gifted students
TRANSCRIPT
THE HISTORY OF GIFTEDNESS www.drlakshmisharma.com
Dr Lakshmi Sharma Workshop on Giftedness Part 1
NO LIMITS TO LEARNING! BELIEVE & YOU CAN ACHIEVE!THE GIFTED CHILD
Beginnings of Giftedness
Philosophers & Gifted Relationship
Key Researchers in Giftedness
Theories of Intelligence
Flynn Effect
How it all began
Beginning of Civilisation-Identification of Intellect
ChinaMesopotamiaIndiaGreeceAfrica
Schooling & Philosophy
Plato (427–347BC) Specialized education intellectually gifted
Ancient China (770BC - 476BC)
private schools, supported scholars of various ideologies
Sui Dynasty:Keju examination >1,300 years (Qing Dynasty).
Special exam for gifted children - 'tongziju‘
Confucius intellectual philosophy & teachings
Sun Tzu (c. 544–c. 496 BCE) — military philosopher
Sir Francis Galton 1822-1911 British
= First to measure intelligence (western)
=1888-1894 natural intellectual measurements over 7,500 people
= Parent deviates from the norm, so will child, to a lesser extent
= Improvement by intervening in heredity: EUGENICS
= Gifted, capable, (breed) average, or degenerate (abstain)
= Most intelligent/talented "eminent,“
= Eminence related to hereditary line
= Father of phrenology-fingerprinting
• Began blind folding chess players• Mentored by Charcot (hypnotism), Influenced
Piaget• Research Assistant – SIMON• French gov (1904):how to identify low IQ students • Binet-Simon Scale, tasks age typical, tested 50 kids • Intellectual development influenced by the
environment• Intelligence not based solely on genetics
Alfred Binet 1857-1911 French
Lewis Terman 1877-1956 USA
• Stanford University 1918 adapted Binet-Simon to Stanford-Binet
• Introduced intelligence quotient (IQ) scoring for the test• Defined intelligence "the ability to carry on abstract
thinking“• Used intelligence testing on numerous soldiers• Studied 643 children scored at >IQ 140, the Genetic
Studies of Genius, evaluate 1921, 1930, 1947 &1959 • Subjects called "Termites" most extensive gifted • Disproved highly intelligent children prone to illness
Leta Hollingworth 1886-1939 USA
= Colleague of Terman's
= First in USA to study gifted education
= Intelligence - heredity, home & school structure
= Importance of early identification & grouping similar
abilities. = 18-year study 50 kids NYC >155 Stanford-
Binet, groups >180.
= Ran Speyer school NYC for bright students
David Wechsler 1896 –1981
• Taught by Charles Spearman
• Non-intellectual ability are involved in intelligent behavior
• Objected to the single score 1937 Binet scale
• Role of nonintellective factors in testing.
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC) 1949
• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI) 1967
• Removed quotient scores of older intelligence tests (the Q in "I.Q.")
• The WAIS is today the most commonly administered psychological test
Charles Spearman - General Intelligence
Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
Charles Spearman - General Intelligence
The g factor - intelligence is cognitive ability-measured & numerically expressed
Louis L. Thurstone
Primary Mental Abilities
7 Primary Mental Abilities
Spatial Visualisation
Verbal Comprehen.
Reasoning
Perceptual SpeedNumerical Ability
Word Fluency
Associative Memory
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences
Eight Intelligences
Skills & Abilities Valued in Different Cultures
New Intelligences Accounted for
Model Updated
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Analytical intelligence: problem-solving abilities.
Creative intelligence: new situations using past experiences & current skills.
Practical intelligence: adapt to a changing environment.