gif introduction

8/13/2019 GIF Introduction

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Introdu ct ion to Generat ion IV

Nuclear Energy Sys tems

and the In ternat ional Forum

2008

http://www.gen-4.org/


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Our Vision for Nuclear Energy:

SecureProvid ing diversi f icat ion of supply

AffordableKeeping energy co sts compet it ive

CleanDel iver ing a major n on-em it t ing sou rce

The challenge for all countries is to put inmotion a transition to a more secure, lower-

carbon energy system, without underminingeconomic and social development.World Energy Outlook 2007 (OECD/IEA)

http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/2007.asp


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The Prob lem of Cl imate Change Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown since

pre-industrial times, increasing 70% between 1970 and 2004

With current climate change mitigation policies and practices,

global GHG emissions will continue to grow

The Earth is about to undergo long lasting changes in its

climate, seas and land cover, including

Temperature

Precipitation

Sea level

Ocean circulation

Ice/snow cover

Storm frequency

Storm intensity

Desertification

Global Warmin g (deg C) by 2100 (IPCC predict io n)

http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/


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Carbon emissions need to be brought to a sustainable balance

Nuclear energy can be part of the future, sustainable sources

Contributing a nuclear wedge would require tripling the number of

nuclear plants worldwide, to abo ut 1000 plants, for example

Nuclear energy systems must continue their advances in order to

unlock a potential on this scale

The Challenge fo r Nuclear Energy

Holding CO2 Emissions con stant

defines a triangle, or reduction goal

Achieving the goal wou ld require 8 contr ibut ions

of about 1 Gt/y in CO2 emiss ions each, through

pol icy in i t ia t ives and/or technology deployment

http://www.princeton.edu/~cmi/

8 wedges

1 wedge


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Generat ions o f Nuc lear Energy

Early Prototypes

Generation I

- Shippingport- Dresden- Magnox

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV

Commercial Power

Generation II

- PWRs- BWRs

- CANDU

Advanced LWRs

Generation III

- CANDU 6- System 80+-AP600

Generation III+

Evolutionary Designs

-ABWR-ACR1000-AP1000-APWR- EPR

- ESBWR

- Safe- Sustainable- Economical- Proliferation

Resistant andPhysicallySecure

Generation IV

RevolutionaryDesigns

http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/evolution.htm


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Generation IV GoalsSustainability

1. Generate energy sustainably, and promote long-term availability of nuclear fuel

2. Minimize nuclear waste and reduce the long term stewardship burden

Safety & Reliability

3. Excel in safety and reliability

4. Have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage

5. Eliminate the need for offsite emergency response

Economics

6. Have a life cycle cost advantage over other energy sources

7. Have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects

Proliferation Resistance & Physical Protection

8. Be a very unattractive route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials,

and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism

GIF-019-00 Technology Goals.pdf


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Creat ion o f the Internat ional Forum

Started in Jan 2000 by nine countries and established Jul 2001 Agreed that nuclear energy is needed to meet future needs

Defined four goal areas to advance nuclear energy into its next,

fourth generation:

Sustainability

Safety & reliability

Economics

Proliferation resistance and physical protection

Will collaborate to make Generation IV systems deployable in

large numbers by 2030, or earlier

http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/About/origins.htm


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Generation IV In ternational Forum

Chartered in July 2001 Set out Vision, Goals and Objectives

Nine charter members

Created a virtual organization

Government leaders in a Policy Group

Technical advisors in an Experts Group Makes decisions by consensus

Members bear their own costs, and participate

in the systems and R&D that they choose

GIF works with other organizations, especially

IAEA and OECD/NEA to draw expertise

Shares information openly where possible

http://www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GIFcharter.pdf

Founding Members now joined by:

Switzerland (2002), Euratom (2003), China and Russia (2006)


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The Techno logy Roadmap

Two-year effort by 100 international expertsfinding the most promising nuclear systems

Six systemswere selected:

Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)

Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)

Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)

Supercritical-Water Reactor (SCWR)

Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)

Timelines and research needs were developedfor the needed technology

http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/roadmap.htm


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Sod ium -Coo led Fast Reactor (SFR)

Characteristics

Sodium coolant

550C outlet temperature

600-1500 MWe large size, or

300-600 MWe intermediate size

50 MWe small module option

Metal fuel with pyroprocessing or

MOX fuel with advanced aqueous

separation

Benefits

High thermal efficiency

Consumption of LWR actinides

Efficient fissile materialgeneration

http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm


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Very -High -Temperatu re Reacto r (VHTR)

Characteristics He coolant

>900C outlet temperature

250 MWe

Coated particle fuel in eitherpebble bed or prismatic fuel

Benefits Hydrogen production

Process heat applications

High degree of passive safety

High thermal efficiency option



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Gas-Coo led Fast Reacto r (GFR)

Characteristics He coolant


Direct gas-turbine cycle or

supercritical CO2 cycle with

optional combined cycles

2400 MWth / 1100 MWe

Several fuel options

Carbide in plates or pins

Nitride

Oxide

Benefits

High efficiency Waste minimization and

efficient use of uranium

resources



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Supercri t ic al-Water-Coo led Reacto r (SCWR)

Characteristics Water coolant above

supercritical conditions (374C,22.1 MPa)

510-625C outlet temperature

1500 MWe

Pressure tube or pressurevessel options

Simplified balance of plant

Benefits

Efficiency near 45% withexcellent economics

Leverages the currentexperience in operating fossil-

fueled supercritical steamplants

Configurable as a fast- orthermal-spectrum core



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Lead-Coo led Fast Reacto r (LFR)

Characteristics Pb or Pb/Bi coolant

550C to 800C outlet temperature

Small transportable system 50-150 MWe, and

Larger station 300-1200 MWe

1530 year core life option

Benefits

Distributed electricity generation

Hydrogen and potable water

Replaceable core for regionalfuel processing

High degree of passive safety

Proliferation resistance throughlong-life core



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Molten Salt Reacto r (MSR)

Characteristics

Fuel is liquid fluorides of U and Pu

with Li, Be, Na and other fluorides


1000 MWe

Low pressure (


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System

Neutron

Spectrum

Fuel

Cycle

Size

(MWe) Appl ic at ions R&D Needed

Very-High-

Temp erature Reactor

(VHTR)

Thermal Open 250 Electricity, Hydrogen,

Process Heat

Fuels, Materials,

H2 production

Supercrit ical-Water

Reactor (SCWR)

Thermal,

Fast

Open,

Closed

1500 Electricity Materials, Thermal-

hydraulics

Gas-Cooled Fast

Reactor (GFR)

Fast Closed 200-1200 Electricity, Hydrogen,

Actinide Management

Fuels, Materials,

Thermal-hydraulics

Lead-Cooled Fast

Reactor (LFR)

Fast Closed 50-150

300-600

1200

Electricity,

Hydrogen Production

Fuels, Materials

Sodium Cooled FastReactor (SFR)

Fast Closed 300-1500 Electricity, ActinideManagement

Advanced recycleoptions, Fuels

Molten Salt Reactor

(MSR)

Epithermal Closed 1000 Electricity, Hydrogen

Production, Actinide

Management

Fuel treatment,

Materials, Reliability

Overview o f the Generat ion IV Sys tems



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Formal Ag reements fo r R&D

GIF Framework Agreement: An agreement among the governments

For research and development collaborations

Assigns responsible ministries, departments and agencies

Affords protection of intellectual property and sharing of rights

Specifies steer ing commit tees for systems to manage the work,

and projects under the steering committee to do the work

Supports the creation of multilateral R&D contracts that can attract

industry, universities and other countries into the collaborations

GIF Framework

Agreement Signing

(Feb 2005)


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Project Management

Boards

Project Management

Boards

Energy Conversion

Project Management

Boards

Structu red Agreements

System Steer ing

Commit tees

Project Management

Boards

System

Arrangements

Project

Arrangements

Framewo rk Ag reementPart ies:

Canada,

China,

Euratom,

France,

Japan,

Republ ic of Ko rea,

South Afr ica,

Switzerland,

United States

Undertaking accession :

Russia

Fuel and Fuel Cyc le

Materials

other


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Todays Membership


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System Partners

VHTR Very-High-Temp erature ReactorGFR Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorSFR Sodium -Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR Supercri t ical Water-Cooled ReactorLFR Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorMSR Molten Salt Reactor

Apr 2008

ANRE Agenc y for Natural Resources and Energy (JP)CAEA China Atomic Energy Author i ty (CN)

CEA Commissariat lnergie Atomique (FR)

DME Department of Minerals and Energy (ZA)DOE Department of Energ y (US)JAEA Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JP)JRC Join t Research Centre (EU)KOSEF Korean Science and Engineer ing Found at ion (KR)MEST Minist ry of Educat ion, Science and Technology (KR)MOST Minist ry of Science and Technology (CN)NRCan Natural Resources Canada (CA)PSI Paul Scherrer Inst i tute (CH)

http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/framework.htmhttp://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/system.htm

Partners: NRCan JRC CEA JAEA, MEST, PSI DOE CAEA, DMEANRE KOSEF MOST

VHTRGFR

SFR

LFR

MSR

SCWR


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Research Plans and Activ i t ies

System Steering Committees each create a

System Research Plan

Four systems have finalized plans

SFR, SCWR, VHTR and GFR

LFR is under development

MSR is planned in the future

Each creates several projects

Project participants make binding

commitments for the scope, schedule

and resources for their contribution

Universities, industry and even

countries outside the GIF may

participate, with the approval of the

Steering Committee

http://www.gen-4.org/GIF/Governance/system.htm


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Working Toward the Future

The GIF joined together to help assure a sustainable energy future Underscored by the advance of global climate change

Based on advanced nuclear energy systems that are sustainable,

safe, economical, proliferation resistant and physically secure

Accelerated by the collaboration of the GIF members, industry,

academia and non-member nations and institutions

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