Tables 40a
and b. The Ankobra River forms a boundary on one side of the
I concession.
About three acres of the concession have been worked. The
excavated area measures 17m x 17m and 3m deep. Panning is said
ml to be done in the Ankobra River. There was no activity in the
area during the survey.
EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE MINING ACTZJITiES OH VEGETATION Pap 71
II
: @ W ,...
* ;- *-j|!s ipii Se -- w *w..--
* Table 40a. Sp-cies List
Ageratum conyzoides Laccosperua opacu-Alchornia cordifolia Nacaranga hurifoliaBaphia nitida Oncoba spinosaCarapa'procara Panicu. laxuwCentrose3a plunieri Paullinia pinnataChro.olaena odorata PhylZan thus niruroides
S 1 nCyclosorus quadrangularis Pityrogra-ma calowelanosDaniellia ogea Pneunatopteris afraDissotis rotundifolia Psychotria peduncularisElaeis guineensis Pteris atovirensFuntuaia elastica Suilax kraussianaHypselodelphys vioZace. Zanthoxylum gilletli
' 1Table 40b. Species Frequency (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAIEAlchorDia cordifolia 1 4_Hacaranga hurifolia 1 4ChromolaeTa odorata 5 20Dissotis rotundifolia 1 4Phy1lanthus niruroides 6 24Piryrogramea caloaelanos 2 fPanicum laxu* 4 16Pneuaatopteris afra 1 4
TOTAL 21 84
xl. Kanyankaw Co-Op Gold Soc.: Kanyankaw near Tarkwa
,J (Alluvial Gold).
The concession lies in a valley. The vegetation is a-J
mature forest. The plant species are recorded in Tables 41a
and b. A stream, Akaakye, passes through the concession.
qp About 20 acres of the concession have been used. Depth of
excavation is between four and five metres. The soil is washed
| in pools at the site (Plate 56). Some old pits have been
filled.
*PIPage 72 EFFCTS Ot SUL8IL SCALE MIIIIN6 ACTIITIES ON VEGETATIONI
I
Table 41a. Species List
Ageratum con yzoides Mimosa pudicaAlchornia cord:folia Mitracarpus scaberAlstonia boonel mitrgyna stipulosaBambusa vulgaris Musinga cecropeoidesCanariu - schiveinfurthii OZyr- lati-folf-
" ~~~Carapa procera Panicu- laxuntI Ceiba pentandra Par pia biglobosa
FI ~~Chrooolaena odarata Pentodon pentandrus
Cleistopholis patens Phyllanthus niruroides-* CycIosorus quadrangularis Piptedeniastrum africanum
Cyperus coupressus Pityrogranua culowelanosDissotis rotundifolia Pneuatopteris afr.Emilia sonchifolia Pteris burtonilFuirena usbellata Pycnanthus angolensisGluema ivorensis Sida acutaHarungana madaeascariensis Solanum torvumKylinga puwila Tabernaewontana crassa
* Laccosperma opacus Trema orientalisLycopodiella cernua Xylopia aethiopica
a b:4 t±- SpecLes Frequency C25 metre Transect)
- SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEJ Cyperus compressus 3 12
Himosa pudica 3 12Panicum laxun 6 24Chromolaena odorata 1 4Phyllanthus niruroides 4 16Fuirena umbellata 2 8
.j Mitracarpus scaber 1 4
TOTAL 20 s0. .
xli. Huni Valley Co-Op: Nyamebekyere near Huni Valley
(Rock Gold).
I The concession lies in a hilly area. The area that has
already been mined is covered by a secondary thicket, while the
.3 , unmined area is in a secondary forest. The plant species are
> * recorded in Tables 42a and b. About two acres are cocoa and
corn farms. The stream, Twenosim, runs through the concession.
EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE MIHIG ACTIVITIES ON VEGETArION Page 73
I
Only an.. acrt of the conceirn ham been worked. There ar
five active pits, each measuring 2m x 1.5m in area and 7.6m
deep. Crushing and washing are done by the stream. Recovery
LJ of the disturbed area is poor because the washed soil lacks
* vi adequato plant nutrients (Plate 57).
Table 42a. Species List
Acridocarpus smeathmaanli Harumgana madagascariensisAgeratum conyzaides Justicia flava
1l Albizim adiamthifolia Lycopodiella cernuaAlchoruia cordifolia Nusanga cecropioidesAlstonia boonei fyrianthus libericusAuphinas pterocarpoides Hapoleonaea leonensisAnthocleista vogeii Olax subscorpioides _Antideswa laciniatu- Panicum laxumAulacocalyx jasuiniflora Penianthus zenkeri
* Raphia nitida Phyllanthus niruroides* Canarium schneinfurthii Piptadeniastrun afr icanm
Car apa procera Pityrogramaa caloselanosI Cleistopholis patens Pteris acanthoneura
Cola chlamydantha P. burtoniiCulcasia angolensis Rhaphidophora africanaCyperus compressus Sabicea calycinaDacryodes edulis Sarcophrynium brachystachysDesmodius adscendens Scleria boiviniiDiospyros sanza-sinika Scottellia klaineanaDissotis rotundifolia Solanus torvua
ci Dracaena caueroonensis Stroabosia glaucescensEmilia sonchifolia Synedrella nodifloraHeritiera ut4iis Tabernaerontana crasza
p Funtunia africana Teriraalzia ivorensis3uarea cedrata Tre-a orientalis
de
P1
*1,I.
I~~ ~~" 4ErW FRU AEtIgtnEOV6GO
-, *~~~~~~~~~~ *C. - ' '.r;- ;
Table 42b. Speci-s Frequencis : (25 mtre, Teran
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE. Chrouolaena odorata 1 4
Desuodium adscendens 2 aPhyllanthus riruroides 6 24Sailax kraussiana 1 4Paspalun orbiculare 1 4
- n Emilia sonchifolia 3 12Lycopodiella cernua 6 24Pav*icun laxuu 3 12Dissotis rotundifolia 1 4
TOTAL 24 96
xlii. Esuoso Co-Op Sold Soc.: Esuoso near Simpa (Arluvial
Gold).
The concession is on a flat, swampy terrain. The vegeta-
tion is a secondary forest in one part and a fresh water swamp
_J in the other. The plant species are recorded in Tables 43a and
b. The Bonsa River borders the concession on one side. It is
a major source of drinking water for the inhabitants. About an
acre of the concession is occupied by plantain and cassava
farm.
About 15 acres of the concession has been worked. Pits
-, (Plate 58) are about 4m x 2m in area and 3m - 5m deep. Panning
is either done in ponds deliberately made and filled with water
-om the Bonsa River ar directly in the river. Old pats are
filled with soil from new ones.
*E
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE HINIHE ACTiVTIES ONVEGTAION Pap X5
I
,t
Tabl 43a. Specie. List
Aerva lanata Nypselodelphys violaceaAgeratur conyzoidrs Ipomaea turbinataAlbizia adianthifolia Lygodiu- saithianueAlchornia cordifolia Macaranqa hurifoliaU Ancystrocladus abbroviatus Mitracarpus scaborAnthocleista vogeiji Panicus laxu-Aspilia africana Passiflora glabra
'1 Aspleniun africanua Paullinia pinnataBaphia nitida Phyllanthus airuroidesCeiba peentandra Physalis angulata
i Cercestis afzelii Pityrogra-na calorelanosi' ' Chroaolaena odorata Pneuaatopteris afra
Chrysophyllus albidus Psychotria calceataCombretur oyeaense Rhaphidophora africana
!1 Corywborchis corymbis Sabicea calycinaCostus afer Sm:lax kraussianaCraterispernuM laurinum Stachytarpheta cayennensis
i, Culcasia angolensis Sterculia tragacanthaDesaodiuu rauosissimum Trichilia prieurianas-Elaeis guineensis Uapaca heudelotii
n- RFicus qnaphalocarpa Urginea speciesHuoqnia planchonii
1 Table 43b_ Species Frequencies (25 metre Transect)
SPECIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGEflitracarpus scaber 3 12
-J Paricus laxuu 2 -BAgeratum con yzoides 3 12Chrosolaena odorata 4 16
_3 Aspilia africaba 2 8Alchornia cordifolia 1 4
-. Stachytarpheta cayennensis 1 4Ceiba pentandra 1 4Rauvolfia vowitoria 1 4facaranga hurifolia 1 4
S~~~~~ I
.TOTAL 19 76
de xliii. Sunwini Aboie Co-Op Soc.: Awudua near Prestea
(Alluvial Gold).
The concession extends from a hilly area down into the
3 valley of tne Antobra River. The vegetation is a farm regrowth
Page 76 EFFECTS OF SNAUL SCALE 1111K XZIVTZES ON VEGETAZON
|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- .%A .:,* .v sss
and a secondary thickut.' The pln*p arm recorded in
able 44. The concossion is bordered on one side by the
Ankobra,River and on another mide by the struam Sunwin. Sunwin
is a source of drinking water for the inhabitants. About five
n fl acres fo the concession are occupied by maize and cassava
farmis.
About five acres of the concession have been utilized.
Pits are dug along the bank of River Ankobra to extract the
ore. A big crater along the bank measures about 33m across.
Panning is done in the river. Old pits are filled with soil
from new ones.
Table 44. Species List
Alchornia cordifoli2 Harungana madagascarirsisBaphia nitida fitracarpus scaberCarica papaya Panicum laxuuCentrosesa plu5ieri P. maximumChromolaena odorata Pityrogramna calowelanos
Cissus aralioides Pteris acanthoneuraCyclosorus quadrangularis ScZeria boiviniDissotis rotundifolia Solanum torvu-Elaeis guineensis
E-AJ
*I
I
'lF
Table 45. FAMILIES AND THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE PLANTS
Family and Species Common/Local Name Economic Importance
ACANTHACEAE zAsystasla Calycina Leaves for yaws ores and craw-crew
LJ I Brillantaisia patula (Buare-ansera) Decorativel poultice for sore feetElytraria harginota Leaf infusion for whooping coughJusticia flava Familiar medicinal plant for fevorni Phaulopsis ciliata Dried plant as dressing for woundsRuspoliaL hypocrateri- Decorative
forome
AGAVACEAESansevieriz Jiberica African Bowstring Fibre for fishing lines, etc.
A Hemp
-- AMARANTHACEAEAchyrantnesaspera Roots used against *corpion stingAerva lanata Pot-herb, medicine for sore throatAlternanthera sessilis Poultice for boils
AMARYLLIDACEAEUrginea Species Decorative,
AIMPELIDACEAECissus aralTloides Decorative, fruits edibleLeea quineenszs Root extract for venereal disease
AdNACARDIACEAEI Spondias ooobin Hog Plum Shade tree, fruits edible
ANNONACEAECleistopholis patens Salt & Oil True Leaf infusion as febrifugeZsolona cooperi Dark for anti-witchcraft charms!ronodora myristica Calabash Nutmeg Seeds as condiment and spiceUharia globosa Fruits edibleXylopia aethif.*pica Ethiopian Pepper Seeds as condiment and spice
X. quintasii Wood useful, bark medicinal
ANCYSTROCLADACEAEAncystrocladus abbre- Leaf as possible AIDS cure
vlatus
APOCYNACEAEAlstortza boonei Wood for carvingBaissea nultiflora Stem used as house ropeFuntumza africana False Rubber Tree Adulterant, wood for carvingj F. elastica West Africa Useful rubber, wood for carving
Rubber -TreeLamdolphia owariensis Vine Rubber Latex useful as rubber
'1 Rauuolffia vowitoria Rauvolfia Root decoction as sedativeSecaaone afzelii Latex used as galactogogueStrophanthus hispidus Arrow Poison Seed extract for arrow poisonTabernaenontana crassa Latex as coagulant] Voacanga africana Voacanga Latex as adulterant
ARACEAEA*nch oeHanes difformis Tubers as famine foodCercestis af:-elii Fibres used as house rope
4 Culcasia anqolensis DecorativeC. scandens Leaf macerate as fish poison
Dieffenbachia species House plantp1 Dracaena cameroonensis Decorative house plant
I D. perrotettii Decorative house plant
FPaV7 EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE NINII6 ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATINI.
Table 45 (Continued) 0 t
D. iurculota Dccorative house plantPistia strataptes Water Lettuce Weed, but useful as pigs foedRaphidophora afrecan Decorative
_ Xanthosona affatfa Cocoyam Cormel as food, leaf as veg.
il ARALIACEAECussonia nigerica Indicative of swampy areas
n ASCLEPIADACEAE1 urmGngroneea jaEifolium Tie-tie, leaf infusion for colic.Pergularia daeeia Leaf for sore eyes, boils, etc.
BALANOPHORACEAEih^nnangza sanguinea Crown of the Earth Grated rhizomes for asthma
BEGONIACEAEB4egonia species . Decorative house plant
BORAGINACEAEEIriefTi cyosa Root decoction for dysentery
BISNONIACEAEKzgelia atricana Sausage Tree Fetish plant, symbol of fertility.Hembouldia laevis (Sasramansa) Fetish plant, live fenceSpathadea canpanulata African Tulip Decorative, and planted as such
UUrIDhLNLL.tWSnf3yTErEVIus;c Red sepa:s eaten as poc-nwro
Ceiba pentandra Silk Cotton Tree Useful as timber and for kapok(Onyina)
BURSERACEAECanarium schweinfur- Incense Tree Wood as timber, gum as copal
thiiDacryodes edulis *(Adwea) Fruits edible
CAESALPINIACEAE.. bAphimas ptirocarpoi- (Yaya) Latex as source of resin
desAnthonotha fragrans Bark yields gumBussea occidentalis (Kotoprepre) Heavy hard wood for hand toolsCassia absus Leaf Jor dressing ulcerC. siamea Cassia Useful for fuelwood plantation
Cynonetra ananta (Ananta) Hard timber for railway workDanielJii ogea Gum Copal Tree Useful timber, source of gum-copalDialius aubrevMllei Fuelwood
-i D. dinklage' Powdered bark for rheumatismDisteeonanthus bentha- (Bonsamdua) Fetish tree, wood for sle pers
elan usGriffania sinplic Ifo- (Kagya) Fodder, seed contains BS6! lectin
,1 liaPentaclethra nacrophy- *Ataa, Fruits edible, wood for bowls, etc.
CARICACEAE.Garxca papaya Pawpaw Fruits eaten, latex as papain
* jg . CERATOPHYLLACEAECeratophyllun drener- Ceratophyllum Decorative in aquarium
_ ~~~~~~~suitCOMBRETACEAE
id Coubretum oyeaense DecorativePetersianthus macrocar- Useful timber, bark for lumbago
pus* Terminalia ivorensis (Emare) Useful as timber and shingles
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE MINIHG ACTs !I!ES ON VEGETATION Pae 79
* .: .~*n - -.
Tablm 45 (Continued)
T. superba Afara Wood suitable for furnitureCOMMELINACEAELoRMe6izva iricta WeedC caitata WeodC. species Weed
.. Palisota hirsuta CNzahuara) Decoction as analgesic
COMPOSITAEAgeratuu conyzoides Billy Goat Weed We-dAspilia africana Haemorrhage Plant Weed, but useful as stypticBidens piz1sa Spanish Needles WeedChrouolaena odorata Siam Weed Weed, but useful as stypticEmilia sonchifoiia WeedHelanthera scandens WeedSynedrulla nodiflora Nodew-ed WeedTridux procumbens Coat Buttons WeedVernonia anygdaliRna. Bitter Leaf Pot-herb, febrifuge
V. cinerea Little Ironweod WeedV. colorata Nectar as source of honey
CONNARACEAEARqlaei ter folia Stems as roofing materialCnustis ferrugmnea (Akitase) Fruits as teetn cleanerCor*narus africanus Seeds as purge and vermifuge
CONVOLVULACEAEAn-ifseaar i-nicensis Decorative
;;Ud .4 :_-> i3Decorative, aeecs as r.zffaea st._
CUCURBITACEAEHomordica charantia African Cucumber Fetish plant, seeds for abortion
(Nyanya)
I CYPERACEAEcyperus compressa Weed
* ,Fmibristylis triflora WeedFuirena umbellata WeedKylinga puuila WeedHlapania baldvinii Indicative of fertile soilMariscus uabellatus Tuberous base edibleScleria boivinii Nuts useful as beads
DILLENIACEAETetracera aLnifolia Sierra Leone Cut stem source of potable water
Water Plant
DIOSCOREACEAEii ioscarea buJbifera Potato Yam Poisonous bulbils
EBENACEAEUzospyros sanza- Ebonv Carving and allied crafts
__ macska (Sansamulike)* .D soubreana Fruits edible
-EUPHCRBIACEAEAlchornia cordifulia Christmas Bush Pulverised leaf for ulcer treatmentAntidessa laciniatuu FuelwoodBridelia aicrantha (Opam) Wood useful as charcoalDiscog!ypreuna calo- (Fetefre) Wood useful for rice-bowl
neuraEuphorbia cyatho- Weed of cultivated land
phora* E. hirta Australian Asthma Herb Plant decoction for asthma
FaqeBQ k EFFECTS OF SMAL SCALE U1M1L6 ACTIVITIES GETATION
Table 45 (Continued)
Hevea brasiliensis Para Rubber Source of economic rubberHurl crepitans Sandbox True Avenue and shade treeJatropha curces Physic Nut Planted as live fenceHacarang. burifolia Wood as fuel bark as purgeHallotus upposVtifo- (Satadua) Vermifuge ana hammostatic*LJ 11 ~~~lusHanihot *sculenta Cassava Both tuber and leaf eatenJanniophyton fulvue Bark yields fibrerezon.uron benthaeia- (Ekoo-bowerew) Bark decoction for gonorrhoea
nusficrodesu.s puberula (Fema) Wood for tools, leaf medicinalPhyllanthus discoi- (Popea) Good fuelwood
deusP. uuellerianus Twigs as chewstickII P. naruroides Leaves chewed for hiccup
Pycnocora macrophylla (Akofeakofe) Leaves as popular purgativeRic.nodendron heud#lo- (Wama) Seeds oaten, wood for carving
tiliRicinu, cer'eunis C.Astor Oil Seeds poisonous, yield oil
PlantSecurineca virosa Fruits edible, leaf for feavrUapaca guineense Sugar Plum Wood for general carpentaryU. heudelotif Wood for general carpentary
FERNSrl RU=Peniun africanum Decorative
oryabMDr.:nis caryabJs Decorative
Cyclusurus quadranqu- Weed in fourst areaslaras
Dicranopteris linearis Decorative, but weedyLonariopsis guineensis Stem as tie-tieLycopodiella cernua Lycopodium DecorativeLygodium suithianun Stem as tie-tieMlicrosorium punctatum Decorative epiphyte
.4 Pellaea doriana DecorativePityrograuma caloe- Decorative
lanosPlatyserius elephant- Decorative epiphyte
OtisPneuaatopteris afra (Mmeyaa) Weed in cocoa farmsPteridiuu aquilinum DecorativePter-s acarithineura Decorative
P. atrovirens DecorativeP. burtonii DecorativeP. vittatas Indicative of gold deposits
Ti ;1 SelagineJla eyosorus Selaginella DecorativeS. versicolor Selaginella DecorativeS. snecies Selaginella Decorative
Tectaria angelicifolia Decorative
GRAMINEAE* hl Saebusa vul garis Bamboo Useful for poles and posts
Chloris barbaeta WeedCynodon dactylon Bermuda Grass Useful as lawn grassaDigitaria horizontalis Weed
* Eleusine indica Weed, but grains edibleHeteropogon contortus Spear Grass WeedI'perata cylindrica Lalang Grass Notorious weed, used as thatchLeptaspis cochleata Weed on forest floorOlyra latifolia Seeds as beads and countersOplimenus hirtellus Weed on forest floorPanicum laxum Forest weed
P. maximum Guinea Grass Useful fodder, suitable as thatch
- _-:;- iLL 1Z.4.8EE 1ThiU ACilITIES Y MVEGTATI Page 81
I
~~~* p v. #.S . 4.% 2s $t'
.3 ,; 1**.m$!¢ **
Table 45 (Continued 3 .i.q .: 1 '4't
Pispalum orbicuJare Forest weedPenniswtua ziganteue Stems useful for fencingP. pedicelJatus FodderP. subangustuw Fodder
- Roft ttboallia exaJtata Powdered dry stem for asthmaSetiria vugaphylla Woed
-_J Sorghum arundinceus Cameroon Grass Grains idibleSporobolus pyramidal's Cat's Tail Grass Weed, but grains edibleVetiveria fulyibarbis Thatch, fodder
GUTIFERAEGarcinia *punctata (Nsokodua) Popular chewstickHarungana madagasca- (Okosoa) Latex yields resin
riensisHanoea africana African MNmay Timber, latex yields resin
Symphonia globulifera Apple Gum-yieldingVisMPa guineunsis Leaf purgative, wood for tools
IRVINGIACEAEiruinqza gabonensis Wild Mango Fruits edible, nut yields fat
(Abesebuc)
LABIATAEucirur gratissirun Fever Plant Popular faver plant
ni Solenosteuon monos- Decorativestachys
Stachytarpheta cayen- Common weed nJ -u1tivation.er,hszs
LAURACERE'ersev americana Avocado Pear Popular fruit tree
LEMNACEAEeenna purpusilla Aquatic weed
LECYTHIDACEAEHapaleonaea .eonensis (Obua) Wood used to carve mashers
LILIACEAEViFor:osa superba Sloriosa Poisonous tuber, but decorative
LINACEAE* 'Hugonia planchonil Decorative, infusion for cough
-A LOGANIACEREAnthocleista nobilis Indicative of swampy areas
-v dA. voelii Indicative of swampy areasSpigelia antheliia Weed, decoction anthelminticStrychnos floribunda Stems useful as tie-tie
MALPISHIACEAEAcridocarpus smeathmar.ri Decorative
MALVACEAEADutInon mauritianum Common weed
W Sida acuta Hemp Weed Macerated leaves for convulsionI S. cordifolia Bast fibre for jute
S. rhombifulia Wireweed Common weedUrena lobata Congo Jute Bast fibre for jute
MARANTACEAEAtaenidia conferta Leaves as food wrapperHypselodelpys violacea Stems useful as thatch
* ffarantochloa congensis Leaves as food wrapper
PaaeG EFFECTS OF SNALL SCALE MNIXNG ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATION
n ;A'jPP -- .I
J. .-, .Ar..;; ....Table 45 (Continued)
-- if. purpura Decorative leaves as wrapperSarcophrynmiu brachys- Leaves as oad wrapper
-.u tachysThaumatococcas daniel- Katemfe Send aril extremely sweet
n . 1~~~-ii'I MARCHANTIACEAEI 'wfarchantue species Weed on river banks
MELASTOMATACEAEII Dassotis qranziflore DecorativeD. rotundifolia Leaf decoction for colds
MELIACEAEl 4zadzjrachta indica Neom Fuelwood, chewmtick febrifuge
Carapa procera Yields resin, wood lor carpentaryGuaroa cedrata Guarea Class I1 timber treeS. thompsonii Black Guarea Class II timber tree
Khaya ivorensis . Mahogany Class I timber treeTrlchilia sonadelpha (Tandro) Wood for general carpentaryT. prieuriana Ctakadikro) Fuelwood, bark pulp for gonorrhoea
* IMENISPERMACEAEI Cissampelos owariensis Stem as tie-tie* * Dioscoreophyllum cun- Guinea potato Seed pulp extremely sweet
*insiiPenianthus zenkeri Roots as aphrodisiac
P Sphenocentrus jollyanut 'Vrakoo) Roots as aphrodisiacTriclisia subcdrdata Stems for basketrv and tie-tie
MIMOSACEAEALbiziza adianthifolia (Pampena) Class III timber, ringworm remedy
J A. zygia (Okro) Class III timber, leaf as febrifugeCylicodiscus gabunensis African Class III timber, useful as sleepers
GreenheartII ,Dichrostachys cinerea Marobou Thorn Notorious weed of cultivated land
Entada scelerata Sea Bean Roadside weed in forest areas=a Mimosa pudica Sensitive Plant Common weed
Parkia bialobosa S2ed pul edible, timber usefulPiptadenzastrum afra- Danhoma) Class II timber, good for sleepers
.1 canmus-1 Schrankia leptocarpa Sensitive Plant Common weed of cultivated land
MOLLU6INACEAEGlanus oppositzfolzur Semi-aquatic weed
MORACEAEArtocarpus coumunis Breadfruit Avenue or shade tree, seeds edible
* fl Cecropia peltata Early colonizer in forest regrowthU Ficus asperifolia Sandpaper Tree Leaves used as sandpaper
F. exasperata Sandpaper- Tree Leaves uaed as sandpaperF. gnaphalocarpa Decorative fig
1I F. platyphylla Gutta-Percha Latex is source of gutta-perchaTree
F. sur Fig Tree Symbol of fertilityHilicia excelsa Iroko (Odum) Class I timber
39 fusanga cecropioides Umbrella Tree Early colonizer, pulp for paperHyrianthus arboreus (Nyankoma) Fruits edibleH. libericus Fruits edible
Trilepisium madagasca- (Okure) Latex as adulterantriernse
MUSACEAEMusa paradisiaca Plantain Staple food
EFFCTS !F SHLL SCALE N1ft!ri AC!;TIVIIIES ON VEki7ATION Page 53
I.
Table 45 (ContinuedY'
MYRISTICAEAE_ycnanthasaqolmensis Komb Bean Class III timber, seeds yield oil
(Otis)NYMPHAEACEAE
r7 Nymphaea Iotus Water Lily Decorative, symbol of regeneration
u OCHNACEAELophzra alta Red Ironwood Class III timber, good for sleepersFl Scottellia cheivaieri Class [II timber, source of potash
OLACACEAEAptandra zenkeri - Used traditionally as purgativeCoula eduJis Gaboon Nut Fruits like wallnut,edibleOlax subscorpioides Twigs useful as broomPtycopetalum anceps Roots used to assist conceptionStroabosia glaucescens (Afena) Poles excellent as electric posts
F] ONAGRACEAELudmigia Fctovalvi: a semi-aquatic weed
PALMAEjEaeis quineensis Oil Palm Fruits yield oil, sap as palm-wineErewospatha nacrocarpa3 Rattan Palm St-ms for basketry & allied craftLaccosperma opacux 3 (Ayike)Phoenix reciinata Wild Date Palm Dates edible, sold in the marketn Raphia hookeri3 Wine Palm Tree tapped for wine, petiole usefulR. vinifera 3 as poles, posts and for buildino
PANDACEAE'1 Panda oleosa (Kokroboba) Coagulant, crushed fruit $or ulcer
-' PAPILIONACEAEAbrus precatorius Prayer Beads Seeds poisonous, but used as beadsAganope leucobotrya Flowers decorativeBaphia nitida Camwood Source of red dye
.8 pubescens Stems useful as umbrella ribsCentrose,a plumi'- Cover crcp, ..e@ ;..tro9encrotalarza retu.a Devil Bean Common weed, fixes nitrogenDesmodiux adscendens Plant decoction for hypertensionD. Qangeticus Medicine for chest complaintsD. raaosissimus Common weed
Duparquetia orchidacea Decorative, bark for elephantiasisLonchocarpus cyanesceris west African Source of indigo dye
IndigoPhysostigua venenosua Calabar Dean Ordeal plant, ophthalmic usesPlatysepaluu hirsutum Common weed in cocoa farmsPteracarpus santalinoi- Useful wood, roots as febrifuge
il1 desPueraria phaseoloide-s Pueraria Smothers weeds, fixes nitrogenRhyrchosia ainiza Stems as tie-tie
Wi Sesbania sesban Green manure, fixes nitrogen_.orriia latifolaa Fodder, febrifuge
PASSIFLORACEAEAdenium oabesum Tubers yield latexPassiflora glabra P3as:=n Flower Fruits edible, symbolic of Christ
PIPERACEAEPiper guineense WJest African Spice and condiment
black PepperP. umbellatum Young leaves as pot-herb
RUBIACEAE|ulacocalyx jasminiflara Young roots as aphrodisiac
Psge4 EFFECCS OF SAL4! SCALE XINING ACTIVITIES OH VEGETATIONI.
I.
Table 45 (Continued)
Borreria scabra Weed of cultivated landCurynaanthe pachyceras Corynanthe. Source of yohimbine, an aphrodisiacCraterispwraum 1auriruu Stem for thatching, bark for feverGeophila obvallata Decorative flowars and fruitsHymenocoleus species Decorativeflitracarpus scaber Common weed of cultivationtitraqyna stipulosa Class II timber treeMorinda lucida Brimstone Tree Yields yellow dye, roots medicinal
1 Nussaenda elegans DecorativeNauclea diderrichii (Kusia3 Class I timber tree, best for mortarOldenJandia coryabosa Common weed, root as aphrodisiacOxyanthus racemosus Stems for hut constructionPentodon pentandrus Semi-aquatic waed, useful as pot-herbPsychotria calceata Fuelwood and hut constructionP peduncularis Whole plant used as febrifuge
Psydrax subcordata (Teteadupon) Good for fuelwood and charcoalRothmannia whitfieldii DecorativeSabicea calycina Ground leaves to induce walking
ROSACEAEParinari excelsa Guinea Plum Fruits edible
RUTACEAECitrus sinenszs Sweet Orange Fruits edible, rind for essential oilZanthoxyluu qilletii (Okuo) Root bark for colds, cough, etc.Z. xanthoxyloides Candle Wood Good fuelwood, seeds as spice
SAP!NDACEAFBisonia saptoa Akee Appie Avenue and shade tree, aril eaten -
S. welwitschii Avenue and shade tree, decoritiveCardiospersum halica- Balloon Vine Seeds as counters, root as appetizer
cabusLecaniodiscus cupa- (Dwindwira) Good fuelwood and charcoal
niozdesPaullznia pinnata (Toa-ntini) Crushed plant for joining broken bone.
SAPOTACEAErn.rysaphnup albidum Star Appie Fruits edible, sold in the marketGluena ivorenszs Latex for mending broken potsflalacantha alnifolia Wood used in carving bowls, plates, etcSynsepaluw dulcificun Miraculous Eaten fruits impart sweet after effect
Berry
SCROPHULARIACEAECipraria bifiora DecorativeScoparia dulcis Sweetbroom Woed Infusion as diuretic and for coughStriga hersontheca Witchweed Notorious weed of Sahel crops
SIMAROUBACEAERiTnia klazneana (F6tie) Bark infusion for colic
EMILACACEAESaizax kraussiana West Africa Tuber for syphilis and gonorrhoea
SOLANACEAE Sarsapari1laCapsicun annuu. Pepper Important spice and condiment
;J Physalis anqulata Wildcape Common weed, fruit for sterilityGooseberry.
Solanum niqrun Black Common weed fo cultivated landNightshade
J S. torrum rrickly Solanum Fruits edible and medicinalS. verbasciroliuo Weed of Farmland
EFFECTS OF ;'-AL 4SC_ ;!.!H 7IIT1iS. ON VEGETATION Page 95
a.
E {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. *-Sb
Table 45 (Continued)
STERCULIACEAECoLa chLamydantha Stems for pestles and house building
C 9gqantea (Watapuo) Powdered bark for syphilisC. asl Anii Wood has been used for gun stock
ITi C. nitida Bitter Cola (BDse) Seeds as kola-nut of commerce Heritiora utilis (Nyankom) Class I timber tree
Li Heso ordonia papave- (Danta) Class II timber tree, carvers choicerifera
m rl Sterculia oblonga Wood for planks bridges, etc.A S. tragacantha African Gum edible, Ied as kenkey wrapper
Tragacanth' Triplochiton sclero- Obeche, (Wawa) Class I timber tree, best for boards
NxylonTACCACEAETacca zeontop.talaides Tuber may be eaten as famine food
TILIACEAE3esplatzia subeficarpa The fruit yields a black dyeGlyphaea brevis Leaves applied to sores and ulcersGrewia hookerana Stems for basketry and alliedtrr-aftTriuufetta rhoaboidea Burweed Stem yields fibre, leaves as pot-herb
TYPHACEAE -Typha doaingensis Bulrush Leaves for matting, tubers may be eaten
* ULMACEAECeitis nsldbraedzz %Esa-fufuo) Class III timber tree, good for pestleHolootelea C-fnlif W:. ' has been used for canoesTrema ortertralis (Sesea) Early colonizer in forest regrowth -
URTICACEAELapportea aestuans (Hunhon) Leaves used as pot-herb
VERDENACEAE4 f4eroaendrum capitatum Decorative, stem used by tappersGnelina arbores Shade, avenue and plantation treeHoslundia opposita (Asifuaka) Plant used as lactogenic.a.a. cab. a L.antana Common notorious weedPriva lappulacea Introduced weed
1 Vitex aicrantha Useful as fuelwood and charcoal
ZINGIDERACEAECostuz arer Ginger Lily Used traditionally for purificationAfra.oeua geocarpus Rhizomes medicinal
PER
*1
-J
si
n~~~~~~~ h
ri ....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Table 46. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE CONCESSIONS
GRANTNAME NATURE TOPO- VE6E- AREA STATE REHA-OF GRAPHY TATION WORKED OF BILITA-
MINING WORKED TIONLq (Acres) AREA
q , AKIM ODA CENTRE
A.L. Ismatrah Co. Ltd. A Flat Regrowth 5.00 R --' Club One Min. Soc. A Flat Regrowth 1.00 R -
Kensworth Contract & A Flat Sec. For. 0.50 +D *Mining Ltd.
Amunga Yaaba Min Soc. AD Flat Sec. Th. S.00 +D +Swamp
Abusuapanyin Korankye AD Flat Sec. For. 0.50 +D +& Group Swamp
. .
ASS IN FOSU CENTRE
Geisendorfer Min. Co. Ltd. A Flat Grass 0.25 -D -* II Kwame Otabil/Boampong AD Flat Sec. Th. 2.00 +D +
SwampRobert Kof. Akraoo & iroup AD Flat Farm Reg. 3.00 +D +Kweku Seidu & Group AD Flat Sw. For. 1.75 +D -
j SwampJacob K. Asmah & Group A Hilly Farm Reg. 2.00 +D/R -
SwampBIBIANI CENTRE
-Sunsum Mining Co. Ltd. H Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -Nsuo Akyi Small Scale H Hilly Cas. PI. 1.50 -D -Miners
Yaw Adomako H Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -
DUNKWA CENTRE
* @ Tonto Mining Enterprise A Hilly Sec. For. 12.50 SD -Flat Sec. Th.
Samuel Okra H Hilly Sec, For. 0.25 -D -
ENCHI CENTRE
Askwa Mining Group H Hilly Sec. For. 1.50 +D -I Lorando Mining Company H Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 +D -Prestige Mining Group H Hilly Sec. Th. 5.00 R -Ablordeppey Geological A Flat Sec. For. Nil- - -
ConsultI 3B. Mining Co. Ltd. H Hilly Farm Reg. - -D -Atuabo Small Scale Mining H Hilly Rub. PI. 0.50 -D -Group
g.Page! 19 EFFECTS oF SHALL SCAL£ 5111MG ACTIITIES ON VEGERTATII .
II
Table 46 (Continued)
Bawdie Small Scale Mining H Hilly Farm Reg. 3.00 D -
Group SBc. Th.
nl KIBI CENTRE
Semfind Company Ltd. A Hilly Farmland 0.50 -D -
TARKWA CENTRE
_, Nana Yaw Asante Group A Ri ver Sec. Th. 1.50 -D -
1 BankYalsaj Co. A River Sec. For. l5.00 +D -
BankMbease Nsuta Wood Co. Ltd. A Valley Sec. For. 5.00 D -U Kysrenyianan Co-Ojp Gold Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 2.50 +D -
Kadadwen Co-Op Gold Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 0.50 R -
'7 Kanyankaw Co-Op Sold Sac. A Valley Sec. For. 20.00 +D +Huni-Valley Co-Op. H Hilly Sec. For. 1.00 -
Esuoso Co-Op Sold Soc. A Swamp Sec. For. 15.00 +D +Flat
I Sunwini Aboie Co-Op Soc. A Hilly Farm Reg. 6.00 +D -
ValleyDenkyembrom Co-Op Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 3.00 -D -
Huniso Obuoho Co-Op Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 0.50 +D -
Bompieso Min. Co-Op Soc. H Hilly Sec. Th. 2.00 +D -
Kennedy & Thomas Group A Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -
RiverBank
Dakete Company Ltd. H Hilly Sec. For. 0.25 -D -
Modern General Electrical A Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 +D +Ali Alhassan & Brothers A Valley Sec. For. 3.00 D -
Bosomtwe Group H/A Hilly Sec. Th. 5.00 *D -
Valley-- Donkoh & Yaw Afeme Group A Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 eD -
RiverBank
Tetrem Small Scale Mining H Flat Thicket 4.00 D -
| ~~~GroupAlpha, Botwe & Group A Hilly Sec. For. 3.00 +D -
RiverII Bank
LEGENDAD - Alluvial Diamond R - Recovering* H Hardrock -D - Lightly DisturbedA = AlluvLal Gold +D - Highly Disturbed+ = Attemcted Rehabilitation
* - = Not Attempted Rehabilitation
Farm Reg. - Farm Regeneraion
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCL-E .I3ffSI. XTVTZES ON VE6ETATION Page 119
I,,II.
'I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -. *j.*
Table 46 (Continued) .
Sec. Th. Secondary ThicketSec. For. Secondary ForestSw. For. Swamp ForestRub. P1. - Rubber PlantationCas. PI. Causia Plantation
* .
.1.
3
* -
',;EI 'j ~~~~~~~~EfFFECTS Of SMALL SCALE MIIMACIIUS Oi.'. V2 EGETATIO
E'6. CONCLUSIONS
n?.The environmental audit carried out on a stratifind sample
of 43 concessions of various sizes and levels of activities led
to some general conclusions.
11 - Vegetation Types of Concessions
Judging from the untouched portions of the concessions,
the initial vegetation types, in order of complexity, consisted
3j of grassland, farm regrowth, secondary thicket, swamp forest
and mature secondary forest.
Status of Plant species
Non of the plant species encountered in the areas studied
could be considered an endangered species according o relevant
records.
i4 ,Methods Used
Three main methods of operations are used, namely, allu-
vial mining along rivers, alluvial mining on land, and excava-
tion of lode. Crushing, where necessary, washing of sand and
soil and panning generally take place on the concessions.
Where gold is involved, further treatment of gold concentrate
with mercury to form amalgam takes place in workshops in the
adjoining villages.
| Effects of Operations on the Environment
3 a) Excavations along river banks have widened the river
bed in some cases and loosened the soil of the embankment.
E1
'i '..rs.&.t '. Ib t6'i qfq.C'..
b) Thu vegetation d j atly dmaged epsp-
cially by alluvial miningi. The topography and scenery have
been badly altered in many places.
c) Deep trenches and pits (some down to 30m) disturb the
soil and rock structure.
d) Plants which arm removed and arm of commercial use,
eg. plants used for fibres, sponges, chewing sticks, drugs,
etc. are not harvested but allowed to go to waste.
a) Large working gangs panning in rivers are likely. to
contaminate the water with pathogens of water-borne diseases,
such as bilharzia, and some are, on the other hand, liable to
infection..
Signs of Regeneration of Vegetation
There are various stages of regeneration of the vegeta-
tion. The rate at which this will occur depends on:
a) the time since operations ceased
b) the extent of disturbance of the top soil
q c} the speed at which top soil is re-built
d) the amount of accumulated washed soil with no
I e' ant- nutrients
I e) the rate of replenishing plant nutrients by
weathering and litter decomposition
A f the extent to which the topography is altered
PI
*1I
g) the efficiency of dispersal of seeds from adjoin-
ing areas.
Any r.g.n.ration obs-rved was natural, and no deliberate
attempt at reafforestation by the operators was noticed. How-
ever, attempt made by some operators to fill the trenches and
pits will encourage faster regeneration.
Miscellaneous Observations
3I ,a) Ponds created for washing sand and soill and for pann-
1 ting were at considerable distances from the habitations. and
would not be the cause of any increase in mosquito populations
in towns and villages.
i _ _ 1. . tMe n:sn cost, mercury is sparringly used
at the workshops to amalgamate the gold. The mercury, there-
iore, does not normally pose any danger of pollution.
c) Regrettably, children are employed at the concessions
_l with grave consequences to education in these areas.
*i.; Deep pits and trenches, whether being actively operat-
ea or abandoned, bear no signs of warning.
e) In many cases, operations are manual and rate of work
is slow.
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE N1RIZN ACTIYITZES ON VEOETATOU Ppap in
I
"17. RECOMMENDATIONS
Dj a) Rehibilitation of Areas
Given the extent of degradation that goes on, there
should be a deliberate programme of rehabilitation. From our
observations, the operators would not be able to handle this,
because they lack the relevant expertise. Rehabilitation will
| demand, first, a thorough knowledge of the flora, and second-
ly, an idea of the conditions required for growth of seediings
.1 and young plants of different tree species. Rehabilitation
n should, foremost, be concerned with planting of tree species.
Grmsses and horbs usually invade e:tposDd areas relatively
Ul quickly aided by natural dispersal.
q It is necessary that competent organizations be engaged to
carry out the rehabilitation exercise. We recommend that the
services of the Botany Departments of the University of Ghana,
q Lgon, University of Cape Coast and the University of Science
arid Technology, Kumasi, and the Department of Forestry, should
-u be used. However, before abandoning any site the operators
should re-fill the pits and trenches with the spent sand and
soil.
The tree species which have been identified for each
*1 ccncession could be used during the rehabilitation exercise as
3 a guide. We, however, recommend the use, as priority, of some
special tree species which are being used in other areas and
Page 124 EFFECTS OF SALL SC MININ6 ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATZON
U.
countriua for rehabilitation of degraded lands' becaume of their
unique properties. They chn be grown in close populations and
they ary easily propagated. Apart from restoring the soil for
II other species, they are, on their own, important economic
species which bring along other benefits. The strongly
recommended species are:
Acacz albida: grows well in ary areas. It is especially
useful as it sheds its leaves during the rainy season, allowing
1:,;;- anz .ater to reach seeds and seedlings below. Again, the
tree goes into leaf as the rains fade to shade the sun-
_ threatened sprouts. The tree is fast growing and is deep-
rootez and Ooes not compete with crops and shrubs for surface
water. It is propagated by seeds.
It is a good source of fence posts and firewood and its
I-unh-orotein nocs make excellent fodder for goats and cattle.
ArTJrca&$d:u, occidentale (Cashew): grows under a wide range
ot c.:mat:c and soil conditions. It is hardy and drought
_ .-;.:_n_ .S-1Li adapted to poor soils and dry sandy areas which
are not suited to other crops. The phenolic nutshell oil is
widely used as a medicine, a wood protector, a source of resin
and as a water-proofing agent. Locally it is best known for
its edible fruit.
*2 Cassia siaiea (Siamese Cassia): is a good source of green
manure in drvland environment. Propagated by seed, the plant
grows rapidly. Cassia species are adaptable and grow well in a
EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE NLEIN ACTIVITIES VE GEATION Pap m25
I.
wide rang. of elevations, soils, tumperaturms and rainfalls.
fl it is a favourite woodlot tree.
I' |Casuarina equisetifolia (Whistling Pine): is an
actinorhizal plant with root nodulms containing the bacterium,
jj Frankia sp. Tney live in mutual association - Frankia fixes
I nitrogen. C. equisetifolia thrives in nitrogen-poor and
relativety stressed environments, and is able to grow in arid
and saline environments. It is used for reclaiming strip mines
and sandy Bea shores or for planting in areas devastated by
volcanic eruptions, forest fires, or other ecological dislocat-
ions. It provides 4uelwood. It is propagated by seeds.
=- Ceiba perntantra (Silk Cotton Tree): crows mostly in dr-y,
hilly districts, thriving in the hottest and stoaniest piaces.
It is generally propagated by seeds but is also easilv raised
by means of cuttIngs. It produces the well-known kapok used
_or stu+fang mattress, pillows, cusnions, life jackets, etc.
Gliricieia sepium (Mother of Cocoa': :s a deep-rooted tree
__r__'__-"r z - nutrzenrts =nr-ugn ne earth, wnile
at the same time adding organic material to the soil through
5 litter fall. It is fast-growing, and has the vigour to out-
compete weeds. It is propagated by seed.
Leucasna leucocephara (Horse Tamarind): is also a deep-
I rooted tree like Gliricidia sepiua and gives the same benefits.
L. leucocephala trees can fix 75-120 kg of nitrogen per hectare
P.
Page 126 EFFECTS OF SMAL SCALE 11115C ACTIViTIES OJ VE£GETATIOI
I.*A
-t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t *i*I,.
in a six-month puriod. I i- prop The leaves
are fodder to cattle, sheep and goats.
Sesbania arandiflora. Thu plant's outstanding feature is
its extremely fast growth rate, especially during the first
II' ilthree or four years after planting. It is very easy to
prdpagate by cutting. or seedlings. It establishes readily,
requires little maintenance, grows fast, and can easily be
planted on a large scale and dmnsely by seeds. It has the
potential +or reforesting eroded and grassy wastelands. This
small tree pri vides forage, firewood, pulp and paper and green
manure. Prolific nodulation and extremely large nodules are a
dramatic feature of S. grandiflora.
Re-afforestation Procedures and Cost Estimates
Rehabilitation of any of the degraded areas will involve
tne following:
i. Vegetation survey of worked areas to assess
* inectares needing re-afforestation and to determine appropriate
plantirtg zpac:ng that would keep seedlings away from already
U ngr- w; '
1 e615 ma'a-day/ha at CtO,OOO per man-day
(specialists involved) - C150,OOO/ha.
* ii, Labour for pegging, digging
EFFECTS Of SMALL SCALE MINtIM ACTWlTIES ON VEGE R.199 Pap 1
*I .I
.-. v. -
of hol- and filling with
top sol1.
a 90 man-day/ha at C2,000
per man-day
C180,000/ha.
iii labour for planting of seed-
lings
@ 12 man-day/ha at C2,000
per man-day
C24,000/ha.--
iv Maintenance labour - weeding
twice
o 16 man-day/ha at 2,000
per man-day
C32,000/ha.
I v Cost of seedlings
! a 700 seedlings/ha at CrSO/
seedling
C350,000/ha.
Page m EFFEUCTS Of SIALL SCALE IZNMZN ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATION
*I.
Total RuhabilMtion coat C736,000/ha.
vi Contingency (10%) 73,600
B.q TOTAL CB09.,600
Total area to be rehabilitated ...................... biha.*
H. Total estimated cost of ruhabilitation C49,385,600
This estimate excludes levelling and filling of -pits.
These activities should be undertaken by the miners. This con-
j] dition should be included in the documents of the concession
award and should be strictly enforced. A proposed three-year
j. rehabilitation programme is presented in Appendix 2.
* Estimated from worked areas in Table 46.
S b) Training Scheme for Miners
WRThis should be concerned more with raising public and
political awareness than with increasing technical efficiency.
* |^A Social Relations Unit should be established in the Commission
to be particularly responsible for educating the operators in:
z. extracting valuable products from non-timber
1| @tree species felled. Vegetation removed should be profitably
utili=ed under the management of the District Assemblies rather
than allowing them to go to waste as is done now. The useful
EFFECTS OF SALL SAE HIRING ACXTZVTES N VEUTAIr Pago 1
I
_ '.. .I* ,. ':a.,f.',,'-
products, such as, fibres, upongus,.: Zu, fuulwood and fence
posts should be extracted and sold as a source of income for
the District Assemblies and the operators. A link between the.4s
Commission and the District Assembly involved must be
established.
ii. protecting water bodies. It should be ensured
that operations along river banks do not interfere with thu
flow of the water. Furthermore, the operations should be
regulated especially at watersheds to safeguard the stability
of the rivers and streams. This will require periodic
inspection and vigilance by agents of both the Commissloni and
* ' the District Assemblies.
U c) Welfare o4 Inhabitants The operations of the miners iam-
4 pose environmental harzards on the inhabitants. It should be*
-, -t .-+ ~--; -- -- t!_.- tne people
in the areas dc not suffer.
. :-r.c=r t- l:fe. Tne Comm:ss:on should enforce
the erection of bold warning signs calling attention to open
d trenches and pits, until work is completed in the area and the
pi-ts and trenches filled. Farmers, hunters and other field
worKers stand the danger of falling into these pits, some
3 -2-sra1 metres deep.
ii. Threat to formal education. Immediate future
* ac;:lt c-nerat-on in these areas would greatly suffer from poor
*1
Page :sO - EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE MINING ACTIVITIES ON1 VEGETTIJON
-I.
education if the present practice of allowing children to par-
ticipate in the operations continues. Employment of children
should be prohibited immediately, and the District Assemblies
must ragidly enforce this rule.
- ~ d) Adequate Equipment to Ensure Efficiency.
To improve productivity, miners should avail themselves of
|1 machinery, such as water pumps for emptying pits and trenches,
* ano stone crushing machines, etc. which coould be procureJd 1ner
si a hire-purchase scheme instituted by the Minerals Comuiission.
* The scheme is being administered by the Enterprises Development
Unit of CEDECOM (Central Regional Development Commission.)
e) Fundinc ot Re-afforestation Prooramme.
;-- 1 * -- tn - . im'ta cclporeance.
This exercise would be expensive and the gold and diamond
miners must compulsorily contribute towa--_ it. The esti._to_1
cost of re-afforestation should serve as a guide for arriving
*1 aat a suitable levy. When this has been decided on by the
ninerals Commisstan, the fee should be decucted from earnings
_ oi- tne miners on a pay-as-you-earn oasis.
I. EfFECTS OF SMALL SCALE HINING ATIVITIES OH VEGETAZTON Pae 131
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* | *. tX . . - -| wsz
*~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; U,. .i_
IL8. REFERENCES -- '
r ,t
* HALL. J.B., and SWAINE, M.D. C1976) Classification and ecologyof closed-canopy Porests in Ohana. Blackwell Scientific
-' Publications. London.
and - (1981) Discribution and ecology ofvascular plants in a tropical rain forest. Porest Vegeta-tion in Ghana. Dr. V. Junk Publishers. The Hague.
MOONEY: In Hall, J.B., and Swaine, M.D. Forest Vegetation inGhana.
TAYLOR, C.J. (1952) The vegetation zones of the Gold Coast,Bull. Gold Coast For. Dep. 4; 1-12.
EESE T
-4
'
.1i
EFECTS OF SJIILL SCALU lIMING ACTIVitIES 011 vEGETCIl Pag 131
II.
.~~~~~.. . * . * -. ,- X* % 4.
APPENDIX I
Small Scalm Mining Projmctt
I Field Inspection for Environmental Impact Assesment Ouestion-naire.
1. Name of Company..... .mp a n
2. Name of Dirctor/Managmr/Officer-in-chatge..........e...
3. Location of Concessicn...............................
F' 4. District ............................................-.;
5. Region.
6. Ecological Zone: Evergreen format.
Deciduous rain forest........
Savanna .....n...........
7. Annual rainfalli n f a ll. . o.. 444. .. 444444.
S. Rainfall distribution pattern................
a 9. Size of concession .. .4..4444444444444.
10. Topography and vegetation of Concession ..........
11. Are there streams/rivers on the concession?...............
If yes, describe number and position in the concession....
12. Are the streams/rivers used by inhabitants of the area?...
* |'rIf yes, give details of usages..................... .g..
13. Number of farms in Concession........................
14. Proportion of area of concession occupied by farms........
I I
Appendix l (Continued)
15. Major crops of the farm...................................
0' 1 16. Date concession grnted.... ..........
17. Date operation started ....................................
£6. (a) Area already utilised...................
(b) Percentage of concession..............................
19. Average area utilised per month..........................n 20. Depth of excavations....... m.......m..m....m.mm......s
21. Description of activities ...... ..
22. (a) Are chemicals used in the operation7...o?...... `.. .
* w fl '(b) If yes, give the names of the chemicals and the concen-a.
tration of eaach.. ...
1 23. Volume of effluent discharged per week ....... msees goes
-i @24. Method of disposal of the effluent...................... .
25. State any known effects of the chemicals on animals and
human .................... ...... m....m...m...... m.mmm...m.
26. State any known effects of the chemicals on plants........
27. If chemicaLs affect plants, what measures are taken to
Lessen the effects?...................m.............
*2. (a) Do the effluents reach streams/rivers in the area?
(both on concession and outside it).......................
* I (b) If yes, does this affect the activities of inhabitants
*1 in the area? ................................................
29. (a) Name timber species which have been removed so far in
e@ the concession......... ......
*1I
I .
Appendix I (Continued)
(4) State the numbr o each species .........
30. (a) Arm the other tree species removed put to any use?.....
lb) If yes, give details (Co. fuelwood, medicine, chewing
sticks, structures such as bridges, fences, etc..e.....
|I 31. Describe in detail attempts which have been made to rehabi-,
litate disused sites in thr concession .... ... ......
1.
rs
I.
*II
-J
!3,.