ghsc110

8/19/2019 ghsc110

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ghsc110 1/14

foKku 114

thoksa esa 'olu 10 c w >ks vius nknk&nknh ls feyus osQ fy, mRlq drk

ls izrh{kk dj jgk Fkk] tks ,d lky osQ ckn 'kgj vk jgs FksA og 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz cl LVkWi igq¡ puk pkgrk Fkk] rkfd mudk Lokxr dj losQA blfy, og Hkkxrk gqvk x;k vkS j oqQN gh feuV esa cl LVkW i igq ¡ p x;kA mldh lk¡ l rs T + kh ls py jgh FkhA mldh nknh us mlls iwNk fd og gk¡ iQ D;ksa jgk gS\ cw>ks

us crk;k fd og ?kj ls nkS M+ rk gq vk vk;k gSA mlsvk'p;Z gqvk fd nkSM+ us osQ ckn og lk¡ l rsT + kh ls D;ksa ysus yxrk gSA ;g iz 'u mlosQ efLr"d esa ?kw erk jgkA cw >ks os Q iz 'u dk mÙkj tkuus ls igys ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd ge l¡kl D;ksa ysrs gSa \ lk¡ l ys uk 'olu iz Øe dk ,d pj.k gSA vkb,] ge 'olu os Q ckjs es a i<+ sa A

10-1 ge 'olu D;ks a djrs gSa \

vè;k; 2 esa vkius i<+ k Fkk fd lHkh tho lw {e bdkb;ks a osQ cus gks rs gSa ] ftUgs a dks f'kdk,¡ dgrs gSa A dksf'kdk tho dh lcls Nks Vh la jpukRed vkS j fØ;kRed bdkbZ gks rh gSA tho dh iz R;sd dks f'kdk iks "k.k] ifjogu] mRltZ u vkS j tuu tS ls oqQN dk;ks± dks laikfnr djus es a oq QN u oqQN Hkw fedk fuHkkrh gSA bu dk;ks± dks djus os Q fy, dksf'kdk dks ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gks rh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd ges a [kkuk [kkrs] lks rs vFkok i<+rs le; Hkh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk

gks rh gSA ysfdu ;g ÅtkZ vkrh dgk¡ ls gS\ D;k vki crk ldrs gS a fd vkiosQ ekrk&firk vkils fu;fer :i ls Hkks tu djus os Q fy, vkxzg D;ks a djrs gS a \ Hkkstu esa la fpr ÅtkZ 'olu os Q le; fueq ZDr gksrh gSA vr% lHkh thoks a dks Hkkstu ls ÅtkZ

iz kIr djus os Q fy, 'olu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'olu osQ iz Øe es a ge igys lk¡l }kjk ok;q dks 'kjhj osQ vanj ys tkrs gS a A vki tkurs gS a fd ok;q es a vkW Dlhtu gks rh gSA fiQj ge lk¡ l NksM+rs gq , ok;q dks 'kjhj ls ckgj fudkyrs gS aA bl ok;q es a lk¡ l }kjk vanj yh xbZ ok;q dh rqyuk esa dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM dh ek=kk vf/d gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ ;g dkcZu

MkbvkW DlkbM le` ¼ gks rh gSA ge ftl ok;q dks lk¡ l }kjk va nj ysrs gSa ] mles a mifLFkr vkWDlhtu 'kjhj os Q lHkh Hkkxks a esa vkS j va rr% izR;s d dks f'kdk es a ys tk;h tkrh gSA dksf'kdkvksa es a ;g vkWDlhtu Hkks tu os Q fo[ka Mu es a lgk;rk djrh gSA dks f'kdk es a Hkkstu os Q fo[ka Mu os Q iz Øe es a ÅtkZ eq Dr gks rh gSA bls dks f'kdh; 'olu dgrs gS aA lHkh thoks a dh dksf'kdkvksa es a dks f'kdh; 'olu gksrk gSA

dksf'kdk os Q va nj] Hkks tu (Xywdks l) vkW Dlhtu dk mi;ks x djosQ dkcZu MkbvkW DlkbM vkS j ty es a fo[ka fMr gks tkrk gSA tc Xywdksl dk fo[ka Mu vkW Dlhtu os Q mi;ks x }kjk gks rk gS] rks ;g ok;oh; 'olu dgykrk gSA vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr es a Hkh Hkks tu fo[ka fMr gks ldrk gSA ;g iz Øe vok;oh; 'olu dgykrk gSA Hkks tu os Q fo[ka Mu ls ÅtkZ fueqZ Dr gks rh gSA

→vkW Dlhtu oQ s mi;ks x os Q lkFk

Xyd w ks l

dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM$ty$Åtk Z la Hkor% vkidks ekyw e gks xk fd ;hLV tS ls

vus d tho] ok;q dh vuq ifLFkfr es a thfor jg ldrs gS aA ,sls tho vok;oh; 'olu os Q }kjk ÅtkZ iz kIr djrs gSa A bUgsa vok;oh; tho dgrs gS a A vkW Dlhtu

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thoks a es a 'olu 115

dh vuqifLFkfr esa Xyw dks l] ,sYdksgkW y vkSj dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM esa fo[kafMr gks tkrk gS] tS lk fd fuEu lehdj.k }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gS%

→ fcuk vkD W lhtu oQ s mi;kx s fd,

Xyd w ks l

,s Ydks gkW y$dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM$ÅtkZ

gekjh is'kh&dksf'kdk,¡ Hkh vok;oh; :i ls

'olu dj ldrh gS a ] ysfdu ;s ,slk Fkks M+ s le; rd gh dj ldrh gS a A okLro esa ] ;g iz Øe ml le; gks rk gS] tc vkWDlhtu dh vLFkk;h :i ls deh gks tkrh gSA cgqr nsj rd O;k;ke djus] rsT + kh ls nkS M+us] dbZ ?kaVs Vgyus] lkbfdy pykus vFkok Hkkjh otu mBkus tS ls vus d dk;ks± os Q fy, vf/d ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS (fp=k 10-1)A ysfdu ÅtkZ mRiUu djus os Q fy, gekjs 'kjhj dks vkW Dlhtu dh

fp=k 10-1 O;k;ke djrs le; gekjs 'kjhj dh oq QN isf'k;k¡ vok;oh; :i ls 'olu dj ldrh gS a

vkiw frZ lhfer gks rh gSA ,s lh fLFkfr;ks a es a is 'kh dks f'kdk,¡ vok;oh; 'olu }kjk ÅtkZ dh vfrfjDr ek¡x dks iw jk djrh gS a%

→vkD W lhtu dh vuq ifLFkfr ea s Xyd w ks l (is 'kh es a )

yS fDVd vEy$ÅtkZ

D;k vkius dHkh lks pk gS fd vR;f/d O;k;ke djus os Q ckn vkidh isf'k;ks a es a ,sa Bu D;ksa gks rh gS\ ,s a Bu rc gksrh gS] tc isf'k;k¡ vok;oh; :i ls 'olu djrh gS aA bl iz Øe esa Xyw dks l os Q vkaf'kd fo[ka Mu ls yS fDVd vEy vkS j dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM curs gS a A yS fDVd vEy dk la p;u is f'k;ks a esa ,s aBu

mRiUu djrk gSA xeZ ikuh ls Luku djus vFkok 'kjhj dh ekfy'k djokus ij gesa ,sa Bu ls vkjke feyrk gSA D;k vki vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa ] ,slk D;ksa gks rk gS\ xeZ ty ls Luku vFkok 'kjhj dh ekfy'k djus ls jDr dk la pj.k c<+ tkrk gSA blos Q ifj.kkeLo:i is 'kh dksf'kdkvksa dks vkW Dlhtu dh vkiwfrZ c<+ tkrh gSA vkWDlhtu dh vkiw frZ c<+ tkus ls ySfDVd vEy dk dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM vkS j ty es a iw.kZ fo[kaMu gks tkrk gSA

10-2 'olu

fØ;kdyki 10-1

;hLV ,d&dksf'kd tho gSA ;hLV vok;oh; :i ls 'olu djrs gS a vkS j bl iz fØ;k os Q le; ,s YdksgkW y fufeZr djrs gS aA vr% budk mi;ksx 'kjkc (okbu)

vkS j fc;j cukus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

psrkouh

bl fØ;kdyki dks vius f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk dh mifLFkfr esa djsa A

vius uFkquks a vkSj eq[k dks dldj ca n dj yhft,

vkS j ?kM+ h dh vksj ns f[k,A vki fdruh ns j rd bu nksuksa dks can j[k ik,\ oqQN le; ckn vkius D;k eglw l fd;k\ vki ml le; dks uksV dhft,] tc rd vki viuh lk¡ l dks jks osQ j[k los Q (fp=k 10-2)A

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foKku 116

yxkuk pkgsa xs\ D;k vki ;g tkuuk pkgs axs fd 'olu nj fLFkj gksrh gS vFkok ;g 'kjhj dh vko';drk os Q vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gS\

vkb,] ge bldk irk yxkus os Q fy, ,d fØ;kdyki djrs gS aA

fØ;kdyki 10-2

lkekU;r% ges a ;g vkHkkl gh ugha gks rk gS fd ge 'olu dj jgs gS a A gkyk¡fd ;fn vki dks f'k'k djs a] rksvki 'olu nj dh x.kuk dj ldrs gSa A bls Kkr djus os Q fy, vki foJke dh fLFkfr es a cSB dj lk¡ l yhft, vkSj NksfM+ ,A irk yxkb, fd vki ,d

feuV esa fdruh ckj lk¡ l va nj ys rs vkS j fdruh ckj ckgj fudkyrs gS a \ D;k vki mruh gh ckj va r%'olu djrs gS a] ftruh ckj mPN~olu djrs gS a \ vc rs T + k pyus vkS j nkS M+ us os Q ckn viuh 'olu nj ('olu la[;k@feuV) dh x.kuk dhft,A viuh 'olu nj dks nkSM+uk can djus osQ rq jar ckn vkS j fiQj iw .kZ foJke dj ysus os Q ckn Kkr dhft,A vius fu"d"kks ± dks lkj.kh 10-1 es a fyf[k, vkSj fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa es a viuh 'olu nj dh rq yuk vius lgikfB;ksa dh

'olu nj ls dhft,A mi;q Z Dr fØ;kdyki ls vkius ;g vo'; vuq Hko

fd;k gks xk fd tc fdlh O;fDr dks vfrfjDr ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gks rh gS] rks og rs T + kh ls 'olu djus yxrk@yxrh gSA blos Q ifj.kkeLo:i gekjh dks f'kdkvks a

fp=k 10-2 lk¡ l dks jksduk

cw >ks us uks V fd;k fd tc oq QN nsj rd lk¡ l jks osQ j[kus os Q ckn mlus lk¡ l NksM+ h] rks mls rs T + k lk¡ l ysuh iM+hA D;k vki mls

crk ldrs gSa fd ,s lk D;ksa gqvk\

vr% vc vki ;g tku x, gks a xs fd vki fcuk lk¡ l fy, vf/d ns j rd thfor ugha jg ldrsA

'olu ;k l¡ kl ysus dk vFkZ gS vkW Dlhtu ls le`¼ ok;q dks va nj [khapuk ;k xz g.k djuk vkSj dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM ls le`¼ ok;q dks ckgj fudkyukA vkW Dlhtu ls le` ¼ ok;q dks 'kjhj os Q va nj ys uk var%'olu vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ls le`¼ ok;q dks ckgj fudkyuk mPN~ olu dgykrk gSA ;g ,d lrr~ izØe gS] tks izR;sd tho osQ thou esa gj le; vFkkZr~ thoui;±r gksrk jgrk gSA

dksbZ O;fDr ,d feuV esa ftruh ckj 'olu

djrk gS] og mldh 'olu nj dgykrh gSAvar%'olu vkS j mPN~ olu nks uks a lkFk&lkFk gksrs jgrs gS a A ,d 'okl vFkok lk¡ l dk vFkZ gS] ,d va r%'olu vkS j ,d mPN~ oluA D;k vki viuh 'olu nj irk

dksbZ o;Ld O;fDr foJke dh voLFkk es a ,d feuV es a vkS lru 15&18 ckj lk¡ l va nj ysrk vkS j ckgj fudkyrk gSA vf/d O;k;ke djus es a 'olu nj 25

ckj iz fr feuV rd c<+ ldrh gSA tc ge O;k;ke djrs gS a ] rks ge u osQoy rsT + kh ls lk¡ l ys rs gS a ] cfYd ge xgjh lk¡ l Hkh ys rs gS a vkS j bl izdkj vf/d vkW Dlhtu xzg.k djrs gSa A

8/19/2019 ghsc110



fp=k 10-3 fofHkUu nS fud fØ;kdyki djus es a 'olu nj fHkUu gks rh gS

dks vfèkd vkWDlhtu dh vkiw frZ gksrh gSA ;g Hkks tu os Q fo[ka Mu dh nj dks c<+ k nsrh gS] ftlls

vfèkd ÅtkZ fueq Z Dr gksrh gSA D;k blls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kkjhfjd fØ;kdyki os Q ckn gesa Hkw [k D;ksa yxrh gS\

10-3 ge 'okl oSQls ys rs gS a\

vkb,] vc ge 'olu dh fØ;kfof/ tkus a A lkekU;r%

ge vius uFkq uks a (uklk&}kj) ls ok;q vanj ysrs gS aA tc ge ok;q dks var%'olu }kjk vanj ysrs gSa ] rks ;g gekjs uFkquks a ls uklk&xq gk es a pyh tkrh gSA uklk&xq gk ls ok;q ] 'okl uyh ls gks dj gekjs is QiQM+ks a (iq QIiq Ql) es a tkrh gSA is QiQM+s o{k&xq gk esa fLFkr

igsyh tkuuk pkgrh gS fd tc ges a uhan vkrh gS ;k >idh vkrh gS] rks

ge tEgkbZ D;ksa ys rs gSa a \

lkj.kh 10-1 fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a 'olu nj esa ifjorZu

lgikBh dk uke 'olu nj lkekU; 10 feuV rd rs T + k 100 ehVj nkS M+us foJke

voLFkk es a pyus os Q mijka r osQ ckn voLFkk es a

Lo;a

tc vki muhs ans a gks rs gS a ] rks D;k vkidh 'olu nj de gks rh tkrh gS\ D;k vkiosQ 'kjhj dks i;kZIr vkW Dlhtu fey ikrh gS\

fØ;kdyki 10-3

fdlh O;fDr }kjk lkekU; fnu esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu fØ;kdykiks a ij fopkj dhft,A D;k vki

crk ldrs gS a fd fdl fØ;kdyki es a 'olu nj lcls de vkS j fdlesa lcls vfèkd gksxh\ viusvuqHko osQ vk/kj ij fp=k 10-3 esa fn, x, fØ;kdykiks a dks 'olu dh c<+ rh nj osQ Øe es a (la [;k }kjk) O;Dr dhft,A

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foKku 118

gks rs gS a (fp=k 10-4)A o{k&xq gk ik'oZ es a ilfy;ksa ls f?kjh jgrh gSA ,d cM+h is'kh; ijr] tks Mk;kiz Qke (eè;iV) dgykrh gS] o{k&xqgk oQks vk/kj iz nku djrh gS (fp=k 10-4)A 'olu es a Mk;kiz Qke vkS j ilfy;ksa ls cus fia tj dh xfr lfEefyr gksrh gSA

va r%'olu osQ le; ilfy;k¡ Åij vkS j ckgj dh vks j xfr djrh gSa vkSj Mk;kiz Qke uhps dh vks j

gekjs vkl&ikl dh ok;q es a vus d izdkj os Q voka fNr d.k tS ls /wez] /w y] ijkxd.k vkfn gks rs gSa A tc ge va r%'olu djrs gS a ] rks ;s d.k gekjh uklk&xqgk es a mifLFkr jkseks a es a i¡Ql tkrs gSa A ;|fi] dHkh&dHkh ,s ls d.k

uklk&xq gk osQ ikj pys tkrs gS a] rc ;s xqgk dh dksey ijr dks mÙks ftr djrs gS a] ftlos Q ifj.kkeLo:i ges a Nha d vkrh gSA Nha dus ls vokafNr d.k ok;q osQ lkFk ckgj fudy tkrs gS a A bl iz dkj osQoy LoPN ok;q gh gekjs 'kjhj es a iz os 'k dj ikrh gSA lko/kuh cjrs a % tc vki Nhadrs gS a ] rks viuh ukd dks <d ysa ] ftlls vkiosQ }kjk ckgj fudkys x, d.kks a dks vU; O;fDr;ks a }kjk va r%'olu osQ le; xzg.k u dj fy;k tk,A

xfr djrk gSA ;g xfr gekjh o{k&xqgk os Q vk;ru dks c<+ k ns rh gS vkS j ok;q isQiQM+ ksa esa vk tkrh gSA isQiQM+ s ok;q ls Hkj tkrs gSa A mPN~ olu osQ le; ilfy;k¡ uhps vkS j va nj dh vks j vk tkrh gS a] tcfd Mk;kizQke Åij dh vksj viuh iwoZ fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gSA blls o{k&xq gk dk vk;ru de gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ok;q is QiQM+ksa ls ckgj èkos Qy nh

fp=k 10-4 ekuo 'olu ra =k

uklk&xq gk

eq[k&xqgk xz luh

'okl uyh

is QiQM+ k

ilfy;k¡

Mk;kiz Qke

is QiQM+ k

8/19/2019 ghsc110



lkj.kh 10-2% o{k osQ vkeki ij 'olu dk izHkko

lgikBh dk uke o{k dk vkeki (cm) vkeki es a va rj

va r%'olu os Q le; mPN~ olu os Q le;

/w eziku isQiQM+ ks a dks {kfr igq¡ pkrk gSA /wez iku oS a Qlj ls

Hkh la c¼ gSA blls vo'; cpuk pkfg,A

fp=k 10-5 ekuo es a 'olu dh fØ;kfof/

ilfy;k¡ ckgj dh vksj xfr djrh gS a

Mk;kiz Qke uhps dh

vks j xfr djrk gS

ok;q va nj vkrh gS ok;q ckgj dh vksj èkos Qy nh tkrh gS

ilfy;k¡ va nj dh

vks j xfr djrh gSa

Mk;kizQke iwoZ fLFkfr

es a vk tkrk gS(a) va r%'olu (b) mPN~olu

tkrh gS (fp=k 10-5)A vius 'kjhj es a ge bu xfr;ks a dks vklkuh ls vuqHko dj ldrs gS aA ,d xgjh lk¡ l yhft,A viuh gFks yh dks mnj ij jf[k, vkSj mnj dh xfr dks vuqHko dhft,A vki D;k ikrs gS a \

;g tku ysus os Q ckn fd 'olu osQ nkS jku o{k&xq gk os Q vkeki esa ifjorZu gks rs gS a] cPps lhuk (o{k) iqQykus dh Li/kZ es a O;Lr gks x,A izR;s d ;g nkok dj jgk Fkk fd og lhus dks lcls vf/d

iq Qyk ldrk@ldrh gSA D;ks a u vki Hkh bl fØ;kdyki dks d{kk esa vius lgikfB;ks a os Q lkFk djsa \

fØ;kdyki 10-4

,d xgjh lk¡ l yhft,A fdlh ekiu iQhrs ls o{k dk vkeki yhft,A bl eki dks lkj.kh 10-2 es a uks V

dhft,A iq u% foLrkfjr gks us ij o{k dk vkeki yhft, (fp=k 10-6)A crkb, fd fdl lgikBh usvf/dre foLrkj fn[kk;k gS\ ge 'olu dh fØ;kfof/ dks ,d ljy iz fr:i

(ekWMy) os Q }kjk le> ldrs gS a A

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foKku 120

fp=k 10-6 o{k os Q vkeki dk ekiu

bl ekWMy es a xqCckjs fdl vax dks iznf'kZ r djrs gSa \ jcM+ dh ijr fdls iznf'kZ r djrh gS\ vc

vki 'olu dh fØ;kfof/ dks le>us ess a leFkZ gks x, gksa xsA

10-4 ge mPN~ olu esa ckgj D;k fudkyrs gSa\

fØ;kdyki 10-6

dks bZ iryh LoPN ij[kuyh yhft,] ftles a dkWoZ Q yxk gksA ;fn ij[kuyh miyC/ u gks] rks vki dk¡ p

;k IykfLVd dh cksry ys ldrs gS a A ij[kuyh es a FkksM+k&lk rkT + kk cuk pw us dk ikuh Mkfy,A IykfLVd dh ,d LVª kW (uyh) dks ij[kuyh esa bl izdkj Mkfy, fd og pwus osQ ikuh es a Mw c tk,A vc LVª kW os Q }kjk /hjs&/hjs pwus osQ ikuh es a iw¡ Qd ekfj,

fØ;kdyki 10-5

IykfLVd dh pkSM+s eq¡ g okyh ,d cks ry yhft,A blos Q isa ns dks dkVdj vyx dj nhft,A Y osQ vkdkj dh dk¡p vFkok IykfLVd dh ,d uyh yhft,A cks ry osQ <Ddu es a ,d ,slk fNnz dhft,] ftlls ;g uyh vklkuh ls fudy tk,A uyh osQ 'kkf[kr fljs ij nks xq Cckjs (fcuk iw Qys gq,) yxk nhft,A uyh dks fp=k 10-7 osQ vuqlkj cks ry es a

yxk nhft,A vc cksry dk <Ddu yxk nhft, rFkk mls bl iz dkj lhy ca n dj nhft, fd og ok;q#¼ gks tk,A cks ry os Q [kq ys is a ns ij jcM+ vFkok IykfLVd dh ,d iryh 'khV rkudj fdlh jcM+ cS aM dh lgk;rk ls ck¡ èk nhft,A

IykfLVd dh cksry

xq Cckjs

jcM+ 'khV

fp=k 10-7 'olu dh fØ;kfof/ dks fn[kkus os Q fy, izfr:i cw >ks tkuuk pkgrk gS fd dksbZ O;fDr vius isQiQM+ ksa es a fdruh ok;q

Hkj ldrk gS

isQiQM+ksa es a gksus okys iz lkj dks le>us osQ fy, jcM+ dh ijr dks idM+ dj vk/kj ls uhps dh vks j [khafp, vkS j xqCckjks a dks ns f[k,A blosQ ckn jcM+ dh

ijr dks Åij dh vks j /os Qfy, vkSj xq Cckjksa dks nsf[k,A D;k vkidks xqCckjks a esa dks bZ ifjorZu fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\

8/19/2019 ghsc110



fp=k 10-9 'okliz.kky ra =k

'okliz .kky

(fp=k 10-8)A D;k pw us osQ ikuh es a dks bZ ifjorZ u gks rk fn[kkbZ ns rk gS\ D;k vki bls vè;k; 6 esa fd, x, vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij le>k ldrs gS a\

vki tkurs gS a fd ge ftl ok;q dk va r%'olu vFkok mPN~ olu djrs gSa ] og xSlks a dk feJ.k gks rh

gSA ge D;k mPN~ oflr djrs gS a \ D;k ge osQoy dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM dks mPN~oflr djrs gSa vFkok mlosQ lkFk xS lksa os Q feJ.k dks Hkh mPN~ oflr djrs gSa \ vkius ;g Hkh ns [kk gks xk fd vxj vki niZ .k osQ

vkxs mPN~ okl Nks M+rs gS a ] rks mldh lrg èkq ¡èkyh fn[kkbZ ns rh gSA ;g ueh osQ dkj.k gSA ty osQ ;s fcUnq d.k dgk¡ ls vkrs gSa \

10-5 vU; ta rqvks a esa 'olu

gkFkh] 'ksj] xk;] cdjh] es a<d] fNidyh] liZ vkSj if{k;ks a vkfn tarqvksa dh o{k&xqgkvks a es a euq ";ks a dh Hkk¡ fr is QiQM+s gksrs gS aA tho 'olu oS Qls djrs gS a\ D;k buos Q Hkh euq ";ksa

osQ is QiQM+ks a tS ls gh 'olu vax gks rs gS a \ vkb,] irk djrs gS a A

fp=k 10-8 mPN~oflr ok;q dk pw us osQ ikuh ij izHkko

LVª kW

pwus dk ikuh

va r%'oflr vkSj mPN~oflr ok;q esa vkW Dlhtu vkSj dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM dk iz fr'kr var%'oflr ok;q mPN~ oflr ok;q

is QiQM+ s

21» vkW Dlhtu 16-4» vkW Dlhtu

4-4» dkcZ u Mkbvk WDlkbM

0-04» dkcZ u Mkbvk WDlkbM

cw>ks tkuuk pkgrk gS fd D;k dkWdjks p (fryp ^ k)] ?kks a ?ks] eNyh] osa Qpq ,] phaVh vkS j

ePNj ess a Hkh isa QiQM+s gksrs gS a \

dkWdjksp% dkW djks p osQ 'kjhj osQ ik'oZ Hkkx esa NksVs&Nks Vs fNnz gks rs gS a A vU; dhVks a osQ 'kjhj es a Hkh

bl izdkj os Q fNnz gksrs gSa A ;s fNnz 'okl ja /z dgykrs gS a (fp=k 10-9)A dhVks a es a xS l osQ fofue; osQ fy, ok;q ufy;ks a dk tky fcNk gksrk gS] tks 'okliz.kky ;k okrd dgykrs gS a A vkWDlhtu

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foKku 122

le`¼ ok;q 'okl ja/zks a ls 'okl ukyks a esa tkdj 'kjhj os Q Årdks a esa folfjr gks rh gS vkS j 'kjhj dh iz R;sd dksf'kdk esa igq¡ prh gSA blh iz dkj dksf'kdkvksa ls

dkcZu MkbvkW DlkbM 'oklukyks a esa vkrh gS vkSj 'okl ja /z ksa ls ckgj fudy tkrh gSA 'okluky vFkok 'okliz .kky osQoy dhVks a es a gh ik, tkrs gS aA ta rq vks a os Q vU; lew gks a esa ,s lh O;oLFkk ugha ikbZ tkrh gSA

osaQpqvk% d{kk 6 os Q vè;k; 9 es a vkius i<+ k Fkk fd os aQpq , viuh Ropk ls 'olu djrs gS aA os a Qpq, dh Ropk Li'kZ djus ij vknzZ vkS j 'ys"eh; iz rhr gksrh gSA bles a ls xS lks a dk vkokxeu vklkuh ls gks tkrk

gSA ;|fi] esa <d es a euq "; dh Hkk¡fr is QiQM+s gksrs gS a rFkkfi] os viuh Ropk ls Hkh 'olu djrs gS a] tksvknzZ vkS j 'ys "eh; gks rh gSA

10-6 ty es a 'olu

D;k ge ty esa 'olu dj ldrs gS rFkk thfor jg ldrs gSa \ ,sls vus d tho gS a ] tks ty es a jgrs gS aA os ty es a 'olu oSQls djrs gS a \

vkius d{kk 6 esa i<+k Fkk fd eNfy;ksa esa

Dykse ;k fxy ik, tkrs gSaA Dykse ty esa ?kqyh vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx djus esa mudh lgk;rk djrs gSaA Dykse Ropk ls ckgj dh vksj fudys gksrs

gSaA vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd Dykse fdl izdkj 'okl esa lgk;rk djrs gS aA Dyk se esa jDr okfgfu;ksa dh la[;k vf/d gksrh gS] tks xSl&fofue; esa lgk;rk

djrh gSa (fp=k 10-10)A

10-7 D;k ikni Hkh 'olu djrs gSa \

vU; thoksa dh Hkk¡fr ikni Hkh thfor jgus os Q fy, 'olu djrs gS a] tS lk fd vki d{kk 6 esa i<+ pq osQ gS aA ;s ok;q ls vkWDlhtu vanj ys ysrs gS a vkSj dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM dks fueZq Dr djrs gS aA budh dksf'kdkvksa es a Hkh vkWDlhtu dk mi;ks x vU; thoks a dh Hkk¡ fr gh Xyw dks l os Q dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM vkS j ty es a fo[ka Mu djus os Q fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ikni esa iz R;sd va x ok;q ls Lora=k :i ls vkW Dlhtu xz g.k djosQ dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM dks fueq ZDr dj ldrk gSA vè;k; 1 es a vkius i<+ k Fkk fd ikni dh ifÙk;ksa esa vkW Dlhtu

cw >ks us nw jn'kZ u dk;Z Øeksa esa ns [kk Fkk fd Ogs y vkS j MkW fYiQu vdlj ikuh dh lrg

ij Åij vk tkrh gS aA dHkh&dHkh Åij dh vksj vkrs le; os ikuh dh I + kq Qgkj Hkh

NksM+ rh gS a A os ,slk D;ks a djrh gSa \

igs yh tkuuk pkgrh gS fd D;k Hkw fexr gks rs gq, Hkh ikniksa dh tM+ s a vkWDlhtu xz g.k djrh gSa \ ;fn ,slk gS] rks os

,slk fdl iz dkj djrh gS a \

Dykse

fp=k 10-10 eNfy;ks a es a 'olu vax

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8/19/2019 ghsc110


foKku 124

vH;kl

1- dks bZ /kod nkSM+ lekIr gksus ij lkekU; ls vf/d rs th ls xgjh lk¡ls a D;ksa ysrk gS\

2- ok;oh; vkSj vok;oh; 'olu os Q chp lekurk,¡ vkS j va rj crkb,A3- tc ge vR;f/d /wy Hkjh ok;q es a lk¡ l ys rs gS a] rks gesa Nha d D;ksa vk tkrh gS\

4- rhu ij[kufy;k¡ yhft,A iz R;s d dks 3@4 Hkkx rd ty ls Hkj yhft,A bUgs a A ,B rFkk C }kjk fpfÉr dhft,A ij[kuyh A es a ,d ?kks a?kk jf[k,A ij[kuyh B esa dksbZ tyh; ikni jf[k, vkS j C esa ,d ?kksa ?kk vkSj ikni nks uks a dks jf[k,A fdl ij[kuyh esa dkcZu MkbvkW DlkbM dh lkanzrk lcls vf/d gksxh\

5- lgh mÙkj ij () dk fu'kku yxkb,&

(d) fryp ^ ks a osQ 'kjhj esa ok;q iz os'k djrh gS] muos Q

(i) isQiQM+ ks a }kjk

(ii) Dykseks sa }kjk

(iii) 'okl ja /zks a }kjk

(iv) Ropk }kjk

lk¡l ysuk 'olu iz Øe dk ,d pj.k gS] ftlesa tho vkW Dlhtu le`¼ ok;q dks 'kjhj os Q vanj ysrk gS vkS j dkcZ u MkbvkWDlkbM le` ¼ ok;q dks ckgj fudkyrk

gSA xSlks a osQ fofue; os Q fy, fofHkUu thoks a es a 'olu va x fHkUu gksrs gSa A va r%'olu ;k fu%'olu os Q le; gekjs is QiQM+s foLrkfjr gksrs gS a vkS j mPN~olu

os Q lkFk ;s viuh ewy voLFkk es a vk tkrs gS aA

'kkjhfjd lfØ;rk os Q c<+ us ij 'olu nj c<+ tkrh gSA

xk;] HkS a l] oq QÙks vkSj fcYyh tS ls thoksa esa 'olu va x vkS j 'olu iz Øe ekuo os Q leku gh gks rs gS aA

os aQpq, esa xSlksa dk fofue; mldh vknzZ Ropk osQ ekè;e ls gks rk gSA eNfy;ks a esa ;g Dyks e ls vkSj dhVks a es a 'okliz .kky ls gks rk gSA

ikniksa es a ewy] e`nk es a mifLFkr ok;q dks xz g.k djrh gSA ifÙk;ksa es a uUgs a fNnz gks rs gS a ] ftUgs a ja /z dgrs gS a ] ftuls xSlks a dk fofue; gks rk gSA ikni dks f'kdkvks a es a Xyw dksl dk fo[kaMu vU; thoksa dh rjg gh gks rk gSA

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([k) vR;f/d O;k;ke djrs le; gekjh Vk¡xks a esa ftl inkFkZ os Q la p;u os Q dkj.k ,sa Bu gks rh gS] og gS

(i) dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM (ii) yS fDVd vEy

(iii) ,s Ydks gkWy

(iv) ty

(x) fdlh lkekU; o;Ld O;fDr dh foJke&voLFkk es a vkS lr 'olu nj gksrh gS

(i) 9&12 iz fr feuV

(ii) 15&18 iz fr feuV

(iii) 21&24 iz fr feuV (iv) 30&33 iz fr feuV

(?k) mPN~ olu os Q le;] ilfy;k¡

(i) ckgj dh vks j xfr djrh gS a A

(ii) uhps dh vks j xfr djrh gS aA

(iii) Åij dh vksj xfr djrh gSa A

(iv) fcYoq Qy xfr ugha djrh gS a A

6- dkW ye A esa fn, x, 'kCnks a dk dkW ye B os Q lkFk feyku dhft,&

dkWye A dkW ye B

(d) ;hLV (i) osa Qpqvk

([k) Mk;kiz Qke (eè;iV) (ii) Dykse

(x) Ropk (iii) ,s YdksgkW y

(?k) ifÙk;k¡ (iv) o{k&xq gk

(p) eNyh (v) ja/z

(N) esa<d (vi) isQiQM+ s vkSj Ropk

(vii) 'okliz .kky (okrd)

7- crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr oDrO; ^lR;* gS a vFkok ^vlR;*&

(d) vR;f/d O;k;ke djrs le; O;fDr dh 'olu nj /heh gks tkrh gSA

([k) ikniks a es a iz dk'k la 'ys"k.k osQoy fnu esa ] tcfd 'olu osQoy jkf=k es a gksrk gSA

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foKku 126

(x) esa <d viuh Ropk os Q vfrfjDr vius is QiQM+ks a ls Hkh 'olu djrs gS a A

(?k) eNfy;ksa esa 'olu os Q fy, is QiQM+s gks rs gS aA

(p) var%'olu os Q le; o{k&xq gk dk vk;ru c<+ tkrk gSA8- nh xbZ igs yh os Q iz R;sd oxZ es a thoks a os Q 'olu ls la caf/r fga nh o.kkZ{kj vFkok

la ;qDrk{kj fn, x, gS aA budks feykdj thoksa rFkk muosQ 'olu va xks a ls la cafèkr 'kCn cuk, tk ldrs gSa A 'kCn oxks ± os Q tky es a fdlh Hkh fn'kk es a] Åij] uhpsvFkok fod.kZ es a ik, tk ldrs gS aA 'olu ra=k rFkk thoks a os Q uke [kks ft,A

bu 'kCnksa osQ fy, laos Qr uhps fn, x, gS a A

M+ < d is Q fo 'ok l ja /z j o [k | iQ "kk .kq th ok

n 'ok i xk js M+s Mk u lk ;h e l r% Hkk ck ;k o uk iQ LV fy iz eh /k iz Qk ya lk p < ;k¡ v .kk pq a ; ^ k }k M+ ja Lo lk N y p c j L; .k /z Hkw Hks y e u M ewZ fia t j fr c pk r d

1- dhVksa dh ok;q ufy;k¡

2- o{k&xqgk dks ?ks js gq , gf a ;ks a dh lajpuk 3- o{k&xq gk dk is 'kh; ry

4- iÙkh dh lrg ij lw{e fNnz

5- dhV os Q 'kjhj os Q ik'oZ Hkkxks a os Q Nks Vs fNnz

6- euq ";ks a os Q 'olu vax

7- os fNnz ftuls ge lk¡l Hkhrj ys rs (var%'olu) djrs gSa A

8- ,d vok;oh; tho

10- 'okliz .kky ra =k okyk ,d tho

9- ioZ rkjks gh vius lkFk vkW Dlhtu flfyaMj ys tkrs gSa ] D;ks afd

(d) 5 km ls vf/d Å¡ pkbZ ij ok;q ugha gks rh gSA

([k) ogk¡ miyC/ ok;q dh ek=kk Hkw&ry ij miyC/ ek=kk ls de gksrh gS A

(x) ogk¡ ok;q dk rki Hkw&ry os Q rki ls vf/d gks rk gSA

(?k) ioZ r ij ok;qnkc Hkw &ry dh vis{kk vf/d gks rk gSA

8/19/2019 ghsc110



foLrkfjr vf/xe & fØ;kdyki vkSj ifj;kstuk dk;Z

1- tytho'kkyk (,Dos fj;e) esa fdlh eNyh dh xfrfof/ dks ns f[k,A vkidks mlosQ flj os Q nks uks a rjI + kQ iYys os Q leku lajpuk,¡ fn[kkbZ ns a xhA iYys tS lh ;g lajpuk ,d gh vks j ls [kqyrh vkSj ca n gks rh gSA bu iz s{k.kksa os Q vk/kj ij eNfy;ks a esa 'olu os Q izØe dks le>kb,A

2- fdlh LFkkuh; fpfdRld osQ ikl tkb,A muls /w eziku os Q gkfudkjd izHkkoks a osQ ckjs es a tkudkjh iz kIr dhft,A vki bl fo"k; ij vU; ^Ïks r* ls Hkh tkudkjh ,df=kr dj ldrs gS aA vki vius f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk vkSj ekrk&firk ls Hkh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSa A vius {ks =k es a èkw eziku djus okys O;fDr;ks a dk iz fr'kr ekywe dhft,A ;fn vkios Q ifjokj esa dksbZ /w ez iku djrk gS] rks mls vius }kjk ,df=kr dh xbZ

tkudkjh ls voxr djk,¡ A3- fdlh fpfdRld os Q ikl tkb,A muls Ñf=ke 'olu os Q ckjs es a tkudkjh iz kIr

dhft,A fpfdRld ls iw fN,%

(d) fdlh O;fDr dks Ñf=ke 'olu dh vko';drk dc gks rh gS\

([k) fdlh O;fDr dks Ñf=ke 'olu dh vko';drk LFkk;h :i ls gksrh gSvFkok vLFkk;h :i ls gksrh gS\

(x) Ñf=ke 'olu os Q fy, fdlh O;fDr dks vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ fdl izdkj vkSj dgk¡ ls dh tkrh gSA

4- vius ifjokj os Q lnL;ks a vkSj vius oqQN fe=kksa dh 'olu nj dks ekfi,A irk yxkb,%

(d) D;k cPpk s a dh 'olu nj o;Ldks a ls fHkUu gks rh gS\

([k) D;k iq#"kks a dh 'olu nj efgykvksa dh 'olu nj ls fHkUu gks rh gS\

;fn bues a ls fdlh Hkh izdj.k (os Ql) es a va rj ik;k tkrk gS] rks mldk dkj.k tkuus dk iz ;kl dhft,A

D;k vki tkurs gSa \ gekjs fy, vkW Dlhtu vfuok;Z gS] ys fdu tks tho bldk mi;ks x ugha djrs gS a ] muos Q fy, vkW Dlhtu fo"kkDr gks rh gSA okLro es a ] ekuo ,oa vU; thoksa os Q fy, Hkh ya cs le; rd 'kq¼ vkW Dlhtu es a 'olu djuk gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA

ghsc110

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