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Gilded Age Gilded Age 1870-1900 1870-1900

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Page 1: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Gilded Age Gilded Age 1870-19001870-1900

Page 2: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Gilded Age-originGilded Age-origin► Gilded Age -Period when -Period when

corruption existed in society corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded” wealth of the period (“gilded” is when something is is when something is golden/beautiful on the golden/beautiful on the surface but is really surface but is really cheap/worthless underneathcheap/worthless underneath

► Abuses in business and Abuses in business and government caused problems government caused problems for immigrants, laborers, and for immigrants, laborers, and farmersfarmers

► Term comes from a book Term comes from a book written about the time period written about the time period by Mark Twain and Charles by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 Dudley Warner in 1873 The The Gilded AgeGilded Age

View Intro to America’s Industrial Revolution

Page 3: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Steel Industry’s Impact on The Steel Industry’s Impact on AmericaAmerica

► Bessemer Process-Bessemer Process- developed around 1850 developed around 1850 injected air into molten injected air into molten iron to remove iron to remove impurities and make impurities and make steel-a lighter, more steel-a lighter, more flexible, rust resistant flexible, rust resistant metalmetal

► Steel is used in railroads, Steel is used in railroads, farm equipment, canned farm equipment, canned goodsgoods

► Engineers use steel to Engineers use steel to create skyscrapers and create skyscrapers and longer bridges (Brooklyn longer bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)Bridge) View Steel Industry

Video

Page 4: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Impact of Railroads on America Impact of Railroads on America during the Gilded Ageduring the Gilded Age

► BenefitsBenefits Stimulated growth of other Stimulated growth of other

industries (steel, iron, coal, industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, glass)lumber, glass)

Helped cities growHelped cities grow Helped increase westward Helped increase westward

expansion of Americaexpansion of America Standard time zones were Standard time zones were

created to get everyone on created to get everyone on correct timecorrect time

► CorruptionCorruption Charged much higher rates to Charged much higher rates to

western farmerswestern farmers Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868

► Union Pacific Union Pacific ► Fake construction companyFake construction company► Bribed members of Bribed members of

CongressCongress► Represented corruption of Represented corruption of

periodperiodView Corruption in Railroads

Page 5: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Standard Oil Cartoon based on Ida B. Tarbell’s book- The History of Standard Oil

Page 6: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Industrialists who Industrialists who

made a fortune in made a fortune in steel in the late steel in the late 1800’s, as a 1800’s, as a philanthropists, he philanthropists, he gave away some $350 gave away some $350 million.million.

► John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Industrialists who Industrialists who

made a fortune in the made a fortune in the oil refining industryoil refining industry

U.S. Standard OilU.S. Standard Oil

Page 7: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan Industrialists who Industrialists who

started U.S. Steel started U.S. Steel from Carnegie Steel from Carnegie Steel and other and other companies. Became companies. Became 11stst Billion dollar Billion dollar Corporation.Corporation.

Bailed out the U.S. Bailed out the U.S. economy on more economy on more than one occasion. than one occasion.

Page 8: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration A process in which a A process in which a

company buys out all of company buys out all of the suppliers. (Ex. coal the suppliers. (Ex. coal and iron mines, ore and iron mines, ore freighters, rr lines)freighters, rr lines)

► Horizontal ConsolidationHorizontal Consolidation

-A process in which a -A process in which a company buys out or company buys out or merges with all merges with all competing companies (JP competing companies (JP Morgan bought out Morgan bought out Carnegie steel and other Carnegie steel and other companies)companies)

Page 9: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► TrustsTrusts -A group of -A group of separate companies separate companies placed under the placed under the control of a single control of a single managing boardmanaging board

► Critics called these Critics called these practices unfair and practices unfair and the business leaders the business leaders ““Robber Barons”Robber Barons”

Page 10: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”
Page 11: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Used Darwin’s theory to Used Darwin’s theory to

explain businessexplain business Natural Selection, Natural Selection,

Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest Govt. should not interfere Govt. should not interfere Laissez-faireLaissez-faire -policy that -policy that

US had followed since US had followed since inception to not allow inception to not allow govt. to interfere with govt. to interfere with businessbusiness

► Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry A positive idea that A positive idea that

industrial leaders worked industrial leaders worked hard and deserved their hard and deserved their wealthwealth

Carnegie Hall

Carnegie Library

Vanderbilt University

Page 12: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth -belief -belief that the wealthy are that the wealthy are “chosen by God” to be “chosen by God” to be successful and were successful and were therefore responsible therefore responsible to look out for the well to look out for the well being of those less being of those less fortunate. Many fortunate. Many Industrialist shared Industrialist shared wealth although rarely wealth although rarely through direct welfare. through direct welfare. Started museums, etc. Started museums, etc.

► MonopolyMonopoly-complete -complete control of a product or control of a product or serviceservice

Page 13: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

► Sherman Anti-Trust Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890Act of 1890 Law outlawing a Law outlawing a

combination of combination of companies that companies that restrained interstate restrained interstate trade or commerce; trade or commerce; important to prevent important to prevent monopolies. Not monopolies. Not initially enforced initially enforced properly.properly.

Benjamin Harrison

“What can I do when both Parties insist on kicking”

Page 14: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Poor Working Conditions in the Poor Working Conditions in the Late 1800’sLate 1800’s

► Most factory workers Most factory workers worked 12 hour days, 6 worked 12 hour days, 6 days a weekdays a week

► Steel mills often demanded Steel mills often demanded 7 days a week7 days a week

► No vacations, sick leave, No vacations, sick leave, unemployment unemployment compensation, or workers compensation, or workers compensation for injuries compensation for injuries on the jobon the job

► Children as young as 5 Children as young as 5 often worked as much as often worked as much as 12 or sometimes 14 hours 12 or sometimes 14 hours a day, for as little as .$27 a a day, for as little as .$27 a day.day.

Video on factory work

Page 15: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

► The Purpose of a labor The Purpose of a labor union was “strength in union was “strength in numbers.” Attempted numbers.” Attempted to gain better working to gain better working conditions and pay.conditions and pay.

► The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor Was the first union to Was the first union to

accept workers of all accept workers of all races and gender. races and gender. Pushed for 8 hour Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for workday, equal pay for women, accepted skilled women, accepted skilled and unskilled workersand unskilled workers

Page 16: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

► The American The American Federation of Labor Federation of Labor (AFL)-(AFL)- Accepted Accepted only skilled white only skilled white males, won higher males, won higher wages and shorter wages and shorter work weeks for its work weeks for its membersmembers

► Head of AFL was Head of AFL was Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Page 17: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

► Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or WobbliesWorld (IWW) or Wobblies Created in 1905, was a Created in 1905, was a

radical group of mostly radical group of mostly unskilled workers who unskilled workers who believed in socialismbelieved in socialism

SocialismSocialism-an economic -an economic or political philosophy or political philosophy that favors public (or that favors public (or social) control of social) control of property and income.property and income.

Page 18: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”
Page 19: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

► Great Railroad Strike of Great Railroad Strike of 18771877 RR workers strike to RR workers strike to

protest wage cutprotest wage cut Violence erupted in Violence erupted in

many cities for a weekmany cities for a week President Rutherford B. President Rutherford B.

Hayes sends in Federal Hayes sends in Federal Troops to put down strikeTroops to put down strike

ScabScab –worker called in by –worker called in by an employer to replace an employer to replace strikersstrikers

Courts and Federal govt. Courts and Federal govt. often sided with business often sided with business during Gilded Ageduring Gilded Age

Page 20: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

► Haymarket Riot 1886Haymarket Riot 1886 Workers protesting and Workers protesting and

holding demonstrations holding demonstrations in Haymarket Square in Haymarket Square ChicagoChicago

Speakers are socialist Speakers are socialist and anarchist (no govt.)and anarchist (no govt.)

Police arrive and bomb is Police arrive and bomb is thrown at police killing thrown at police killing some and causing riotsome and causing riot

Public blames labor Public blames labor unions and views them unions and views them as radical, violent, and as radical, violent, and mostly foreignersmostly foreigners

Page 21: Gilded Age 1870-1900. Gilded Age-origin ► Gilded Age -Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (“gilded”

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

► Homestead Strike-1892Homestead Strike-1892 Workers strike against Workers strike against

Carnegie Steel plantCarnegie Steel plant Henry Frick was anti-Henry Frick was anti-

union leader of plantunion leader of plant

► Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894 Railroad industry strike Railroad industry strike

in which 120,000 striking in which 120,000 striking railroad workers were railroad workers were stopped only by the stopped only by the intervention of the intervention of the federal governmentfederal government