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la puta que te re parioAcknowledgements xiPart I 11 Origins 32 Recognising Old English Words 173 People and Things 344 Place, Time, Manner and Reason 535 Actions and Events 726 Introducing Old English Poetry 967 Translating Old English Poetry: Beowulf 114Part II Four Old English Texts 137Introduction 139Text A Cynewulf and Cyneheard 141Text B Beowulf, lines 710836 152Text C The Battle of Maldon 169Text D The Dream of the Rood 210Concluding Remarks 234Glossary of Technical Terms 235Appendix: Old English ParadigmsWhere appropriate, every effort has been made to trace the copyrightof literary texts and illustrations. The authors are grateful for permissionto reproduce excerpts from Beowulf, translated by SeamusHeaney, copyright 2000 by Seamus Heaney, used by permission ofW. W. Norton and Company, and Faber and Faber Ltd; Beowulf,

translated by Edwin Morgan, copyright 1952, 1962, 2002 by EdwinMorgan, used by permission of Carcanet Press.The authors are also grateful for permission to reproduce the followingillustrations: Cathedral Library, Exeter, Manuscript 3501, fol. 110v detail,reproduced by permission of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter;Christopher Lee as Saruman in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers,copyright 2002, New Line Productions, Inc. The Saul Zaentz Companyd/b/a Tolkien Enterprises under licence to New Line Productions, Inc;all rights reserved, photo by Pierre Vinet, photo appears courtesy of NewLine Productions, Inc.; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Manuscript173, fol. 10r detail, reproduced by permission of the Master and Fellowsof Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Corpus Christi College,Cambridge, Manuscript 183, fol. 1v, reproduced by permission of the

Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; eighthcenturyhelmet found at Coppergate, York, reproduced by permission ofYork Museums Trust (York Castle Museum); Franks Casket, front panel, copyright The Trustees of The British Museum; MacLeans Cross,Iona, Crown copyright, reproduced courtesy of the Royal Commissionon the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland; the RuthwellCross, Dumfriesshire, reproduced courtesy of RCAHMS (ErskineBeveridge Collection); the Annunciation Panel of the Ruthwell Cross, Crown copyright, reproduced courtesy of Historic Scotland; Oxford,Bodleian Manuscripts Junius 27, fol. 118r detail, and Hatton 20, fol. 1rdetail, reproduced by permission of the Bodleian Library, University ofOxford; St Columbas Bay, Iona, reproduced by permission of AlisonPhipps. The maps are by Mike Shand, Department of Geographical and