gilzhengsmartshanghai

A focus on innovation Smart Shanghai framed in comparative perspective

Social Innovation Research Conference (SIRC) Innovations in public and social policy and in public service delivery. Policy and management perspectives on reforming the delivery of public services Hosted by the School of International Relations and PublicAffairs Fudan University, Shanghai,

China 21st – 22nd May 2015 Sponsors: Thee American Society for Public Administration (ASPA), the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM), the Learning from Innovation in Public Service Environments Programme of the European Union (LIPSE), the Centre for Public Services Research (CPSR) of the University of Edinburgh Business School, the UK Political Studies Association (PSA) and the Dr. Seaker Chan Center for Comparative Political Development Studies (CCPDS) of Fudan University

Olga Gil and Zheng Tian-Cheng Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Scientific paper associated to this presentation may be found in Academia for download https://uam.academia.edu/OlgaGil

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Using ideas and/or graphics from this presentation? Please quote as follows: Gil, O., Zheng, T. 2015. “A focus on innovation Smart Shanghai framed in comparative perspective” Social Innovation Research Conference (SIRC) on innovations in public and social policy and in public service delivery. Hosted by the School of International Relations and PublicAffairs Fudan University, Shanghai, China 21st – 22nd May 2015

Scope Definitions Theory & Framework Hipothesis Model Shanghai Findings Challenges Annex I, II

Index

SHANGHAI: a focus on innovation Gil and Zheng @OlgaG 2

Scope Definitions

Theory & framework Hipothesys

Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

5 SHANGHAI: a focus on innovation Gil and Zheng @OlgaG 3

Theory Definitions of smart cities under three traditions: 1)  human capital 2) technology and 3) digital literacy. Normative question I: What are the skills that people and communities shall have to be digitally literate in the XXI century? Empirically What makes a city smart? Normative question II: Differences in the definition of smart in cities are important translated into differences on which stakeholders are allowed to innovate locally, we founded More on definitions: www.slideshare.net/olga.gil/smart-cities-euraconference2013/6

Scope

Definitions Theory & framework

Hipothesis Model

Shanghai Findings

Challenges


Model and the variables

Scope Definitions

Theory & framework Hipothesis

Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

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Testing eight variables

Unwraping the variables in the study: See Annexes


Hypothesis Factors to advance smart plans are key to differentiate models of urban governance Comparative perspective includes Asian, American and European cases Why? Choice of cases driven by an interest to learn from innovation practices in different world institutional settings and the errors in each local setting

In the work we are developing in 2015 we cover eight cases Shanghai, cities in Japan, Iskandar, New York, Amsterdam, and three cities in Spain Málaga, Santander and Tarragona

Scope Definitions

Theory & framework

Hypothesis Model

Amsterdam Findings

Challenges


Urban Annual Growth Rate % shows converging trend

7 SHANGHAI: a focus on innovation Gil and Zheng @OlgaG

Results Global Picture

Scope Definitions


Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

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Scope Definitions


Model

Shanghai Findings

Challenges

SHANGHAI: a focus on innovation Gil and Zheng @OlgaG

1. Governance Models - Different in the cases explored. Shanghai partners with universities, firms, foreign firms as

well as banks. Users are not part of the equation as developers.

- Top participants are members of the party.

- Wide gap among the language of policy makers, firms and citizens/communities. There is challenge to incorporate people and communities into participatory projects 2. Management and organization Case in which the central government fosters an

investment lead model, such as the case of China and municipalities 3. Tecnology smart cities discourse linked to defending urban design and optimized

services -based on distributed power. Smart has to do with technologies that allow us to incorporate intelligence into systems to achieve efficiencies, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

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Concluding remarks The variables Scope Definitions


Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges


4. Economy

An intended economy boost underlines all the plans of the smart projects explored. Constraints are different in each case: Shanghai has been in better condition to fund smart projects, and has poured funds to this strategic area, as it defines it. Banks are also willing to ease funds for.

5. People and communities

Following Hollands (2008) ‘undergird’ the social capital is critical to embed the required the informational and communicative qualities of smart cities. The stress on what smarts entails is very different and open to policy conceptualization --in some cases, open to society engagement. We find more limitations in Shanghai than in other cities (such as Amsterdam or New York) 6. Natural environment Shanghai –and China- face severe environmental concerns

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Concluding remarks The variables Scope

Definitions Theory & framework

Hipothesis Model

Shanghai

Findings Challenges


“smartness as a vision to respond to local governance challenges” Generally: Significant role that local governments

play in cities

Shanghai: Giant developing infrastructure and global influence

Malaysia: Getting a place in the geo-regional area

Japan and Amsterdam: Facing energy constraints with innovation

New York: Innovation for civic engagement

Spain: Opportunities for economic reactivation?

Scope Definitions


Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

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Concluding remarks


•  Confirmation of hypothesis smart plans is key to diferenciate the case of Shanghai

•  Strong management and organization

•  Built-in capacity to develop a favorable policy context

•  Smart city plan inherits process of transformation in place from 1990´s

Scope Definitions


Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

Concluding remarks


•  Limited scope for people and communities

•  Innovation framed whithin the scope of preferred stakeholders

•  Evaluation is key, and we find Shanghai and Japan doing it

Scope Definitions


Model Shanghai

Findings Challenges

Concluding remarks


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Thank you for your attention

and discussion

Powerpoint for download at: Slideshare Olga Gil

謝謝


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Scope Definitions Theory & Framework Hipothesis Model Shanghai Findings Challenges

Annex I, II

Index


Annex I Previous work Annex II Variables in detail

Annex I Previous work

Comparative research on smart citizens and

smart cities


Analysis and Findings

1. Management and organiza0on: •  Cases in which the central government fosters an investment lead

model, such as the case of China and municipali7es; •  A case such as Iskandar, in which the regional development agency

furthers the goals set up by the government; •  A case such as the four smart pilots in Japan, where locali7es and

regions work together with the industry to develop solu7ons with global applica7on;

•  The New York city model, in which NY university and the city council cooperate in smart data projects

•  Málaga (ICT centre), Santander (Na7onal and Interna7onal network) Tarragona case, where a Founda0on has been set up to advance the defined smart goals.

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2. Technology concerns vary a lot among the selected cases: •  Shanghai and Japan focus on the smart grid and the development of a

local and global industry. •  In cases of both China and Japan the smart ci7es discourse is also linked

to defending urban design and op7mized services -‐based on distributed power. Iskandar is concerned with traffic and CO2 emissions. New York is focusing on big data management.

•  Amsterdam is concerned with new energy models, Santander focuses on sensors and eficiency and Tarragona is concerned with the chemical industry and transport efficiency.

The search for solu0ons and the partnerships to aGained them is widely varied in the eight cases examined.



2. Technology (II) •  In China, Japan, Iskandar in Malaysia, New York in the United States and

Tarragona, Spain, smart has to do with technologies that allow us to incorporate intelligence into systems to achieve efficiencies, reducing energy consump7on and CO2 emissions.

•  In most cases incorpora7ng new technology is linked to a discourse

pledging for smart devices to curve energy consump7on in buildings -‐ providing a near-‐zero energy consump7on.



3. Governance Models: different in the cases explored. •  Shanghai partners with universi7es, firms, foreign firms as well as banks. Users are

not part of the equa7on as developers. •  In Japan local governments partner with firms in different industry sectors

including the university, technological firms, power –including gas-‐ as well as real estate firms

•  In Iskandar governance depends on the Regional Authority appointed for the development of the conceived smart city.

•  In New York we find the leadership of the city government, the university as well as a general call to ci7zens developers through open technologies.

•  Tarragona steering commiWee is a Founda7on. Governance models are affected by 4. the policy context. We find a mayor leap of the central government in the cases of China, Iskandar and Japan, while New York, Amsterdam, Malaga, Santander and Tarragona respond to autonomous local policies.



5. People and Communi0es •  Have a bigger say in the case of New York, where we find windows of

opportunity for ci7zen developers and firms, as well as Amsterdam. •  Ci7zens par7cipate mainly as users in the case of Santander, Tarragona

and Japan -‐residents are those specifically addressed to contribute in Japan.

•  In the case of Iskandar, city dwellers would par7cipate in security issues according to the draZed plans.

•  In Shanghai top par7cipants are members of the party.



6. Economy •  An intended economy boost underlines all the plans of the smart

projects explored. Constraints are different in each case: •  Shanghai has been in beWer condi7on to fund smart projects, and

has poured funds to this strategic area, as it defines it. Banks are also willing to ease funds for.

•  Japan, Europe and the United States are all affected by fiscal cliffs and economic downturn.

•  Malaysia is in beWer shape, and is trying to gain momentum promo7ng Iskandar as an important trade hub in Asia, looking forward foreign capital as a main driver of Iskandar.



7. Built infrastructure Has different scope in the cases we have explored. Following Hollands (2008) ‘undergird’ the social capital is cri7cal to embed the required the informa7onal and communica7ve quali7es of smart ci7es. From this perspec7ve:

–  New York would be the city ra7ng higher. –  However, the focus that Shanghai and Japan are puang in the smart

grid should not be downrated. Smart grids could represent an interes7ng and disrup7ng way to fuel energy thirsty ci7es.

–  Conceptually the possibili7es for users and ci7zen engagement in built infrastructure might be linked to the concept of Internet with Things, suggested by Russell Davies. This is an evolved concept from the Internet of Things, with scope for ci7zen empowerment. It refers to developments driven by ci7zens in a distributed way, using programming based on Arduino open architecture



8. Natural environment •  Concerns present in all the cases explored. •  Japan did set up the smart pilots in the aZermath of the

nuclear accidents. •  China faces severe environmental concerns. Malaysia is also

aware in Iskandar. •  New York has suffered severe impact of climate change in

november 2012. •  Málaga, Santander and Tarragona are also concerned. This field poses the biggest challenges at a global level.



Scope Definitions


Model

Amsterdam Findings

Challenges


ANNEX II THE EIGHT VARIABLES IN DETAIL


Variables in the study

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Policy context:

–  “Poli7cal components represent various poli7cal elements (city council, city government and city mayor) and external pressures such as policy agendas and poli7cs that may affect the outcomes of ini7a7ves” Chourabi

–  Federal systems present addi7onal challenges derived from the

par7culari7es of the rela7onships (intergovernmental rela7onships) Chourabi


Education

Gil is Ph.D. in Social and Political Sciences. European University Institute, Florence. 2000, under the direction of Prf. Colin Crouch. Thesis: The Politics of Telecommunications in the United States and Spain (1875-2000). Florence, Italy. Published by CIS (Madrid). AECPA Best Book Award 2003. M.A. in Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Thesis: “Structuring Telecommunications Markets from the Brazilian and the United States Perspectives (1875-1994),” under the direction of Prof. Jonathan Hartlyn. Postgraduate Certificate in Latin American Studies. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 1994. Bachelor Degree in Political Science (1987-1992) and Bachelor Degree in Journalism (1985-1990), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Gil also joined INSEAD (strategy), IESE (future finance) and IE (project management)

Tian-Cheng Zheng, is a Ph.D researcher at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid completing his thesis on “Global cities: Change in Sociological and Economic Processes in the new Chinese Cities.” He defended his Master thesis of Sociology in Universidad de Granada working on “Nuevas ciudades globales: Impacto del proceso de globalización en la estructura urbana de China, y el modelo de Shanghái.” He pursued his degree on International Economy and Trade at the Lixin University of Commerce in Shanghai, China.

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Presentations by Dr. Gil may be downloaded at http://www.slideshare.net/olga.gil

Smart citizens, smart cities and ideas for the future Gil is chief executive for applied research. Most recent international presentations include Warsawa, Lisbon, Tweente (Holland), and Baltimore where work was discussed with world class experts on city development and public policy


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