Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Lauren Clancy ● Jenny Lee ● Allison Torlincasi ● Shèquanna CooperFinding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.

http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/01/14/ifs-clade/

http://www.dhingana.com/

news/facts-about-dolphins-interesting-

amazing-informati/22154

All chordates have, at some time during their life, these five characteristics:

Inside: Endostyle

http://thecircleofblood.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/1/11517136/1885966_orig.gif

At one point in the lifetime of chordates, the walls of the pharynx were pierced with a longitudinal series of openings; the pharyngeal slits• The pharyngeal slits created an opening that allowed water to enter

the pharynx• They play no part in respiration (used to filter food particles)

• However, they have become modified in aquatic chordates and are supported by gill arches, which contain filaments for gas exchange

• In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal slits are only seen in embryonic development

http://gillslits.blogspot.com/Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.

Chordates in the SeaMode of respiration: gill slits

The evolution of chordates began in the water

www.stfrancesvbs.com/resources_borders.html

Chondrichthyes

• The gills are located behind the head; viewed as a collection of slit-like openings

How does water get to the gills for respiration?

Ram-jet ventilation Neck Musculature• Many shark species swim with their mouths

open, allowing water to pass over the gills for respiration

• Others, have strong neck muscles which act as a pumping mechanism to pull water over the gills

• Pumping is based on a dual pump mechanism which creates a suction with negative and positive pressures to draw in water

External view

Internal view

• The gills have a rich supply of blood, where tiny blood vessels extract oxygen from the water as it passes over the gills

• Gill filaments increase the surface area for respiration

• The blood vessels are located inside the filaments

• As oxygen is taken in, carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste project, is expelled out of the bloodstream

http://science.howstuffworks.com/

zoology/marine-life/great-white.htm

http://www.arkive.org/whitetip-reef-shark/triaenodon-obesus/image-G17580.html

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=chon025b&File_type=cdr

http://backofbeyondthent.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html

http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif

Chondrichthyes

New adaptation: the spiracle• A modified hole located behind the eye• While the mouth is closed, water is able to pass through the opening

• Creates an alternate pathway for water to enter the mouth• Once water enters the mouth, it can then pass over gill lamellae and out

the gill slits• The spiracle also provides oxygenated blood directly

to the eye and brain

A new evolutionary change allowed chondrichthyes to have a continuous flow of water into the mouth

http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm

dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-anatomy.html

www.jawshark.com/great_white_shark_animated_gifs.html

http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif

Actinopterygii

• The posterior rim is flexible and ribbed• This prevents the back flow of water

Mouth Mouth Cavity Gills Gill Cavity Gill Slits

Mouth is open Expands Expands Operculum closes

Mouth closes Contracts Expands

Mouth remains closed

Contracts Contracts Operculum opens

Water travels through the mouth of the fish, passes along the pharynx, and out the gills

http://students.cis.uab.edu/chase29/osteichthyes.html

http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/fish/howdofishbreathe.phtml

Actinopterygii

• The gills are supported by gill arches; a series of loops

• Inside the arches, gill filaments contain blood vessels

• Gas exchange occurs at the tips of the gill filaments

• Water travels through the gaps in-between the filaments, moving out towards the operculum opening

• In each gill filament, blood capillaries absorb oxygen while extracting carbon dioxide

• Blood travels in the opposite direction of water flow

• Helps increase efficiency• Countercurrent flow insures a steady

oxygen absorption

http://www.oskole.sk/userfiles/image/Zofia/febru%C3%A1r%20-%202012/Biol%C3%B3gia/Dychanie_zivocichov_jan_html_5c3115b0.png

http://manmonster.centerblog.net/voir-photo?u=http://manmonster.m.a.pic.centerblog.net/o/e2820340.jpg

www.angelfire.com/home/lake/page5gif.html

New adaptation: the swim bladder• Buoyancy organ located in the body cavity• Developed from an out pocketing of the pharynx

or esophagus• Contains gas (usually oxygen) which allows the

fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking

Actinopterygii

Another revolutionary change occurred in the Actinopteryggi

Animals slowly transitioned from sea to land…

Chordates in the sea and landMode of respiration: gill slits and/or lungs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg

http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/5723/1/1/how-to-draw-the-ocean.htm

http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass8.htm

• To get food and supplies• Avoid aquatic predators

Evolution and fossil records show that animals moved out of the water and onto land

A chordate example of this type of intermediate is…

http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325818http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy/

The mudpuppy has 3 different modes of respiration

Tetrapoda

• Skin → mudpuppies must have moist skin to absorb oxygen

• Gills → are mostly used• The gills in the

mudpuppy are similar to fish gills but differ in that they are external and lack the hard covering known as the operculum

• Lungs → despite having lungs, they are thin and poorly vascularized and are used as last resort

http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.NecturusDissection.html

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?

File_name=AMPH022B&File_type=GIF

• The lungs of a turtle are their predominant source of respiration– All turtles have lungs and must take in oxygen

• An adaptation is that turtles have the ability to intake oxygen through their cloaca when they have limited respiration during hibernation in the winter

Reptilia

Marine Turtles Terrestrial Turtles

http://animals.howstuffworks.com/reptiles/turtle-shell.htm

http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpress.com/

2009/02/gex_green-sea-turtle.jpghttp://www.rbnc.org/images/herps_page/Wood-Turtle.jpg

http://ecowatch.org/2011/groups-move-to-stop-sea-turtle-deaths-from-shrimp-trawling/

http://petcaregt.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/pet-

gopher-tortoise.jpg

Reptilia

http://pspbilly.com/nancy/020%2520Internal%2520anatomy%2520of%2520a%2520turtle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pspbilly.com/nancy/

&h=2281&w=3000&sz=476&tbnid=UBBWTqjsHhaxpM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=114&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo

%3Du&zoom=1&q=&usg=__FXapW599cqyvE_N4l9aczCvbOQE=&docid=CpyCFuobs3zQ7M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qEDCUKvOJau20AGfsIDwDA&ved=0CEEQ9QEwBA&dur=483http://animationsa2z.com/turtles.php

http://www.rgbstock.com/bigphoto/meRjh9i/Giant+turtle

Respiratory system of the Turtle Reptilia

Animals began to solely live on land

Chordates on landMode of respiration: lungs

http://sweetclipart.com/multisite/sweetclipart/files/turtle_green.png

http://www.leadershipwithsass.com/2012/04/dont-be-a-honey-badger/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/59571344@N03/5485476419/

https://sites.google.com/a/cottonwood-essentials.com/

www/

Mammalia Aves

Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems

http://itiswhatitispeople.blogspot.

com/2012/04/what-can-you-learn-from-

blended.html

http://epicmuffinlove.deviantart.com/

art/Look-who-I-found-306187756

Mammalia Aves

Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systemshttp://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/Why+do+humans+need+to+breathe%3F+Part+2

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/respiration/deck/938492 http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/30/1/6/F1.large.jpg

Mammalia

Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory SystemsLiem, K. and Walker, W. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates.

• The avian lungs are a unique respiratory system

• Birds have a very high metabolic rate

• The unidirectional pathway allows for birds to meet all energy requirements

• Oxygen is absorbed continuously while in flight

Aves

http://www.thefeaturedcreature.com/

2012/07/mr-fluffy-feathers-very-cute-bird.html

http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif

heathersanimations.com/flying1.html

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ritchiso/birdrespiration.html

Aves

http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes8.ht

ml

http://www.birdsofeden.co

.za/index.php?comp=article&category=18&limit=5&limi

tstart=170

Aves

http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c7.html

http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/1d4c20/#2http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec09/

FemaleSexShowoff.html

Inhalation• Fresh air flows down the trachea bypasses the lungs • It enters the posterior air sacs. While simultaneously the anterior

sacs fill with stale air from the lungsExhalation

• Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs and through the parabronchi

• The stale air from anterior air sacs exits the body via the trachea

It take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the air to pass through and out of the system of the bird

Aves

http://srqjet.blogspot.com/2010/09/puffy-pigeon.html

http://quizlet.com/2213010/ch-42-circulation-gas-exchange-ap-bio-flash-cards/

Mammalia

• Air enters through the nose or mouth

• Travels down the pharynx, past the epiglottis, into the larynx

• It moves down the trachea, which branches into two bronchi that lead to each lung

• The bronchi branch in to bronchioles

• The bronchioles lead into the alveolar ducts that end alveoli sacs

CO2 CO2

CO2

O2 O2

O2

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=BCE&name=72217.jpg

http://www.photolyrics.ru/vyaz.html

Mammalia

• The alveoli are the sites at which gas exchanges occurs

• The thin walled capillaries allow for the exchange of gases

High Low concentration

• The alveoli diffuses oxygen into the blood through the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in to the alveoli

http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c8.html

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/public-health-assessment-overview/html/

module3/s5.html

Mammalia

• During in inhalation the rib cage muscles and diaphragm contract to increase the lung volume

• Pressure drops and air flows into the lungs

High Low concentration

• The relaxation of these muscles causes an increase in air pressure that forces the air out of lungs through the nose and mouth

http://www.yogacharm.net/yogalx/2011/0615/article_1874_2.html

http://jpkc.scezju.com/slx/showindex/281/102

Chordates back in the SeaMode of respiration: lungs

Although lungs developed in chordates, mammalia animals continued to live in water

Dolphins

Whales

http://www.delfinpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/delfind.gif

http://jessperna.com/images/coloring_book_illustrations/humpback_whale_coloring_page_large.gif

• cetaceans evolved from the modern hippo– Whales– Dolphins– Porpoises

• Obligated Marine Mammals – Cannot survive on land– Find more food in the sea than land– Freed from legs

• Over the course of evolution…– Bodies became more tapered and

streamlined– Their tail replaced by a pair of horizontal,

propeller like flukes– Front limbs fused together– Loss of hind limbs

Evolution from land to water Mammilla

http://dir.coolclips.com/Nature/Animals/

Mammals/Hippopotamus/

hippopotamus_wb028826.html

http://potolki27.ru/images/view/63

http://gerberbabycontest.net/at-pic-cute-dolphin-giving-birth/4.bp.blogspot.com*_k-uzaP4Gx6M*SMEImnoG0KI*AAAAAAAACN8*l2huZMKvNGc*s400*dolphin5.jpg/

http://missmazurek15.pbworks.com/w/page/36537156/Chris

Adaptations of the Respiratory System

Mammilla

http://www.traveloutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Bottlenose_Dolphin1.jpg

http://www.veezzle.com/photo/1103598/Humpback-Whale-......Blow-holes

http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/cartoon-

smiling-whale-spouting-water-from-royalty-free-illustration/

75488996

• Breathing begins with blowhole or blowholes

• Breathing at the surface of the water

• Small region of the head is required to break the surface of the water to breathe in air

• Contains the nasal plug

Mammilla

http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=84#.UMI4oaxR2So

http://www.wallpapershdi.com/wallpaper/996/dolphin-wallpaper-1440x900-widescreen.html

http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/cartoon-

smiling-whale-spouting-water-from-royalty-free-illustration/

75488996

http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif

• Dolphins can empty and refill its blowhole in less than a fifth of a second

• The dolphin forcefully "chuffs" or exhales when first surfacing for air to clear the recessed blowhole area of water

• Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, the blowhole closes again

• Water in a dolphin’s blowhole will drown the dolphin

Mammilla

http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif

http://cartoon-icio.ru/image.php?id=87009

http://www.appuntidigitali.it/3677/il-sonar-militare-rende-sordi-i-delfini/

http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm

• At the surface of the water, whales open their blowhole or blowholes– Exhale air explosively through their blowhole

• Exhaled air from the blowhole is called the blow– Forms a gusher or a bushy stream of misty air and

vapor

• Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, and the blowhole or blowholes close again

• Water in a whale’s blowhole will drown the whale

Mammilla

in Whales

http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif

http://www.i-creative.cz/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/velryby1.jpg

http://www.elhogarnatural.com/cetaceos/Caperea%20marginata.htm

http://www.estanbul.com/mavi-balina-70272.html

Mammilla

http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html

Mammilla

http://www.russianorca.com/Orcas/sounds_eng.htm

• Contain a lot more alveoli than humans lungs

• Lungs are made up of two layers of capillaries

• The pulmonary tissue proper contains a generous supply of myoelastic fibers – Better elasticity– The pleurae are thick and elastic

• The bronchial tubes are lined with muscular tissue

• The alveoli is cut off from the rest of the lung

Mammilla

http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm

http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif

http://33m.lista.cl/posts/imagenes/14983719/Ballenas-_Belleza-Animal_.html

Pbs.org

Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii TetrapodaCommon Name “Cartilagenous Fishes” “Ray Finned Fish” “Four-Footed"

Representatives sharks, skates, rays tuna, cod, clownfish

frog, mudpuppy

Respiratory System gills gills covered byoperculum

gills and/or lungs

Reptilia Aves MammaliaCommon Name Reptile Bird MammalRepresentatives turtles & tortoises

lizards & snakescrocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs

crow, pigeon, robin, sparrow,ostrich

human, cow, pig, mouse, rat,seal, dolphin, whale, bat, sloth,elephant, rhinoceros, monkey

Respiratory System no gills, well dev. lungs, ribcage

lungs, air sacs ~ 1 way flow of oxygen

lungs

References 1. Brylske, A. Humans and whales [Internet]. Parkville, MO: Florida Institute of Technology;

2006; 2012 Nov 26. Available from http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive%20Physiology/01-04-Feature.htm. 2. Chordates [Internet]. Monroe County, NY: Monroe County Women's Disability Network;

2000; 2012 Dec 3. Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.3. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, and rays [Internet]. Montgomery County, MD: Montgomery

College; 2005; 2012 Nov 23; Available from: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/biotp/Chondrichthyes.html.4. Corey, T. Whales [Internet]. Narragansett, RI: University of Rhode Island; 2009; 2012 Nov

20. Available from http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/whales01.html.5. Jonna, R. Actinopterygii [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of

Zoology; 2004; 2012 Nov 23; Available from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinopterygii/.6. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill Companies. 413 p. 7. Kardong K. 2012.Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill Companies.417 p.8. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill Companies. 426-20 p.9. Mudppy [Internet]. Chicago, IL: The World Association; 2001; 2012 Nov 30. Available from

http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy.10. Onno, G.T. Dolphins- the oracles of the sea [Internet]. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle

education Foundation; 1998; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html.11. Respiratory system [Internet]. Davidson, NC: Davidson College; 2012; 2012 Dec 1.

Available from http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Pleasants/resp.htm.12. Respiratory System [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc; 2012; 2012 Dec. 1. Available

from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0.13. Speer, B, Waggoner B. Introduction to the Chordata [Internet]. New York, NY: Berkley

College; 2000; 2012 Dec 3; Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.14. Venes, D. 2009. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis

Company.15. Weisler, G.P. All about sea turtles [Internet]. Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba; 2005;

2012 Dec 1. Available from: http://www.orf.org/turtles.htm.

Silhouette References

http://www.clker.com/clipart-140176.html

http://www.etsy.com/listing/74157023/whale-constellation-nautical-silhouette