gibberellins: regulators of plant height and seed germination ga levels in plants are correlated...
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Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height and Seed Germination
• GA levels in plants are correlated with stem length.
• Play role in seed germination, transition to flowering, and pollen development.
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Figure 20.1 Effect of exogenous GA1 on wild-type and dwarf mutant maize
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Figure 20.2 Cabbage can be induced to bolt and flower by applications of GA3
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Figure 20.3 Gibberellins induce conebud formation in juvenile conifers
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Figure 20.4 Gibberellin induces growth in “Thompson Seedless” grapes
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Ch. 20 In-Text Art, pp. 585–586 Gibberellin structures
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Figure 20.6 Phenotypes of wild-type and GA-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis
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Figure 20.8 Histochemical analysis of Arabidopsis plants containing the GA1 promoter
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Figure 20.24 Phenotypes of floral organs of gamyb mutants of rice
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Figure 20.9 Phenotypes and genotypes of peas that differ in GA1 content of their vegetative tissue
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Figure 20.10 Genetically engineered dwarf wheat plants
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Figure 20.11 Impaired seed development in a GA-deficient mutant of pea
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Figure 20.12 GA binding properties of GID1 (GA Insensitive Dwarf)
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Figure 20.13 Phenotypes of gid1a, gid1b, and gid1c mutants of Arabidopsis (Part 1)
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Figure 20.13 Phenotypes of gid1a, gid1b, and gid1c mutants of Arabidopsis (Part 2)
GA receptor mutants exhibitdeficient anther development.
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Figure 20.14 Structure of the GA3-GID1a-DELLA complex
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Figure 20.15 Model of GA-induced change in the GID1 protein
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Figure 20.16 Domain structures of the RGA and GAI repressor proteins
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Figure 20.19 Degradation of the DELLA protein by the 26S proteasome
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Figure 20.20 Integration of light and GA signaling in Arabidopsis seedlings
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Figure 20.17 Opposite effects of two different mutations in the same SLN1 repressor gene
• GA signals the degradation of negative regulators, e.g. the degradation of DELLA proteins.
• Sln1c loss-of-function. Mutated in GRAS domain; unable to repress GA responsive genes even in the absence of GA.
• Sln1d gain-of-function. Mutation in DELLA domain prevents the repressor protein from being degraded.
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Figure 20.21 Structure of barley grain and functions of tissues during germination
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Figure 23.3 Precocious germination in the ABA-deficient vivipary 14 mutant of maize
• Ratio of GA:ABA affects early germination (vivipary). With high levels of ABA, seeds remain dormant.