Regional GHG emission inventories Helsinki Metropolitan Area example

The Meeting of Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group on Environment

8th December 2014 Arkhangelsk

johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

1. WHY? (an inventory)

2. WHAT? (kind of)

3. HOW? (HMA example)

Contents:

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WHY? a regional emission inventory

WHY? helps local governments

WHY? helps local governments

SET GOALS AND TARGETS FOR

FUTURE REDUCTIONS

IDENTIFY THE

SECTORS, SOURCES AND

ACTIVITIES

ESTABLISH A BASIS FOR

DEVELOPING A LOCAL

STRATEGY

UNDERSTAND EMISSION TRENDS

QUANTIFY THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVITIES

TRACK

PROGRESS IN REDUCING EMISSIONS

YES! Can we do without it?

• Measures with no implementation costs or short pay-back periods – Behavioral changes – Energy efficiency technologies

• Short-term funding opportunities • Integration with existing policies

IMPLEMENTATION RIGHT AWAY! ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND GHG

REDUCTIONS!

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So lets’s make an inventory…

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Chris Jordan Wikimedia

WHAT options do we have?

Boundaries • Community • City or municipality • Region

• Organization • Government

operations

GEOGRAPHICAL

ORGANIZATIONAL

Boundaries • Energy

– Heat, electricity, other fuels

• Transport – Road, rail, marine, air

OPERATIONAL

• Waste treatment • Agriculture • Industrial processes

Boundaries • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

CHEMICAL

• Black carbon • Organic carbon • PM • NOx • SO2

• NMVOC

Scope

DIRECT OR INDIRECT EMISSIONS?

ENERGY PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION?

OTHER PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION?

Scope 1

CH4

Direct emissions PRODUCTION-BASED

• All energy production, industrial processes, fuel use, agriculture, traffic and waste treatment in the area

CONSUMPTION-BASED

Scope 2

CH4

Direct emissions

Indirect emissions

• Purchased electricity (and heat)

• Sold electricity and heat

(Energy)

• Energy produced and used, industrial processes, fuel use, agriculture, traffic and waste treatment in the area

Indirect emissions

CONSUMPTION-BASED

Scope 3

CH4

Direct emissions

Indirect emissions

• Purchased energy, goods and materials, food etc.

• Energy produced and used, fuel use, traffic and waste treatment in the area

• Transport generated and waste treated outside the area

(Full)

• Sold electricity and heat

• Industry • Agriculture

- Set boundaries - Define scope - What data is available?

So let’s make an inventory…

Quantification approach • Data collected by national and

international agencies Disaggregation to regional level by means of available statistical indicators

• Data directly from from local

end users and utilities START HERE and use top-down approach when necessary

TOP DOWN

UP BOTTOM

Baseline year • A benchmark to compare progress

going forward – Enough reliable data for that year? – Economically and climatically ’neutral’

year? – Comparability to other

regions/inventories?

1990

2012

2005

2014

200?

- Set boundaries - Define scope - What data is available? - Engage stakeholders - Think about reporting

So let’s make an inventory…

Stakeholders • Energy companies • Transportation

agencies, operators • Oil retailers • Statistics, etc..

• Decision makers • General public • …

DATA PROVIDERS

TARGET GROUPS

Reporting 1 • By energy type?

– Heating – Electricity – Transport – Other fuels – Non-CO2 from industrial processes, waste and agriculture

GHG source categories

Reporting 2 • By fuel type?

– Coal – Gas – Oil – Other fuels – Non-CO2

GHG source categories

Reporting 3 • By end user?

– Residential – Services – Public sector – Industry – Agriculture

GHG source categories

- Set boundaries - Define scope - What data is available? - Engage stakeholders - Think about reporting

So let’s make an inventory…

GHG emission inventories in the

Helsinki Metropolitan Area

The Meeting of Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group on Environment

8th December 2014 Arkhangelsk

johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Helsinki

Helsinki Espoo

Vantaa

Kauniainen Madrid

London

Paris

Berlin

Roma

Wien

Oslo Moscow

Warszawa

Copenhagen

Stockholm Tallinn

Athens

• Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa – 1,1 million inhabitants – 650 000 jobs – 770 km2

Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy 2030 • The strategy was completed in 2007 and approved by the

HMA cities in 2008 • A steering group decided on the emission calculation

methodology • Inventories were made for 1990 and 2004

7,0 1990 2030

(tonnes CO2e per capita)

-39 % target 4,3

Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy 2030 • Reduction targets were revised in 2012 • -20 % by 2020 (total emissions) and

carbon neutrality by 2050

• From 2009 annual emissions assessments now covering the years 1990 and 2000-2013.

5 820 1990 2020 -20 % target 4 660 (1000t CO2e total emissions)

2050

Helsinki Espoo

Vantaa

Kauniainen

GHG emissions assessment process in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Geographical boundaries

Sectors included?

Greenhouse gases

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Other

climate forcers

Scope of activities • Energy consumption -based

Data collection and calculations

District heating

• Power plant environmental reports • Fuels used and energy produced

Allocate fuels in CHP Calculate the emissions from production

(using the IPCC emission factors) • Energy consumed in the area and sold outside

Calculate the emissions from consumption

HEATING

Data collection and calculations

Oil and electric heating

• Building floor areas by heating method • Consumption key figures (kWh/m2)

Calculate the estimated

energy consumption and emissions

(using emission factors for electric heating and light fuel oil)

HEATING

Data collection and calculations

Heating energy standardization

• Heating degree days from the reporting year compared to long-term average

Calculate standardized energy consumption and emissions from district, oil and electric heating

HEATING

Methodology

• ”All electricity produced in the area is sold to the Finnish electricity market”

• ”All electricity consumed is average electricity from the national grid”

• Electric heating is separated from other electricity use

ELECTRICITY

Data collection and calculations

• Finnish electricity supply data • Emissions, imported energy, total

consumption and electric heating consumption

Calculate the emission factor for average Finnish consumption electricity

• Total electricity consumption in the area • Electric heating and rail traffic

excluded

Calculate the electricity consumption and the emissions

ELECTRICITY

Data collection and calculations TRAFFIC

Road

• Local traffic volumes, energy consumption and emissions from national database • by car, fuel and street type

Emissions from road traffic

Data collection and calculations TRAFFIC

Marine

• Traffic volumes, energy consumption and emissions in port areas

• Leisure and fishing boats registered in the area from national database

Calculate the estimated energy consumption and emissions from leisure and fishing boats

(using national reporting standards)

Calculate the total emissions from marine traffic

Data collection and calculations TRAFFIC

Rail

• Electricity consumption of local trains from national database

• Electricity consumption of trams and metro

Calculate the emissions from rail traffic

(using the emission factor for Finnish consumption electricity)

Data collection and calculations

INDUSTRY AND MACHINERY

Industry • Local energy data from national

environmental compliance database

Machinery • National data split by population (top-down)

Other fuel use • Total amount of fuel oil sold in the area • Oil heating, energy production, shipping and industry use excluded

Calculate the total fuel use

and the emissions

(using the IPCC emission factors)

Data collection and calculations

WASTE TREATMENT

Waste and wastewater

• Waste disposed at the landfill site • by waste type

• Methane recovery percent

• Amount of sludge, BOD and nitrogen load from wastewater treatment

Calculate the emissions using a specific application

AGRICULTURE

Soil, fermentation and manure

• Number of cattle, pigs, poultry, etc. from national database

• Cultivated land areas by crop type

Calculate the emissions using a specific application

Data collection and calculations

Results and reporting

GHG emissions in the HMA (and each city separately)

• District heating, electricity consumption and road

traffic updated from previous year • Covers up to 85 % of the total emissions in HMA

• Other sectors remain unchanged

Preliminary results from previous year reported in April

Preliminary results

Final results

Results and reporting

GHG emissions in the HMA (and each city separately)

• All sectors updated

Final results reported in October

Total emissions

Results and reporting

Helsinki Metropolitan Area 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

12-13 Change

(%)

90-13 Change

(%)

2013 Share

(%) District heating 2 463 2 108 2 245 2 314 2 408 2 310 2 193 2 489 2 290 2 129 2 223 2 143 2 258 2 454 2 391 -2,6 -3 42 Oil heating 299 302 303 305 303 294 283 281 276 276 265 262 255 251 246 -2,0 -18 4 Electric heating 225 314 327 343 358 364 379 387 396 406 415 423 428 434 439 1,1 95 8 Electricity 846 1 222 1 136 1 195 1 429 1 583 1 566 1 667 1 675 1 465 1 306 1 436 1 274 1 095 1 022 -6,7 21 18 Transport 1 235 1 347 1 373 1 439 1 460 1 491 1 482 1 490 1 566 1 456 1 393 1 412 1 351 1 370 1 338 -2,3 8 24 Industry and mach. 336 242 231 204 333 179 199 182 168 172 117 132 121 115 118 2,1 -65 2 Waste treatment 410 327 295 246 217 203 119 155 139 87 79 92 93 78 81 3,5 -80 1 Agriculture 8 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 -0,6 -33 0,1 TOTAL (1000tCO2e) 5 822 5 868 5 917 6 052 6 515 6 432 6 227 6 657 6 516 5 997 5 804 5 906 5 787 5 805 5 642 -2,8 -3,1 100

Emissions per capita

Results and reporting

Helsinki Metropolitan Area 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

12-13 Change

(%)

90-13 Change

(%)

2013 Share

(%) District heating 3,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,4 2,2 2,5 2,3 2,1 2,2 2,0 2,1 2,3 2,2 -3,9 -26 3 Oil heating 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 -3,3 -37 5 Electric heating 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 -0,3 48 20 Electricity 1,0 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,9 -7,9 -8 23 Transport 1,5 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,2 -3,6 -18 2 Industry and mach. 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,7 -73 2 Waste treatment 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 2,1 -85 0 Agriculture 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 -1,9 -49 100,0 TOTAL (tCO2e) 7,0 6,1 6,1 6,2 6,7 6,6 6,3 6,7 6,5 5,9 5,6 5,6 5,5 5,4 5,2 -4,1 -26 0

Transport emissions

Results and reporting

Helsinki Metropolitan Area 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

12-13 Change

(%)

90-13 Change

(%)

2013 Share

(%) Cars 748 710 721 767 763 784 791 800 827 734 747 763 740 736 718 -2,5 -4 54 Vans 115 138 139 143 144 146 143 144 146 141 131 137 133 133 129 -2,5 12 10 Buses 95 114 113 114 111 115 112 111 115 111 102 103 100 102 98 -4,2 3 7 Trucks 192 231 250 257 266 260 256 258 295 278 233 248 240 250 248 -0,7 30 19 Marine 68 128 127 134 147 154 153 151 155 166 156 133 113 128 125 -2,6 85 9 Rail 18 24 23 24 29 32 27 27 28 26 24 27 25 21 20 -4,7 11 1 Air 107 152 152 140 145 156 163 166 175 181 164 151 177 146 140 -4,0 31 10 TOTAL (1000tCO2e) 1 235 1 347 1 373 1 439 1 460 1 491 1 482 1 490 1 566 1 456 1 393 1 412 1 351 1 370 1 338 -2,3 8 100 Total incl. Air 1 342 1 498 1 524 1 579 1 605 1 648 1 644 1 655 1 741 1 637 1 556 1 563 1 527 1 516 1 478 -2,5 10 110

Energy consumption

Results and reporting

Helsinki Metropolitan Area 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

12-13 Change

(%)

90-13 Change

(%)

2013 Share

(%) District heating 8 490 9 981 10 095 10 144 10 426 10 518 10 690 10 656 10 719 10 925 10 970 10 777 11 058 10 921 10 792 -1,2 27 42 Oil heating 875 884 887 891 887 860 828 822 807 807 791 789 776 774 767 -1,0 -12 3 Electric heating 563 783 817 855 893 907 943 960 982 1 015 1 038 1 059 1 071 1 086 1 098 1,1 95 4 Electricity 4 978 6 135 6 182 6 497 6 675 6 660 6 760 6 959 7 059 7 221 7 189 7 260 7 142 7 227 7 100 -1,8 43 28 Cars 2 731 2 597 2 630 2 743 2 717 2 783 2 800 2 826 2 918 2 810 2 918 2 980 3 009 2 994 2 920 -2,5 7 11 Other road traffic 1 536 1 818 1 888 1 923 1 948 1 952 1 913 1 916 2 082 2 024 1 813 1 905 1 887 1 934 1 897 -1,9 24 7 Rail 106 121 124 130 137 136 114 113 119 127 130 135 138 137 138 0,5 30 1 Marine 250 476 475 501 526 552 548 540 556 593 575 492 416 472 460 -2,5 84 2 Other fuels 1 210 952 910 819 1 283 707 783 720 661 679 470 535 494 461 467 1,4 -61 2 TOTAL (GWh) 20 738 23 747 24 007 24 504 25 493 25 074 25 380 25 513 25 903 26 202 25 894 25 932 25 991 26 006 25 637 -1,4 24 100

District heating fuel mix

Results and reporting

Helsinki Metropolitan Area 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

12-13 Change

(%)

90-13 Change

(%)

2013 Share

(%) Coal 5 594 2 865 3 749 3 950 4 208 3 546 3 147 3 961 3 423 2 689 3 053 2 927 3 009 4 043 4 008 -0,9 -28 46 Gas 1 141 4 148 4 154 4 371 4 331 4 605 4 816 4 537 4 273 4 596 4 769 5 921 4 859 4 801 4 331 -9,8 280 49 Oil 280 101 356 348 528 362 174 457 383 161 576 432 207 251 115 -54 -59 1 Bio 1 0 5 5 4 24 187 121 176 216 176 24 0 1 1 49 -5 0 Heat pumps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 50 198 183 165 175 314 301 -4,3 100 3 TOTAL (GWh) 7 017 7 114 8 264 8 673 9 072 8 536 8 324 9 085 8 304 7 860 8 758 9 469 8 250 9 410 8 756 -7,0 25 100

• The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol – Guidance and calculation tools – http://www.ghgprotocol.org/

• Covenant of Mayors – How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan

(PART II Baseline emissions inventory) – http://www.eumayors.eu/IMG/pdf/seap_guidelines_

en-2.pdf

• IPCC's Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse

Gas Inventories – http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

References

Take-home MESSAGE

1. Plan carefully and define options together with

the stakeholders. 2. Do not try to have it all - a useful inventory is

comprehensive but simple and relevant 3. Make the process repeatable and put effort in

reporting and visualizations. 4. Learn from your neighbours.

johannes.lounasheimo@hsy.fi

Thank You!

Helsingin seudun ympäristöpalvelut -kuntayhtymä Samkommunen Helsingforsregionens miljötjänster

Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority

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