gibraltar steven dutch university of wisconsin – green bay
TRANSCRIPT
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Gibraltar
Steven DutchUniversity of Wisconsin – Green Bay
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Gibraltar
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Strait of Gibraltar
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View of Gibraltar
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Gibraltar
• May have been inhabited 100,000 years ago• 20,000 years ago: The Last Neanderthals?• One of the two pillars of Hercules• No strategic significance in ancient times– No water, wood, arable land, safe anchorage
• Tariq ibn Zayid lands nearby in 711– Jebel al-Tariq Gibraltar
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Gibraltar• Spain recaptures Gibraltar 1462• Dutch fleet destroys Spanish fleet 1607• Philip II dies childless in 1700– Two rival claimants: French and Austrian– War of the Spanish Succession– Britain takes Gibraltar, 1704
• British Gibraltar– Base against pirates– Bargaining chip
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First Known View, 1567
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British Gibraltar• Spain did not like losing Gibraltar (and still not
happy about it)• Numerous attempts to recapture• Great Siege 1779-1782– Siege ends when Britain returns Florida and
Minorca to Spain– You didn’t even know Britain owned Florida, did
you?
• Crimean War (1854-56) and Suez Canal (1867) finally make strategic value obvious
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Gibraltar in World War II• 1939: Airfield Constructed• 1940: Most civilians evacuated• 1940: Vichy French air raids• 1940-43: Italian air and frogman raids• Sabotage by Spanish Agents Working for
Germany• 1940-41: Operation Felix– German plan to capture Gibraltar– Spanish refuse to cooperate
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Gibraltar in World War II
• 1941-42: Operation Tracer– Stay-behind team in case of German capture
• 1942: North African campaign– Eisenhower uses Gibraltar as HQ– 30 miles of tunnels dug, housed 30,000 troops– Gibraltar has more tunnel than road
• After 1943, Gibraltar became a Rear Supply Base
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View From the Top
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The Moorish Castle
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Waterfall on Gibraltar
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Waterfall on Gibraltar
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The Real Owners of Gibraltar
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Riddled With Caves
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St. Michael’s Cavern
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Great Siege Tunnels
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WWII Tunnel
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How Did Gibraltar Come to Be?
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The Mediterranean, 200 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 195 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 175 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 165 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 148 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 123 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 110 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 80 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 63 m.y.
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The Mediterranean, 53 m.y.
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20 Million Years Ago
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15 Million Years Ago
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6 Million Years Ago
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Filling the Mediterranean
National Geographic, January, 1973
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