giorgi gorasvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiateba gorashvili.pdf · samartlis saproceso...
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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
iuridiuli fakulteti
giorgi goraSvili
terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba
xelmZRvaneli: iuridiul mecnierebaTa
doqtori, sruli profesori guram naWyebia
naSromi wardgenilia samarTlis doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
Tbilisi
2011
avtoris stili daculia
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Sinaarsi
gamoyenebuli abreviatura ----------------------------- ----------- 5
Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 6
Tavi I terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi
$ 1. teroris koncefciis formireba---------------------------------------- 13
$ 2. terorizmis definicia -------------------------------------------------------- 16
Tavi II terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde
(mizezebi da pirobebi)
$ 1. adreuli terorizmis xana ------------------------------------------------------ 25 $ 2. revoluciuri terorizmis xana -------------------------------------------29 $ 3. civi omis terorizmis xana ----------------------------------------------- 32 $ 4. terorizmis Tanamedrove xana ------------------------------------------ 36 $. 5 terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi ---------------- 43
$. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia -------------------- 46
Tavi III saqarTvelosTvis terorizmis terogenuri saxeebi
$ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi ------------------------------------------------------ 50 1.1. saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia -------------------- 50 1.2. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis formebi ----------------- 53 $ 2. religiuri terorizmi -------------------------------------------- 55 2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia ------------------------- 55 2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi -------------------------- 56 2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba ------------------------------------- 58 $ 3. eTno–separatistuli terorizmi 3.1. eTno–separatistuli terorizmis fenomenologia ----- 62 3.2. irlandiis nacionalur – gamaTavisuflebeli armia -- 64 3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs -------------------------------------- 66 3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi ----------------- 68 3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi ---------------------------------------------------------- 70 $ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove terorizmis arsenalSi ----- 74
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Tavi IV saqarTvelos terogenuri
safrTxeebis analizi
$1. zogadi aspeqtebi ----------------------------------------------------------- 77
$2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi standartebi ---------------------- 78
$3. eTno–separatistuli safrTxeebi ------------------------------------- 82 $4. Crdilo-kavkasiuri safrTxeebi ------------------------------------------- 84 $5. problemis saboloo analizi --------------------------------------------------- 90
Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis
formebi da saSualebebi
$1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 $ 2. terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 99
2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg ------------------------------- 99
2.2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi miRebuli
saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg -------------- 103 2.2.1. saerTaSoriso normebi sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi -------------- 103
2.2.2. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb konvencia da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ----------------- 107
2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia mZevlebis
ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ------------------------------------- 110
2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis winaaRmdeg
da maTi asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi _____________________________________________________116
2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da misi
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debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi -------------------------------------------------------------- 126
2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis ni-
Sandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT -------------------------- 130 2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da misi
debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi --------------------------------------------------------------- 130
2.2.8. saerTaSoriso konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis
aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul normatiul sivrceSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132
2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia ------------ 140 2.2.10. evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141
$ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis franguli
modeli ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
$ 4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------------ 147
$ 5. terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi saqarTveloSi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153
$ 6. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo srulyofisaTvis -
____________________________________________________164
$ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis analizi
__________________________________________________ 167
daskvna --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173
bibliografia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
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g a m o y e n e b u l i a b r e v i a t u r a :
1. ssk _ sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi; 2. sssk _ sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi; 3. e.w. _ egreT wodebuli; 4. e.i. _ ese igi; 5. ix. _ ixileT; 6. dasax. naSr. _ dasaxelebuli naSromi; 7. gv. _ gverdi; 8. sxv. _ sxva; 9. a.S. _ ase Semdeg; 10. aSS – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 11. gamomc. _ gamomcemloba; 12. Tb. _ Tbilisi; 13. mux. – muxli; 14. Изд. _ Издательство; 15. Гос. _ Государство; 16. М. _ Москва; 17. С. _ Страница.
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Sesavali
kvlevis aqtualoba. qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi terorizmi
saTanadod araa damuSavebuli. terorizmi aris socialuri,
fsiqologiuri, politikuri magram, upirveles yovlisa
samarTlebrivi, amasTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi problema, radganac
terorizmi danaSaulia. terorizmis kriminologiuri analizi ki
saSualebas iZleva dasmuli problema farTo, sociologiur
aspeqtSi gaanalizdes, rac aRniSnulis SedarebiT Rrma wvdomaSi
dagvexmareba.
terorizmi xSirad Tanaarsebobs iseT movlenebTan, rogoricaa :
eTnikuri separatizmi, religiuri fanatizmi, eqstremistuli
memarjvene, an memarcxene politikuri moZraobebi. saqarTveloSi
bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma, kerZod, ki 2008 wlis
agvistos ruseT–saqarTvelos omma da ruseTis mxridan
saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis damoukideblobis
aRiarebam cxadyo, rom samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis
separatistuli moTxovnebis ukan ruseTis saxelmwifo dgas.
aRniSnul viTarebaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga momxdaris gaanalizeba
da momavali safrTxeebis prognozireba. jer kidev meoce saukunis
70-ian wlebSi mkvlevarebma gaamaxviles yuradReba im periodis
msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze. kerZod, garkveuli
saxelmwifoTa mxridan, sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT, sayovelTaod
aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad, ZirgamomTxreli
saqmianobis warmoebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa
mzadebis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da
teqnikuri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis
warmoebis Sesaxeb. 2008 wels saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma
movlenebma cxadyo, rom ruseTis federacia sagareo politikis
instrumentad separatizmis waqezebas kvlavac iyenebs, iseve
rogorc civi omis periodSi. msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
rom separatizmis xelSewyobidan terorizmis xelSewyobamde erTi
nabijia da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ki es orive movlena erTad
Tanaarsebobs. ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs
aridebs pirdapir konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi
xarjebi gamoiwvios da sasurveli mizani mainc ver iqnes miRweuli.
amis gamo, aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva
saSualebebs, maT Soris, pirvel planze terorizmia.
saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis mocemul etapze
aucilebelia gaanalizdes is safrTxeebi, romelTa winaSec
SeiZleba qveyana aRmoCndes da daisaxos profilaqtikis gzebi da
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saSualebebi. mniSvnelovania terorizmis im saxeebis da formebis
calke gamoyofa da Seswavla, romelTa warmoSobis safrTxe
SeiZleba Seiqmnas saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelosTvis terogenulad
unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili, religiuri da
eTnikur-separatistuli terorizmis saxeebi.
saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis mxardaWeris fonze
interesis sagans warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis centraluri
xelisuflebis damokidebuleba sakuTari federaluri
respublikebis samarTlebriv statusTan da zogadad secesiis uf-
lebis mimarT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva gaivlos paralelebi da
gamoaSkaravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi ormagi standartis
arseboba.
terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs. terorizmis gamijvna omis, partizanuli an erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis, aseve konfliqtis sxva formebisgan did mniSvnelobas iZens, aRniSnuli movlenis swori Sefasebis da mis mimarT reagirebis adekvaturi, samarTlebrivad dasabuTebuli zomebis gasatareblad.
terorizmTan brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania normatiuli
saSualebebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise Sidasaxlmwifoebrivi
aspeqtiT. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi antiteroristuli
kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli samoqmedo gegma da
samarTlebrivi dasayrdeni terorizmTan brZolaSi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi kontrteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, romelic efeqturobasTan erTad ar
arRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs. am
aspeqtiT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis
Seswavla.
kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. winamdebare sadisertaciao
kvlevis mizania iuridiul, filosofiur da sociologiur
literaturaze dayrdnobiT Seswavlili iqnes terorizmis
kriminologiuri arsi, mizezebi, misi gamovlenis formebi,
gaanalizdes saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi, terorizmTan
brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi, saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmebi.
kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli. dasmuli problemis
kvlevisas gamoyenebulia istoriuli, SedarebiTY- istoriuli,
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formalur-logikuri, dogmaturi, SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi,
sistemur-struqturuli da sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi.
kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli. sadisertacio kvlevisas
gamoyenebulia qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebis doqtrinuli
naSromebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia Semdeg samecniero
disciplinebSi: sisxlis samarTalSi, kriminologiaSi,
sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, filosofiaSi. sadisertacio
naSromi eyrdnoba iseT mecnierTa naazrevs rogorebic arian : g.
mamulaSvili, m. lekveiSvli, l. aleqsiZe, m. kvaWaZe, l. sanikiZe, a.
trainini, i. antoniani, i. karpeci, v. kudriavcevi, a gurovi, e.
liaxovi, m. kireevi, g. minkovski, v. revini, v. petriSevi, v. ustinovi,
a. blini, g. Sulci, v nanda, m. flori, g. streiki, d. poilki, a.
Smiti, r. eriqsoni, u. lakuari, d. bimani, p. Colqi, e. skoti, b.
jenkinsi, r. eriqsoni da sxvebi.
kvlevis normatiuli safuZveli. sadisertacio kvlevisas
gamoyenebulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso
da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebi, kerZod :
gaerTianebuli erebis egidiT miRebuli 13 kontrteroristuli
konvencia da maTze damatebiTi 3 oqmi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis egidiT miRebuli globaluri kontrteroristuli
strategia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso normebi, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan
brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebi,
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
normebi, aSS-s konteroristuli normebi da a.S.
disertaciis mecniereul siaxleze saubrisas xazi unda
gaesvas Semdegs:
1. disertacia terorizmis kriminologiuri kvlevis pirveli cdaa
qarTul samecniero sivrceSi.
2. terorizmis mizezebi da pirobebi ganxilulia movlenis
istoriuli ganviTarebis fonze, vinaidan terorizmi yovelTvis de-
terminirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv,
did zegavlenas axdenda masze.
3. naSromSi mocemulia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasia-
Tebeli niSnebi.
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4. terorizmi gamijnulia socialuri konfliqtis sxva iseTi
saxeebisgan, rogoricaa omi, partizanuli brZola, erovnul
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da a.S.
5. terologiaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT
naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia Zi-
riTadi niSnebis, motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebu-
li xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebe-
li subieqtis mixedviT.
6. Seswavlilia “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwifo” da “religiuri” tero-rizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul sa-xeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. 7. naSromSi dadginda ormagi standartis arseboba, ruseTis federaciis oficialur midgomebSi, secesiis uflebis mimarT. 8. gaanalizda saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi da moxda maTi dajgufeba regionaluri da globaluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT. 9. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, momavalSi separatistuli da sxva ise-Ti qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT ga-moiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakar-gva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze, anda socialur jgufze, dawesdes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. 10. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli mizniT
mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis dros, gafarTovdes teroristTa
moTxovnis adresatTa wre da aRniSul wreSi moazrebul iqnen
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi.
11. naSromSi gaanalizebulia teroristuli aqtis da zogadad
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis miznad miCneuli
“sazogadoebis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba.”
kvlevis Sedegad gakeTebulia daskvna, rom teroristuli aqtis
mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba da saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze
zemoqmedeba aris teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis
misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualeba da Semadgenlobis obieqturi
mxaris niSans warmoadgens.
12. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi
elementebi, romlebic yvela droisa da formis terorizms
axasiaTebs. aRniSnuli niSnebis safuZvelze naSromSi
SeTavazebulia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.)
sakanonmdeblo definicia.
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13. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, gafarTovdes teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSaulTa wre saerTaSoriso normatiul aqtebze dayrdnobiT da
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis specialuri 38-e TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli
sxva qmedebebi, terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da
subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, CaiTvalos
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad. kvlevis Sedegad
gamoyofilia teroristuli xasiaTis Semdegi danaSaulebi: sahaero
an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis
marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto
komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis
naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); mekobreoba
(ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an
maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e
mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis
muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.);
14. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad
sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul
danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika.
moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi
swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi
brZolis mizniT. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT disertaciaSi
mocemulia konkretuli winadadebebi.
15. disertaciaSi gamoTqmulia winadadeba saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-
muxliT gaTvaliswinebul SemadgenlobaSi, “saqarTvelos
politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxma”, gafarTovdes sisxlis
samarTlis normiT dacul subieqtTa wre.
16. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali
progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero
SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias
moiTxovs. amasTan, terorizmis, rogorc socialur–samarTlebrivi
movlenis farglebi bundovania. disertaciaSi gamoTqmulia
mosazreba zemoxsenebuli kanonis regulaciuri sferos
gafarToebis da dazustebis Sesaxeb.
17. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi
terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis
principiTaa mocemuli. akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT
terorizmis gansazRvreba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas.
aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia
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kanonis pirvel muxlSi, gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis
imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli
ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba.
18. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
323 –e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba.
teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar
Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa
mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis
organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis
sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens.
19. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba,
romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis,
terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar
formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radganac teroristuli
saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVIII TaviT
gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs.
20. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad “teroristuli jgufi” da
“teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”
Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teroristuli
organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 327-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul
organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad,
Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis
Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
21. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokati –
braldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba, aSS-s
kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba,
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve
momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maTi Tavidan
acileba.
kvlevis obieqti da sagani. disertaciis kvlevis obieqtia:
terorizmi rogorc socialur–samarTlebrivi movlena,
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terorizmis gamovlenis formebi da saxeebi, terorizmis mizezebi
da pirobebi istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi, saqarTvelos
terogenuri saxeebis gamoyofa da analizi, terorizmis definicia,
terorizmTan brZolis zogadTeoriuli aspeqtebi, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebi da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebi, ucxoeTis qveynebis
kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba.
kvlevis sagnad gvevlineba iuridiul, fsiqologiur, sociologiur
da filosofiur literaturaSi wamoyenebuli mosazrebebi
terorizmis mizezebis, socialuri bunebis, gamovlenis saxeebis da
formebis, brZolis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, maT Soris, ucxoeTis qveynebis normatiuli
saSualebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saqarTvelos
antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisTvis Sesabamisi
rekomendaciebis da winadadebebis SemuSaveba.
disertaciis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. disertaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, rekomendaciebi da
winadadebebi saintereso iqneba am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli
Teoretikosi da praqtikosi muSakebisaTvis, sakanonmdeblo
organosa da specialuri samsaxurebisaTvis. naSromi saintereso
iqneba araiuristi, rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvisac, radganac masSi
mecnierulad iqneba damuSavebuli Tanamedrove terorizmis
problemebi da saqarTvelos adgili msoflio terologiis rukaze.
naSromi nawilobriv Seavsebs qarTul iuridiul literaturas
terorizmis problemis kvlevis sakiTxSi. naSromSi aris mcdeloba
amomwuravad iqnes Seswavlili terorizmis definiciuri
problemebi, movlenis istoriuli ganviTareba, misi mizezebi,
saerTaSoriso da saqarTvelos normatiuli saSualebebi
terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT.
disertaciis struqtura da moculoba. naSromi Sedgeba
Sesavlis, 5 Tavis, 23 paragrafis, 21 qveparagrafisgan, daskvnisa da
gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisagan. naSromis moculoba sul
Seadgens 197 gverds, romelsac Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli
literaturis nusxa 13 gverdze.
13
Tavi I
terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi
$ 1. teroris koncefciis formireba terorizmma, rogorc movlenam, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriu-li periodi ganvlo, romelic moicavs “Silot sikarebisa” da “ha-SaSinebis” saqmianobas, parizis quCebSi datrialebul iakobinelTa terors, rusi revolucionerebis brZolas, meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaCaRebul antikoloniur moZraobebs, memarjvene, memarcxe-ne, religiur, eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebis teroris-tul saqmianobas. safrTxis uzarmazari mniSvnelobis gamo, terorizmze bevri iTqva da daiwera. movlenas sxvadasxva kuTxiT da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ixilavdnen da ikvlevdnen, Tumca veranairad ver moxerxda tero-rizmis, rogorc socialur_samarTlebrivi movlenis, erTiani, yve-lasaTvis misaRebi iuridiuli gansazRvrebis SemuSaveba, xolo erTiani normatiuli gansazRvrebis gareSe, SeuZlebelia erTiani samarTlebrivi midgomebic. amitomaa, rom, Tuki sazogadoebis erTi nawilisTvis garkveuli jgufi teroristulia, meore nawilisTvis erovnul_nacionaluri, religiuri, an socialuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZolia. `sayovelTaod cnobili gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom `erTisTvis teroristi, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia meoresTvis~ iqca ara mxolod erTgvar kliSed, aramed erT-erT rTulad gada-salaxav winaaRmdegobad terorizmTan brZolaSi~.1 sityva “Terrere” (terere) laTinurad daSinebas niSnavs2, igi ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: pirveli - “SiSi”, “saSineleba”, meore - “daSinebis saSualeba”, “SiSis sagani”, “saSiSi garemoeba”.3 laTinu-ri “Terrere” - dan aris nawarmoebi franguli sityva “terreur ”-i, rome-lic, Tavis mxriv, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg Zaladobrivi socialuri movlenis aRmniSvnelad iqca. franguli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms ganmartavs rogorc “revolu-ciuri jgufebis mier Cadenili Zaladobrivi aqtebis erTobliobas, rac terorizmis meSveobiT miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis yuradRe-bis mipyrobas.” terorizmadaa, agreTve, miCneuli “saxelmwifos mi-er damyarebuli Zaladobrivi reJimi”.4 s. oJegovis da n. Svedovas redaqciiT gamocemuli rusuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms ganmartavs, rogorc “teroris politikasa da praqtikas”, raSic igu-
1 ix. В.В. Устинов Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002,
с. 8. 2 ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud
Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p. 9. 3 ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография.
М., 2008, с. 16. 4 ix. Larusse trois volums en couleurs. Tome trois. Librairie Larasse, P., 1966. P. 828.
14
lisxmeba “politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba, gamoxatuli Zala-dobaSi, TviT maT fizikur ganadgurebamde”, agreTve “mosaxleobis daSineba”5. daSineba, Zaladobrivi qmedeba, Zaladoba an misi gamoye-nebis muqara.6 terorizmze mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, rode-sac qmedebis sazriss SiSis danergva, daSineba Seadgens, es aris terorizmis uZiriTadesi niSani... 7 termini “terori” da misgan nawarmoebi terorizmi safrangeTis bur-Juaziuli revoluciis (1789-1794), kerZod, ki iakobinelTa diqtatu-ris, periodSi iqca Zalismieri gziT miznis miRwevis garkveuli me-Todis aRmniSvnelad, romlis safuZvelic mowinaaRmdegis daSineba, Tavzaris dacema, misTvis permanentuli SiSis gancdis Tavs moxvevaa. “teroris”, rogorc sistematurad gamoyenebuli Zaladobis koncef-cia, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli politikuri Sedegebis miRwe-visken, Camoayaliba maqsimilian robespierma safrangeTis revolu-ciis dros:
“saWiroa davTrgunoT respublikis sagareo da saSinao mtrebi, an-da daviRupoT respublikasTan erTad. ase rom, aRniSnul situacia-Si Cveni politikis upirvelesi mizania vmarToT xalxi gonierebis, xolo xalxis mtrebi teroris meSveobiT. Tuki saxalxo saxelmwi-fos dasayrdeni mSvidobis dros aris keTilgoniereba, revoluciis dros keTilgonierebasTan erTad aucilebelia teroric; keTilgo-nierebis gareSe terori damRupvelia; teroris gareSe keTilgonie-reba ususuri.”8 iakobinelTa teroriT batonobis dros, mxolod 1793 wlis Semodgomidan 1794 wlis zafxulamde sikvdiliT daisaja daaxloebiT 40 aTasi adamiani, ganadgurda aTasobiT realuri, Tu potenciuri mowinaaRmdege, qali Tu kaci, moxuci Tu axalgazrda. maTi umravlesoba saerTod udanaSaulo adamiani iyo. teroris koncefciis mamamTavars maqsimilian robespiers, TviTon uaRresad moralur pirovnebas, surda Camoeyalibebina idealuri sazogadoe-ba, romelic maradiuli eTikuri principebis Sesabamisad iqneboda mowyobili, Tumca am keTilSobiluri miznebis miRwevis saSuale-bad man terori SearCia. 9 terorizmi, rogorc garkeuli miznis miRwevis xerxi, gamarTlebu-lia zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis. sainteresoa, rom gaeros terorizmis problemaTa kvlevis specialuri, saerTaSoriso komi-tetis mier terorizmis gamomwvev mizezebad dasaxelebulia : `neo-kolonializmi, rasizmi, agresiis politika, okupacia da misi Sede- 5 ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова «Толковый словарь русского языка». М., 1995 г., с. 784.
6 ix. В. Даль, Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. Т. IV. –М .: «Русский язык», 1980.
c. 401; С.И. Ожегов Словарь русского языка. –М.: «Русский язык», 1968.c. 784. 7 ix. Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М.:
Щит-М, 2001. с .8 8 ix. M. Robespierre, “Principes de morale politique,” 1974 wlis 5 Tebervals safrangeTis nacionalur konventze warmoTqmuli sityva. http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm
http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm. 2009 9 ix. С. А. Эфиров Покушение на будущее. Логика и футурология «левого» экстремизма. М.: Мол.
гвардия, 1984. сс. 145-153
15
gebi : usamarTloba, uTanasworoba, Cagvra da eqspluatacia.~10 te-rorizmis determinantebad zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis dasaxeleba, garkveulwilad, amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saq-misTvis wamebulTa statuss, hqmnis maTgan goliaTTan mebrZoli daviTis saxes. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, garkveul wreebSi yalibdeba azri teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. teroristuli saqmianobis legitimacia gamoixateba imaSi, rom te-roristebi borotebas ebrZvian da Tavisi saqmiT keTili Sedegis miRweva surT. aRniSnulSi mdgomareobs teroristuli ideologiis sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic gacilebiT adre, saukuneebis gadaRma, Teoriulad wamoayena nikolo makiavelma, xolo iezuitTa ordenma samoqmedo devizad aRiara : `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.~ aRniS-nuli devizi mudam Tan sdevs yvela drois da mimarTulebis tero-ristul ideologias, rogorc TviTgamarTlebis unikaluri saSua-leba. teroristuli TviTgamarTlebis doqtrina mdgomareobs imaSi, rom simarTlisTvis mebrZolebi iZulebulni arian daadgnen teroris-tuli meTodebiT brZolis gzas, radgan sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT da radgan naTeli miznis miRweva surT, zustad amgvari ideologi-iT cdiloben isini legitimurobis mopovebas da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRweven kidevac mizans. rogorc ernest gen-ri ambobda : teroristebs, maT organizaciebs rom ar hqondeT gar-kveuli socialuri jgufebisgan mxardaWera teroristul saqmiano-baSi, ideebSi, finansur uzrunvelyofaSi, legitimurobisTvis brZo-laSi, dRemde, albaT, aRarcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar iarsebebda. mis winaaRmdeg dauZinebeli brZolis miuxedavad, tero-rizmi viTardeba, iZens axal momxreebs, xorcieldeba axali tero-ristuli aqtebi...11 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom raoden samarTlia-nic ar unda iyos mizezi, verasodes ver gaamarTlebs teroristul saSualebebs. teroristuli saSualebebi aris aRniSnuli samar-Tliani safuZvlebis diskreditacia. . . 12 gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier mogvianebiT miRebul 1269-e rezo-luciaSi xazgasmulia, rom warmomSobi mizezebis da dasaxuli miznebis miuxedavad, terorizmis nebismieri gamovlineba danaSau-lia. `upirobod ganikiTxavs terorizmis yovel aqts, meTods da praqtikul gamovlinebas, rogorc danaSaulebrivs da gaumarTle-bels, misi motivaciis, formis, Cadenis adgilis da Camdeni pirebis miuxedavad, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTs, romelic xelyofiT emuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da uSiSroebas.~13
10
ix. UN.Doc. A/C.6/34/5 SR.10. P. 14. 11
ix. Г.Э. Против терроризма. М.: АПН, 1981. с. 8. 12
ix. G. P. Shultz, Terrorism and the Modern World,. Terrorism: An International Journal 7, 1985,№.4,
p. 437.
13
ix. 1999 წლის 1269-ე რეზოლუცია. S/Res/1269 www.un.org, 1999
16
$ 2. terorizmis definicia
Sefasebis ormagi standartis da terorizmis sayovelTaod miRebu-li iuridiuli definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi, rogorc doq-trinaSi, aseve, oficialur normatiul aqtebSi, xSiria terorizmis aRreva sxva socialur–samarTlebriv movlenebTan. gansakuTrebiT xSiria omis, partizanuli brZolis, erovnul–gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, dekolonializaciis procesebis terorizmTan gaigiveba. zogierTi avtori terorizmisa da Zaladobis sxva formebis ganmas-xvavebel indikatorad asaxelebs politikuri oponentebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT sistematur daSinebas maTze zegavlenis moxdenis miz-niT.14 mocemuli indikatori arsebiTad arasakmarisia aRniSnul soci-alur movlenebs Soris ase Tu ise mkveTri zRvaris gasavlebad. imis gamo, rom terorizmi ar aris moqceuli mkacr iuridiul Car-CoebSi, sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda misi arasamarTlebrivi, popu-listuri gageba. terorizmis cneba asaxavs garkveul socialur_sa-marTlebriv movlenas. dRes aseTi doqtrinuli, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi SemuSavebuli terorizmis cnebaTa ricxvi, zogierT avtorTa monacemebiT, or aseuls aRema-teba da jerjerobiT arcerTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ar aris. terorizmis iuridiuli gansazRvrebis garSemo azrTa aseTi sxva-dasxvaoba, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia ramdenime mizeziT: 1) tero-rizmis mravalferovani da rTuli bunebiT, ris gamoc Wirs movle-nis zogad-iuridiuli analizi da moqnili samarTlebrivi normis SemuSaveba ; 2) msoflio politikur asparezze terorizmis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebiT, e.w. ormagi standartebis arsebo-biT. (terorizmisTvis xelis Sewyobidan masTan brZolamde); 3) Tvi-Ton terorizmis, rogorc socialuri movlenis gansakuTrebuli politikuri datvirTulobiT. terorizmi xom yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra sarCuli edo mas, nacionaluri, religiuri Tu sxva. terorizmis cnebis SemuSaveba umniSvnelovanesia. aRniSnuli Camoa-yalibebs erTian midgomas saxelmwifoTa mxridan, gamijnavs erTma-neTisgan zemoqmedebis samarTlebriv da ukanono saSualebebs.15 sa-erTaSoriso sixlis samarTlis sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis farglebSi terorizmis ver moxvedris erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba terorizmis iuridiuli cnebis ararsebobac miviCnioT 16 terorizmis akrZalva erT qveyanaSi ar aris sakmarisi teroristu-li Tavdasxmebis Tavidan asacileblad sxva danarCen qveynebSi. sa-yovelTaod miRebuli cnebis arseboba aucilebelia msoflioSi
14
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография.
М. 2008, с. 16. 15
ix. V. Nanda, The Role of International Law in Combating Terrorism, 10 Mich. St. U. Dcl. Intl L. pp. 603, 604
2001. 16
ix. R. J. Goldstone & J. Simpson, Evaluating the Role of the International Criminal Court as a Legal Response
to Terrorism, 16 Harv. Hum. Rts. №. 13,14. 2003.
17
“erTnairi minimaluri iuridiuli standartis” dasadgenad. tero-ristebis mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxel-mwifos Sida kanonmdeblobiT isjebodes samarTlis zogadi norme-biT, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso samarTali avaldebulebs saxel-mwifoebs ebrZolon terorizms17 da ganaxorcielon Sida saxelmwi-foebriv kanonmdeblobaSi teroristuli danaSaulebis kriminali-zacia.18 gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1373-e gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, saxel-mwifoebs ekisrebaT mniSvnelovani valdebulebebi terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT19. terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi Riad rCeba sakiTxi, ras da vis unda ebrZo-lon saxelmwifoebma, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli xdeba imis sababi, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo saerTod Tavs aridebs terorizmTan brZolis valdebulebas, zogierTi ki terorizmTan brZolis egi-diT axSobs kanonier politikur opozicias. magaliTad, ruseTSi da egvipteSi terorizmTan brZolis saxeliT kanonieri politiku-ri opoziciis struqtura ganadgurda 20. saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis orga-nizacias miRebuli aqvs 21 globaluri da regionaluri SeTanxmeba, aqedan 12 globalur konvencias warmoadgens.21 gaeros erT-erTi bolo konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris winaaRmdeg
17
ix. M. Flory International Law: Instruments to Combat Terrorism, in Terrorism and International Law 31,
Rosalyn Higgins & Maurice Flory eds., 1997. 18
ix. G. Starke, The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, 19 Brit. Y.B. Intl. L. pp. 214,
215. 1938. 19
ix. S.C. Res. 1373, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1373. Sept. 28, 2001 20
ix. Human Rights Watch, in the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide. 2003,
http://www. hrw.org/un/ chr59/ counter-terrorism-bck.pdf. 21
ix.: International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, Dee. 9, 1999, S. Treaty Doc. No.
106-49, G.A. Res. 54/109, V.N. Gaor, 54th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doe. A/54/49 [hereinafter Financing
Convention]; International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Dec. 15, 1997, S. Treaty Doc. No.
106-6,37 I.L.M. 249 [hereinafter Bombings Convention]; Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the
Purpose of Detection, Mar. 1, 1991, U.S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-8, 2122 U.N.T.S. 359 [hereinafter Plastic Explosives
Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the
Continental Shelf, Mar. 10, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 685 [hereinafter Fixed Platforms Convention]; Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Mar. 10, 1988, S. Treaty Doc. No. 101-1,
27 I.L.M. 668 [hereinafter Maritime Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at
Airports Serving International Civil Aviation [supplement to the Montreal Convention), Feb. 24, 1988, S. Treaty
Doc. No. 100-19, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474 [hereinafter Montreal Airports Protocol]; Convention on the Physical
Protection of Nuclear Material, Mar. 3, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11080, 1456 U.N.T.S. 101 [hereinafter Nuclear Materials
Convention]; International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, Dec. 17, 1979, T. I. A. S. No. 11081, 1316
V.N.T.S. 205 [hereinafter Hostages Convention); Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against
Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973,28 U.S.T. 1975,1035 U.N.T.S. 167
[hereinafter Internationally Protected Persons Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against
the Safety of Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T. 546565, 974 U.N.T.S. 178 (jan. 26, 1973) [hereinafter Montreal
Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dee. 16, 1970, 22 U.S.T. 1641, 860
U.N.T.S. 105 [hereinafter The Hague Convention]; Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on
Board Aircraft, Sept. 14,1963,20 U.S.T.2941,704 U.N.T.S. 219 [hereinafter Tokyo Convention].
18
aris mimarTuli.22 terorizmTan mimarTebaSi saerTaSoriso samar-TlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dRevandeli tendencia mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom aqcenti gadatanilia saerTaSoriso konvenciebis debulebe-bis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvaze da ara tero-rizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli definiciis SemuSavebaze, saerTa-Soriso danaSaulad gamocxadebaze.23 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli erT-erTi definiciis mixedviT: teroristia nebismieri adamiani, romelic garkveuli qveynis mxridan aRiarebis uqonlobis miuxedavad, moqme-debs marto, an rogorc garkveuli jgufis warmomadgeneli, rome-lic ar aris miCneuli sakuTari eris oficialur nawilad da moq-medebs, raTa gaanadguros, an daazianos samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, agreTve, raTa gaanadguros an daazianos sakuTreba, romelic ekuT-vnis samoqalaqo mosaxleobas an xelisuflebas, garkveuli poli-tikuri miznis miRwevis mizniT. terorizmi aris samoqalaqo pire-bis sicocxlis ganadgureba an janmrTelobis dazianeba, agreTve, samoqalaqo, an saxelmwifo sakuTrebis ganadgureba an dazianeba, Cadenili garkveuli qveynis xelisuflebis oficialuri gadawyve-tilebis gareSe, garkveuli individumebisa Tu jgufebis mier, rom-lebic moqmedeben xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an xelisufle-bis dakveTiT an TanxmobiT, cdiloben ra politikuri miznis miR-wevas.24 terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi debulebebis qmediToba damokidebulia konkretul saxelmwifoTa Sidasamar-Tlebriv bazaze. saerTaSoriso samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da naTeli definiciis arar-seboba fatalur problemas ar warmoadgens, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba teroristuli danaSaulobebis zust da amomwurav gansazRvrebas unda Seicavdes.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela qvey-nis samarTlebriv sistemas gaaCnia sadavo sakiTxebi doqtrinuli TvalsazrisiT, iurisprudenciaSi udavo WeSmaritebad iTvleba is, rom saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes ka-nonis sworad ganmartebas da erTgvarovnad gamoyenebas.26
22
ix. saerTaSoriso konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Riaa xemosawerad 2004 wlis 14 seqtembridan) http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/English_18_15.pdf 2009 23
ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in
International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College
International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline - 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23 2006. p.35. 24ix. http://www.inlink.com/~civitas/mun/ res9596/terror.html. 25
ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept
in International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston
College International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23
2006 p.69. 26
aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT, agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, sa-xelmZRvanelo, avtorTa koleqtivi, gamomcemloba “meridiani”, 2007 w., gv. 90.
19
terorizmis SidasamarTlebrivi definiciis SemuSavebas gaaCnia oT-xi ZiriTadi funqcia: pirveli, SidasamarTlebriv meqanizmebzea damokidebuli konkretu-li pirebisTvis (fizikuri an iuridiuli) “teroristis” an “tero-ristuli organizaciis” sisxlissamarTlebrivi statusis miniWeba. aRniSnuli statusi SesaZleblobas iZleva konfiskacias an gayin-vas daeqvemdebaros teroristuli danaSaulebis Camden pirTa fi-nansuri aqtivebi. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenaSi eWvmitanilebis mimarT ganxorcieldes konkretuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi: dakaveba, dakiTxva, gaZlierebuli TvalTvali da sxva. meore, SidasamarTlebrivi definicia terorizms gamijnavs sxva msgavsi danaSaulebisgan. mesame, safuZvlad udevs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis ko-ordinacias. magaliTad SeerTebul StatebSi teroristuli xasia-Tis danaSaulebs iZiebs gamoZiebis federaluri biuro, iusticiis saministro da ara adgilobrivi policia, rac problemis mogvare-baSi specsamsaxurebis CarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. meoTxe, a) terorizmis zusti definicia aucilebelia kontrtero-ristuli saSualebebis da meTodebis swori SerCevisTvis saxel-mwifos Zalismieri organoebis mxridan, terorizmTan brZolis egi-diT;27 b) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kanonieri uflebebis gaumar-Tlebeli SezRudvis Tavidan acilebisTvis; g) teroristebis efeq-turad gamovlenisa da dasjisTvis; d) organizebuli danaSaulo-bis sxva formebisgan terorizmis gamijvnisTvis.28 rogorc aRiniSna, terologiaSi terorizmis or aseulze meti cne-baa SemuSavebuli, sailustraciod mizanSewonilia ramdenime maTga-nis ganxilva: v. vitiuki ayalibebs terorizmis ZiriTad niSnebs:
1. terorizmi aris politikuri brZolis taqtika, romelic da-kavSirebulia ganzraxi da sistematuri Zaladobrivi qmedebebis ganxorcielebasTan. terorizmi organizebuli danaSaulobisgan po-litikuri bunebiT gansxvavdeba.
2. terorizms axasiaTebs ara marto ama Tu im gavleniani pire-bis, aramed TviT xelisuflebis da garkveuli socialuri jgufe-bis, fizikuri pirebis daSineba.
3. terorizms axasiaTebs taqtika, romelic mdgomareobs poli-tikuri mkvlelobebis sistematur organizebaSi, rac ar aris da-kavSirebuli masebis revoluciur brZolasTan.29
27
ix. W. M. Reisman, International Legal & sponses to Terrorism, 22 Hous. J. Int' l l. № 3, 1999. p.9 28
ix. D. Polk & Wardwell, Defiining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in
International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College
International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23, 2006. p.70 29
ix. В. В. Витюк Социальная сушность и идеино-политические концепции современного левого
терроризма. Автореф. дисю доктю философ.наук. М.,1985, С. 9.
20
r. eriqsonis azriT, terorizmi aris Zaladobis marTlsawinaaRmde-go gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis muqara, mimarTuli individebis winaaR-mdeg, SiSis gamosawvevad, raTa aiZulos an daaSinos saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba an individi, politikuri, socialuri, Tu ideologiu-ri miznebis miRwevisTvis.30 terorizmis iuridiuli definiciis Tematikaze gansakuTrebulad saintereso naSromi aqvs Seqmnili holandiel mecniers, polito-logs aleqs Smidts. aRniSnul naSromSi mas gaanalizebuli aqvs terorizmis 140-ze meti gansazRvreba, romelic SemuSavebulia 1936-1981 wlebSi. am Seswavlis Sedegad, man gamoyo terorizmis maxasia-Tebeli 22 ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi da 20 ZiriTadi mizani (romlis miRweviskenac yvelaze xSirad aris xolme mimarTuli te-roristuli saqmianoba). terorizmis ZiriTad elementebs Seadgens: 1) Zaladoba; 2) politi-kuri xasiaTi; 3) daSineba, terori; 4) muqara; 5) fsiqologiuri efeqtebi da aRniSnuliT gamowveuli reaqcia; 6) msxverplisa da safrTxis diferenciacia (aRniSnul niSanze yuradReba gaamaxvila, agreTve, germanelma kriminologma Snaiderma, rodesac aRniSna, rom terorizmSi gamokveTilia sami mxare: teroristi, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da e.w. “samizne jgufi”, romlzec msxverplis meSveobiT fsiqologiu-ri zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba);31 7) mizanmimarTuli, dagegmili, sis-tematuri da organizebuli moqmedeba; 8) brZolis meTodi, erTgva-ri strategia, taqtika; 9) miRebuli normebis, humanitarulis CaT-vliT, gansakuTrebiT uxeSi darRveva; 10) Tanxmobis miRwevis iZu-lebiTi, gamoZalviTi xasiaTi; 11) saqmianobis farTod gaxmaureba, reklamireba; 12) ganurCevloba msxverplis SerCevisas; 13) samoqala-qo sazogadoebaze, SeuiaraRebel adamianebze Tavdasxma; 14) daSine-ba; 15) msxverplis udanaSauloba; 16) jgufi, moZraoba, an organiza-cia, rogorc samarTaldamrRvevi; 17) simboluri, demonstraciuli xasiaTi; 18) moulodneloba araprognozirebadoba; 19) saidumlo xa-siaTi; 20) ganmeorebadoba, seriuli xasiaTi, Zaladobis erTgvari kampania; 21) terorizmis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi (aRniSnuli qmede-bis danaSaulebrivi kriminalizacia. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g) 22) moT-xovnebi, romlebic mimarTulia mesame pirebze.32 rac Seexeba terorizmis ZiriTad miznebs, Smidtis azriT, esenia: 1) terorizeba, farTo masebis daSineba; 2) xelisuflebis mxridan represiebis provocireba; 3) Zalebis mobilizeba; 4) masebSi saku-Tar moqmedebebze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sexedulebis Seqmna, sa-zogadoebis polarizacia da radikalizacia; 5) politikuri Zala-uflebis xelSi Cagdeba, garkveuli xelisuflebis damxoba; 6) wina-
30
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532. 1989.p.22. 31
ix. Н. Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с. 439. 32
ix. A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature,
Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1983, pp. 76 -77.
21
aRmdegobis dasusteba da ganadgureba; 7) Tanxebis mopoveba, Seiara-Rebis SeZenis anda sxva aqtivobis dasafinanseblad; 8) siZlieris SenarCuneba, kargi disciplina, moqnili mmarTveloba, samizne jgu-febis gadmobireba da maTi erTgulebis miRweva; 9) sazogadoebis demoralizacia, masSi areulobis, uwesrigobis Setana, permanentu-li gangaSis da aforiaqebulobis ganwyobis Camoyalibeba, panikuri, kolafsuri klimatis Seqmna; 10) saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, misi mo-samsaxureebis ganadgureba da dazianeba, saxelisuflebo Zalebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT; 11) xeli-suflebis dasusteba da diskreditacia, xelisuflebis uZlurebis demonstracia, raTa ganadgurebuli iqnes demokratiuli institu-tebi, damsxvreul iqnes sazogadoebis rwmena sakuTari xelisufle-bis mimarT; 12) saqmianobis dagegmva sazRvargareT; 13) sakuTari Tavis reklamireba, sazogadoebis yuradRebis miqceva, misi mxarda-Weris mopoveba. 14) saxelmwifo aparatisa da usafrTxoebis samsa-xurisTvis dabrkolebebis Seqmna, Seferxeba; 15) axali kadrebis mo-zidva teroristuli saqmianobisaTvis; 16) teroristuli jgufis SigniT, agreTve, mis mxardamWerebSi garkveuli moraluri dogmebis Tu normebis Seqmna; 17) teroristuli jgufis farglebSi mkacri disciplinis SenarCuneba, moRalateebis da Sinaganawesis damrRvev-Ta dasja; 18) gamarjvebis miRweva iZulebiTi daTmobebis xarjze (mag. dapatimrebul TanamebrZolTa gaTavisufleba da a.S.); 19) te-roristuli jgufis mowinaaRmdege ZalebisTvis daxmarebis gamwev, an raime sxva bralis mqone wevrTa dasja; 20) sazogadoebaze, sa-xelmwifoze dominirebuli mdgomareobis miRweva, maTi daqvemdeba-reba da paralizeba, damoneba da daSineba. terorizmis maxasiaTebe-li 22 elementidan da 20 miznidan avtori xuT ZiriTads gamoyofs TiToeulisTvis. kerZod, terorizmis xuTi ZiriTadi elementia: Za-ladoba, politikuri xasiaTi, terori anu daSineba, muqara, mesame pirebze zemoqmedeba. rac Seexeba terorizmis xuT ZiriTad mizans esenia: masebis daSineba da terorizeba, xelisuflebis mxridan ga-nurCeveli represiebis provocireba, teroristuli Zalebis gaZlie-reba, mobilizeba da xelisuflebis Zalebis Sesusteba, sazogado-ebriv azrze zegavlena dadebiTi an uaryofiTi formiT, politiku-ri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da mmarTveli reJimis damxoba.33 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom terorizmis erTiani cnebis SemuSaveba ara m-xolod saerTaSoriso masStabiT, aramed erTi saxelmwifos Signi-Tac sakmaod Wirs. 1985 wels aSS-is senatis miTiTebiT yvela sam-Tavrobo dawesebulebas daevala SeemuSavebina terorizmis gansaz-Rvreba sakuTari Sexedulebis Sesabamisad.34 saboloo jamSi yvela federalurma dawesebulebam SeimuSava terorizmis sakuTari defi-nicia da, miuxedavad gansazRvrebebis didi simravlisa, isini er-TmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen, razec uolter lakuarma, saerTaSoriso strategiuli kvleviTi centris xelmZRvanelma, ga-nacxada, rom mxolod aSS-is mTavrobam SeimuSava terorizmis uam- 33
ix. A. P. Schmid, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 97-99. 34
ix. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, Report on .State-Sponsored
Terrorism,. 99th Cong., 1st sess., June 1985.
22
ravi gansazRvreba, romelTaganac erTmaneTis identuri arcerTi ar aris. . .35 a. S. S. -is samaTavrobo dawesebulebebis mier SemuSavebul tero-rizmis gansazRvrebaTa Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi: a. vice-prezidents daqvemdebarebuli, agresiuli terorizmis Sem-swavleli komisiis mier SemuSavebuli cneba: vice prezidentis miznobrivi jgufi: terorizmi - Zaladobis uka-nono gamoyeneba, anda aseTi Zaladobis muqara, mimarTuli adamiane-bisa anda sakuTrebis mimarT, politikuri an socialuri miznebis miRwevis mizniT. rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis, adamianTa anda jgu-febis daSinebis an iZulebis ganzraxviT, maTi qmedebisa Tu poli-tikis Secvlis mizniT.36 b. saxelmwifo departamenti: winaswar ganzraxuli, politikurad motivirebuli Zaladoba, mimarTuli mSvidobiani samiznis winaaR-mdeg, Cadenili nacionalisturi mimarTulebis jgufebis Tu saxel-mwifos saidumlo agentebis mier, rogorc wesi, farTo masebze ze-moqmedebisTvis.37 g. Tavdacvis saministro: terorizmi - es aris Zaladobis marTlsa-winaaRmdego gamoyeneba, an misi gamoyenebis muqara, pirTa Tu sa-kuTrebis winaaRmdeg, xelisuflebisa, Tu sazogadoebis daSinebis an iZulebisaTvis, politikuri, religiuri da ideologiuri mizne-bis misaRwevad.38
sirTules warmoadgens teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierT-gamijvnac da xSirad literaturaSi isini sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, Tumca aRniSnuli cnebebi erTi da imave socialuri datvirTviT ar xasiaTdebian. teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb li-teraturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis klasifikacia sam ZiriTad jgufadaa SesaZlebeli: 1) terorisa da terorizmis cnebebi identuri socialuri movlene-bis gamomxatveladaa miCneuli da maT Soris tolobis niSani Zevs. es Sexeduleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
35
ix. W. Laqueur, .Reflections on Terrorism,. Foreign Affairs. №1. 1986 p. 65. 36
ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism.
Washington, D.C., February 1986, p. 1. 37
ix. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1984. Washington, D.C.: November 1985,
inside front cover. 38
ix. Defense Department: Terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against
individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political,
religious, or ideological objectives. Source: http://www.periscope.usni.com/demo/terms/t0000282.html.
23
2) rodesac terors ufro farTo mniSvneloba eZleva, xolo tero-rizmi ganxilulia rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili, misi gamoxa-tuleba.39 3) rodesac es ori cneba mkveTradaa gamijnuli. cnebebs “terorsa” da “terorizms” Soris arsebobs mkveTri zRvari, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore nawarmoebia pirvelisgan. “terorizmi - es aris pirvel rigSi, sustebis iaraRi, romelsac iyeneben imis gamo, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mowinaaRmdegesTan pirdapiri SerkinebiT miaRwion gamar-jvebas (am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda oms), “terori, ki aris maTi iaraRi vis xelSicaa xelisufleba, rac aniWebs mas oficialur (institucializebul) xasiaTs.”40 “terori _ es aris represiis po-litika saxelmwifos mxridan, romelic emyareba mis Zalismier in-stitutebs. terorizmi _ es aris Zaladoba, ganxorcielebuli opo-ziciuri dajgufebebis mier. teroris iaraRi _ represiaa, tero-rizmis iaraRi _ teroristuli aqti.”41 sakmaod originaluri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli aRniSnul sakiT-xze efirovs. misi azriT, terorizmi SeiZleba moviazroT farTo da viwro mniSvnelobiT. farTo mniSvnelobiT terorizms avtori miakuTvnebs saxelmwifo terors, teroristul politikas, saxel-mwifos winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis yvela saxes da ge-nocids. viwro mniSvnelobiT terorizmad SeiZleba ganvixiloT sisxlissamarTlebrivad relevanturi konkretuli teroristuli aqtebi. teroris cnebaSi avtori moiazrebs imave Sinaarss, rac aR-niSnul cnebas hqonda iakobinelTa diqtaturis dros, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo terors.42 Cveni azriT, samive mosazrebas Tavisi susti mxare gaaCnia. amo-valT im debulebidan, rom terors Cven ganvixilavT rogorc xerxs, romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTma mxarem daSinebiT ai-Zulos meore mxare Seasrulos misTvis sasurveli qmedeba. aqedan gamomdinare, terori, rogorc xerxi da meTodi, arsebobs rogorc SedarebiT ufro farTo, zogadsocialuri movlena terorizmisgan gansxvavebiT. terori Tanaarsebobs omebTan, revoluciebTan, ajan-yebebTan, saxelmwifos mxridan qveynis SigniT totalitarul, xo-lo qveynis gareT kolonialur politikasTan da sxva. terori ze-moaRniSnuli movlenebis nawils warmoadgens. terori poulobs gamoxatulebas sisxlis samarTlis danaSauleb-Sic, romelTa Soris terorizmicaa. zogierTi avtori sisxlis sa-
39
ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова Толковый словарь русского языка. М., 1994. С. 784. 40
ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация на
соискание ученой степени к.ю.н, М.1998, с. 30. 41
ix. Е. Кожушко Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, с. 10 42
citata moyvanilia wignidan Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. Щит-М, 2001. с.11
24
marTlis mTel rig danaSaulebs gamoyofs terorizebis elemente-biT.43 terorizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi danaSauli (Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtiT), romelsac gaaCnia normatiulad gansaz-Rvruli niSnebi. terori, marTalia, terorizmSic poulobs gamoxa-tulebas, magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT far-To socialur speqtrze vrceldeba. gaeros mxridan aRiarebuli iqna TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, Tumca am uflebis farglebi burusSia gaxveuli da gaugebaria, ra Sem-TxvevaSia saxeze terorizmi da ra SemTxvevaSi nacionalur-gamaTa-visuflebeli moZraoba.44 saxelmwifoebi, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen nacionalur ga-maTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis mxardaWeriT, cdilobdnen aRniSnu-li miznis misaRwevad mimarTuli qmedebebi terorizmis definiciis qveS ar moqceuliyo. maSindeli msoflios polarizacia sabWoTa, dasavlur da mesame msoflios qveynebis banakebad, terorizmis cne-bis gansazRvris sakiTxebSic gansxvavebul midgomebs ganapirobeb-da.45
43
ix. В. П. Емельянов, Уголовная Ответственность за Терроризм и Преступления с Признаками
Терроризиввния. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук. М.1998. с.
30 доктора юридических наук. М.:2001. с. 104 – 193. 44
ix. J. E. Alvarez, The u.n. s 'War' on Terrorism, 31 Int’l. Legal Info. 2003. P. 238 45ix. P. J. Van Krieken, Terrorism and the Internationa Legal Order With Special Reference to the Un,
the Eu and Cross-Border Aspects 13 (2002) p. 114.
25
Tavi II terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde (mizezebi da
pirobebi) istoriam terorizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. aRniSnul movle-naze saubari TiTqmis SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxil-vis gareSe. istoriulad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT gvevlineboda Tavis TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Tavisebu-rebebs. terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. teroriz-mis ganviTareba SeiZleba ramdenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. yovelive es terorizmis, rogorc movlenis, ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexma-reba. terorizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramdenime xana gamoiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tana-medrove.
$ 1. adreuli terorizmis xana terorizmi, rogorc brZolis meTodi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli re-voluciidan ar dawyebula. safrangeTidan brZolis aRniSnulma me-Todma terorizmis saxeli miiRo, Tumca, rogorc socialuri mov-lena, rogorc garkveuli miznis miRwevis Zaladobrivi xerxi, msoflio istoriaSi adridanve cnobilia.46 imis miuxedavad, rom terorizmi yovelTvis arsebobda, igi sxvadasxvanairad iwodeboda da aRiqmeboda drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi.47 ’’adreul saukuneebSi te-rorizmi xelisuflebisTvis brZolis erT-erT xerxadac ki Camoya-libda. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebi TavianTi politikuri miz-nebis misaRwevad terors iyenebdnen. terors mimarTavdnen inkvizici-is, sasaxlis gadatrialebisa da monarqis Camogdebis dros; igi gan-sakuTrebiT mZvinvarebda revoluciebis dros, roca revoluciis mo-winaaRmdegeebs (politikur mtrebs) sastikad uswordebodnen.’’48 te-rorizmis (teroris) Tavdapirveli gamovlinebebi istoriulad Se-iZleba jer kidev Zvel monaTmflobelur msoflioSi veZioT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtma dagvanaxa, rom terorizmis ’’for-mula’’ igive rCeba da masSi umTavresia ara Zaladoba, aramed daSi-neba, Tavzardacema. 11 seqtembris Semdeg msoflio ki ar Secvlila,
46
ix. Ю.В. Чуфаровский, Терроризм - глобальная проблема современности (методологический
анализ) // Следователь, 1998. №5 47
ix. Ю. М. Антонян, Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М.
Щит-М, 2001. с. 6. 48
М. Квачадзе. Характеристика современного терроризма. В кн. Российский ежегодник
международного права. 1995, с. 203-204. citata moyvanilia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili. danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaR-mdeg. Tb, 2002, gv.
26
aramed Seicvala adamianebis damokidebuleba terorizmis mimarT... saxlSi mokalaTebulebma televizoris ekranebidan dainaxes saSi-neli realoba da gaacnobieres sakuTari usuroba...49 teroris meTods, SiSis qveS morCilebaSi yolas, emyareboda msof-lioSi yvela imperia. zustad terorsa da SiSze iyo dafuZnebuli SuamdinareTSi sargonis mier Camoyalibebuli asureTis pirveli imperia, Semdgom antikuri xanis samxedro imperiebi...50 romis impe-rias teroris meTodi saxelmwifo politikis rangSi hqonda ayvani-li. aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT imperias morCilebaSi hyavda ro-gorc monebis didi masebi, ise dapyrobili saxelmwifoebi da po-litikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi rogorc romSi, ise mis farglebs ga-reT. aRniSnulis dasturia sisxlSi CaxSobili monaTa ajanyebebi (marto spartakis ajanyebis Semdeg jvarze gakvriT sikvdiliT da-sajes eqvsi aTasze meti mona). romSi pirveli da meore triumvira-tis dros (Cvens welTaRricxvamde 60-53ww. da 43-36ww.) masobrivad xdeboda politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganadgureba. im-peratorebi neroni, sula, pompeusi, cezari da sxvebi mowinaaRmde-geebis fizikuri ganadgurebis garda, miznad isaxavdnen maT daSine-bas da iZulebas, gadaedgaT iseTi nabijebi, rogorc es romis mmar-Tvelebs awyobdaT. tiranebi ixocebodnen, magram maT meTodebi sxvebis SeiaraRebaSi gadadioda. 51 uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri politika mimarTuli iyo monuri Sromidan minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis amoRebisken. aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo Zala-dobaze da terorze dafuZnebuli meTodebi, raTa fsiqologiurad gaetexaT, daemorCilebinaT jer kidev uaxloes warsulSi Tavisu-fali adamianebi.52 monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi Zaladoba iyo “sawarmoo berketi”, ekonomikuri urTierTobis elementi, mmarTve-li fenis funqcia, romlis meSveobiTac xdeboda namati produqci-is Seqmna.53 monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoSi terorizmis mTavar subieqts sa-xelmwifo warmoadgenda, romelic iyenebda terors, rogorc kano-nier saSualebas masobrivi iZulebiTi SromisTvis, sazogadoebis marTvisTvis, omebis warmoebisTvis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daTrgunvisTvis. teroristuli saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo rogorc qveynis Sida, ise gare funqciebis ganxorcielebisken... Sesabamisad,
49
ix. Д.В. Ольшанский, Психология терроризма, СПБ. 2002, с. 30. 50
ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud
Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p.9. 51
ix. И. И. Карпец, Преступное общество. М.,1983, с. 29. 52
ix. Я. И. Кузьминов и др. Отчуждение труда. История и современность. Монография, М.,1989,
С. 129. 53
ix. В.В. Денисов. Социология насилия. М.,1975, c. 50.
27
adreul terorizms politikurTan erTad gaaCnda ekonomikuri mo-tivaciac. 54 monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi gamoyenebuli Zaladoba iyofoda kanonierad da kanonsawinaaRmdegod imis mixedviT, Tu vin vis mi-marT axorcielebda Zaladobas. saxelmwifodan momdinare Zalado-ba, maT Soris monis mimarT, ar iTvleboda kanonsawinaaRmdegod. amgvarad Caeyara safuZveli midgomas, rom saxelmwifo terori aris politikuri brZolis kanonieri meqanizmi, xolo opoziciuri – ukanono, romelsac saxelmwifo unda ebrZolos yvela arsebuli saSualebiT. terori xdeba politikuri brZolis saSualeba da ga-moiyeneba: mmarTveli klasis mier xalxis masebis morCilebaSi yo-lis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis damarcxebis da maTze zewo-lis mizniT; opoziciis mier xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris da misi dezorganizaciis mizniT; monebis mier, rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia da SurisZieba. terorizmma yvela socialur wreSi sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli saSualebis saxe miiRo.55 Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi qristianebis masobrivi devna–ganadgureba religiuri teroris Tavisebur gamovlinebad un-da Sefasdes. romaeli mmarTvelebis mxridan xSiri iyo qristiane-bis masobrivi ganadgurebis faqtebi, IV saukuneSi romis armiidan gaaTavisufles yvela qristiani, daangries eklesiebi, gaanadgures saeklesio wignebi, qristianuli aRmsareblobis SemTxvevaSi romae-lebi kargavdnen moqalaqeobas... 304 wels gamoica ediqti, romlis mixedviTac, qalaqis mTeli qristianuli mosaxleoba msxverplad unda SeewiraT kerpebisaTvis.56 qristianuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirvel qristianTa xvedri mZime iyo, maT devnidnen, dascinodnen, sikvdiliT sjidnen.57 mociquli petre da pavle 64 wels awames romSi, sxva mociqulebis umravlosobac mowameobrivad aResrula: wm. mociquli Toma indoeTSi, wm. iakob alfesi egvipteSi jvarze gaakres, wm. iakob zebedesi ierusalimSi herode agripam sikvdiliT dasaja, wm. iuda iakobisa armeniaSi jvarze aResrula...58 ramdenime saukunis Semdeg ukve kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli laSqrobebiT, kolonialuri dapyrobiTi omebiT fizikuri ganadgu-rebis SiSiT ZaladobiT moaqcevs mravalricxovan erebs qristia-nul sarwmunoebaze. kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan teroris saxed SeiZleba miviCnioT inkviziciac59, romelmac gansakuTrebuli masS-
54
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография,
М, 2008, c. 20. 55
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография,
М. 2008, с. 21-22. 56
ix. С.Г. Лозинский. История папства. 3-е изд. М.,1986, С. 20-21. 57
ix. http://www.shemoqmedi.ge/Ivlisis%20Mixedvit%20Moxsenieba/19.htm 2008. 58
ix. g. qavTaraZe, qristianobis mosvla romis imperiis saTaveSi, http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?6527, 2009. 59
ix. Х. А. Льоренте. Критическая история испанской инквизиции. Том I
www.bookshelf.ath.cx/LIBRARY/CHI/contents.html. 2010.
28
tabebi germaniasa da espaneTSi miiRo60. mxolod 1481–1498 wlebSi inkviziciis koconze dawves 9 aTasi adamiani da 6,5 im adaminebis gamosaxuleba, romlebmac Tavs gaqceviT uSveles anda ganaCenis aR-srulebamde wamebiT mokles. konfiskebuli iqna 90 aTasi adamianis qoneba.61 aRsaniSnavia espaneli kaTolikeebis omi mavri musulmanebis wina-aRmdeg pirineis naxevarkunZulis dasaufleblad. musulmanebi aR-niSul naxevrkunZuls flobdnen XIII saukunidan. 1492 wels rode-sac qristianebma sabolood gaimarjves, musulmanebi daayenes arCe-vanis winaSe: an unda gadmosuliyvnen qristianul religiaze an arada daetovebinaT qveyana. aRniSnuli ultimatumi wauyenes ebrae-lebsac, romelTa religiuri Tavisufleba musulmanTa mmarTvelo-bis periodSi eWvis qveS ar damdgara.62 saqarTvelos mTeli istoria aris damoukideblobisTvis brZolis istoria, romelic savsea ucxouri Zalebis mxridan qveynis poli-tikuri sistemisa da mosaxleobis mimarT teroris magaliTebiT. Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, kerZod ki, politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxmad unda Sefas-des egrisis mefis gubazis mkvleloba 554 wels xobiswyalTan. gu-baz mefe sparseTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. man ramdenime did warma-tebas miaRwia TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. sparselebis winaaR-mdeg mis egreTwodebul mokavSireebs bizantielebi warmoadgen-dnen, Tumca bizantielebi mxolod sakuTar gamdidrebasa da gamor-Cenaze zrunavdnen. mefe gubazi ar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebas medrove, momxveWeli sardlebis mimarT da amis Sesaxeb imperator-sac atyobinebda. bizantielma sardlebma imperatoris risxvisgan Tavis gadasarCenad gubaz mefes sparselebTan mokavSireoba mougo-nes da mdinare xobiswylis piras 554 wels, muxanaTurad mokles. gubaz mefis mkvlelobas didi provokaciuli efeqti mohyva da ma-Sindeli egrisis sagareo politikis mimarTulebis Secvlis saf-rTxe warmoSva. ganrisxebuli egriselTa erTi nawili iTxovda bi-zantielebTan kavSiris gawyvetas da iranis mxares gadasvlas. aR-niSnuli kargad aris asaxuli bizantieli istorikosis agaTia sqolastikosis SemoqmedebaSi. aRwerilia, rom mefis mkvlelobiT ganrisxebuli egriselebi saxalxo krebaze ganixilavdnen qveynis momaval sagareo politikas da bWobdnen bizantielebis mokavSire-bad darCeniliyvnen Tu sparselebis mxares gadasuliyvnen. qveynis sagareo politikis momavalze msjeloba bizantielma istorikosma aRwera aietis da fartaZis cnobili oratoruli gamosvliT. 63 sa-qarTvelo im periodSi mxolod saRma azrma da rwmenis siyvarulma gadaarCina sagareo politikuri orientaciis Secvlisgan.
60
ix. Р.Р. Рахманова, Инквизиция. www.atheism.ru/library/Rahmanova_1.phtml 2008 61
ix. Ф.А. Брокгауз, И.А. Ефрон. Энциклопедический словарь. СПБ., 1894, Т. 25, С. 200. 62
ix. А.А. Крамсков. Терроризм и западное христианство. Терроризм и религия. М.,2005.С.49. 63
ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 155-162.
29
saqarTvelos istoriidan religiuri teroris magaliTia jalal ეd-dinis mier 1226 wels TbilisSi asiaTasamde qristianis sikvdi-liT dasja imis gamo, rom maT TaviaanTi rwmena ar uaryves.64 “xati uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da yovlad wmindisa RmrTismSobli-sa, romeli sions mkvidr iyo, brZana moyvanebad da xidisa Sesaval-sa dadebad piraRmarT brZana yovelTa maT pyrobilTa qristianeTa iZulebiT daTrgunva patiosanTa xatTa dateveba sjulisa, ukeTu ara hyon, warkueTa TavTa. Dda viTar aRasrulebdes brZanebulsa amas, mohyvandes mamakacni dedaTa Tana da aiZulebdes esred yo-fad. mravalTa ukue brwyinvale Zleva aCvenes ara Tavs-debad Seu-racxebad wmidaTa xatTa da datevebad sjulisa. xolo mravali simravle mamaTa da dedaTa ipova axovnad, romelTa miiRes gvir-gvini wamebisa, romlisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars simravlisaTvis, rameTu vhgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRiwia ricxvi moklulTa.”65
$ 2. revoluciuri terorizmis xana
me-19 saukunis Suaxanebidan terorizmma Sinaarsi Seicvala da xe-lisuflebis winaaRmdeg revoluciurad ganwyobili Zalebis Seia-raRebaSi gadavida. mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi terorizmi sxvadasxva saxis jgufebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneboda, rogorebic iyo muSaTa organizaciebi, anarqistebi, nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebi da sxvani.66 saxelmwifos arsenalidan gamosulma terorizmma revoluciurad ganwyobili opoziciuri Zalebis sabrZolo taqtikaSi sapatio ad-gili daikava. aRniSnuli periodi me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan me-20 saukunis ocian wlebamde grZeldeboda da mas “revoluciuri te-rorizmis” xanas davarqmevT pirobiT. me-19 saukunis dasawyisi politikuri radikalizmis aRmavlobiT ga-moirCeva. am periodSi aRmocenda anarqizmi, socializmi, naciona-lizmi da sxvani. es mimdinareobebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen tero-rizms, rogorc TavianTi politikuri miznebis miRwevis efeqtur xerxs. am periodis teroristuli aqtivobis didi nawili evropis saxelmwifoebze modis. ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtTa So-ris, aRsaniSnavia 1894 wels italieli anarqistis mier safrangeTis prezidentis sadi karnos mkvleloba; 1897 wels, isev anarqistebis mier sasikvdilod daiWra avstriis dedofali elizaveta; 1900 wels teroristuli aqtis mowyobiT mokles italiis xelmwife um-
64
ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 390. 65
ix. qarTveli mematiane jalal ed - dinis mier TbilisSi datrialebuli saSi-neli xocva - rbevis Sesaxeb. motanilia saqarTvelos istoriis 1990 wels Tbi-lisSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan. gv. 18. 66
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of North
Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu
30
berto pirveli, xolo 1901 wels aSS -s prezidenti uiliam mak-kin-li.
67
aRniSnul periodSi gansakuTrebuli teroristuli aqtivobiT ga-moirCeoda ruseTi, sadac terorizmma manamade arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. ruseTSi Camoyalibda iseTi radikaluri politikuri moZ-raobebi, rogoric iyo “narodnikebi”, “eserebi”, “anarqistebi” da sxvani, romelTac Zalian moqnili, kargad mofiqrebuli, myari or-ganizaciuli struqturebi Seqmnes da TavianT sabrZolo arsenal-Si teroristul meTodebs sapatio adgili dauTmes. rusma “narod-nikebma” 1878 wlis 4 agvistos q. petrburgSi mokles ruseTis Jan-darmeriis Sefi n. v. mezencevi.68
imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobis mizniT, 1879 wels aleq-sandrovkasTan (axlandeli zaporoJie) scades rkinigzis afeTqeba.69 1880 wlis 5 Tebervals vinme xalturinma ganaxorciela afeTqeba zamTris sasaxleSi imperatoris sasadilo oTaxis qvemoT damonta-Jebuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobiT, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 10, xolo daiWra 56 adamiani. TviTon imperatori sikvdils SemTxve-viT gadaurCa.70 mravalricxovani uSedego mcdelobebis (sul iyo rva Tavdasxma) Semdeg, 1881 wlis 1 marts bombis afeTqebiT mokles ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre meore.
1900_1910 wlebSi mniSvnelovani teroristuli aqtivoba hqonda so-cialist-revolucionerebis centraluri komitetis sabrZolo or-ganizacias (БО ЦК ПСР) aRniSnuli sabrZolo organizaciis far-glebSi moqmedebdnen e.w. “mfrinavi razmebi” romlebic axorcieleb-dnen operaciebs ruseTis sxvadasxva regionSi.71 maT mier ganxorci-elebul teroristul aqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia 1904 wels ruse-Tis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves mkvleloba, 1905 wels gene-ral saxarovis mkvleloba da sxv.72
“revoluciuri xanis” terorizms aSkarad gamoxatuli politikuri xasiTi hqonda, damyarebuli iyo kargad gaazrebul da damuSave-bul ideologiaze. am periodis teroristTa moTxovnebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikuri wyobis dangrevisken, naciona-luri, socialuri da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisken iyo mi-marTuli. “revoluciuri xanis” teroristuli aqtebi obieqtis mi-xedviT ufro seleqciuria, vidre masobrivi. mkvlevarebi “seleqci-uri” terorizmis cnebaSi romelime erTi konkretuli pirovnebis, an pirTa jgufis winaaRmdeg mimarTul teroristul aqts gulis-
67
ix. Е. Кожушко, Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, c. 3. 68
ix. История терроризма в Росси в документах, биографиях, исследованиях, Автор-составитель
О. В. Будницкий. Ростов н/д: Феникс, 1996. c. 32-88. 69
ix. М. Г. Седов, Героический период революционного народничества. М., Мысль, 1966, c.
208. 70
ix. С. С. Волк, Народная воля. 1879-1882. М.-Л., Наука, 1966, c. 102. 71
ix. К.В. Жаринов, Терроризм и террористы (исторический справочник) Минск 1999. c.7. 72
ix. iqve, gv. 374-375.
31
xmoben. SemTxvevebs, rodesac teroristuli aqti pirTa ganusaz-Rvreli wris winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, “brma” terorizmad moiaz-reben.73
Tanamedrove teroristuli aqtivobisgan gansxvavebiT, “revoluciu-ri terorizmis” xana, naklebi msxverplianobiT xasiaTdeba, radga-nac misi obieqtis qveS ZiriTadad konkretuli pirebi xvdebodnen. teroristebi SeZlebisdagvarad Tavs aridebdnen “udanaSaulo” ma-sebSi msxverpls. literaturaSi aRwerilia am periodis teroris-tebSi garkveuli Rirsebis kodeqsis arsebobac ki. “cnobilia mrava-li SemTxveva, rodesac isini (teroristebi. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g.) Tavs ikavebdnen terorisgan, rodesac samizne msxverplis irgvliv imyo-febodnen qalebi an bavSvebi.”74
braian jenkinsi mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xedavs “revoluciur” da “Tanamedrove” terorizmis maxasiaTeblebs Soris: “saukunis dasaw-yisSi (avtors mxedvelobaSi me-20 saukune aqvs) social-revoluci-onerebi ruseTSi amayad uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs teroristebs. . . isini cdilobdnen, seleqciuri mkvlelobebiT terori daeTesaT ruseTis mmarTvel elitaSi. moqmedebisas frTxilobdnen, raTa ar daezianebinaT “udanaSaulo pirebi” da im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maTi samsxverple garSemortymuli iqneboda ojaxis wevrebiT, wyvetdnen Tavdasxmas (aq avtori rusi teroristebis erTgvar moralur ko-deqsze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.). rogorc ar unda gagvikvirdes, dRevandeli teroristebi gacilebiT naklebad frTxiloben Tavi-anT moqmedebebSi. maT gacilebiT ainteresebT teroristuli aqtis sazogadoebrivi rezonansi. masobrivi informaciis rolis zrdas-Tan erTad “terorizmi” damamcirebel (cudi tonis gamomxatvel, SeniSvna Cemia) terminad iqca...”75 teroristuli aqtivoba klebulobs, xolo me_20 saukunis ociani wlebidan da meore msoflio omis bolomde mTvlemare mdgomareo-baSi gadadis (Tu ar CavTvliT irlandiis gamaTavisuflebeli ar-miis da sxva, ZiriTadad eTnikur-religiuri jgufebis saqmianobas, romlebic saerTo wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgendnen). aRniSnuli ganapiroba maSindel msoflioSi ori iseTi totalitaruli saxel-mwifos Camoyalibebam, rogoric iyo sabWoTa kavSiri da faSisturi germania. teroristuli jgufebis aqtivobis Senelebaze imoqmeda meore msoflio ommac, romlis drosac msoflio saxelmwifoTa udidesi nawili saomar moqmedebebSi iqna CarTuli. terologiaSi cnobilia, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac saxelmwifo TviTon atarebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis mimarT teroris politikas, rodesac saxelmwifoSi daTrgunulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, sufevs sayovelTao SiSisa da undoblobis at-
73
ix. В. Замкова, М. Ильчков, Терроризм-глобальная проблема современности, М., 1996, c. 4-5. 74
ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование)
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук. 2000 c. 18 75
ix. B. M. Jenkins, Terrorism The Other World War, November 1985 . Project Air Force report
prepared for the United States Air Force; Rand R-3302-Af. p.2
32
mosfero, saxelmwifo Zalismier organoebs miniWebuli aqvT farTo uflebebi, xorcieldeba yovlismomcveli kontroli, terorizmi SeuZlebelia. cnobili terologi uolter lakueri zustad am sa-kiTxze werda rom : “terorizmis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia sul mcire Tavisufleba mainc. iseT ... saxelmwifoSi rogoric ko-munisturia, teroristebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba Camoyalibdnen organizaciulad. da Tuki isini mainc gaerTiandebian, maT gaanad-gurebs saxelmwifo usfrTxoebis samsaxuri, romelic ar aris ada-mianis uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonebiT SeboWili.” 76 uolter lakue-ris mosazrebis moyvanis Semdeg v.ustinovi iqve savsebiT samarTli-anad dasZens: “daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitarul xelisuf-lebas da mkacr zomebs SeuZlia gadaarCinos sazogadoeba tero-rizmis Wleqisgan, ara marto Zalian gamartivebulia, aramed saSi-Sicaa, radganac TviTneburad, moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis Ziri-Tadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebis CamorTmeva ufro didi katas-trofa iqneba, vidre yvelaze saSineli teroristuli aqti.”77
$ 3. civi omis terorizmis xana meore msoflio omis Semdgom terorizmis ZiriTad determinante-bad gvevlineba ori didi banakis: socialisturis da kapitalistu-ris dapirispireba da dekolonizaciis procesebis talRa. am peri-odSi terorizmad Sefasda evropuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli nacionaluri jgufebis saqmianoba. “1945 wlis Semdeg de-konolizaciis procesebma terorizmis mZlavri talRa moitana, gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa afrikis CrdiloeTi da saharis raioni, samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi azia, agreTve, axlo aRmosavleTi...”78
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZola da dekolonizaciis procesi ar SeiZleba gaigivdes terorizmTan, Tumca Zalian xSirad ara mxo-lod doqtrinaSi, aramed zogierTi qveynis oficialur wyaroebSi, zemoaRniSnuli movlenebi erTmaneTTan igivdeba. terorizmisa da msgavsi socialuri movlenebis urTierTgamijvna naSromis Semdgom TavebSi iqneba ganxiluli. aq aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom tero-rizmi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc meTodi erovnul-gama-Tavisuflebeli brZolis dros, Tumca es ori movlena erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori gansxva-vebuli socialur-politikuri wyobis banaki: socialisturi da ka-
76 cit. moyvanilia В.В.Устинов ,Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002 c. 54. mixedviT 77
ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002,
c.54. 78
ix. G. E. Fuller, “Redrawing the World’s Borders,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997.
p. 100.
33
pitalisturi. aRniSnuli dapirispireba “civi omis” saxeliTaa cno-bili da iTvleba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom damTav-rda. maSindeli msoflio politikuri viTareba teroristuli aqti-vobis mZlavri determinanti aRmoCnda. meoce saukunis meore naxeva-ri arnaxuli teroristuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. am peri-odSi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT moqmedebdnen memarjvene Tu memar-cxene, eTno-nacionaluri Tu religiuri mimarTulebis jgufebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebul periodSi terorizmis dinamikaze udides gavlanas swored “civi omi” axdenda. marTalia aRniSnul periodSi arsebobdnen teroristuli jgufebi, romlebic moqmedeb-dnen ise, rom ar Sediodnen mWidro kontaqtSi, an ar eqvemdebare-bodnen dapirispirebul mxareebs, magram aseTi jgufebi zogadi we-sidan ufro gamonakliss warmoadgendnen. zustad aRniSnul peri-odSi aqtualuri gaxda movlena, romelic Semdgom terologebma daaxasiaTes rogorc “saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT warmoebuli te-rorizmi”. ori didi banaki, romelTa saTaveSi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo, meore mxriv, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga, aridebda Tavs pirdapir konfrontacias, Tumca cdilobda daesustebina mo-winaaRmdege arapirdapiri, diplomatiurad miuRebeli meTodebiT. dapirispirebulebi awarmoebdnen erTmaneTis mimarT Zirgamom-Txrel saqmianobas da sxva saSualebebTan erTad efeqturad iye-nebdnen terorizms. maSin, rodesac miRebuli, saerTaSoriso humani-taruli samarTliT daSvebuli meTodebiT omis warmoeba sakmaod Zviri ujdeba saxelmwifos, terorizmi warmoadgens mowinaaRmdegis TandaTanobiTi dasustebis efeqtur gamosavals, gaaCnia erTgvari sisxlis gamoSvebis efeqti. sabWoTa kavSiri da amerikis SeerTebu-li Statebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva teroristuli jgu-febis waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da xelSewyobiT cdilobdnen dae-sustebinaT mowinaaRmdege da moepovebinaT msoflio hegemonoba. msoflios or uZlieres saxelmwifos Soris ZirgamomTxreli saqmi-anoba saidumlod xorcieleboda msoflios mravali qveynis mas-StabiT, zogjer aRniSnuli qveynebis TanxmobiT, zogjer ki maTi Tanxmobis gareSe, suverenitetis uxeSad gaTelviT, maT teritori-ebze sxvadasxva teroristuli dajgufebebis Seqmnis organizebiT Tu waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da ideologiuri mxardaWeriT... sabWo-Ta kavSirs da aSS-s terorizmi aZlevda saSualebas, ebrZolaT mo-winaaRmdegesTan oficialuri saomari moqmedebebis gareSe, daesus-tebinaT igi ufro metad da gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebiT, vid-re amas Cveulebrivi saomari moqmedebebiT SesZlebdnen.79 “terorizmis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, ro-gorc sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli iyo civi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nika-raguel revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist
79
ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2009
34
meomrebs da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni, am mxriv, ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss. sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi mfarvelobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, sam-xreT afrikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. . .”80 braian jenkinsi 1985 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “saerTaSoriso terorizmi, msoflio omis gansxvavebuli saxe”, civi omis xanis te-rorizmis saintereso Taviseburebebze msjelobs: “arsebobs mrava-li hipoTeza Tanamedrove terorizmis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, saxel-deba sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da istoriu-li faqtorebi, Tumca meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolodan te-roristuli aqtivobis zrdis gamomwvevad arc erTi konkretuli mizezi ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. teroristuli taqtika zogadad gamoiyeneboda maSin, rodesac SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saSualebebi, agreTve, mSvidobiani politikuri meTodebiT brZola dasaxul mizans ver aRwevda. laTinur amerikaSi, kubis ma-galiTze, fidel kastros warmatebiT STagonebuli memarcxene re-volucionerebis mier, praqtikaSi soflis partizanuli brZolis meTodebis SemoRebam meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolos mar-cxi ganicada. memarcxene revolucionerebma gadawyvites partizanu-li brZola gadaetanaT qalaqSi. qalaqis partizanuli brZolis taqtika avtomaturad midioda teroristuli meTodebis gamoyene-bamde. soflis partizanebs SeeZloT moegoT brZola, magram mis Sesaxeb verasdros veravis ver gaego, xolo qalaqSi analogiuri gamarjveba miipyrobda qveynis da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis yuradRebas.”81 “civi omis” periodis literatura rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, ise aSS –Si aWrelebuli iyo mowinaaRmdege banakis mimarT terorizmis organizebis braldebebiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi gamocemuli monogra-fiebis mxolod saTaurebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia: bolSakovis “terorizmi amerikulad”82; aseevskis “vin uwevs organizebas da warmarTavs saerTaSoriso terorizms? centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos namsaxurobis nusxidan”83 da a.S. maSindel doqtrinul naSromebSi SeiZleba xSirad SevxvdeT Semde-gi Sinaarsis teqsts: “am wignSi Cven gvinda SevaxsenoT mkiTxve-lebs, rom ZiriTad gunds, romelic nergavs terorizms Cvens pla-netaze, warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens aSS–s specsamsaxure-bi. Tavdapirvelad gadavinacvloT evropaSi, sadac centraluri sa-dazvervo sammarTvelo, natos ZirgamomTxrel centrebTan erTad,
80
ix. D. Byman, P.Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent
Movements. Published 2001, by Rand, p. 1. 81
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War, Rand R-3302-Af. pp. 11-12 82
ix. В.В. Большаков, Терроризм по-Американски. М. «Международные отношения», 1983. 83
ix. А. И. Асеевский, Кто организует и направляет международный терроризм? Из послужного
списка ЦРУ. М., Политиздат, 1982.
35
aqtiurad moqmedebs, CarTuli hyavT ra aRniSnul saqmianobaSi neo-faSistebi, sxvadasxva saxis eqstremistebi, mafia da masonebi.”84 paraleluri tendencia SeiniSneba dasavlur literaturaSic, sa-dac gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, saerTaSoriso terorizmis mTa-vari sulisCamdgmeli da warmmarTveli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo.85 ri-Card eriqsoni pirdapir sdebs brals sabWoTa kavSirs terorizmis sponsorobaSi,86xolo zogierTi saubrobs im Zvel keTil dReebze, rodesac terorizmis qseli imarTeboda moskovidan.87 imis miuxedavad, rom dapirispirebuli banakebis warmomadgenel av-torTa literaturul wyaroebSi braldebebi odnav gamuqebulia, maTSi mainc SeiZleba WeSmaritebis marcvlebis povna. rogorc sab-WoTa kavSiri, ise aSS sakmaod efeqturad iyenebdnen im iaraRs, ro-melsac terorizmi hqvia. zustad am periods emTxveva erTgvari kliSes warmoSoba “rom, terorizmi erTisTvis aris Tavisuflebis-Tvis mebrZoli, meoresTvis” Sefasebis ormagi standarti. teroriz-mis sayovelTaod miRebuli iuridiuli cnebis ararseboba, saSua-lebas iZleoda teroristis iarliyi miekerebinaT da brZola gamo-ecxadebinaT garkveuli politikuri Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtisTvis subieqturi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad. maSin, rodesac “hamasi” da misi meTauri iasir arafati aSS–sTvis warmoadgenda teroristul organizacias, sabWoTa kavSiris ofici-aluri SefasebiT, TavisuflebebisTvis mebrZoli iyo. “is vinc mar-Tali saqmisTvis ibrZvis, teroristi ar aris”, _ ganacxada iasir arafatma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi.88 aSS kubas tero-rizmis udides kerad miiCnevda, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris-Tvis igi amerikis kontinentze socializmis placdarmi da revo-luciis upirvelesi eqsportiori iyo. terorizmSi “saqmis simar-Tle” xSirad mxolod erTi mxarisTvis arsebobs, im mxarisTvis, romelic misiT apelirebs, romlisTvisac terorizmi miznis miRwe-vis saSualebaa. teroristuli epoqa, romelsac terorizmis “civi omis xana” vuwo-deT, gaJRenTilia socialisturi da kapitalisturi banakebis dapi-rispirebis muxtiT. am periodis memarcxene Tu memarjvene, religi-uri da eTno-nacionaluri teroristuli jgufebis umravlesoba ganicdida erTi, an meore banakis zegavlenas, hqonda maTgan aqtiu-ri mxardaWera, anda sargeblobda pasiuri mdumarebiT, rac Tanxmo-bis niSans warmoadgenda. 84
ix. Вадим Нассис, Леонид Колосов, Терроризм Без Маски, Издательство “Молодая гвардия”,
1983 г. c.3. 85
ix. T. M. Franck, International Legal Action Concerning Terrorism,. Terrorism: An international
Journal I, no. 2 (1978): p. 189; Benjamin Netanyahu, .Terrorism: How the West Can Win,. lime, 14 April
1986, p.49. 86
ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989. p.34. 87
ix. Editor: S. C. Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. May 15, 1995,
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050.p.51. 88
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985, Rand R-3302-Af, p.2.
36
$ 4. terorizmis Tanamedrove xana
ocdameerTe saukunis dadgomas, kacobriobas terorizmi 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberis usazarlesi teraqtiT, niu-iorkis caTambjen tyupebs Semskdari avialainerebiT da xuTi aTasze meti adamianis sikvdi-liT “ulocavs”. niu-iorks male mosdevs madridi (2004 wlis 11 marti) da beslani (2004 wlis 1 seqtemberi), riTac ocdameerTe sau-kunis terorizmma ganacxada, rom igi iseTi Zlieria da sisxliani, rogorc arasdros. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg gae-ros uSiSroebis sabWom ganacxada, rom “saerTaSoriso terorizmi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes safrTxes 21-e saukunis msoflios mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisaTvis.”89
Tanamedrove terorizmi gacilebiT ufro met msxverpls moiTxovs, vidre odesme. msxverplianobis zrdis erT-erT faqtorad SeiZleba mi-viCnioT is, rom “rogorc xalxi, ise masobrivi sainformacio saSua-lebebi TiTqos SeeCvia da dakarga mgrZnobeloba teroristTa tradi-ciuli qmedebebis mimarT. aRniSnulma faqtorma teroristebs ubiZga imoqmedon ufro dramatulad, daRvaron ufro meti sisxli, raTa mi-aRwion Zvelebur efeqts... teroristebs didi msxverpli aZlevs gar-kveul garantias imisa, rom maTi qmedebebi saTanadod gaSuqdeba sain-formacio saSualebebSi da miipyrobs sazogadoebis yuradRebas.”90 zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aT weliwadSi, kerZod 1973 w-dan 1984 w-mde, ganxorcielda 5661 tero-ristuli aqti, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 4111 adamiani,91 xolo aSS-s terorizmTan brZolis saxelmwifo departamentis koordinatoris e. halis mier wardgenili angariSis Tanaxmad, 2000 wels msoflio-Si ganxorcielda 423 teroristuli aqti, rac 8 procentiT metia 1999 wlis monacemebze. gaizarda, agreTve, terorizmis msxverplTa ricxvic: 405 mokluli da 791 daWrili (1999 wels 233 mokluli da 706 daWrili), magram aSS-s da masTan erTad mTel msoflios mTava-ri gansacdeli Turme win hqonda: 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris mxolod erTma teroristulma aqtma 5000 adamianze meti imsxverpla92, e.i. ufro meti vidre zemoT moyvanili aTi wlis (1973-1984) manZilze ganxorcielebulma da erTad aRebulma 5661 teroristulma aqtma. me-20 saukunis mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxov-robda ori dapirispirebuli sistemis pirobebSi. aRniSnulma dapi-rispirebam araerTgzis daayena kacobrioba ganadgurebis safrTxis
89
ix. S.C. Res. 1377, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/res/1377 . www.un.org. 2001. 90
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. 1999 Rand, p.13. 91
ix. http://xx.lipetsk.ru/txt/xx_04_33.shtml. 2010 92
ix. http://usinfo.state.gov/russki/topics/terror/homepage.htm. 2009
37
winaSe. civilizacia imdenad mieCvia cxovrebas katastrofis molo-dinSi, rom ver SeZlo Tavis droze gaego da Seefasebina mimdinare cvlilebebi. msoflio ukve aRar iyofa or dapirispirebul bana-kad, igi gacilebiT ufro rTuli gaxda. moumzadebeli kacobrio-bis Tvalwin terorizmis saSineli evolucia moxda. msoflio mou-lodnelad pirispir aRmoCnda axali saukunis globalur saf-rTxesTan.93 civi omis dros arsebuli wonasworoba Tanamedrove epoqaSi dair-Rva. istoriis kuTvnilebad qceul, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris far-glebSi myof socialistur respublikebSi warmoSobil naciona-lur moZraobebs male mohyva garkveuli jgufebis eTnikur-separa-tistuli moTxovnebic. aRniSnul separatistul moTxovnebs xSirad politikuri Zaladobac axlda Tan, terorizmis CaTvliT. aRniS-nul periodSi aRmocenda sxvadasxva formis dabali intensivobis konfliqtebi, romelic swrafad gadaizarda samoqalaqo omSi an organizebul danaSaulobaSi. meryeoba Camovarda aRmosavleT ev-ropaSic, sadac yofili socialisturi banakis mokavSireebi cdi-lobdnen, daeZliaT demokratizaciisadmi masebis undobloba. amJa-mad moskovi da vaSingtoni, warsulis msgavsad, erTmaneTis winaaR-mdeg aRar iyeneben regionalur konfliqtebs. “dRes, aRarc moskovi da aRarc vaSingtoni ar gamoxatavs survils warsulis msgavsad akontrolos regionaluri qveynebi, romlebic samomavlod poten-ciur supersaxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen. aviRoT magaliTad irani, erayi da misi msgavsi saxelmwifoebi.”94 Tanamedrove msoflioSi socialisturi banakis kraxiT gamowveuli “axali msoflio uwesrigobis gamo”, mniSvnelovnad daeca mravali saxelmwifos xelisuflebis siZliere, misi organoebis makontro-lebel-profilaqtikuri unari, rac did impulsad iqca transnaci-onaluri masStabiT organizebuli danaSaulobis gaZlierebisTvis. organizebuli danaSaulobis mxridan daiwyo teroristuli jgufe-bis momarageba iaraRiT, finansebiT da a.S. organizebuli danaSau-lobis sferoSi brZolis teroristuli meTodebis gamoyeneba po-litikuri da finansuri gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasaZliereb-lad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove teroristebs, aseve maT momxre-ebs, sruli SesaZlebloba aqvT Tavisuflad imoqmedon “Tanamedro-ve saerTaSoriso junglebSi” e.w. “nacrisferi zonebis” meSveobiT. “nacrisfer zonebad” miviCnevT im regionebs, sadac Seicvala Zlie-ri saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda axali saxel-mwifoebrivi wyoba, iseTi xelisuflebiT, romelsac jer kidev ar Seswevs unari, srulad akontrolos sakuTari teritoria. “nacris-fer zonebad” SeiZleba miviCnioT, agreTve, is teritoriebi, sadac Camoyalibda naxevrad kriminaluri xelisuflebebi, sadac xeli- 93
ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2010 94
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 64.
38
suflebasa da kriminals Soris zRvari an srulad waSlilia, an metad umniSvneloa.95 Tanamedrove terorizmis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyos : pirvel aseT maxasiaTebelad SeiZleba miviCnioT teroristuli jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna, romlis meSveobiTac isini Tanadgomas uweven erTmaneTs.96 meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia is, rom saxelmwifoTa mxri-dan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis periods ar Cabarebia. aSS -s saxelmwifo departamentis mier terorizmis “patronad” Semdegi sa-xelmwifoebi saxeldeba: kuba, irani, erayi (bolo periodamde), av-RaneTi, libia, CrdiloeT korea, sudani da siria.97 saxelmwifo xelSewyoba gacilebiT aZlierebs teroristuli jgu-fis realur SesaZleblobebs. aRniSnuli Seexeba teroristuli saqmianobis iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa Sesabamisi informaciis mo-poveba, finansuri mxardaWera, samxedro swavleba, teroristebis zurgSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da a.S.98 garkveuli saxelmwi-foebi amarageben teroristebs iaraRiT, komunikaciis saSualebe-biT, uzrunvelyofen maT usafrTxoebas. saxelmwifoebi mfarvelo-ben da asponsoreben terorizms im motiviTac, rom, rogorc braian jenkinsi ambobs, terorizmi gacilebiT iafi saSualebaa, vidre Cve-ulebrivi omis warmoeba. aRniSnulis garda terorizmis dros ris-ki gacilebiT dabalia, xolo miRweuli efeqti sakmaod STambeWda-vi. dRes Cveulebrivi omis warmoeba sakmaod arapraqtikuli gaxda, radganac Zalzed damangrevelia da Zviri jdeba.99 Sesabamisad, te-rorizmi “SesaniSnavi saSualebaa” dainteresebuli saxelmwifoebis-Tvis, rogorc zemoqmedebis maRalefeqturi da iafi saSualeba. Tanamedrove terorizmis mesame mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZ-leba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba.100 Tanamedrove teqnologiuri miRwevebi saSualebas aZlevs patara jgufs imoqme-dos farTo SesaZleblobebiT. teroristebma Tanamedrove teqnolo-giuri miRwevebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli, rogorc iaraRi TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad; meore, rogorc te-roristuli xelyofis obieqti.
95
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 53. 96
ix. C. Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York: Reader.s
Digest Press, 1981) 97
ix. The U.S. Department of State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 98
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New
Terrorism. Rand, 1999. p.14. 99
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism: Some Policy Implications.. Rand Corp., Santa Monica,
Calif., August 1981, pp. 3-6. 100
ix. S. C.Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.64.
39
Tanamedrove terorizmis mudmivi zrda ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxo-lod meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi momxdari unikaluri politi-kuri movlenebiT. politikur garemoebebTan terorizmis mZlavr determinatebs teqnologiuri miRwevebic warmoadgenda, ramac sabo-loo jamSi warmoSva Tanamedrove terorizmi. Tanamedrove teroristuli taqtika SeiZleba amJamadac igivea, rac erTi saukunis win, magram teqnologiurma miRwevebma igi gacile-biT efeqturi gaxada. teqnologiuri miRwevebis wyalobiT SesaZle-beli gaxda globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmi. gadaadgilebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis wyalobiT teroristebs SeuZliaT ieri-Si miitanon dedamiwis nebismier kontinentze. radio, televizia da Tanamgzavruli kavSiri uzrunvelyofs momentalur dakavSirebas farTo auditoriasTan. iaraRi da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi advi-lad mosapovebeli gaxda. Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebas gaaCna mravali susti wertili, dawyebuli sahaero xomaldebidan da damTavrebuli atomuri reaqtorebiT.101 Tanamedrove terorizmze msjelobisas aucileblad aRsaniSnavia teroristebis mier sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebac, daw-yebuli masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT, kompiuteruli prog-ramebiT da internetiT damTavrebuli. meoce saukunis bolodan te-rorizmis damoukidebeli formac ki Camoyalibda kiberterorizmis saxiT, rodesac teroristebi iyeneben sainformacio teqnologiebs saxelmwifoze an saerTaSoriso organizaciebze zemoqmedebis miz-niT. zogierTi teroristuli organizacia iyenebs internets da eleqtronul fostas informaciis miReba – gacemisTvis. zogierT maTgans sakuTari eleqtronuli vebgverdebic ki gaaCnia. magali-Tad, “hezbolas” internetSi sami propagandistuli xasiaTis saiti aqvs. pirvelia teroristuli organizaciis prescentri102, meore is-raelze Tavdasxmebs aRwers103, xolo mesame axali ambebisa da in-formaciisTvis aris gankuTvnili.104 kavkasiel mojahedebs, romle-bic ibrZvian ruseTisgan CrdiloeT kavkasiis gamoyofisa da mu-sulmanur imiratad CamoyalibebisTvis, aqvT sainformacio vebgver-di, sadac detalurad aris aRwerili maTi aqtivoba, samomavlo miznebi, ideologiuri platforma105. teroristebi cdiloben gaaxmauron TavianTi moqmedebebi. am saqme-Si maT xels uwyobs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, romel-Ta wyalobiT xdeba maTi saqmianobis “reklamireba” da stimuli eZ-leva terorizmis axal gamovlinebebs. Tanamedrove terorizmze saubrisas aRsaniSnavia is faqtoric, rom
101
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985. Rand. p.12 102
ix. www.hizbollah.org. 2010. 103
ix. www.moqawama.org. 2011. 104
ix. www.almanar.com.lb. 2011. 105
ix. www.kavkazcenter.com. 2010.
40
teroristebi sakmaod daxelovdnen TavianT saqmianobaSi, Seiswav-les SeiaraRebis uaxlesi saxeebi da floben aRniSnulT. “profesi-onali teroristebi”, winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, udaod ufro me-tad arian gacnobierebulebi sikvdilisa da ngrevis xelovnebaSi, Seitanes taqtikuri siaxleebi Tavdasxmis meTodebSi, gacilebiT Ymoxerxebulni gaxdnen gamovlenisa da dakavebisagan Tavis daRwe-vis sakiTxebSi. TiTqos teroristebi gadian darvinis Teoriis Ta-naxmad bunebrivi gadarCevis process, romlis Sedegadac teroris-tTa yoveli axali Taoba swavlobs Zveli Taobisagan da xdeba ga-cilebiT ufro Zlieri, ulmobeli da mouxelTebeli samarTaldam-cavTaTvis. teroristebi xSirad aanalizeben im Secdomebs, romleb-mac gamoiwvia maTi winamorbedebis fizikuri ganadgureba an sis-xlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema. axali Taobis teroristebi swavloben sasamarTlos ganaCenebs, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs, mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis procesualur xerxebs da aRniSnul codnas iyeneben usafrTxo strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis. Zalian xSirad swored oficialuri sasamarTlo dokumentaciis, romelic sajaroa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi, Seswavlis Sedegad igeben teroristebi xelisuflebis organoebis mier maTi gamovlenis da dakavebis xerxebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT germa-niis yofil federaciul respublikaSi wiTelarmiuli fraqciis wevrTa mier sasamarTlo dokumentaciis Seswavlis faqtebi.106 Tanamedrove teroristebi efeqturi asafeTqebeli meqanizmebis dam-zadebis didostatebi gaxdnen. saamisod maT gankargulebaSia uax-lesi teqnologiuri miRwevebiT damzadebuli asafeTqebeli nivTie-rebebi. zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod Cexoslovakiam meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi libias 1000 tona asafeTqebeli nivTiereba “semteqsi” mihyida, xolo sirias, CrdiloeT koreas, irans da erays erTad 40 000 tona. aRniSnuli qveynebi aSS-is saxelmwifo departa-mentis mier dasaxelebulni arian terorizmis xelSemwyob qveyana-Ta Soris.107 am cifrebSi gamoxatuli grandiozuli safrTxe naTe-li gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saSualo simZlavris asa-feTqebeli mowyobilobis dasamzadeblad sul raRac 300 gr. “sem-teqsia” saWiro. 1990 wels did britaneTSi vizitis dros CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma ganacxada: “Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom sahaero xomaldis asafeTeqeblad sakmarisia sul raRac 200 grami. . . unda vaRiaroT, rom saerTaSoriso terorizms “semteqsis” maragi 150 welze metxans eyofa.”108 teroristebis mxridan gaxSirda plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTie-rebebis (maT ricxvs Seadgens: amerikuli C-4, britanuli P.E., Cexu-ri Semtex-H da sabWoTa MP1) gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, aRniSnuli nivTierebebis aRmosaCenad Cveulebrivi liTonmZebnebi da rentgenis aparatebi uZluria. amis garda, isini gamoirCevian didi damangreve- 106
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p.20. 107
ix. The U.S. Department of State, State-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 108
ix. “Sale of Explosive to Libya Detailed,” Washington Post, March 23, 1990.
41
li ZaliT, uZleben garemo pirobebs, ar feTqdebian droze adre fizikuri zemoqmedebis anda dartymis Sedegad, ara aqvT specifiku-ri suni, warmoadgenen rbil plastenilisebur masalas, romelsac SeiZleba nebismieri forma mieces.
teroristTa arsenalSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi SeiZleba iT-qvas, “uwyinar saTamaSos” warmoadgens, birTvul, radioaqtiur, qi-miur da biologiur iaraRTan SedarebiT. axali Taobis teroris-tebi mixvdnen, rom ufro meti ngrevis motana SeuZliaT im SemTxve-vaSi, Tuki isini SeZleben daeuflon da gamoiyenon aRniSnuli ia-raRi. mravali avtori SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams yofili sabWoTa kavSi-ris teritoriaze radioaqtiur nivTierebebze saxelmwifoebrivi kon-trolis Sesustebisa da aRniSnuli nivTierebebis Sav bazarze mox-vedriT gamowveuli safrTxis gamo.109 marTalia, Sav bazarze gasayidi radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidan umravlesoba birTvuli iara-Ris Sesaqmnelad ar gamodgeba, magram specialistebis azriT, Tu te-roristebi aRniSnul radioaqtiur nivTierebebs Cveulebriv asafeT-qebel mowyobilobas daumateben, miiReben radiologiur iaraRs, rom-lis meSveobiTac SeiZleba ar moxdes mosaxleobis masobrivi fiziku-ri Jleta, magram garemos Zlieri radiaciuli dabinZureba gardauv-lad moxdeba.110 Tanamedrove terorizmis meoTxe maxasiaTebeli religiurad moti-virebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa. “reli-gia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT misaReb gamarTlebas” (religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror)
111 devid rapopor-tma religiur terorizms “wminda terori” uwoda. meoce saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi religiuri terorizmi nacionalur-eTni-kuri, Tu ideologiur-separatistuli terorizmis CrdilqveS iyo moqceuli. mag: 1968 wels TerTmeti saerTaSoriso teroristuli jgufidan arcerTi ar iyo religiurad motivirebuli. mxolod 1980 wlidan, iranis islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, yalibdeba pir-veli “Tanamedrove” religiur-teroristuli jgufebi. unda aRiniS-nos, rom 1980 wlisTvis moqmedi 64 saerTaSoriso teroristul jgufidan mxolod ori iyo religiurad motivirebuli. Tormeti wlis Semdeg viTareba safuZvlianad Seicvala: 1992 wels moqmedi saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis meoTxeds ukve reli-giuri jgufebi Seadgendnen. (48 jgufidan 11) 1994 wlisTvis maCve-nebeli gaizarda da mesamedi Seadgina (49 jgufidan 16) teroristu-li jgufebi saerTo raodenobaSi. rac Seexeba 1995 wels religiu-ri teroristuli jgufebis maCvenebelma saerTaSoriso teroristu-
109
ix. Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, “Nuclear Material Trafficking: An Interim Assessment,”
Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995; Paul N. Woessner, “Recent Developments:
Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents, July 1991–May 1995,” Transnational Organized Crime,
Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995. 110
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 30. 111
ix. D. C. Rapoport, Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three ReligiousTraditions, American Political
Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, September 1984, p. 659.
42
li jgufebis saerTo raodenobaSi TiTqmis naxevars miaRwia. (56 jgufidan 26, anu 46%)...112 Tanamedrove terorizmis erT-erT niSnad unda CaiTvalos e.w. “sa-moyvarulo terorizmis” ganviTareba. Tuki adre teroristi Zirga-momTxrel saqmianobas SeiZleboda daufleboda mxolod garkveu-li teroristuli organizaciis farglebSi an terorizmis sponso-ri saxelmwifos mier mowyobil Sesabamis saswavlo banakebSi, amJa-mad aseTi codnis daufleba nebismieri msurvelisTvis advilad xelmisawvdomia wignebidan, kompiuteruli diskebidan da gansakuT-rebiT internetidan... terorizmi xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelasTvis... 113 terorizmi ikavebs sul ufro da ufro did adgils konfliqtur speqtrSi. dRes terorizmi ukve aRar Semoifargleba mxolod naci-onaluri, religiuri, politikuri, Tu sxva tradiciuli sferoe-biT. Tanamedrove teroristebi xSirad ewevian iseT saqmianobas, romelic Znelad gasarCevia Cveulebrivi kriminaluri saqmianobis-gan. narkotikebiT vaWrobiT miRebulma udidesma Semosavlebma ga-mokveTa narkoterorizmi, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze an konkurent narkokartelebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba.114 zogierTi specialistis prognoziT teroristTa erT-erTi mTavari samizne gaxdeba informaciuli infrastruqturebi, gansakuTrebiT masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi. 115 uolter lakuaris azriT, Tuki Tanmedrove terorizmi mimarTavs Tavis energias informaciuli omisaken, misi damangreveli Zala gacilebiT ufro didi iqneba. imas-Tan SedarebiT, rac terorizmis istorias dRemde axsovs, igi SeiZ-leba TviT biologiuri Tu qimiuri iaraRis saSiSroebasac ki aRema-tebodes.116
112
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. pp 16-17. 113
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of
North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003. 114
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 98. 115
ix. M. Littleton, “Information Age Terrorism,” Ma thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995; Brigitte
Nacos, Terrorism and the Media, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994; Roger Molander, Andrew
Riddile, and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Rand, Mr-661-Osd, 1996; 116
ix. W. Laqueur, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5, September/October 1996,
p.35.
43
$. 5 terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa
speqtrSi
terorizmi unda ganvasxvavoT omisgan, partizanuli brZolisgan da sxva socialuri movlenebisgan. aRniSnuli movlenebi ara mxolod obieqturad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, aramed qmedebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiTac. samxedro mosamsaxure, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom Tu samxedro mosamsa-xuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulirebu-lia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, teroristebi Cveu-lebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. “kombatantebs” warmoadgenen: re-gularuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis piradi Semadgenloba, partizane-bi, moxaliseebi, samoqalaqo aviaciis ekipaJi da savaWro gemebis ekipaJi, Tu isini gadamzadebulebi arian saomari moqmedebebisTvis. nebismieri gaerTianebebis Tu ajanyebis monawileebi SesaZlebelia CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”, Tu isini Riad atareben iaraRs da moq-medeben omis wesebis da Cveulebebis Sesabamisad. saomari moqmede-bebis pirobebSi, arakombatantebisagan gansxvavebiT, kombatantebis mimarT SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes nebismier zomebi, romelebic pirdapir ar aris akrZalili saerTaSroiso humanitaruli samar-TliT, TviT fizikur ganadgurebamdec ki. 117 1949 wlis 12 agvistos Jenevis konvenciis me-4 oqmis mixedviT, samxedro mosamsaxures (kombatanti), rodesac igi aRmoCndeba mowinaaRmdege mxa-ris xelSi, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos samxedro tyvis statusi. saxel-mwifos ki, romlis samxedro mosamsaxurec aris datyvevebuli, SeuZ-lia mosTxovos mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos mianiWos datyvevebuls Se-sabamisi samarTlebrivi statusi. amasTan, kombatants, teroristisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba aqvs. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar icavs e.w. “iataqveSa moRva-weebs”, “qalaqis da soflis partizanebs”. aRniSnuli pirebi ewevian ZirgamomTxrel, teroristul, diversiul moqmedebebs da, Sesabamisad, ar SeuZliaT imoqmedon aSkarad, ataron mowinaaRmdege SeiaraRebuli mxaris amosacnobi niSnebi da CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”. zemoaRniS-nuli pirebi dakavebis SemTxvevaSi iTvlebian Cveulebriv sisxlis sa-marTlis damnaSaveebad da ver isargebleben saerTaSoriso samar-Tlebrivi dacviT.118 terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva for-mebisgan gansxvavdeba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso hu-manitaruli samarTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosax-leobaze Tavdasxma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne zustad samoqalaqo mosaxleobaa. teroristebi SeiZleba Tavs daes-
117
ix. А.В.Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 239. 118
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно–правовые и криминологические
аспекты. М., 2008, c. 242.
44
xnen agreTve Sinagan saqmeTa Tu saxelmwifo Tavdacvis SeiaraRe-bul Zalebs, magram maTi Tavdasxmis strategia gamoirCeva imiT, rom xelyofa xorcieldeba iseT Zalebze, romlebic ar miiCnevian meomar mxared (ar arian CarTuli saomar moqmedebebSi. SeniSvna Cemia - g.g.). xelyofa ar atarebs samxedro mizans, xolo gamoyene-buli saSualebebi xSirad ar Seesabameba omis kanonebiT gaTvalis-winebul wesebs.119 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebis mixedviT, teroristis, parti-zanis, anda TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolis urTierT gamijvna sakma-od martivia. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebi brmaa gamomwvevi mizezebis mimarT, isini ZiriTad aqcents saSualebebze akeTeben. cnobilia, rom terorizmis dros Zaladoba mimarTulia samoqala-qo mosaxleobasa da obieqtebze maSin, roca partizanTa Tu Tavi-suflebisTvis mebrZolTa samiznes samxedro Zalebi warmoadgens. teroristTa Tavdasxma samxedro samizneze, rogorc wesi, gamonak-lisia. partizanTa Tavdasxma ki, samxedro Zalebze warmoadgens Zi-riTad wess da ara gamonakliss. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvav-deba rogorc ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiT, agreTve xelyofis sagniT. terorizmis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis ur-TierTgasamijnad naTeli kriteriumebis Camoyalibebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs problemaze samarTlebrivad sworad reagirebi-saTvis. terorizmi ar warmoadgens SeiraRebuli konfliqtis for-mas, Sesabamisad teroristebi ar arian meomari mxareebi. terorizmi ar aris samxedro problema, igi samarTlebrivi problemaa da da-naSauls warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorizms CavTvliT Sei-araRebuli konfliqtis erT-erT formad, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom teroristebi meomar mxares warmoadgenen, rac, saboloo jam-Si, teroristuli brZolis meTodebis aRiarebamde migviyvans. Seia-raRebuli konfliqtis normebi ar unda gavrceldes Cveulebriv kriminalur saqmianobaze. igi vrceldeba im samxedro danaSauleb-ze, romlebic dasjadadaa aRiarebuli 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis Tanaxmad. omi da terorizmi, marTalia, rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise socia-lurad gansxvavebul movlenebs warmoadgenen, magram ar aris gamo-ricxuli, rom mxareebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arsebobi-sas omis aRiarebul meTodebTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqnes tero-rizmic. samagaliTod SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos me-zoblad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros gamoyenebuli teroristuli aq-tebi.
119
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532, 1989, p. 59.
45
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac terorizmi gamoyenebulia damatebiT ia-raRad SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, omis warmoebis erT-erT meTodad, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba unda moxdes ara aRniSnuli mov-lenebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebiT da erTmaneTze dayvaniT, aramed erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, cal-calke. Tu meomari mxare iye-nebs terorizms, rogorc omis warmoebis meTods, qmedeba unda Se-fasdes rogorc omi da terorizmi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, romelime omis danaSaulis Semadgenlobac ar aris saxeze). iqidan gamomdinare, rom omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebu-li konfliqtis sxva aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen teroriz-misgan socialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi ur-TierTTanxvedra dauSvebelia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc tero-rizmi, an omi, partizanuli brZola da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben teroristuli xa-siaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar SeiZleba moviaz-roT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi calke samar-Tlebrivi Sefaseba.
46
$. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia
terorizms, rogorc socialur-samarTlebriv movlenas, mravalgva-ri gamovlineba axasiaTebs. igi sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveya-naSi da sxvadasxva danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis farglebSi gansxva-vebuli formebiT gvevlineba. terorizmis bunebis ukeTesad gage-bis, ukeT Seswavlis mizniT mizanSewonilia movaxdinoT misi kla-sifikacia tipebis mixedviT. “terorizmis garkveuli tipis ukeTe-sad Seswavlis Semdeg SedarebiT martivia masTan brZolis meqaniz-mis SemuSaveba.”120 klasifikacias safuZvlad yovelTvis udevs garkveuli niSani an niSanTa jgufi. arsebobs terorizmis mravalgvari klasifikacia. magaliTad, minkovski da revini, klasifikaciis safuZvlad iReben saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebs da gamoyofen teroriz-mis Semdeg saxeebs: “saxelmwifo terorizmi (organizebuli an mxar-daWerili erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg), saerTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemuri, sxva saxis Sida-saxelmwifoebrivi, religiuri, wertilovani. unda gaviTvaliswi-noT, agreTve iseTi formebi, rogoricaa terorizmi, gamoxatuli amboxebaSi (teritoriebis xelSi Cagdeba), masobrivi areulobebi, diversiebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba.”121 aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom avtorebi terorizmis gamoxatulebas xeda-ven, agreTve, amboxebebSi, diversiebSi, masobriv areulobebSi... aR-niSnuli midgoma teroristuli movlenebis socialur-samarTleb-riv wres Zalzed afarToebs da dausabuTebelia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, winamdebare naSromSi, amboxebis, masobrivi areulobebis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis dros SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes terorizmi, rogorc erT-erTi meTodi, magram es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom amboxeba da sxva zemoCamoTvlili movlenebi terorizmis gamovlinebebia. s. efirovi terorizmis saxeebis klasifikaciisas gamoyofs saxel-mwifo, ultramemarjvene anu neofaSistur, ultramemarcxene da se-paratistul terorizms.122 frangi mkvlevari loran dispo gamoyofs memarjvene, saxelmwifo-ebriv memarcxene, saxelmwifoebriv memarjvene, opoziciur memar-
120
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of
North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003 121
ix. Г..М. Миньковский, В. П. Ревин Характеристика терроризма и некоторые направления
повышения эффективности борьбы с ним. // Государство и право. 1997. № 8, c.85. 122
ix. С.А.Эфиров Покушение на будущее. М., 1984. c. 35-39.
47
cxene da nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebel terorizms.123 samwuxarod, disposeuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamokveTil safuZ-vels. amasTan, nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaigivebu-lia terorizmTan, rac kategoriulad miuRebelia. b. Curkovi terorizmis klasifikacias Semdeg saxeebad axdens: “so-cialur-politikuri terorizmi, romelic iyofa memarjvene da me-marcxene mimdinareobad, eTnopolitikuri terorizmi, religiuri terorizmi, separatistuli terorizmi, romelic SeiZleba atareb-des nacionalur an religiur xasiaTs, an nacionalur – religiur xasiaTs erTdroulad.124 boiar sozanoviCi terorizmis klasifikaciis safuZvlad terorizmis ganmaxorcielebel subieqts miiCnevs da gamoyofs sam ZiriTad saxes:
1. saxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba saxel-mwifos mier an misi xelSewyobiT;
2. jgufuri terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba sxvadasxva jgufe-bis an organizaciebis mier saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyobis gareSe. aRniSnul jgufSi igi moiazrebs memarjvene, memarcxene, religiuri, eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebs;
3. stiqiuri (individualuri) terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba calkeuli pirebis mier.125 nazarkini terorizmis klasifikacias sam jgufad axdens :
1. ideuri terorizmi (romelSic avtori moiazrebs ideologiuri platformis qveS moqmed yvela teroristul gamovlinebas);
2. martoxelebis teororizmi (avtori moiazrebs individualur teroristul aqtebs);
3. kriminaluri terorizmi (romelSic moazrebulia angarebiTi motivaciis mqone Cveulebrivi danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi, romle-bic iyeneben Zalismier meTodebs kriminalur saqmianobaSi, gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebisas da a.S.)126 nazarkiniseuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamoxatul sa-fuZvels, radganac gaugebaria, ra niSniT aris SesaZlebeli tero-rizmis iseTi formebis gamoyofa, rogoricaa ideuri, martoxelebis da kriminaluri terorizmi. amasTan, ver daveTanxmebiT calke sa-xed kriminaluri terorizmis gamoyofas, radganac Zaladobrivi me-TodebiT moqmedi kriminaluri dajgufebebis motivacias finansuri sargeblis moxveWa Seadgenda da isini ar unda CaiTvalon tero-ristul organizaciebad. 1990-iani wlebSi postsabWour sivrceSi
123
ix. L. Dispot. La machine a terreur. P., Edition Grasset, 1978. p. 57. 124
ix. Б. Г. Чурков, Социально-философские аспекты современного терроризма. Автореферат
диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата философских наук. М.,Мпгу, 1993, с. 12. 125
ix. Т.С. Бояр-Созонович Проблемы классификации современного терроризма. Университет дружбы
народов имени Патриса Лумумбы Государственного комитета СССР по народному образованию. М.,
1989, С. 11. 126
ix. М. В. Назаркин, Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма,
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук. М., 1998, с. 41-60.
48
moqmed Cveulebriv kriminalur dajgufebebs araferi hqondaT saer-To terorizmTan. isini, rogorc wesi, warmoadgendnen reketul dajgufebebs, romlebic Zaladobis muqariT euflebodnen materia-lur faseulobebs, inawilebdnen kriminaluri gavlenis sferoebs, imorCilebdnen da kontrolis qveS aqcevdnen axladaRmocnebul biznesis saxeebs da mewarmeebs. aRniSnuli klasifikaciebis garda, iuridiul doqtrinaSi gamoiyo-fa terorizmis sxvadasxva saxeebi, rogorebicaa: kiberterorizmi: sa-erTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, birTvuli, teqnologiuri, in-formaciuli terorizmi da a.S. terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xer-xis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli su-bieqtis mixedviT. samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroristuli aqtivobis erT-erT ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris teroristebis sa-moqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli Sedegi, teroristuli aq-tivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes religiur, separatistul, eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva moZraobebad. imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da xerxs SearCevs te-roristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba gamoiyos birTvuli, qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis terorizmi. teroristuli moqmedebis farglebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia arse-bobdes saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi. saer-TaSoriso terorizms aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti gansaz-Rvravs Semdegnairad: saerTaSoriso terorizmi niSnavs terorizms, romelSic CarTulia erTze meti qveynis kuTvnili teritoria an moqalaqe.127 saerTaSoriso terorizms braien jenkinsi gansazRvravs rogorc incidentebs, romelTa drosac miznisTvis dartymis misa-yeneblad teroristebi gadalaxaven ucxo saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, SearCeven TavianT msxverpls Tu samiznes ucxoeTis romelime sa-xelmwifosTan kavSiris gamo (diplomatebi, ucxouri korporaciebi da a.S.), Tavs esxmian saerTaSoriso aviaxazebze mfrinav sahaero xo-maldebs, ZaladobiT xelSi igdeben aseT xomaldebs da aiZuleben ga-daadgilebas maTTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT. saerTaSoriso tero-rizmSi ar Sedis incidentebi, romlebic ganxorcielebulia tero-ristebis mier sakuTari saxelmwifos farglebSi.128 jenkinss ekuT-
127
ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989, p.24. 128
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,. Rand, 6563, Rand Corp., Santa
Monica, Calif., November 1980, p.40.
49
vnis aseve gansazRvreba: saerTaSoriso terorizmi aris Zaladoba sa-xelmwifos winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifos farglebs gareT...129 saerTaSoriso terorizmad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT teroristuli aq-tivobis iseTi saxe, romelic scildeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebs, daiwyo, gagrZelda an damTavrda sxvadasxva qveynebis teritoriebze anda masSi monawile pirebi sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebi an mudmi-vad macxovreblebi arian anda xorcieldeba transnacionaluri te-roristuli organizaciis mier. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi saxezea, rodesac teroristuli aqtivoba ar scildeba erTi saxel-mwifos farglebs. ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis mixedviT, SeiZ-leba arsebobdes jgufur-organizaciuli, individualuri an saxelmwifo terorizmi. terorizmi ar arsebobs ZiriTadi niSnis, konkretuli motivaciisa da ideologiuri platformis gareSe. danarCeni fakultaturi niS-nebi SeiZleba axasiaTebdes an ar axasiaTebdes terorizmis ama Tu im subieqts. magaliTad, religiuri motivaciis mqone jgufma SeiZ-leba iaraRad gamoiyenos kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, asafeTqebe-li mowyobilobebi, aseve birTvuli, qimiuri da sxva iaraRi. aRniS-nuli jgufis samoqmedo areali SeiZleba iyos rogorc qveynis SigniT, agreTve, saerTaSoriso masStabiT. gamoyenebuli iaraRis da saSualebebis, samoqmedo farglebis miuxedavad, jgufi warmo-adgens religiuri terorizmis subieqts.
129
ix. B. Jenkins, International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict. Los Angeles: Crescent
Publications, 1975, № 2, p. 48.
50
Tavi III saqarTvelosTvis terogenuri
terorizmis saxeebi
terorizmis Tanamedrove tendenciebidan saqarTvelosTan mimarTe-baSi mniSvnelovania eTnikuri, saxelmwifo da religiuri teroriz-mis fenomenis gansakuTrebulad Seswavla, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis tero-genuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. teroristuli saqmianobis klasifika-cia eTnikur, religiur da saxelmwifoebriv terorizmad pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da damokidebulia teroristTa ideologiur platformaze. ideologiuri platformis safuZvliT klasifikacii-sas SeiZleba gamoiyos terorizmis sxva saxeebic, rogoricaa: me-marjvene, memarcxene da a.S. xSirad xdeba, rom eTnikuri terorizmi Serwymulia religiurTan, anda saxelmwifo terorizmi amofarebu-lia religiuri an eTnikuri teroristuli dajgufebebis saqmiano-bas.
$ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi
a. saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia 1969 wlis naSromSi endriu skoti amaxvilebs yuradRebas im perio-dis msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze, saxelmwifoTa garkveul jgufebis mxridan sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT sayovel-Taod aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis gamoyenebaze, kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa mzade-bis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da teqniku-ri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis warmoe-bis Sesaxeb. maSin am movlenas e.w. revoluciur brZolas man kon-kretuli Sefaseba ver misca. misi TqmiT, rTuli iyo imis gansaz-Rvra, es tendencia dadebiT movlenas warmoadgenda Tu uaryo-fiTs? am kiTxvisaTvis pasuxi dros unda gaeca.130
odnav mogvianebiT, msgavsi movlenebi 1970 wels gaeros 39/159 rezo-luciaSi “saxelmwifo terorizmad” Sefasda. aRniSnul rezoluci-aSi pirvelad saerTaSoriso samarTalSi pirvelad dafiqsirda “sa-xelmwifo terorizmis” cneba, romelic ganisazRvra rogorc saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebSi erTi saxelmwifos mxridan ZaladobiT an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT sxva saxelmwifos an xalxebs daSineba, raTa Seicvalos “msxverpli” saxelmwifos saSinao an sa-gareo politika, anda SeizRudos saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti.
130
ix. A. M. Scott, The Revolution in Statecraft: informal Penetration, New York: Random House, 1969,
p. 166.
51
39/159 rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, rom dauSvebelia “saxelmwifo terorizmis politikis an sxva qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, romle-bic mimarTulia sxva suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobilebis damxobisken an sxvagvarad xelyofisken”. iuridiul doqtrinaSi TandaTan Cndeba mosazrebebi “saxelmwifo terorizmze”, rogorc omis axal saSualebaze, strategiis asimet-riul formaze da a.S. mag: Jak berJies azriT, meore msoflio omi kacobriobis istoriaSi bolo globaluri omi iyo. Tu kacobrio-bas mesame msoflio omi uweria, es iqneba teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebuli omi.131 stefan sloanis mixedviT, saxelmwifo tero-rizmi aris “xangrZlivi politikuri omi arapirdapiri agresiis formiT”.132 terorizmis eqspertis, paul vilkinsonis azriT, “in-ternacionaluri teroristuli Tavdasxmebi _ ubralod omis war-moebis gansxvavebuli saSualebaa”,133 braian jenkinsis azriT, “te-rorizmi marTlac iqca omis warmoebis axal meTodad. . .”134 saerTaSoriso samarTali gmobs “saxelmwifo terorizmis” politi-kas, miiCnevs ra mas saerTaSoriso principebis darRvevad, Tumca ar awesebs pasuxismgeblobas im saxelmwifoTaTvis, romlebic msgavs politikas ewevian. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi msgavsi pozi-cia sxva mizezebTan erTad gamowveulia terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli cnebis ararsebobiT. cnobili gamoTqma “teroristi er-TisTvis meorisTvis aris TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli” qmedebis terorizmad kvalifikaciisas sirTuleebs warmoSobs. Tavis droze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi terorizmis Se-saxeb arsebobda ori Sexeduleba: pirveli koncentrirebuli iyo qmedebis Sinaarsze, xolo meore mizezebze. pirveli SexedulebiT terorizi warmoadgens ukidures borotebas misi gamomwvevi mizeze-bis miuxedavad, xolo meore ansxvavebda terorizmis dadebiT da uaryofiT saxeobas imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizeziT iyo igi gamowveu-li da ra mizans emsaxureboda. SeerTebuli Statebi da dasavleTis sxva demokratiuli qveynebi mxars uWeren pirvel princips. rac Seexeba mesame samyaros qvey-nebs, romelTac mxars uWerda sabWoTa kavSiri da sxva socialis-turi qveynebi, xelmZRvanelobdnen meore principiT.135
am mxriv, sagulisxmoa gaeros 1972 wlis sxdomebze gakeTebuli zogi-erTi qveynis warmomadgenlis gancxadeba: 131
ix. G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction
Books, 1980, pp. 35-38. 132
ix. S. Sloan, Beating international Terrorism: An Action Strategy for Preemption and Punishment. Maxwell
Afb, Ala.: Air University Press, December 1986. 133
ix. P. Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977,
p. 179 134
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War,. Rand, 6988, Rand Corp., Santa Monica,
Calif., May 1984, p.7 135
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism,
Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 1989. p.15
52
a. gvineis warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom mxars uWeren naciona-lur gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas da miaCniT gamarTleburad nebis-mieri xerxi, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba qveynis damoukideblobis misaRwevad.136 UN
b. kubis warmomadgenlis gancxadebiT, brZolis is meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba nacionalur gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobe-bis mier, ar SeiZleba iqnes cnobili rogorc teroristuli.137
g. madagaskaris warmomadenelma ganacxada, rom teroristuli incidentebi, romelTac piradi gamorCenis motivacia udevs safuZ-vlad, dagmobil unda iqnes. rac Seexeba politikur terorizms, romelic gamoiyeneba gaeros mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis da-samyareblad, mxolod da mxolod misasalmebelia.138 ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs aridebs pirdapir konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi xarjebi gamoiwvios da sa-surveli mizani ver iqnes miRweuli. amitom aRniSnuli saxelmwifoe-bi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebs, maT Soris wina planze te-rorizmia. SeiZleba magaliTad moviyvanoT CrdiloeT koreis mier terorizmis xelSewyoba samxreT koreis winaaRmdeg. siriisa da ira-nis mier “qurTTa muSaTa partiisTvis” xelSewyoba TurqeTis winaaR-mdeg, sudanisa da iranis mier islamuri terorizmis xelSewyoba eg-viptesa da axloaRmosavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, pakistanis mier terorizmisTvis xelSewyoba qaSmirSi indoeTis winaaRmdeg...139 amboxebebis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, rogorc sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli iyo ci-vi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nikaraguel revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist meomrebs da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni, am mxriv, ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss, sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi mfarve-lobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, samxreT af-rikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi...140
amboxebuli separatistuli reJimebis xelSewyobis TvalsaCino ma-galiTia ruseTis federaciis mxridan 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqar-Tvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omi, xolo amis Semdgom afxaze-Tisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiareba.
136
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1362d meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1362. 1972. 137
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1358th meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1358. 1972. 138
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1365th meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr.1365. 1972. 139
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins, Countering the New
Terrorism. Copyright © 1999 Rand p. 103. 140
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix: Shafer, D. Michael, Deadly
Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,
1988; Blaufarb, Douglas, The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, New York: Free
Press, 1977; Odom, William, On Internal War: American and Soviet Approaches toThird World Clients and
Insurgents, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992.
53
b. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis formebi
samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi saxelmwifosa da terorizmis urTier-TmimarTebis, saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis SesaZ-lo gamovlinebebis klasifikaciis klasikur nimuSad profesor jon marfiseuli sqema iTvleba.141 man saxelmwifosa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebis oTxi ZiriTadi gamovlineba gamoyo:
1) saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba
terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv sponsorobas aqvs adgili im SemTxve-vaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo uSualod gamoiyenebs saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebSi terorizms, rogorc meTods, raTa miaRwios strate-giul upiratesobas da aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, garkveuli mi-zezebis gamo ar SueZlia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli strategia garkveulwilad gamoxatulia karl fon klauzevicis sityvebSi: omis warmoeba gansxvavebuli sa-SualebebiT... terorizmi gaxda iaraRi, romelic nebismier dros SeiZleba movides moqmedebaSi, rodesac romelime saxelmwifos surs mZime ziani miayenos meore saxelmwifos ise, rom ar ikisros momxdarze pasuxismgebloba omis dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad. aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv sponsorebs miakuTvnebs Semdeg qveynebs: libias, irans, sirias, sam-xreT iemens da sxva.142
2) saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyoba
saxelmwifoebriv xelSewyobas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rode-sac saxelmwifo exmareba teroristebs Tavisi resursebiT da uz-runvelyofs maT dafinansebas, momaragebas sabrZolo masalebiT, maT samxedro swavlebas, uzrunvelyofs saWiro dokumentebiT, in-formaciiT, komunikaciuri saSualebebiT da sxva saWiro daxmare-biT. aRniSnuli forma gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo sponsorobisagan imiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo pirdapir da uSualod ar warmarTavs teroristebis saqmianobas. amgvar qveyanaTa jgufs ame-rikeli terologebi akuTvnebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs, bulgareTs, ku-bas da sxv.143
141
ix. J. F. Murphy, Punishing International Terrorists: The Legal Framework for Policy Initiatives.
Totowa, N.J. Rowman and Allanheld, 1985, pp.49-55. 142
ix. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamenti / The U.S. Department of
State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 143
ix.: Department of Defense, Soviet Military Power, Washington. 1986, pp. 124-128; S. T. Francis, The
Soviet Strategy of Terror, Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1981; R. Goren, The Soviet Union and Terrorism
London, G. Allen and Unwin, 1984. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International
Terrorism, New York, Reader.s Digest Press, 1981.
54
3) saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba
saerTaSoriso terorizmis mimarT saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba ar-sebobs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifom icis mis teritoriaze arsebuli teroristuli jgufebis Sesaxeb, igi ar exmareba aseT jgufebs, magram arc aviwroebs maT. saxelmwifom icis aseTi tero-ristuli jgufebis saerTaSoriso teroristuli saqmianobis Sesa-xeb da usityvod mxars uWers maT. rogorc wesi, amgvari teroris-tuli jgufebi sazRvargareTidan finansdebian an TviTon afinanse-ben sakuTar saqmianobas.
4) saxelmwifoebrivi umoqmedoba
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos, marTalia, surs zewola moaxdinos teroristebze, magram amis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia garkveuli mi-zezebis gamo. (mag., ar gaaCnia Sesabamisad momzadebuli SeiaraRe-buli Zalebi anda ganicdis Sesabamisi teqnologiebis uqonlobas). aseT situaciebSi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo mimarTavs sxva saxel-mwifos, an saerTaSoriso organizacias daxmarebisTvis. aRniSnu-lis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT somalis dedaqalaq mogadi-SoSi teroristebis mier gatacebuli TviTfrinavSi mZevlebis gaTa-visuflebis SemTxveva, rodesac somalis mTavrobam daxmarebisTvis dasavleT germanias mimarTa.
55
$ 2. religiuri terorizmi
2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia
“religia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT misaReb gamarTlebas”
devid rapoporti
religiuri terorizmis saTaveebi Soreuli istoriuli warsuli-dan iRebs saTaves. zogierTi religiur-teroristuli jgufi dar-wmunebulia, rom maT unda gawmindon msoflio axali epoqisaT-vis.144 misi calkeuli gamovlinebebi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Cvens welTaRricxvamde fiqsirdeba msoflio istoriaSi. Sua saukuneebi religiuri teroris arnaxuli masStabebiT xasiaTdeboda inkvizi-ciisa da jvarosnuli omebis periodSi. meoce saukunis meore naxev-ridan islamurma terorizmma saerTaSoriso, globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. musulmanuri aRmosavleTi qristianuli dasavleTis winaaR-mdeg, rogorc erTgvari jvarosnuli laSqroba dasavluri kultu-ris winaaRmdeg realur safrTxed iqca.145 religiuri terorizmi saerosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro damangrevelia. aRniSnuli gamowveulia RirebulebiTi sistemis radikaluri gansxvavebulo-biT, legitimaciisa da TviTgamarTlebis Taviseburi meqanizmis ar-sebobiT, gansxvavebuli moraluri normebisa da msoflmxedvelobis qoniT. religiuri teroristisTvis Zaladoba RvTisgan dadgenil wminda valdebulebad aRiqmeba, romelic xorcieldeba Teologiu-ri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da sruliad gamarTlebulia wminda werilis mixedviT. religia, aqedan gamomdinare, moqmedebs rogorc garkveuli sanqcioneri, Zaladobis damkanonebeli, romelsac far-To masStabi aqvs da mimarTulia yvela imis winaaRmdeg, vinc ar warmoadgens teroristTaTvis misaRebi religiis, Tu kultis mimde-vars.146dRemde ar aris azrTa erTianoba im sakiTxSi, Tu ra unda ewodos Tanamedrove islamur moZraobebs, radganac zogierTi av-tori maT moixseniebs rogorc fundamentalistebs, zogierTi ro-gorc radikalebs da eqstremistebs.147 frensis fukiamas axali cne-bac ki Semoaqvs "islamo faSizmi".148 migvaCnia, rom obieqturi sinam-dvilidan Tu amovalT, umjobesi iqneba SegverCia aRniSnuli mo-vlenisTvis termini “radikaluri islamizmi” da Sesabamisad mim-
144
ix. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of North
Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003. 145
ix. S. P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?,” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp. 22-49. 146
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand publications Isbn: 0-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF.Copyright © 1999 Rand.p. 20. 147
ix. E. Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. New Haven, Ct: Yale
University Press, 1985; O. Roy, The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press,
1994; . J. L. Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. 148
ix. F. Fukuyama,“Their Target: The Modern World,” Newsweek January 2002, Internet:
http://www.msnbc.com/news/672448.asp . 2003.
56
devrebisTvis “radikal-islamistebi”, radganac maTi umTavresi mi-zani islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmnaa, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba yuranis normebis mkacr aRsrulebaze. marTalia, al-qaida da sxva teroristuli organizaciebi mTliani musulmanuri sivrcis umcires nawils warmoadgenen. SeiZleba iT-qvas, rom maTi rwmena da meTodebi Zirfesvianad ewinaaRmdegeba yu-ranis ZiriTad debulebebs da tradiciul islamur normebs. al-qa-ida, iseve rogorc hezbola, hamasi da sxvani warmoSobilia im Zi-riTadi musulmanuri fuZidan, rogorc sxva araZaldobrivi musul-manuri mimdinareobebi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba paraleli gaivlos ebrael teroristebTan, romlebic gegmavdnen kldis qimis afeTqe-bas ierusalimSi. ebraelTa umravlesoba, marTalia, dagmobda am-gvar saqciels, magram is faqti, rom aRniSnuli aqti daigegma ebra-eli fanatikosebis mier da iudaizmis saxeliT, raTa dawyebuliyo taZris aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, teroristul aqts aZlevs iudais-tur xasiaTs. anda mag., ku-klus-klani, romelic ideur safuZvlad biblias da qristianul RvTismetyvelebas iyenebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom ku-klus-klanis yvelaze aqtiuri jgufi aSS-Si amerikel rain-dTa eklesiaa. rodesac vmsjelobT islamur terorizmze, ar unda warmovidginoT mTeli musulmanuri samyaro, arc teroristebs SeuZliaT ilapara-kon mTeli musulmanuri samyaros saxeliT.149
2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi
idea “axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi” radikal-islamistebSi meoce saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibda. gansakuTrebuli Rvawli ideologiuri platformis momzadebasa da msoflmxedve-lobis axali tipis CamoyalibebaSi ekuTvnis iranis islamuri re-voluciis sulisCamdgmels aiaTola homeinis (sruli saxelia aia-Tola seied ruhola musavi homeini). homeini iranis Siitebis suli-er mamadaa miCneuli da imamad moixsenieben. homeini iyo pirveli radikal - islamisti, romelmac SemoiRo 12 Siiti imamis kanoni Ta-namedrove musulmanuri sazogadoebisTvis. homeinis SexedulebiT, msoflios sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwi-foTa sami sistema: liberaluri, kapitalisturi dasavleTi; aTeis-turi, komunisturi aRmosavleTi da moralur, RvTiur kanonebze damyarebuli islamuri sistema. pirveli ori sistema, rogorc da-winaurebuli sistemebi urTierTqiSpobaSi arian, Tumca orive ewi-naaRmdegeba mesame, islamur sistemas, radganac warmoadgenen ra garkveul politikur blokebs, maTi ideologiuri fesvebi ikvebeba ara umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wyarodan, aramed Zalauflebis satanis-
149
ix. J. M. Schachter, The Eye of the Believer Psychological Influences on Counter-Terrorism Policy-
Making , Rand, 2002, p.17.
57
turi survilidan. kapitalizmi da komunizmi, orive iswrafvis sim-didrisken da isini aucileblad ganicdian marcxs, radganac isini sazrdooben adamianuri ideologiiT, aRiareben mxolod fizikur dominirebas adamianisa adamianze, da adamianuri kanonis dominire-bas RvTis kanonze.150 islamuri kanoni universaluri da WeSmaritia. igi scildeba teri-toriul da nacionalur SezRudvebs. . . zustad zemoT aRniSnuli homeinisturi islamizmis ideologiuri radikalizmi da imis aRia-reba, rom islamisTvis sazRvrebi ar arsebobs, iZleoda imis varau-dis safuZvels, rom islamuri revoluciis eqsportis mcdeloba iqneboda iranis sazRvrebs gareT. aRsaniSnavia, rom iranis konsti-tuciis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia sxva qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Careva, nebadarTulia mxolod Tavdacva ucxouri agresiis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu ra pirobiT SeZleben homeinis-tebi islamuri revoluciis gaCaRebas mTels msoflioSi? SeiZleba Tu ara am pirobad jihadi gamoiyenon? nebadarTulia Tu ara tero-rizmi da ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba jihadis dros? “terorizmi da jihadi warmoadgenen doqtrinalur winaaRmdegobas. terorizms ara aqvs araviTari safuZveli “SariaTSi”, amitom teroristebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen “mujahidebi” (“mujahidun” people involved in jihad).
151
irani musulmani radikalebisTvis ganxorcielebuli ocnebaa, ker-Zod, es aris saxelmwifo musulmanuri wesrigiT, igi realurad ar-sebobs da imedis momcemia msofilo musulmanuri wesrigisTvis brZolis saqmeSi. 1979 wlis iranis revolucia kvlavac did gavlenas axdens dRevan-deli axlo aRmosavleTis sinamdvileze, zurgs umagrebs radika-lurad ganwyobil islamist aqtivistebs da amarTlebs maT mier Za-ladobis _ jihadis - gamoyenebas.152Tavis droze homeini, xolo Sem-dgom misi mimdevrebi, axorcieleben islamuri revoluciis eq-sports msoflioSi. aRniSnuli gamoixateba ideologiur propagan-daSi, Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo religiuri skolebis, e.w. medre-sebis daarsebaSi, separatistuli moZraobebis, islamoterorizmis da sxva dafinansebaSi, iaraRiT momaragebaSi, samxedro – Zirgamom-Txreli meTodebis swavlebaSi da a.S. ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmis miznobrivma mxarem cvlilebebi ga-nicada. Tuki adre terorizmis mizans saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze
150
ix. F. R. Homeyni on Man, State, and International Politics, Vol. 13, Lanham, Md: University Press
of America, 1984, pp. 75-77 151
ix. M. M. Elbakry, “Different Conceptions of Jihad and Its Relevance to Contemporary Trends of
Islamic Movements,”Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4,1987, p.64. 152
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. S. C. Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.28.
58
zemoqmedeba warmoadgenda, amJamad aRniSnuli mizani saxelmwifos sruli demontaJi da axali islamuri tipis saxelmwifos agebaa.153
2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba
religiur kulturaTa umravlesobaSi Cadebulia konfliqtis gar-kveuli koncefcia, romlic miiCneva religiis ganadgurebisagan dacvis saSualebad. am mxriv, arc islamia gamonaklisi. konfliq-tis islamuri gageba, romelic “jihadad” iwodeba, gulisxmobs “brZolas RvTis erTi bilikisaTvis” (jihad fi sabil Allah). jihadi ro-gorc “ummah”-is (ummah –i, es aris WeSmariti rwmenis mimdevari sa-zogadoeba) fizikuri da sulieri dacva yoveli musulmanis sapa-tio valia, xolo jihadis dros gardacvlili Tavdadebuli mu-sulmani Tavisufldeba codvebisgan da dauyovnebliv samoTxeSi xvdeba.154 yuranis mixedviT, romelic aris islamuri kanonmdeblo-bis ZiriTadi materialuri wyaro, jihadi nebadarTul Zaladobaze ufro mets niSnavs. jihadi samarTliani omis iuridiuli sanqci-aa.155 Siiti filosofosi seid hosein nasris sityvebi: “jihadi ara mxo-lod islamuri gavlenis sferoebis dacva an maTi gafarToebaa, aramed yoveli musulmanis maradiuli Sinagani brZola yovelive imis winaaRmdeg, rac SeiZleba win aRudges WeSmaritebas da daar-Rvios maTi sulieri wonasworoba. didi saRvTo omi (al-jihad al-akbar), pirvel rigSi, gamoixateba marTlmorwmunis uxilav sulier brZo-laSi. brZolaSi, romelic aris saSualeba gaukvalos biliki ufals (alahs) sakuTari gulis siRrmisken.156 “istoriulad jihads arasodes hqonia statikuri gageba, adaptaci-uri da moqnili, igi mowodebulia imisTvis, rom aRasrulos isla-muri imperializmis moTxovnebi saerTaSoriso arenaze. aramusul-manur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi jihadi warmoadgens saSualebas, ri-si meSveobiTac radikaluri musulmanuri ideologia cdilobs gardaqmnas musulmanuri social-politikuri Rirebulebebi. . . is-lamistebis mizans warmoadgens musulmanuri axlo aRmosavleTis Seqmna da ganviTareba, xolo jihadi radikalur-islamisturi revo-luciis gamarjvebis upirvelesi pirobaa. radikal-islamistebisaT-
153
ix. В.П. Емельянов. Проблемы ответственности за международный террорим//Государство и
право. 2000 №1, cc. 70-77. 154
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 29 155
ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1955, p. 57. 156
ix. S. H. Nasr, Islamic Life and Thought, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1981, p. 195.
59
vis jihadi aris sruliad misaRebi da kanonieri saSualeba isto-riuli islamuri Zlierebis aRdgenisTvis.”157 yurani, romelic aris RvTis ucvleli, maradiuli da saboloo sityva, qveSevrdomebs avaldebulebs itvirTon jihadis tvirTi. ji-hadi Zalas iRebs im uZiriTadesi principidan, rom islami aris er-TaderTi WeSmariteba, romelic Seucvlelia dasabamidan.158 jihadi, rogorc termini, meqas gamocxadebebSi ganmartebulia, ro-gorc alahTan daaxloebisaTvis marTlmorwmune musulmanis suli-eri brZola. musulman mecnierTa umravlesoba jihads ganmartavs rogorc araZaladobriv brZolas yuraniT dadgenili wesebis aR-sasruleblad, e.i. kamaTs (urwmunoebTan) da islamis qadagebas. me-dinas suris mixedviT, yurani nebas aZlevs musulmans, xmali aR-marTos mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT. rodesac musulmanuri qveynebi moeqcnen evropis Zlieri kultu-rul-politikuri gavlenis qveS, dasavleTis aqtiuri “Tavdasxmis” pasuxad TiToeul musulmanSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo aqtiuri “Tavdacva”, raTa daecvaT TavianTi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc es mi-TiTebulia musulmanur wminda werilSi. gansakuTrebiT unda daec-vaT axalgazrdoba dasavleTis damRupveli gavlenisgan.159 “milio-nobiT musulmanisTvis, romlebic Tvlian, rom maT Trgunavs ebra-ul-qristianuli samyaro, pirvel rigSi ki, amerika, ben-ladenis is-toria daviTisa da goliaTis Serkinebis Tanamedrove legendas warmoadgens.”160 islamis ganStoebebSi, sunizmsa da SiitizmSi jihadis istoriulad ori gansxvavebuli gagebaa. klasikuri sunizmis mixedviT, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo arabTa islamur imperiaSi, jihadi gagebuli iyo, rogorc marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazo-gadoebis) dacva da saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToeba imperi-uli wyobis saxiT (absolituri Zalaufleba qveSevrdom xalxebze Tu saxelmwifoebze). sunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, Siituri tradicia moiTxovda, rom jihadi gamocxadebuli yofiliyo mxolod im Sem-TxvevaSi, rodesac adgili hqonda marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanTa) diskriminacias, usamarTlobas, Seviwroebas e.i satanur moqmede-bebs.161 konfliqtis sunitur da Siitur gagebaSi aRniSnuli sakmaod mniS-vnelovani gansxvaveba ZiriTadad imiTaa gamowveuli, rom istoriu-
157
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 44. 158
ix. The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 2,London: Luzae and Co., 1960, p. 538. 159
ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague,
Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, p.133. 160
ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. Москва, “Олма-пресс” 2002, c. 32. 161
ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., Hamid
Algac, trans., R. Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, p. 93
60
lad Siitebi sunitebis mxridan daTrgunul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi Siitebi cxovrobdnen sunitebis daqvemdebarebaSi da Seadgendnen umciresobas. Siitebis TvalSi su-nitebi iyvnen uzurpatorebi, romlebsac brali miuZRvodaT Siitu-ri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. sunitebis mmarTveloba teritorieb-ze, sadac Siituri umravlesoba cxovrobda, aniWebda aseT terito-riebs Siituri TvalTaxedviT dar-al harbis (Dar al-Harb brZolis adgili, sadac musulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan)) statuss. aqedan gamomdinare Siituri jihadis mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gawmindos samyaro usamarTlobisagan, romelic mimarTu-lia Siituri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg sunitebis da sxva eretikosebis mxridan....162 saboloo jamSi, SexedulebebSi mcire sxvaobis miuxedavad, SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom jihadi sunitebisTvis da SiitebisTvis aris kanonie-ri iaraRi da saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac “ummah” (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) aregulirebs urTierTobas ara mu-sulmanur samyarosTan, jihadi aris konfliqtis gadaWris religi-urad aRiarebuli xerxi.163 aRsaniSnavia, rom jihadis koncefciaSi Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis aspeqtebs Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobs. jihadis sunituri modelis ZiriTad niSans Seadgens principi, romlis mixedviTac po-litika religiisgan ganuyofelia. aRniSnuli principi “jihad”-s, rogorc konfliqtis gadaWris koncepcias damatebiT damajereblo-bas matebs. politikis da religiis ganuyofloba, rogorc princi-pi, saTaves iRebs islamur-Teoriuli debulebidan, romlis Tanax-mad, “ummah”-i (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) da xeli-sufleba gaerTianda alahis nebiT xalifatad. xalifati axorcie-lebs alahis nebas, igi valdebulia ganavrcos da gaaZlieros is-lami. yurani krZalavs jihads musulmanebs Soris, istoriulad arsebul konfliqtebs musulmani Teologebi aZleven ubralod omis (harb) kvalifikacias da kicxaven aseT movlenebs, Tvlian ra aseT faq-tebs socialur gadaxrad, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba “SariaTs”.164 islamistebis TvalTaxedviT msoflio ramdenime sferod iyofa:
1. “umahi” (ummah), sadac batonobs “SariaTi” da rwmena mtki-cea.
2. “dar al-islami” (Dar al-Islam) _ adgili, romelic musulman-Ta xelisuflebis qveSaa da sadac jihadi hegemonobisTvis brZo-lis iaraRia.
162
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 36. 163
ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1955, p. 57. 164
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, pp. 31 -33.
61
3. “dar al-harbi” (Dar al-Harb) _ brZolis adgili, sadac mu-sulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan).
4. “jihadis” koncepciaSi, istoriul kanonzomierebebis gamo Camoyalibda “dar al-sulh” (Dar al-Sulh) anu dazavebis zona. sadac Tanaarsebobis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, dadebuli SeTanxme-bebis gamo, “SariaTs” yvelasTvis savaldebulo Zala ara aqvs.165 musulmani teroristebi jihadisken bavSvebsac mouwodeben. aRweri-lia SemTxveva, rodesac erT-erT sofelSi adgilobrivi molas mo-wodebis Sedegad 500 mozardi mzad iyo SeerTeboda Talibanis moZ-raobas. molas mowodeba ase JRerda: “is vinc sarwmunoebisTvis oms ewireba, ar kvdeba! is, vinc midis jihadSi, samudamod cocxlobs samoTxeSi”166
165
ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague,
Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, pp. 34-35. 166
ix. J. Gettleman, “Prisoner of Jihad,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2002, p.1.
62
$ 3. eTno-separatistuli terorizmi
3.1. eTno-separatistuli terorizmis fenomenologia
eTno – separatistuli terorizmi eTnikuri konfliqtis erT-erTi formaa. eTno - separatistebisTvis terorizmi xSirad xdeba sasur-veli politikuri Sedegis miRwevis saSualeba. eTnopolitikur konfliqtologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom eTnikur konfliqtebs safuZ-vlad eTnikuri pluralizmi udevs. politikuri sistemis eTnikuri pluralizmis cnebaSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebis erTi politikuri sistemis sazRvrebSi sxvadasxva eTnosis arseboba... Tanamedrove msoflioSi politikuri sistemebis didi umravlesoba polieTniku-ria... jer kidev me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mecnierebi aRniSnav-dnen, rom msoflioSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebidan mxolod 9% (132-dan 12) Tavisi mosaxleobiT warmoadgenda eTnikurad homogenurs.167 dRes msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa ricxvi 200 aRemateba, Tumca amis miuxedavad, eTnikuri pluralizmi kidev ufro gaizarda. eTnokon-fliqtologebi TavianT SromebSi eTnikuri pluralizmis sam Ziri-Tad mizezs gamoyofen: 1) teritoriuli eqspansia anda dapyrobiTi omebi, 2) evropuli kolonizaciis da Semdgomi dekolonizaciis procesebi, 3) mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgileba anda eTnikuri migraciis procesebi.168 konfliqtebis problema yvelaze mwvaved iCens Tavs mravalerovan sazogadoebaSi da msoflio eTnokonfliqtebis umravlesobac swo-red iq xdeba. konfliqti ara mxolod im konkretul jgufze ax-dens destruqciul zemoqmedebas, romelSic is viTardeba, aramed es zemoqmedeba vrceldeba jaWvuri reaqciis saxiT sxva sazogadoe-bazec. TavisTavad erovnuloba ukavSirdeba eTnoss. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom eTnosi aris socialuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelic aRmocendeba ara calkeul individebis surviliT, aramed garkveuli bunebriv-istoriuli procesis Sedegad. eTnoss axasia-Tebs SedarebiTi mdgradoba. esa Tu is eTnosi, Cveulebriv, arse-bobs saukuneebis ganmvlobaSi, mas aqvs TviTwodeba da, rac mTava-ria, eTnosis arsebobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba masSi gaerTianebul adamianTa TviTSegnebas. eTnosTan urTierTidentifi-kacia da gansxvaveba sxva msgavsi erTobebisagan gamoixateba. anti-TeziT ,,Cven-isini,”TviTSegnebis garda, romelsac eTnikur TviTSeg-nebasac uwodeben, arsebobs am eTnosSi Semavali xalxis obieqtu-ri, realuri maxasiaTeblebi. es maxasiaTeblebi, Cveulebriv, im in-tegraciuli da diferencialuri niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic
167
ix. Идентичность и конфликт в постсоветских государствах. Под ред. М. Олкотт, В. Тишкова,
А. Малашенко. М., 1997, сc. 320-321. 168
ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005, с. 26
63
Tavs iCens eTnosis wevrTa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. erT-er-Ti aseTi mniSvnelovani sferoa ena, rogorc eTnosis wevrTa sako-munikacio saSualeba. enasTan erTad, eTnosis arsebobis ganmsaz-Rvrelia kultura, upirvelesad ki, misi iseTi komponentebi, rom-lebsac aqvT tradiciuli, masobrivi xasiaTi da vlindeba yovel-dRiur cxovrebaSi. eTnosis kulturuli erToba, Tavis mxriv, da-kavSirebulia eTnosis wevrTa zogierT fsiqikur TaviseburebasTan. es fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi, saboloo jamSi, qmnis eTnikur (erov-nul) xasiaTs. aseve unda aRvniSnoT, rom sruliad ar aris auci-lebeli CamoTvlil niSanTagan nebismieri mxolod da mxolod erTi garkveuli eTnosisaTvis iyos specifikuri (mag.: inglisur enaze metyvlebs ara mxolod erTi eTnosi-ingliselebi, aramed an-glo-saqsebi, Crdilo amerikelebi da a.S.). eTnosis Tavisebureba ga-moixateba ara romelime erTi komponentiT, aramed mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel obieqtur TvisebaTa erTobliobiT. magram arc es niSnavs imas, rom eTnosi TvisebaTa, niSanTa ubrlo Tavmoyraa. igi gansazRvruli mTlianobaa, romelSic ZiriTad rols asruleben sxvadasxva komponentebi. erT SemTxvevaSi mTavaria ena, meoreSi - sameurneoyofiTi Taviseburebebi, mesameSi - qcevis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da a.S.169 statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa TiTqmis naxevari moicva eTnikur safuZ-velze warmoSobilma politikurma dapirispirebam. 80-ian wlebSi momxdari 120 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan 98 eTnikuri iyo.170 Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel faqtors warmoadgens e.w. “konfliqtis asimetriuli formebi”. “civi omis” xanis damTav-rebis Semdeg konfliqtebis umravlesobis ukan aRar dgas komunis-turi an kapitalisturi politikuri banaki, romlebic erTmaneTs konfliqtis e.w. “simetriuli formiT” upirispirdebodnen. “civi omis” dros dapirispireba ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdi-nareobda, Zaladobis obieqts warmoadgenda mowinaaRmdege saxel-mwifos samxedro Zalebi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi “asimetriuli kon-fliqtis” pirobebSi Zaladobis obieqts ZiriTadad mSvidobiani mo-saxleoba warmoadgens, amasTan, konfliqtebma dakarga saerTaSori-so xasiaTi da lokalur masStabebSi moeqca, romelTa drosac xSiradaa gamoyenebuli teroristuli brZolis meTodebi. stokhol-mis mSvidobis institutis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 1989-1996 wlebSi 102 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan mxolod 6 iyo saerTaSoriso, xo-lo danarCeni 96 - Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi.171 Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi eTnikuri konfliqtebi xSirad iZens separa-tistul mimarTulebas. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
169 ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 34. 170
ix. А.В. Картунов, О.А. Маруховская, Этнополитические конфликты: актуалость, определение,
задачи// Материалы междунар. конгресса конфликтологов // Под ред. И. Степанова. М., 2001. с.
194. 171
ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005. с. 31
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separatistebi brZolis politikur meTodebTan erTad iyeneben Za-ladobis sxvadasxva formebs, maT Soris terorizms. mizanSewoni-lia, gaxilul iqnes ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac terorizmi eTni-kuri konfliqtis iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli
3.2. irlandiis nacionalur – gamanTavisuflebeli armia172
irlandiuri teroristuli dajgufeba “IRA”, romelic dRemde mos-venebas ukargavs britaneTis mTavrobas, ukve aTeuli wlebia ib-rZvis irlandiis inglisisgan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli ir-landiuri saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. irlandiuri erovnul-gaman-Tavisuflebeli brZolis fesvebi Sua saukuneebSi unda veZeboT. aRniSnulma brZolam XIII saukunidan gansakuTrebuli intensivoba SeiZina. Tumca, rac ufro aqtiurdebodnen irlandielebi, miT uf-ro metad Zlierdeboda maTze britanuli Zalebis zewola. Mmas Semdeg rac inglisma daTmo koloniebi, irlandia kvlav mougvare-bel problemad darCa. irlaniis gamanTavisuflebeli armia “IRA” Camoyalibda 1919 wels. is iyo irlandiuri politikuri partiis ,, Shinn Féin"(rac sityva sit-yviT niSnavs ,,Cven TviTon”) saidumlo samxedro dajgufeba, rome-lic partizanul brZolebs awarmoebda inglisis winaaRmdeg. misi mizani irlandiis teritoriidan inglisis gandevna da irlandiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi inglisma da irlandiam miiRes deklara-cia, romlis Tanaxmadac, irlandia avtonomiad gamocxadda, ro-melsac sakuTari TviTmmarTveloba eqneboda, anu yvela is ufleba, rac damoukidebel saxelmwifos gaaCnia, oRond didi britaneTis sazRvrebSi. protestanti irlandielebi dakmayofildnen miRweu-liT, ramac kaTolike irlandielebis reaqcia ufro metad gaamwva-va. Aam faqtma irlandielebs Soris seriozuli ganxeTqileba ga-moiwvia, eTnikurTan erTad Tavi iCina religiurma eqstremizmmac, konfliqtma faqtobrivad eTno-religiuri Sinarsi SeiZina. gaCnda “IRA”-ს ramdenime mimarTuleba. kaTolike da protestanti irlan-dielebi gaemijnen erTmaneTs. mogvianebiT gaCnda kidev mesame mi-marTuleba, romelic mSvidobian propagandistul brZolas eweo-da173. britaneli eqspertebis cnobiT, “IRA”-s dasafinanseblad yovel-wliurad grovdeboda 9-dan 16 milion aSS dolaramde. dafinanse-
172 Provisional Irish Republican Army, teroristuli organizacia irlandiis naciona-lur - gamanTavisuflebeli armia teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “IRA”. 173
ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, c. 174.
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bis wyaro iyo, rogorc aralegaluri biznesi, ise ideologiur mxardamWerTa nebayoflobiTi Semowiruloba, amerikis irlandiuri diaspora. irlandiur ludis barebSi idga yuTebi, warweriT ,,dax-mareba Cvens irlandiel Zmebs’’, sadac TanamemamuleebisTvis fuls yridnen. protestantul eklesiebSi wirvis Semdeg ikribebodnen ir-landiuli diasporis wevrebi, ewyoboda saidumlo krebebi, grovde-boda Tanxebi ajanyebulebis dasafinanseblad174. “IRA”-s operatiuli bazebi, irlandiis garda, ganlagebuli iyo aSS-Si, germaniaSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi da Sua aziaSi. “IRA”-s sa-kuTari dazverva da kontrdazverva hyavda. misi informatorebi ga-movlindnen irlandiisa da inglisis samarTaldamcav organoeb-Sic175. “IRA”-m moRvaweoba irlandiis teritoriaze ganlagebuli inglisu-ri Zalovan struqturebis warmomadgenlobebze TavdasxmebiT daiw-yo. MmaTi mTavari devizi iyo: ,,sikvdili inglisel jariskacs." mog-vianebiT “IRA”-s samoqmedo areali TandaTan gafarTovda, dublini-dan londonamde da Ffaqtobrivad mTeli inglisis teritoria mo-icva. Ddaixvewa teroristebis moqmedebis taqtika da maTi samizne mSvidobiani moqalaqeebic gaxdnen. teraqtebi ewyoboda xalxmraval adgilebSi, raTa garTulebuliyo dazaralebulebis evakuacia da gazrdiliyo msxverplianoba.176 sisastikeSi arc inglisuri mTavroba Camouvardeboda “IRA”-s. me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 350-amde eTnikuri irlandieli daapatimres, romelTa umravlesoba ar monawileobda SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, magram “IRA”-s TanaugrZnobda. dapatimrebulebze in-glisur cixeebSi im dros arsebul wamebis yvela meTods iyeneb-dnen, ris Sedegadac aTobiT irlandieli politpatimari daiRu-pa.177 inglisur-irlandiuri konfliqtis daregulirebas xels uSlida is, rom mxareebi molaparakebaze arc ki fiqrobdnen. inglisis mTavrobas me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde teroristebTan dialogze wasvla ar ucdia. problemis gadaWris gzebze realurad aravis ufiqria. Ppirveli saidumlo molaparakebebi 1985 wels daiwyo, romlis mizanic cecxlis upirobo Sewyveta iyo, Tumca uSedegod: arc “IRA” Tmobda poziciebs da arc inglisis mTavroba. pirveli realuri Sedegi miRweuli iyo 1997 wels. irlandiaSi Ca-tarda arCevnebi, sadac gamarjveba im Zalebma moipoves, romlebic ideologiur brZolas uWerdnen mxars da ewinaaRmdegebodnen uaz-ro sisxlisRvras.
174
ix. http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010. 175
ix. iqve 176
ix. http://www.varyag-stunts.narod.ru/irahistory-ira.html, 2010 177
ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom ganiaraRebis iniciativiT TviTon “IRA” gamovida. molaparakebebi ganiaraRebis saerTaSoriso komisiasTan saidumlo viTarebaSi gaimarTa. ise rom, zustad ar aris cnobili “IRA”-m xelT arsebuli yvela sabrZolo saSualeba Caabara Tu ara.178 “IRA” dReisaTvis aRar awyobs farTo masStabian teraqtebs, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom konfliqti srulad mogvarebuli jer kidev ar aris. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom “IRA”-m erT dRes kvlav ganaaxlos saomari moqmedebebi.179
3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs180 Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiur da eTnikur niadagze warmoSobi-li konfliqtebi sul ufro xSiria, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is ukve mTeli msoflios sens warmoadgens. Mmcire socialuri jgufebi TviTgadarCenisaTvis ibrZvian, es brZola scildeba ideologiur da Teoriul brZolas da SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadadis, rac sakmaod saSiS xasiaTs iZens. did socialur jgufebSi asimi-laciisaTvis ganwiruli mcirericxovani jgufebi, iqneba es eTniku-ri Tu religiuri, xmauris gamowveviT cdiloben sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvas da danarCeni samyaros yuradRebis miqcevas. maTi brZo-lis erTY- erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saSualeba tero-rizmia, romelic sazogadoebaze ZaladobiT cdilobs saxelmwifos politikuri wyobisa da ekonomikis dasustebas. erT-erTi aseTi konfliqtis niadagzea aRmocenebuli baskuri te-roristuli dajgufebaa ,, “ETA”. frankos diqtaturis dros bas-keTma dakarga avtonomia, daiwyo represiebi baski xalxis mimarT, aikrZala baskuri xelovneba, baskur enaze swavleba da ase Semdeg, rasac, bunebrivia, baski xalxis protesti mohyva. 1959 wlis 31 iv-liss Seiqmna baskuri eqstremistuli dajgufeba, romelic dakom-pleqtebuli iyo baskuri nacionaluri partiis axalgazrda memar-cxeneebisgan. Emisi Camoyalibebis umTavres mizans damoukidebeli baskuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da dakarguli uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis aRdgena warmoadgenda. es ar iyo mxolod ideologiu-ri brZola, am moTxovnebis wamoyeneba TavisTavad frankos reJimis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebul brZolas niSnavda. Tavdapirvelad “ETA” didi simpaTiiTa da TanadgomiT sargeblob-da ara mxolod baskebSi, aramed espanelebSic, radganac maTi moT-
178
ix. http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010. 179
ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011 180
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, teroristuli organizacia “qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs” teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “ETA”
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xovnebi patriotuli da samarTliani Canda. Aaseve mxardaWera hqon-da qveynis gareTac: “ETA” wevrebs safrangeTSi politikuri Tav-Sesafaris miReba SeeZloT, sxva radikalurad ganwyobili tero-ristuli organizaciebi fuliTa da iaraRiT amaragebden. 181 organizaciis ZiriTadi samizne politikosebi, samxedro pirebi da policielebi iyvnen. itacebdnen saxelmwifo moxeleebs politiku-ri moTxovnebiT, awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs samxedro yazarmebsa da po-liciis Senobebze. Ffrankos sikvdilis Semdeg baskeTma kvlav far-To avtonomia moipova, magram radikalurma dajgufebam moRvaweoba mainc ar Sewyvita, misi mTavari moTxovna kvlav baskeTis sruli damoukidebloba iyo, rasac espaneTis mTavroba ukve veRar Seasru-lebda, Tumca mTel rig daTmobebze mainc wavida teroristebTan: gamoacxada amnistia da molaparakebebze dasTanxmda, rasac tero-ristebi afeTqebebis seriebiT pasuxobdnen. Mmoxda ise, rom safran-geTmac uari Tqva “ETA” -s wevrebisaTvis politikuri TavSesafa-ris micemaze, isini faqtobrivad ukve kriminalebi iyvnen yvelas TvalSi. Ddakarges mxardaWera da pativiscema ubralo xalxis mxridanac, radgan exla ukve es xalxi gaxda maTi samizne : Zar-cvavdnen bankebs, itacebdnen ubralo moqalaqeebs gamosasyidis mi-Rebis mizniT da a.S. teroristuli organizaciis qmedebam uaryofi-Tad imoqmeda baskuri provinciebis ekonomikur ganviTarebazec, radgan arsebuli daZabulobis gamo, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inves-ticiebi. espaneTis mTavrobam Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada te-roristebs da aqtiur qmedebaze gadavida, riTic miaRwia “ETA”-s izolacias rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT.
“ETA” evrokavSiris teroristul organizaciaTa siaSia Sesuli.182@
181
ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, cc.194-195. 182
ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/991147, 2010
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3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi183
meore msoflio omis Semdeg inglisma koloniebis gaTavisufleba daiwyo. 1948 wels ceilons farTo avtonomia mieniWa didi britane-Tis imperiis farglebSi. mogvianebiT ceilonis avtonomia ,,Sri-lankis damoukidebel saxelmwifo’’-d gamocxadda, sadac saxelmwi-fo ena singaluri iyo, xelisufleba ki aqtiurad mxars uWerda bu-distur kulturas. Aamas isic daemata, rom saxelmwifom uari uT-xra moqalaqeobaze ignliselebis mier mosamsaxureebad Camosaxle-buli indoeli Tamalebis STamomavlobas da maTi indoeTSi depor-tacia daiwyo. aRniSnulma viTarebam Tamalebis ukmayofileba gamo-iwvia, isini Tavs daCagrul umciresobad acxadebdnen. swored am periodSi Camoyalibda pirveli Tamiluri eqstremistuli organi-zacia ,,TamilTa gamanTavisuflebeli erovnuli fronti’’,184 rom-lis mizani Tamil-ilamis185 damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo, Tumca es organizacia brZolis mxolod ideologiur meTo-debs iyenebda. 1976 wels organizacias radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebis jgufi gamoeyo, romlebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen ,,erovnuli frontis’’ umoqmedobis gamo. Aswored am dros Camoyalibda eqstre-mistuli gaerTianeba ,,Tigv’’ igive ,,Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebe-li vefxvebi’’, romelsac saTaveSi edga 18 wlis velipulai pxabxa-karani, romelic gamoirCeoda sisastikiTa da daundoblobiT ara marto sxvebis, aramed sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. rogorc ambobdnen, mas yelze ekida cianidis ampula, romelsac inaxavda im SemTxvevi-saTvis, Tu mas tyveoba daemuqreboda. aseTive Tavganwirvas moiT-xovda TanamebrZolebis mxridanac. es asec iyo, yvelaze meti TviT-mkvleli teroristi msoflioSi arsebul organizaciaTa Soris ,,vefxvebs’’ hyavT, romelTa Soris arian qalebi da bavSvebic ki. 1987-2000 wlebSi ganxorcielebul 168 teroristul aqtSi 292 kami-kaZe-teroristi daiRupa. maTi meSveobiT moawyves teraqti indoeTis premier-ministr rajiv gandize da Sri-lankis prezidentze. ,,vef-xvebis’’ liderma miaRwia imas, rom ,,LTTE’’ msoflioSi yvelaze stabiluri da mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciaa, rome-lic Tavis rigebSi 1990 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 14 aTasamde tero-rists iTvlida.186 ,,vefxvebis’’ sisastikeze miuTiTebs isic, rom maT teroristi bav-Svebis razmebi aqvT Camoyalibebuli. Uumcrosi Svilebi mZevlebad mihyavT iqamde, vidre maTi ufrosi Zmebi maTTan erTad brZolaSi
183 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – LTTE teroristuli organizacia Tamil-ila-mis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “LTTE” 184
ix. Г. Таргонский Шри-Ланка: «место, где был рай». www.akm1917.org/vzgl/vz25-63.htm, 2010 185
,,Tamil-ilami’’ niSnavs TamilTa qveyanas. 186
ix. www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00016/00016ltte3.htm
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ar Caebmebian. xSirad xdeba ise, rom es bavSvebi ukan aRar brunde-bian, da amas nebayoflobiT akeTeben, radgan maTze fsiqologiuri zegavlena teroristebis mxridan Zalze didia. ,,vefxvebi’’ pirdapir skolebSi atareben video gakveTilebs, sadac bavSvebs maT mier Ca-denil ,,sagmiro saqmeebze’’ uyvebian, Aamis sawinaaRmdegod ki mas-wavleblebi verafers akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gaeros specialuri sadamkvirveblo komisiac iyo TamilebTan Casuli, maT sakuTari TvaliT naxes es bavSvebi, magram iqidan xelcarielni dabrundnen, radgan bavSvebi acxadebdnen, rom isini nebayoflobiT midiodnen sabrZolvelad, xolo Tamilebi arwmunebdnen komisiis warmomadgenlebs, rom isini mcirewlovan bavSvebs ar iyenebdnen saomrad. Aam dros ki teroristuli gazeTebi xotbas asxamdnen pa-tara ,,vefxvebs’’, romelTac sicocxle ar enanebaT Tavisuflebi-saTvis. 187 ,,LTTE’’ sakmaod kargad dafinansebuli organizaciaa, maTi dafinan-sebis ZiriTadi wyaro emigranti Tamilebi arian, romlebic msof-lios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSia mimofantuli, magaliTad: kanadaSi ,,ka-nadeli Tamilebis asociacia’’, aSS-Si ,,msoflio TamilTa moZrao-ba’’ da sxva. aseve arian evropisa da aziis qveynebSi. isini ,,vef-xvebs’’ fuliTa da iaraRiT amarageben. ,,LTTE’’ SesaniSnavad aris SeiaraRebuli saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero sabrZolo arsena-liT. 188 A pirveli teroristuli aqti ,,vefxvebma’’ 1983 wels moawyves. isini Tavs daesxnen singalur samxedro manqanas, sadac aTobiT jariska-ci daiRupa. Aamas sapasuxod singalelebis reaqciac mohyva da da-iwyo omi, romelic xanmokle SesvenebebiT dRemde mimdinareobs. Mmolaparakebebze Tamilebi saerTod uars acxadebdnen. Sri-lankis prezidenti Candrika kumaratunga winasaarCevno kampaniis dros ac-xadebda, rom aqtiurad iTanamSromlebda TamilebTan regionSi mSvidobis dasamyareblad. Mmagram, mas Semdeg, rac masze teraqti moawyves, romelic araa gamoricxuli, rom misive politikuri xri-ki yofiliyo, man ganacxada, rom daundoblad ibrZolebda Tamile-bis winaaRmdeg.189 didi xani araa, rac Tamilebi da singalelebi molaparakebebze da-sTanxmdnen. Ppirveli Sexvedra Sedga 2009 wlis aprilSi, mas Sem-deg, rac saxelisuflebo ZalebTan Setakebisas daiRupa maTi uc-vleli lideri, didi iyo cocxali Zalis danakargic. Mmolaparake-bebi tailndSi sam etapad unda Catardes, sadac ZiriTad sakiTxad TamilTa avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxi iqneba ganixi-luli.
187
ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ Марина Латышева ,, Страна тигров’' 188
ix. http://www.soldiering.ru/war/sri_lanka/sri_lanka.war-at-sea.php 189
ix. http://crynews.ru/orgprint/89.html, 2011.
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bevrs ar sjera, rom Tamilebi daiRalnen omiT da mSvidoba moe-natraT. savaraudoa, rom es nabiji aSkarad miuTiTebs maT dasus-tebaze. amis Ggarda, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg anti-teroristul koaliciaSi gaerTianebulma saxelmwifoebma daundo-beli brZola gamoucxades terorizms, romelTa siaSi ,,LTTE’’-c Se-sulia. DTalibebis es nabiji SeiZleba TviTgadarCenis surviliT iyos gamowveuli.190 ceilonSi arsebuli omi Tavisi ucnaurobiTac gamoirCeva, aRsaniS-navia, rom mravalwliani sastiki brZolebis ganmavlobaSi ,,LTTE” -s arc erTi teraqti ar ganuxorcielebia ucxoeli turistebis mi-marT. zafxulobiT kunZuli damsveneblebiTaa savse, swored maSin, roca teroristTa aqtivoba piks aRwevs xolme. rogorc Cans, tero-ristebi ucxo saxelmwifoTa gaRizianebsac eridebian, da emigrant Tamalebsac ufrTxildebian, raTa Semdeg isini ar gaxdnen Suris-Ziebis obieqtebi. Ees faqti musulmani teroristebisagan mkveTrad ganasxvavebs Tamilebs. Aamas garda ceilonSi iseve Cveuli ritmiT mimdinareobs cnobili ceilonuri Cais moyvana, plantaciebSi Ziri-Tadad Tamilebi muSaoben sengalebis sasargeblod. Aam ucnauri faqtebis gamoa, rom sengalur-Tamiluri konfliqti, romelic eT-nikur, religiur da xandaxan kastur xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad ar jdeba Cveulebrivi ormxrivi dapirispirebis logikaSi.191
3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi
CeCnebi kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovroben, rogorc zogadad mTielebi, CeCnebic Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxia. isini TiTqmis sami saukunea Tavdauzogavad ibrZvian damoukideblobisaTvis, Tum-ca uSedegod. pirvelad CeCnebma damoukidebloba 1859 wels dakar-ges, imperialisturi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. Aaqedan moyolebuli CeCneTi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo mis daSlamde. ruse-Tis imperiis daSlis Semdeg Tavisuflebis imedi gauCndaT, magram ruseTi CeCneTis daTmobas ar apirebda, iseve rogorc mis federa-ciaSi Semavali sxva avtonomiuri olqebis. CeCneTi jer bolSevi-kuri ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, Tavidan rogorc CeCneTis avtonomiuri olqi, da Semdeg ki ingu-SeTTan gaaerTianes da CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiur olqad moixse-nebdnen.192 1944 wels, meore msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa lideris, stalinis brZanebiT milionamde CeCeni da inguSi erovnebis adamiani cimbir-sa da Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, rogorc saxelmwifosaTvis gansa-kuTrebiT saSiSi xalxi, maT bralad edebodaT faSistur germani-asTan TanamSromloba. ukan dabrunebis ufleba mxolod 1957 wels
190
ix. iqve. 191
ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ М. Латышева, Страна тигров, 2011 192
ix. http://www.srji.org/chechnya, 2011.
71
miiRes. Aamave dros iqna aRdgenili CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi sabWoTa ruseTis federaciis farglebSi.193 CeCnebma damoukideblobisaTvis brZola 1991 wels ganaaxles, sabWo-Ta kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. Aam dros ruseTi politikuradac da ekonomikuradac Zalian iyo dasustebuli, CeCnebi amaze xelsayrel dros nanatri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad veRar naxavdnen. 1994 wlidan aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyes rusi samxedroebis winaaRmdeg. ibrZodnen ZiriTadad partizanuli meTodiT, radganac Ria omSi ruseTTan Cabma, aseTi mcirericxvovani erisTvis, damRup-veli iqneboda. pirveli farTomasStabiani teroristuli aqti CeCnebma 1995 wlis 14-19 ivniss ruseTis qalaq budionovskSi ganaxorcieles. rusuli sazogadoeba SokSi Caagdo momxdarma, asormocdaaTamde SeiaraRe-buli teroristi Samil basaevis194 meTaurobiT, RamiT mZinare qa-laqSi SeiWra. daaxloebiT naxevar saaTSi aTasobiT mZevali hyav-daT ayvanili. isini qalaqis saavadmyofoSi gamoketes, da Senoba danaRmes. es iyo CeCeni teroristebis mier ruseTis mTavrobaze ze-moqmedebis mizniT mowyobili teraqti, romelic sakmaod kargad gaTvlili da mofiqrebuli gamodga. rodesac rusulma razmma ie-riSze gadasvla daapira, teroristebma mZevlebi win aifares, ro-melTa Soris ZiriTadad avadmyofebi da orsuli qalebi iyvnen. specrazmi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. rusuli mxare molapara-kebebze ara mxolod dasTanxmda, aramed, CeCeni teroristebis mier wamoyenebul pirobebi miiRo. ivnisis bolos xeli moewera cec-xlis Sewyvetas da CeCneTis teritoriidan rusuli jaris gamoyva-nas, riTic dasrulda pirveli rusul-CeCnuri omi, romelic 1994 wlidan mimdinareobda da daiwyo moskovis politikuri krizisic195. CeCneTma faqtobrivad damoukidebloba moipova. damoukidebeli CeCneTi mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, moi-Sala warmoeba. iq momuSave wamyvani specialistebis umetesi nawi-li, erovnebiT rusi iyo, romlebmac saomari moqmedebebis dros da-tova CeCneTi. qveyana korufciis morevSi CaeSva. gaCnda dapirispire-ba politikur elitaSic. amgvar pirobebSi myof CeCnebs ,,daxmare-bis’’ xeli gauwoda radikalurma islamisturma organizaciebma: “al-qaidam” da “Talibanma”. isini mzad iyvnen CeCneTisaTvis saTa-nado daxmareba gaewiaT Tumca, ra Tqma, unda ara uangarod”. maTi moqmedebis umTavresi mizani kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifos Seq-mna iyo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic unda Sesuliyo CeCneTi, inguSe-Ti, Crdilo oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi da afxazeTi.196
193
ix. http://tupik.org,2005. 194
ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004. 195
ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004. 196
ix. Б.Н. Кашников. Чеченский Терроризм. Взлѐт и Падение. Российский научный журнал, 2008.
№ 3, cc. 70-76.
72
1998 wlidan islami CeCneTSi oficialur religiad aRiares197.U amis Semdeg CeCnebma aqtiuri qmedebebi daiwyes CeCneTis sazRvrebs gareT, inguSeTSi, oseTSi da ruseTSi. Mmoawyves ramdenime teraqti ruseTis qalaqebSi, riTic sazogadoebis daSinebas, masobrivi areu-lobis gamowvevas sazogadoebis xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebas isaxavdnen miznad, Tumca, piriqiT moxda: rusulma sazogadoebam mosTxova xelisuflebas, daewyo aqtiuri moqmedebebi teroriste-bis winaaRmdeg. AruseTis prezidentma, vladimer putinma CeCeni te-roristebis qmedebebi Semdegnairad Seafasa: ,,Cven Zvirad dagvijda saxelmwifos uZlurebac, da qmedebaTa araTanamimdevrulobac’’. 198 ruseTis mTavrobam gadawyvita mieRo adekvaturi zomebi CeCeni te-roristebis qmedebebis sapasuxod. 1999 wels daiwyo meore CeCnur-rusuli omi, romelic sabediswero aRmoCnda CeCnebisaTvis. maT sa-bolood dakarges damoukidebloba. meore omSi damarcxebis Semdeg, CeCnebma aqtiurad ganaaxles far-To masStabiani teroristuli aqtebi ruseTis teritoriaze. E2000 wlidan CeCen teroristebs Soris gamoCdnen Sahidi qalebi, romle-bic ,,Savi qvrivebi’’-s saxeliT arian cnobili, maT aseve ,,alahis sasZloebs (sacoles) uwodeben. MmaTi asaki 13-dan 38 wlamde merye-obs. Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna legenda, TiTqos es qalebi marTlac qvrivebi iyvnen, romlebmac qmrebi ruseT-CeCneTis omSi dakarges da axla qmrebis gamo rusebze unda eZiaT Suri. ,,Savi qvrivebis’’ gar-kveuli nawili marTlac qvrivi iyo, Tuma maT Soris umetesoba iyvnen iseTi qalebi, romlebmac axloblebi dakarges am omSi. iy-vnen aseve qalebic, romlebic moitaces an mSoblebma swored im mizniT gayides, rom maT amgvar qmedebebSi mieRoT monawileoba. CeCeni teroristebi am qalebs erT-erT sofelSi agzavnidnen, sadac yuransa da terorizmis xelovnebas aswavlidnen.199 SeiZleba es iyo erTgvari fsiqologiuri iaraRi, romelic mimarTuli iyo saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebisaken, raTa daenaxaT, rom qalebic ki mzad arian sakuTari sicocxle daTmon Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad. CeCnebis mier mowyobili teraqtebidan erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZli-vi da masStaburi iyo moskovSi Teatrze ganxorcielebuli Tavdas-xma, sadac aTeulobiT mZevali aiyvanes, teroristebs Soris iyvnen Sahidi qalebic. mZevlebi ramdenime dRe-Rame hyavdaT gamoketili danaRmuli Teatris SenobaSi. rusulma specrazmma daudgeneli momwamvleli airi SeuSva darbazSi saventilacio sistemidan, ris Semdegac SeZles teroristebis likvidacia. Mmsxverpli iyo mZev-lebs Sorisac. Aamas mohyva kidev ufro saSineli teraqti _ Tav-dasxma CrdiloeT oseTis qalaq beslanis saSualo skolaze. 2004 wlis 1 seqtembers teroristebma mZevlad aiyvanes skolis moswav-leebi da skola danaRmes. sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi uSedegod cdilobdnen teroristebTan molaparkebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
197
unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod CeCnebi istoriulad mahmadianebi iyvnen, Tumca maTi rwmena Sors iyo orTodoqsaluri islamisagan. 198
ix. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/analit/warpeacechech1.htm. 2010. 199
ix. http://www.annespeckhard.com/Chechen_suicide_terrorism.html.2010.
73
aRniSnuli teraqti cudad dagegmili da araorganizebuli iyo. mZevlebSi dawyebulma panikam daabnia teroristebi, TiTqmis saso-warkveTilebamde misulma teroristebma mZevlebis daxocva daiwyes, rasac ruseTis specrazmis ieriSi mohyva. Ooficialuri monacemebiT 334 mZevali daiRupa, romelTa Soris 186 bavSvi iyo200. AaRniSul teraqtSi monawileobdnen inguSebic, amgvari qmedebiT teroristebs erebs Soris SuRlis gaRviveba hqondaT ganzraxuli, rasac garda-uvlad unda mohyoloda kavkasiis omi. Tumca maTi cda uSedegod dasrulda. beslanis teraqtma CeCnuri terorizmis sruli diskreditacia mo-axdina sazogadoebis TvalSi. Crdili miadga, agreTve, CeCneTis Ta-visuflebis ideasac. maTi brZola, romelic damoukideblobis ide-iT daiwyo, kriminalur saqmianobaSi gadaizarda. brZolis tero-ristuli meTodebiT warmoebam gamoiwvia CeCnuri damoukideblobis sruli fiasko.
200
ix. http://terroristica.info/node/397,2011
74
$ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove terorizmis arsenalSi
istoria adreuli periodidanve icnobs Tavdasxmis im saxes, ro-melsac TavdamsxmelisTvis aucilebeli sikvdili moaqvs. aRniSnu-lis legendaruli magaliTebi SeiZleba veZeboT ebrauli seqtis “sikarebis” moqmedebebSi romaelebis winaaRmdeg am ukanasknelTa mier iudeis okupaciis dros, aseve jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg meb-rZol musulmani “haSaSinebis” saqmianobaSi. meore msoflio imis dros iaponiam gamoiyena kamikaZe pilotebi, romelTac “RvTiur qars” uwodebdnen (“divine wind”). aRwerilia, rom rodesac admiralma isoroko iamamitom mimarTa pilotebs, auxsna dRis wesrigSi mdgomi amocana, e.w. “specialuri Tavdasxmis” auci-lebloba (tokkotai), radganac gamarjvebis mopovebis sxva Sansi ar arsebobda da moxaliseebs sTxova, win gamosuliyvnen mwyobridan, mwyobridan uklebliv yvela gamovida. imis miuxedavad, rom dava-lebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, isini arc gakicxulni da arc dasjilni ar iqnebodnen. 1945 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma taraniT Sea-jaxes sawvaviT savse TviTmfrinavebi amerikul samxedro gemebs, ris Sedegadac SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao Zalebis ZiriTadi birTvi ganadgurebuli iqna. aSS-is samxedro Zalebma dakarga, ag-reTve, 188 TviTmfrinavi da 2000-ze meti samxedro mosamsaxure. aSS–is samxedro-sazRvao istoriaSi es brZola yvelaze didi dana-kargebiT aris cnobili. rac Seexeba iaponuri mxaris danakargebs, es iyo 29 TviTmfrinavi da 55 samxedro mosamsaxure201, rac mowina-aRmdege mxaris danakargebTan SedarebiT mizerulia. Tanamedrove saxis pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvleloba moxda 1981 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac iranis moqalaqem beiruTSi aafeTqa saelCo (daiRupa 27 da daiWra 100 adamiani). 1982 wels TviTmkvle-li teroristis mier Tavis afeTqebis Sedegad moxda libanis pre-zidentis baSir gemelis mkvleloba. gemelis mkvlelobis Semdeg TviTmkvleli amfeTqeblebis gamoyeneba strategiuli politikuri iaraRi gaxda. 1983 wels libanSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT savse satvirTo avtomanqanis afeTqebas 300 amerikeli da frangi samxed-ro mosamsaxure Seewira. aRniSnulma faqtma seriozuli geopoli-tikuri cvlileba gamoiwvia, aSS-ma da safrangeTma datoves liba-ni. israel-palestinas Soris pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvlelo-ba ganxorcielda 1993 wels “hamasis” wevris mier.202 Seixi fadlolahi, (Sheikh Fadlallah) libaneli Siitebis sulieri moZRvari TviTmkvlelobas jihadis dros saqebar da samagaliTo
201
ix. P. Harbor. www. wikipedia.org, 2010. 202ix. S. Atran, Genesis of Suicide Terrorism, Science Vol 299 7 March 2003, www.sciencemag.org,
2003.
75
saqmed Tvlis. misi mtkicebiT, TviTmkvleloba rwmenisTvis mcire-diT gansxvavdeba mujahidis (mujahid) sikvdilisgan. orive SemTxve-vis dros isini erT saqmes emsaxurebian, orive SemTxvevaSi isini jihadis meomrebi arian, mxolod garemoebebia gansxvavebuli.203 dasavluri moraluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli adamiani TviT-mkvlelobamde, rogorc wesi, midis moraluri ganadgurebisa da fsiqikuri moSlis dros. dasavluri kultura TviTmkvlelobas Ggmobs, rogorc samarcxvinos. rac Seexeba mujahids, igi TviT-mkvlelobis dros aranair moralur ngrevas ar ganicdis, piriqiT, igi moraluri srulyofilebis umaRles zRvarzea, mTeli SegnebiT myari da Seuryevelia. misi TviTmkvleloba saqebar saqmed iTvleba da RvTisTvis TviTSewirvad, Tavis msxverplad mitanas niSnavs (fana’ billah). TviTmkvleli mujahidi, rogorc RvTisTvis TavSewiru-li, tanjulad, wamebulad iTvleba (shahid). tanjva jihadis umniS-vnelovanes sulier aspeqts warmoadgens. aRniSnuli umniSvnelova-nesi aspeqti gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, rom wamebulisTvis jihadi alahisagan dakisrebuli udidesi misiaa, rac mas aqcevs jihadisaT-vis wamebul mebrZolad. (mujahid-shahid) mujahidi_Sahidi ara marto sakuTar suls icxonebs alahisaTvis TavSewirvis gziT, aramed igi aris samagaliTo da misabaZi islamis yvela mebrZolisaTvis.204 1996 – 1999 wlebSi nasra nasanis mier interviurebul iqna 250 –mde palestineli TviTmkvlelis mwvrTneli, aseve garkveuli garemoebe-bis gamo ar Semdgari teroristuli operaciis amsruleblebi, ag-reTve, gardacvlili TviTmkvleli amfeTqebelebis naTesavebi. aR-niSnuli masalebis Sejamebis Semdeg nasra nasani mivida Semdeg daskvnamde: kamikaZeebis asaki meryeobda 18 –dan 38 wlamde, “arc er-Ti maTgani ar iyo gaunaTlebeli, Rataki, fsiqikurad ganuviTarebe-li, an damcirebuli. . . erTi SexedviT, yvela maTgani sakuTari ojaxis sruliad srulfasovani wevri iyo”, amasTan “yvela maTgani iyo Rrmad religiuri” da swamdaT, rom maTi moqmedebebi “sanqcio-nirebuli iyo islamis mier”.205 mSoblebisa da kamikaZe Svilis urTierTdamokidebulebas aRwers hela jaberi: "me movTqvamdi mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi, imdenjer, ramdenjerac mas Sevxedavdi (misi vaJi muhamed farhati daiRupa ro-gorc kamikaZe Razas seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aq-tis dros), magram veubnebodi, rom nu miscemda Cems cremlebs imis uflebas, rom SeekavebinaT igi misi misiis Sesrulebisgan."206
203
ix. M. Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizbollah, No. 101,Tel Aviv: The Dayan Center for Middle
Eastern and African Studies of Tel Aviv University, 1987, p. 13. 204
ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., H. Algac,
trans., R.Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, pp. 128-208. 205ix. N. Hassan, The New Yorker, 19 November 2001,
www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011119fa_FACT1, 2004. 206
ix. H. Jaber, “Inside the World of the Palestinian Suicide Bomber,” The Sunday Times 24 March
2002, Internet: http://www.sundaytimes. co.uk/printFriendly/0,,2-524-245592,00.html, 2004.
76
marTlac, Zalian rTulia raime efeqturi RonisZiebis gatareba im adamianebis mimarT, romelTac sakuTari sicocxlis mospoba surT da Tanac amas “maRali” idealebisTvis akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dapi-rispireba mxolod fsiqologiuri meTodebiT, im mcdari Rirebule-bebis gadafasebiT SeiZleba, rasac adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde da zogadad terorizmamde mihyavs. religia terorizmis da zogadad Zaladobis sanqcioneri ar aris da arc arasdros yofila. qristi-anoba ar yofila inkviziciis, jvarosnuli omebis, barTlomes Ra-mis da sxva movlenebis sanqcioneri. aRniSnuli kacobriobam, mar-Talia, ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, magram mainc gaiazra. qristiano-bis msgavsad arc islamia im Zaladobrivi, teroristuli aqtebis sanqcioneri, rac misi saxeliT xdeba, Tumca SeiZleba sazogadoe-bis is fenebi, romlebic islamiT amarTleben Zaladobas, mocemul etapze, aRniSnuls ver acnobierebdnen, anda gacnobierebis miuxe-davad, sxva Sefarul, realpolitikur miznebs axorcielebdnen.
77
Tavi IV saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebis
analizi
$1. zogadi aspeqtebi
nacionaluri usafrTxoeba qveynis ganviTarebis sawindaria, Sesaba-misad, aucilebelia qveynis saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis naT-lad gamokveTa. terorizmis istoria cxadyofs, rom Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo amJamad ruseTis federacia, iyenebs tero-rizmisa da separatizmis waqezebas ama Tu im regionis destabili-zaciisTvis anda masze gavlenis mosapoveblad. “ra SegviZlia movi-moqmedoT saxelmwifos mxridan terorizmis sponsorobis dros? pirvel yovlisa, Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom es aris agresiis erTgva-ri forma. agresia ki erT-erTi yvelaze mZime danaSaulia saerTa-Soriso samarTlis mixedviT. . .”207 aRniSnulTan kavSirSia rusi avtoris mosazrebac: saerTaSoriso eqstremizmad ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli dasavleTis qveynebis mi-er SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba msoflio sazogadoebriobis da misi institutebis sanqciis gareSe (gaeros uSiSroebis komite-ti) suverenuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi qmedebebi auci-lebelia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc agresia.208 postsabWour sivrceSi civi omis Semdgom ifeTqa eTno-nacionalu-ri xasiaTis Zaladobis axalma talRam, romelic xSirad teroriz-mis saxes Rebulobda. ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmi gaxda farTo-masStabiani eTnikuri wmendis instrumenti balkaneTSi, kavkasiasa da centralur afrikaSi. eTno-nacionaluri jgufebis mier damou-kidebeli saxelmwifoebis, an farTo avtonomiebis SeqmnisTvis swrafva aris civi omis Semdgomdroindeli msoflios mTavari ma-xasiaTebeli.209 “zogierTi saxelmwifosTvis amboxebebi da separatizmi marTlac warmoadgens omis warmoebas gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT. . .” “sa-xelmwifoebi xandaxan iyeneben separatistebs, raTa daamxon arasa-surveli xelisufleba.”210 aRniSnul movlenas terologebi xatov-nad “mezobelTa destabilizaciasac” uwodeben. “civi omis damTav-reba ar niSnavda separatistuli moZraobebisTvis saxelmwifo
207
ix. E. V. Rostow, in American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting,
14-16 April 1983, Washington, D.C.: l985 208
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008. c. 21 209
ix.: G. E. Fuller, Redrawing the World’s Borders, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997 210
ix.: D. Byman, P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for
Insurgent Movements. RAND, 2001, p. 33.
78
mxardaWeris damTavrebas. ruseTma mxari dauWira konkretul subi-eqtebs, postsabWour respublikebSi, moepovebinaT avtonomia da zo-gierT SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebaSic ki mosuliyvnen."211 msoflioSi cnobili terologebi, piter Colqi, brus hofmani, da-niel bimani da sxvebi ganixilaven ra civi omis Semdgom periodSi saxelmwifoebis mier terorizmis mxardaWeris problemas, sxva ma-galiTebTan erTad asaxeleben ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTve-loSi afxazi da osi separatistebis mxardaWeras. aRniSnuli mov-lena terologebis mier Sefasebuli da ganxilulia rogorc sa-xelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmi.212 "moskovi amJamad af-rikis, laTinuri amerikis da azieli komunisti partizanebis mxar-daWeris Semdgom amboxebulTa mxardaWeris politikas mezobel te-ritoriebze gavlenis mosapoveblad iyenebs."213
mogvianebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma ara mxolod xeli Seuwyo separa-tistebs saqarTvelos regionebSi, aramed pirdapiri monawileoba miiRo saomar moqmedebebSi da rac yvelaze savalaloa, aRiara sa-qarTvelos separatistuli regionebis damoukidebloba. gansakuT-rebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs TviTon rusuli midgoma sakuTari federaluri respublikebis da secesiis uflebis mimarT, rac Se-saZleblobas iZleva pirdapir gaivlos paralelebi da gamoaSka-ravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi dualisturi midgoma.
$2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi
standartebi
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTa-li aRiarebs kolonializmis msxverpli xalxebis da aneqsirebuli teritoriebis Tavisuflebis uflebas, magram es ufleba ar vrcel-deba aRniSnuli teritoriebis nawilze da saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT aRiarebul saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb eTnikur umcireso-bebze.214 saqarTveloSi l. meliqiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSrom-Si “konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi” moyvanilia amonari-di d. hamburgis “eTnocentruli Zaladobidan”: “msoflioSi daax-loebiT 3500 eTnikuri jgufi da 180 erovnuli qveyanaa. SeuZlia Tu ara TiToeul maTgans hqondes Tavisi monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo? Tu am problemas sazRvrebis SecvliTa da migraciiT SevecdebiT, maSin mogvixdeba: a) 1000-ze meti axali erovnebis Seqmna; b) daaxlo-
211
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 32. 212
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 13. 213
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 103. 214
ix. Y. Chipman. Managing the Politics of Politics of Parochialism//Survival.London.Vol.35.Spring
1993. №1. p. 149.
79
ebiT erTi miliardi adamianis migracia; g) Zaladobis da siZulvi-lis eskalacia arnaxul dones miaRwevs, rac niSnavs adamianTa uf-lebebis xelyofasa da imas, rom saxelmwifoebSi SesaZloa ifeT-qos Ria konfliqtebma”.215 Tanamedrove epoqaSi gaumarTlebelia msjeloba erebis “TviTga-morkvevis”, “damonebis winaaRmdeg da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis” uflebaze. rogorc aRniSnavs p. panCenko, saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-bam jer kidev 1975 wels aRiara arsebuli sazRvrebis urRvevoba, aqedan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia kvlav davubrundeT wina saukunee-bis ideebs da movuwodoT erebs “TavisuflebisTvis brZolisken”. amasTan ruseTis federaciis 1993 wlis konstituciaSi ar arsebobs daTqma erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Sesaxeb.”216
mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebis xelisufalni yvela saSualebiT icaven sakuTari qveynebis teritoriul mTlianobas. gamonaklisis gareSe yvela afrikul, aziur da aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis ka-nonmdeblobaSi separatistuli saqmianoba kanoniTaa dasjadi. gar-kveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi zogierT qveyanaSi saqmianobdnen legaluri separatistuli partiebi: dravida munetra kajaCali iR-wvoda indoeTis oTxi samxreTi Statis gamoyofisa da e.w. “dravi-danadis socialisturi saxelmwifos” SeqmnisTvis; Tamilis gamaTa-visuflebeli gaerTianebuli fronti Sri-lankaSi cdilobda Seeq-mna damoukidebeli Tamilis saxelmwifo kunZulis CrdiloeTSi. am qveynebis konstituciebSic, Sesabamisad, 1963 da 1983 wlebSi Sevida cvlilebebi, riTac aikrZala separatistuli saqmianoba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi separatizmi warmodgenilia ara legaluri po-litikuri partiebiT, aramed organizaciebiT, romlebic SeiaraRe-buli formirebebis meSveobiT ibrZvian centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. xSirad aseTi brZola iRebs farTo masStabebs da ata-rebs gaWianurebul xasiaTs.217 1993 wlis ruseTis federaciis konstituciis me-4 muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT, “ruseTis federacia uzrunvelyofs sakuTari teritoriis xelSeuxeblobas da mTlianobas”. rusi konstitucio-nalistebi mocemul normas ruseTis federaciis Sida suverenite-tis sazrisad miCneven, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas pou-lobs: im sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis akrZalvaSi, romlTa mizansac warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis mTlianobis darRveva; ruseTis federaciidan subieqtis gamosvlis dauSvebloba.218 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, ruseTis federaciam mi-
215
ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 40. 216
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 47. 217
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 83 218
ix. Научно-практический комментарий к Конститусции Российской федерации/Отв. ред. В.В.
Лазарев. М., 2001, c.40.
80
iRo “eqstremistuli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” ka-noni, romelSic da, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis samoqmedo prog-ramaSi aRiniSna, rom “mravalerovani ruseTisTvis eqstremizmis sxvadasxva formebis profilaqtika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria... eq-stremizmi reliefurad aisaxa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fanatizmis, fundamentalizmis, faSizmis, qsenofobiis saxiT. aRniSnuli movle-nebi TavianT ukidures formebSi, terorizmSi pouloben gamoxatu-lebas, rac sazogadoebaSi destruqciul procesebs aZlierebs”.219 “eqstremistuli saqmianobis aRkveTis” da “terorizmTan brZolis” ruseTis kompleqsuri federaluri kanonebis Seswavlam daadastu-ra eqstremizmis da terorizmis kompleqsuri social-samaraTleb-rivi xasiaTi da ruseTis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan aR-niSnul problemasTan yvela SesaZlo saSualebebiT brZolis auci-lebloba.220 zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan naTlad Cans, rom rogorc ruseTis federaciis kononmdeblobaSi, aseve doqtrinaSi gamefebuli mo-sazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis gamoyofis nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aRniSnul movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. umaRlesi xe-lisufleba, romelsac ruseTis federacia axorcielebs Tavis te-ritoriaze, gulisxmobs, rom erTi da imave teritoriaze SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi suverenuli saxelmwifo, erTi da imave teritoriaze ori an meti saxelmwifos arseboba principulad Se-uZlebelia. ruseTis federaciis subieqtebis samarTlebrivi statu-sis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens is, rom TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens erTi mTliani federaluri saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils.221 im dros, rodesac ruseTis federaciis SigniT “yvela SesaZlo sa-SualebiT” ewinaaRmdegebian da ebrZvian erTiani federaciidan misi subieqtis gasvlas, mezobel saqarTveloSi aseve “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT” xels uwyoben teritoriul daqucmaceba-dasustebas. aRniSnuli politika, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, terologiaSi cnobilia “mezobelTa destabilizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis oficialuri wreebis mxridan erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dua-listur midgomas. amJamad ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRar izi-arebs adreul pozicias, rodesac federaciis subieqtebi saxelmwi-foebriv warmonaqmnebad aRiqmebodnen, romelTac saxelmwifoerio-bis sxva niSnebTan erTad suverenitetis maRali xarisxi gaaC-
219
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c.21 220
ix. iqve. 221
ix. Закономерности преступности, стратегия борьбы и закон/ Под ред. проф. А.И. Долговой.
М., 2001, cc.192-198.
81
ndaT.222 ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno garkveuli normatiuli aqtebi, ris Sedegadac federalur respublikebs damoukidebeli moqmedebis areali mkveTrad Seumcir-daT da isini absoliturad damokidebulni gaxdnen federalur xe-lisuflebaze. „ruseTis federaciis konstituciaSi suverenitetis sakiTxis ga-dawyveta ganapirobebs federaluri mowyobis xasiaTs. aRniSnuli istoriulad gadawyvetilia imgvarad, rom ruseTis federaciis su-bieqtebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti, suverenitetis matarebeli mxo-lod erTiani ruseTis federaciaa. ruseTis konstituciis preambu-lis da me-3, me-4, me-5, me-15 (I nawili), 65-e (I nawili), 66-e da 67-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, federaciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCni-aT suvereniteti da aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta Ta-vianT konstituciebSi maT ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi-SezRuduli suvereni-tetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic.“223 maSin rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –Sez-Ruduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic“ ki, xolo federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi pirdapir icnobian eq-stremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, yabardo – bal-yareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatistul reJimebs saqar-TveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs e.w. afxazeTis da sam-xreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas. Tuki CeCneTSi, ya-bardo – balyareTSi da sxva Crdilo kavkasiur qveynebSi ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofis surviliT warmoebuli moZraobebi ruse-Tis federaluri Zalebis mier Sefasda eqstremizmad da teroriz-mad (stavropolis samxareo sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 11 ivlisis ga-naCeni), ratom fasdeba msgavsi moZraobebi saqarTvloSi separatis-tul regionebSi erovnul gamanTavisufleblad?! ruseTis federa-ciis mxridan aSkaraa dualisturi midgoma Sinaarsobrivad erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT, e.i. ormagi standarti. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separatis-tuli moZraobebis daxmareba-waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis fede-raciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur re-gionebSic, amasTan brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad savarau-doa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia.
222
ix. ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2000 wlis 6 ivnisis ga-dawyvetileba. 223
ix. В. Д. Зорькин. Об угрозах конституционному строю в XXI веке и необходимости
проведения правовой реформы в России// Журнал Российского права. 2004, Июнь, №6, cc. 3-17.
82
$3. eTno-separatistuli safrTxeebi
saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, eTnikur umciresobebs hqondaT da aqvT sakuTari TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, ena, religia da tra-diciuli kultura, rac maT saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos te-ritoriaze cxovrebis periodSi SeinarCunes. anu maTi mdgomareoba adrec da amJamadac faqtobriv kulturul avtonomias warmoadgens. “xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba kulturul-erovnuli avtonomi-is mopovebis mizniT swored imitom aris mimzidveli, rom is xal-xi, romelic am gzas irCevs, EerTdroulad or kurdRels iWers. erTi mxriv, maT mier SerCeuli struqtura (samarTlebriv saxel-mwifosa da moqalaqeobriv sazogadoebaSi) uzrunvelyofs am xal-xis sulieri da materialuri kulturis ganviTarebas, xolo meore mxriv – saSualebas aZlevs mas materialurad da ekonomikurad ar gamoeTiSos im garemos, an rogorc axla amboben, sivrces, romel-Sic igi cxovrobs... kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia, rogorc ga-fantulad mcxovrebi mcire xalxebis (erovnul umciresobaTa) eT-nikuri konsolidaciis, maTi kulturisa da mopovebul Rirebule-baTa dacvis optimaluri forma aqtualuria awmyoSi da amave dros, momavalSic. ra Tqma unda, kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia, rogorc erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetis garkveuli forma, ar aris panacea mcire xalxebisaTvis.” 224 saqarTvelo, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, mravalerovani saxelmwifoa. mis teritoriaze, saukuneebis manZilze, Tavs iyrida sxvadasxva mi-zeziT gadmosaxlebuli araqarTveli mosaxleoba. 1989 wlis mosax-leobis aRweriT, aq cxovrobda ramdenime aTeuli erovnebis warmo-madgeneli, maT Soris aTamde-kompaqturad dasaxlebuli, romleb-mac dominanturi eTnosis teritoriaze Seqmnes “eTnoumciresobaTa mikrokunZulebi” (termini pirobiTia). aqedan ramdenime maTgani sa-qarTvelos respublikis sasazRvro zolSia moqceuli, Tavisive erovnebis xalxiT dasaxlebul saxelmwifoebis mezoblad. maga-liTad: javaxeTSi - somxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria esazRvreba somxeTs; qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi - azerbaijans; Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria - alaniis (oseTi) respublikas; pankiseli qistebi (vainaxeli) – CeCneTis respublika iCqerias; xunZebi - daRestns. aseT ”kunZulebs” pirobiTad pirveli inoeTnikuri tipi vuwodeT. zogierTi araqarTuli erovnebis jgu-fi ki daSorebulia Tavis eTnoss, radgan maTi istoriuli samSob-lo uSualod ar esazRvreba saqarTvelos da am jgufebis warmo-madgenlebi kompaqturad da dispersiulad saxloben respublikis Sida regionebSi, eseni arian berZnebi, asirielebi, qurTebi da sxv. maT pirobiTad vuwodeT meore inoeTnikuri tipi. arcerT am tips
224 М. В. Иордан. Национальная политика в Российской федерации // 1993 год малочисленных
народов и этнических групп .М., 1993, с. 163. citirebulia: konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi, 1997 weli. gv. 39 mixedviT.
83
ar miekuTvneba afxazeTi, Tumca misi sasazRvro mdebareoba separa-tistuli pretenziebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria. amasTanave, radganac isini politikur orientacias iReben ara monaTesave eT-nosze, aramed ruseTze, amitom igi ufro Sualedur tips warmoad-gens.225 sasazRvro regionSi kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eTnikuri umcire-soba “riskis faqtors miekuTvneba. mecnierebaSi cnobilia aseTi dapirispirebis ramdenime saxe. magaliTad, amerikeli profesori Ddonald horovici gamoyofs amgvari movlenis or saxes. esaa “se-paratizmi da iredentizmi.”226 separatizms is gansazRvravs, ro-gorc “jgufisa da mis mier dakavebuli teritoriis im saxelmwi-fos iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilic aris es jgufi, xolo iredentizmi aris eTnikurad monaTesave mosaxle-obisa d misi sasazRvro teritoriis gaerTianeba da SeerTeba im monaTesave saxelmwifosTan, romelic mzad aris, igi SeierTos. se-paratistuli gziT iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, Cveulebriv, mohyveba axali saxelmwifos Seqmna, xolo iredentizmis Sedegi aris garkve-uli teritoriis mierTeba-aneqsia im mezobel saxelmwifos mier, romelic mzad aris SeierTos esa Tu is jgufi. magram es ar-aris ubralo aneqsia; amgvar aneqsias safuZvlad eTnikuri naTesaoba uZevs.”227 saqarTveloSi araqarTuli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebu-li eqvsi sasazRvro regionia: afxazeTi, Sida qarTlis Crdilo na-wili (e.w. samxreT oseTi) qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi, pankisis xeoba da yvarlis raioni. am eqvsi regionidan potenciurad SeiZleba yvelgan gaRvivebuliyo konfliqti. realurad ki didi riskis mata-rebeli mxolod oTxia, xolo danrCen orSi Ria konfliqti mosa-lodneli ar aris, Tumca yofiTi da socialuri sakiTxebi iwvevs konfliqtur situacias, romelic, SesaZloa xSirad eTnikuri kon-fliqtis samoselSi gaxveuli mogvevlinos. oTxidan or regionSi (afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi) Camoyalibda Ria konfliqti, xolo orSi – qvemo qarTlSi – azerbaijanelebma da javaxeTSi – som-xebma – saqarTveloSi gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasawyisidan-ve wamoWres am regionebis saqarTvelodan gasvlis da mezobel respublikebTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. mexuTe da meeqvse regioni (yvarlis raionSi xunZebi da pankisis xeobaSi qistebi) ar aris Ria konfliqtis riskis matarebeli.228
225 ix.: konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi~. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi,
1997, gv. 43-44. 226
ix. Д. Горовиц., Ирредентизм, сепаратизм и самоопределение // Национальная политика в
Российской федерации.М., 1993, с. 145. 227
ix. Д. Горовиц., dasax. naSr., 147. 228
ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili Tbilisi,
1997, gv. 46
84
$4. Crdilo kavkasiuri safrTxeebi
saqarTvelosTvis Sida separatistuli ganwyobebis garda safrTxis Semcvelia radikal-islamistebis gaaqtiureba CriloeT kavkasiaSi. Tanamedrove periodSi eTnonacionalizmi, romelic iyo antisaxel-mwifoebrivi eqstremizmis ideur – politikuri safuZveli Crdilo-eT kavkasiaSi, Canacvlda islamuri “internacionalizmiT”. amasTan, ideur-politikuri centri CeCneTidan gadanacvlda daRestanSi, in-guSeTSi da ruseTis federaciis sxva respublikebSi. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma safrTxem xasiaTi Seicvala. an-tisaxelmwifoebrivma separatistulma eqstremizmma adgili dauTmo islamur eqstremizms, romelic gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba axlo aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeT afrikis teroristul standartebs.229 2005 wlis ruseTis federaciis prezidentis samxreT federaluri warmomadgenlis moxsenebaSi miTiTebulia, rom daRestanSi mosa-lodnelia “movlenaTa ukontrolo ganviTareba TviT respublikis daSlac ki”. ukanaskneli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikidan wavida oci aTasze meti rusi erovnebis moqalaqe, xolo sxva naci-onaluri jgufebis mimarT arsebobs sxvadasxva intensivobis kon-fliqtebi. ukanasknel wlebSi Zalas ikrebs islamis politizacia, religiuri sazogadoebebi aqtiurad monawileoben saxelmwifos centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebSi. religiuri av-toritetebi TandaTanobiT mometebul gavlenas axdenen qveynis mTiani raionebis municipalitetebze. religiuri sazogadoebebis gavlenis gazrdam daaxloebiT 10-15 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba gamoiw-vios “SariaTuli anklavebis” Camoyalibeba respublikis mTian re-gionebSi. daskvnaSi miTiTebulia, agreTve, rom “eTnopolitikuri problemebis naTlad gamokveTili koncentracia” provocirebas ga-uwevs eqstremistul Zalebs imisTvis rom Seqmnan defaqto kvazisa-xelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi daRestnis CrdiloeTSi, samxreTSi da centralur nawilSi, “rac, Tavis mxriv, respublikas daSlas gamoiwvevs”.230 prezident muxu alievis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis etapisTvis res-publikis CrdiloeTi nawili praqtikulad ar eqvemdebareboda cen-tralur xelisuflebas, garkveuli xarvezebi iyo respublikis sam-xreTSic, “mebrZol jamaaTebTan” dakavSirebuli problemebi qvey-nis mTian regionebSi da ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofis saf-rTxe.231
229
ix. И.П. Добаев, Г.А. Мурклинская, А.В. Сухов, К.М. Ханбабаев. Радикализация исламских
движений в центральной Азии и на Северном Кавказе: Сравнительно-политологическии анализ
Ростов-на-дону, 2010. c. 99-128. 230
ix. Аппарат Козака предсказывает развал Дагестана//Объединенная газета. 2005, .№17, c.2. 231
ix. М. Могамедов. Президенты в сравнении//Черновик. Общественно-политический
еженедельник.2006, .№20. c. 5.
85
Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis samarTlebrivi da faq-tobrivi SefasebisTvis saintereso wyaros warmoadgens stavropo-lis samxareo sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni xutovis, tli-sovis, aibazovis, auSevis, keCerukovis da sxvaTa mimarT rf. ssk 278-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisTvis (saxelmwi-fo xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba anda ZaladobiT misi SenarCuneba). sasamarTlo ganxilvisas dadginda, rom 1996-1999 wlebSi CeCneTis respublikis mcxovrebma S. basaevma da daRestnis respublikis mcxovrebma b. mogamedovma iordaniis moqalaqe hatab-Tan, yaraCai-CerqezeTis moqalaqe r. borlakovTan, a. goCiaevTan, ya-bardo-balyareTis respublikis moqalaqe e. bekaevTan erTad CeCne-Tis TviTgamocxadebuli respublika iCqeriaSi, yabardo – balya-reTSi da yaraCai-CerqezeTSi Seqmnes danaSaulebrivi organiacia, romelic Sedgeboda eqstremistuli samxedro-religiuri e.w. “jama-aTebis” dajgufebebisgan. “jamaaTebi” momzadebas gadiodnen specia-lur mosamzadebel banakebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia CeCneTis te-ritoriaze arsebuli “kavkasia”, “Talibani”, “muTafad – jiraTi”. “jamaaTebi”, swavlobdnen iaraRis da asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis gamoyenebas, sabrZolo qmedebebis warmoebis taqtikas, gadiodnen ideologiur momzadebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo islamis “vaha-bistur” mimdinareobaze. danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mTavar mi-zans warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba da konstituciuri wyobilebis Secvla, xolo Sem-dgomSi ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofa da islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna.232 yaraCai-CerqezeTis TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebul punqtSi Seiqmna sam-xedro-religiuri organizacia “jamaaTebis” ofisebi, romelTa wev-rebic regularulad igzavnebodnen CeCneTis respublikaSi samxed-ro momzadebis gasavlelad. 2000 – 2001 wlebSi “jamaaTebis” samxedro-religiuri dajgufebebi Seiqmna qalaq nalCikSi da yabardo-balyareTis respublikis Cege-mis raionSi. maT mizans Seadgenda yabardo-balyareTis respublika-Si xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba. qmedebaTa ukeTesi ko-ordinaciisTvis aRniSnul respublikaSi moqmedi “jamaaTebi” gaer-Tiandnen danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi, romelSic TiToeuli wev-ris funqciuri movaleobebi mkveTrad iyo gamokveTili. danaSau-lebriv organizacias, romelSic 2000 – 2001 wlebSi gaerTienebuli iyo daaxloebiT samasamde piri, samxedro xelmZRvanelobas (amiri) uwevda a. bekaevi. 2000-2001 wlebSi yabardo – balyareTisa da yaraCai – CerqezeTis “jamaaTebi” warmoadgendnen ra ukanono SeiraRebul formirebebs, gaerTiandnen erTian danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi.
232
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86
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom “jamaaTebis” danaSaulebriv organiza-ciaSi regularulad tardeboda Sekrebebi, romlebzec muSavdebo-da SeiaraRebuli brZolis gegmebi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT Se-sacvlelad. dagegmili iqna CeCneTis gverdiT, yaraCai – CerqezeTSi da yabardo – balyareTSi gaxsniliyo frontis meore xazi ruse-Tis federaciis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli gegmis na-wils warmoadgenda saqarTvelos respublikaSi, pankisis xeobaSi dabanakebuli ruslan gelaevis meTaurobis qveS myofi ukanono Se-iaraRebuli formirebis (romelTanac “jamaaTebs” hqondaT mWidro kavSiri) SeWra yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi da saomari moq-medebebis gaCaReba. danaSaulebrivi organizacia funqciurad sam jgufad iqna gayofili: pirvel jgufs unda ewarmoebina saomari operaciebi da ganexorcielebina diversiuli aqtebi yabardo – balyareTis respublikis teritoriaze. meore jgufis mizans ruse-Tis federaciis teritoriaze teroristuli aqtebis mowyoba Sead-genda. mesame jgufis funqciaSi Sedioda ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis wevrTa ojaxebis gayvana ruseTis federaciis far-glebs gareT. zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, rogorc araerTxel dadginda sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad, “jamaaTebis” erTma nawilma, da-RestanSi bagautdinis, xolo CeCneTSi hatabis meTaurobiT, meore nawilma ki yaraCai-CerqezeTis da yabardo-balyareTis teritoriaze arsebul specialur banakebSi da konspirirebul binebSi gaiara Se-sabamisi sabrZolo momzadeba. ideologiur da samxedro momzade-basTan erTad ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis wevrebi iZendnen iaraRs, kavSiris saSualebebs da a.S. zemoaRniSnuli qmedebebis motivacias warmoadgenda islamuri sa-xelmwifos Seqmna da SeiaraRebuli brZolis meSveobiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis federaciis konstituciuri wyobis ZaladobiT Secvla.233 Crdilo kavkasiuri islamoterorizmis safrTxeebi saqarTvelos-Tvis naTlad Cans saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saminis-tros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSidan, sadac vkiTxulobT: 1999 wels, ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan lamis moiTxovs saqarTvelos teritoriis gamoyenebiT zurgidan moeqces CeCneTSi myof CeCenTa SeiaraRebul formirebebs, rac rea-lurad saqarTvelos am konfliqtSi CarTvas niSnavda.rom saqar-Tvelos prezidentis erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebas pasuxad CeC-neTis meore omis talRaze saqarTvelosaken gamoZevebuli 7 aTasam-de ltolvili da ramdenime aseuli SeiaraRebuli boeviki mohyva. eqstremalurma situaciam, humanurobam da pankisis mosaxleobis
233
ix.: Приговор Ставрополского краевого суда от 11 июля 2002г. Дело № 2-28/2002
moyvanilia: А. Зюков, Генезис уголовной этнополитики российского государства в период Х-
ХХI вв, Владимир, 2008. c. 211, mixedviT.
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CeCnebTan eTnikurma naTesaobam ganapiroba gayinul gaToSili qa-lebis, bavSvebisa da moxucebis am xeobaSi gadayvana. samwuxarod, maRalmTiani bilikebiT iq gadavidnen SeiaraRebuli formirebebic, romlebTan erTad xeobaSi moxvdnen saerTaSoriso teroristul organizaciebTan dakavSirebuli arabTa jgufebic. aRniSnuli regi-oni gadaiqca ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis, sxvadasxva ju-ris kriminalebis TavSesafrad. ufro metic, xeobaSi aqtiurad moq-medebdnen ucxo specsamsaxurebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis emisrebi, romlebic wminda sadazvervo informaci-is mopovebis garda cdilobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi isla-mis ukiduresad reaqciuli mimdinareobis – vahabizmis gavrcele-bas. Cveni arakeTilmosurneebis da pirvel rigSi ruseTis reaqciu-li samxedro-politikuri wreebis ZalisxmeviT, pankisis problemam saerTaSoriso uaryofiTi rezonansi SeiZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli problemis warmoSoba, rogorc aRvniSneT uSualod ukavSirdeba ruseTis federaciis mosazRvre teritoriaze mimdina-re SeiaraRebul konfliqts, xsenebulma wreebma gaSales farTo propagandistuli kampania saqarTvelos xelisuflebis teroriste-bis mfarvelobaSi dadanaSaulebis mizniT. aRniSnuli antiqarTuli isteria viTardeboda ruseTis am Zalebis mxridan permanentulad ganxorcielebadi samxedro-politikuri provokaciebis anu, gasagebad Tu vityviT, pirdapiri sahaero dabom-bvebis fonze. rogorc aRiniSna, CeCeni boevikebis Semosvla saqarTvelos terito-riaze ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda isev da isev ruseTidan, romlis sasazRvro uwyebas saqarTvelos analogiur struqturasTan Seda-rebiT ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda sakuTari movaleobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. aseT pirobebSi, saqarTvelos xeli-suflebam gadadga metad swori da logikuri nabiji, rodesac ar misca ruseTis mxares pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli operaci-is Catarebis ufleba. aRniSnulis Sedegad Cveni qveyana miiRebda eTnikuri daZabulobis kidev erT keras, rac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda qveynis damoukideblobas, zogadad Cvens saxelmwifoeb-riobas. CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis Camoyalibeba pankisis xeobaSi daiwyo 1999 wlis bolos. Camoyalibda pirveli mcire razmi ltolvilTa nakadisagan. 2000 wlidan iwyeba ufro msxvili formi-rebebis Seqmna, romlebsac saTaveSi udgebian savele meTaurebi: ruslan gelaevi, abdul-maliq (idrisi) mejidovi, kiuri xasanovi (doka umarovi), xusein isabaevi (salman macievi), isa munaevi. amave periodidan xeobaSi SemohyavT mebrZolebi aziidan da axlo aRmo-savleTis islamuri qveynebidan, maT Soris 50-mde mebrZoli arabi erovnebis. imave periodSi xeobaSi dafiqsirebulia saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis emisrebis vizitebi, romelTa saqmia-nobis mizans warmoadgenda iaraRis, teqnikuri saSualebebis da fuladi Tanxebis gadagzavna CeCneTSi, saqarTvelos teritoriis
88
gavliT. igive pirebi finansuri resursebis gamoyenebiT xels uw-yobdnen da propagandas uwevdnen vahabizmis da radikalur-isla-misturi msoflmxedvelobis gavrcelebas pankisis xeobis mosaxle-obaSi. sxvadasxva dros am saqmianobiT dakavebulni iyvnen: iorda-niis moqalaqe abu xafsi, igive amJeti; alJiris moqalaqe – abu ga-ribi (abu xafsis moadgile); saudis arabeTis moqalaqe – abu hasa-ni; iordaniis moqalaqe – jaber Seixjani, igive jaberi; saudis arabeTis moqalaqe – abu leiSi; ibn al Seixi, abu omari, abu ona-bia, luqmani da sxvebi. paralelurad aRniSnuli formirebebisa xe-obaSi moqmedebdnen kriminaluri dajgufebebi, romelTa xelmZRva-nelebi asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis adaptaciaSi adgilobriv pirobebTan. aseT ricxvs ga-nekuTvnebian: farnaoz xangoSvilis, mevlud (SoTa) qiCiris–Ze Wi-WiaSvilis, zaurbek (xamzaT) iumaxas-Ze fareuliZis da vefxia Cofa-naSvilis kriminaluri dajgufebebi, agreTve, erovnebiT CeCnebis, Zmebi axmadovebis kriminaluri formireba.234 CeCenTa zemoxsenebul razmebs gaaCndaT kargi SeiaraReba, maTi meb-rZolebi gamoirCeodnen maRali sabrZolo momzadebiT, romelic gaiares CeCneTSi arsebul sxvadasxva sawvrTnel bazebze. pankisis xeobaSi yofnis periodSi CeCenma boevikebma SeinarCunes kavSirebi iaraRis momwodeblebTan ruseTis teritoriaze. saqar-Tvelos Zalovani struqturebis mier araerTxel iqna Tavidan aci-lebuli iaraRis da sabrZolo masalebis Setanis faqtebi pankisis xeobaSi afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan. sagulisxmoa, rom am regionebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanonod gadaadgilebu-li iaraRis partiebSi gamovlenilia iseTi nimuSebi, romlebic Sei-araRebaSi gaaCnia mxolod ruseTis armias (kompleqsebi - `Smeli~, `igla~ da a.S.). garda amisa, adgilobrivi vahabitebis xelSewyobiT bawaras xeobis soflebis – tbaTanas, xadoris da xorejos midamo-ebSi organizebuli iyo boevikTa saSualedo bazebi, sadac koncen-trirebuli iyo didi odenobiT iaraRi da sabrZolo masalა, mSra-li sakvebi produqtebi. SeZenili iyo cxenebi cocxali Zalisa da tvirTebis CeCneTSi gadayvanis mizniT. aRniSnul bazebze myofi bo-evikebis raodenoba, sxvadasxva dros meryeobda 300-dan 800 kacam-de.235 bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba, romelsac yovelTvis gaaCnda terorizmTan brZolis politikuri neba da, romelic aqti-urad Caeba saerTaSoriso antiteroristuli koaliciis saqmianoba-Si, ver dauSvebda qveynis teritoriaze terorizmisa da vahabizmis kerebis Camoyalibebas. swored aRniSnulma garemoebebma ganapiro-
234
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 235
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
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bes pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli da antikriminaluri far-TomasStabiani RonisZiebebis Catareba... 2002 wlis zafxulamde xeobaSi moqmedebda hatabisa da “al-qaidas” axlo kavSiri abu hafsi, igive amJeti iordaniis saxelmwifos moqa-laqe, erovnebiT arabi (iZebneba aSS-s xelisuflebis mier 11 seqtem-bris movlenebTan dakavSirebiT). amJeti akontrolebda sof. duisSi CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis gaxsnil hospital `assalams~. mSeneblo-bis dafinanseba, arsebuli informaciiT, uSualod xdeboda usama ben ladenisagan, romlis pativsacemadac ewoda misi saxeli. aRsa-niSnavia is garemoeba, rom arabul qveynebSi moqmedi organizacie-bis: `assalami~-s, `alxarameini~-s da `msoflio islamuri axalgaz-rduli asamblei~-s wevrebi xSirad Camodiodnen pankisis xeobaSi da afinansebdnen xeobis axalgazrdebis gamgzavrebas saudis arabe-Tis islamis universitetSi swavlis mizniT.236 “operatiuli iZulebis RonisZiebaTa Sedegad SeiaraRebuli pirebi gaeridnen Cvens SeiaraRebul ZalebTan Setakebas da samTo gadasas-vlelebiT, romlebic 150-mdea, seqtembris TveSi datoves saqarTve-lo da gadavidnen ruseTSi inguSeT-CeCneTis teritoriaze. Tu Ta-vis droze rusma mesazRvreebma saqarTveloze mimarTuli korido-ri gauxsnes boevikebs, miuxedavad garegnuli mondomebisa, amjera-dac, ukve maTTvisve sazianod, ver SesZles am Zalebis neitralize-ba-Sekaveba, Tumca iyvnen sakmarisad informirebulni. yovelive gan-xorcielda saqarTvelos prezidentis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis saministro-ebis, agreTve, sxva Sesabamisi uwyebebis erToblivi gegmis safuZ-velze da Tavidan iqna acilebuli saomari moqmedebebis saqarTve-loSi gadmotana.”237
236
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 237
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
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problemis saboloo analizi
saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or jgufad: 1. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi, romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoe-bul brZolaSi. ruseTis federaciam aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukidebloba, romelTa separatistul moTxovnebs sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdeg aqtiurad (marTalia, Tavdapirvelad SefarviT) uWerda mxars. aRniSnuli qmedebiT ruse-Tis federaciam ganaxorciela e.w. “mezobelTa destabilizacia”. separatistuli moZraobebis mxardaWera – waqezeba gamoricxuli ar aris, agreTve, saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur zonebSic.
2. globaluri mniSvnelobisaa Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis saf-rTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare, rom axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigis idea, islamuri saxel-mwifoebis SeqmniT, rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, iranis islamu-ri respublikidan iRebs saTaves da aiaTola homeinis politikur Sexedulebebzea damyarebuli. irani islamuri revoluciebis eq-sports eweoda rogorc homeinis, agreTve, misi mimdevrebis period-Si. Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulmanu-ri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radika-luri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogierT maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTi, iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben is-lamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi. Crdi-lo kavkasiis islamoterorizmis dafinansebas ewevian ara mxolod al-qaida, hamasi, iranis islamuri respublika da a.S. aramed radi-kalurad ganwyobili “erTmorwmune” moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli pi-rebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis federaciis samxreT regionebSi arsebuli islamoterorizmis safrTxe TavisTavad exeba saqarTve-los usafrTxoebis interesebsac, radganac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo aRmoC-ndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis SuagulSi. mniSvnelovani faq-toria is, rom rogorc zemoT moyvanil 2002 wlis saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministros angariSSia aRiniSnuli, radikalur – is-lamisturi jgufebi cdilobdnen dasayrdeni moeZebnaT saqarTve-los musulmanuri aRmsareblobis mosaxleobaSi. safrTxe, romelic globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmidan mo-dis, erTnairad problemuria rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ruseTis federaciis interesebisTvis. ruseTis federaciis mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis da-sustebis mcdeloba, sabolood isev ruseTs moutans zians, vinaidan:
91
a. afxazeTis da oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebiT ruseTis federaciam Seqmna precendenti, romliTac sakuTar terito-riaze separatistuli ganwyobebis mqone jgufebs federaciu-li respublikidan gamoyofis da damoukidebel saxelmwifoe-bad Camoyalibebis imedi misca. Crdilo kavkasiis federalu-ri respublikebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibe-ba ki TavisTavad ruseTis etapobriv daSlas gamoiwvevs.
b. saqarTvelos dasustebiT ruseTis federacia saerTaSoriso
terorizmTan brZolaSi kargavs mniSvnelovan mekavSires. sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi siZliere ruseTisTvis unda niSnavdes radikal-islamisturi dartymebisgan damcav samxre-Tis faris arsebobas.
g. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi dasusteba niSnavs teroriz-
mis da organizebuli danaSaulis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebis-Tvis Tavisufali nacrisferi zonis Seqmnas, rac saboloo jamSi ruseTis federaciis usafrTxoebis xelyofis gamarti-vebas niSnavs.
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Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebi da saSualebebi
$1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi
nacionaluri usafrTxoeba gvareobiTi cnebaa da sakuTar TavSi moicavs usafrTxoebis sxva saxeebs: konstituciurs, ekonomikurs, politikurs, socialurs. saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoeba, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens politikuri usafrTxoebis Semadgenel nawils, radganac saxelmwifo sazogadoebis politikuri sistemis Semadge-neli elementia. saxelmwifo warmoadgens mTels sazogadoebas, aR-Wurvilia mmarTvelobis da iZulebis aparatiT da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo flobs suverenitets, risi meSveobiTac axorcielebs politikur xelisuflebas.238 saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba sakuTar TavSi moicavs rogorc konsti-tuciur wyobas (konstituciur usafrTxoebas), agreTve, konstitu-ciuri wyobis umniSvnelovanes safuZvlebs – suverenitets da te-ritoriul mTlianobas.239 konstituciuri usafrTxoeba, agreTve, moicavs usafrTxoebis kuTxiT arsebul kanonmdeblobas, samar-Talgamoyenebis meTodebs da aRniSnuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcie-lebel organoTa sistemas.240 antisaxelmwifoebrivi separatizmisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg sa-xelmwifo unda iyos ara “TavdacviT”, aramed “usafrTxoebis” po-ziciaSi. aRniSnuli niSnavs pasiuri, TavSekavebuli midgomebidan aqtiur qmedebebze gadasvlas; saxelmwifoSi arsebuli socialur-politikuri wyobis SenarCunebis magivrad, mis gaumjobeseba – transformacias; antisaxelmwifoebrivi eqstremizmis mimarT pasiu-ri damokidebulebidan, anu mxolod reaqciidan mimdinare an ukve momxdar negatiur qmedebebze, aqtiur poziciaze gadasvlas, rac mi-marTuli iqneba aRniSnuli movlenis Tavidan acilebisken.241 separatistuli regionebis kontrolisTvis aucilebelia saqarTve-los xelisuflebis realuri saqmianoba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ara mxolod teritoriis formalur kontrolSi, aramed regione-bis srul socializaciaSi da modernizaciaSi, maT CarTvaSi sa-xelmwifos erTian socialur-ekonomikur qselSi.
238
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, cc. 168-169. 239
ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 173. 240
ix. Т. Э. Шуберт. Национальная безопасность России: конституционно – правовые аспекты.
Сравнительно – правовое исследование. М., 2001, c. 10. 241
ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 144.
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usafrTxoebis antiteroristuli sistemis efeqturi funqcionire-bisTvis aucilebelia ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamoyofa: 1. sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba da kontroli; 2. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba; 3. Sesabamisi swavlebebis organizeba ara mxolod antiteroristu-li specsamsaxurebisTvis, aramed viqtimuri kontingentisTvisac; 4. uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba;
5. informaciis mopoveba-analizi; 6. sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna; 7. saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis drouli gamovle-na; 8. regionebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa strategiuli da ope-ratiuli marTvis mizniT; 9. koordinirebuli saqmianoba politikuri, ekonomikuri, sazogado-ebrivi da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT; 10. kriminogenuri situaciis dastabilureba, organizebuli danaSa-ulebrivi jgufebis saqmianobis gamovlena da aRkveTa; 11. legaluri politikuri aqtivobisTvis pirobebis Seqmna; 12. polieTnikur regionebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTva qvey-nis centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebis organoebSi; 13. ekonomikuri struqturebis saqmianobisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna;
14. antiteroristuli politikis mTavar mizans unda warmoadgendes ara mxolod uSualod terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, aramed te-roristebisTvis iseTi garemo pirobebis Seqmna, rom maTi saqmiano-ba sawyis etapzec ki, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxdes... xelisuflebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos imisTvis, rom Seqmnas rac SeiZleba meti winaaRmdegoba teroristTa saqmianobisTvis. rogorc frontalu-rad, ise zurgSi, terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi... faqtobri-vad unda Seiqmnas iseTi garemo, rom teroristuli jgufi TavisTa-vad dasustdes da ganadgurdes;242
242
ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover Between
Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) P. 35 project
MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2006.
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15. informaciis saerTaSoriso gacvla. antiteroristuli RonisZie-bebidan erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi informaciis gacvlaa. is qveynebic ki, romlebic eridebian terorizmTan brZo-lis sxva meTodebs, rogoricaa samxedro Careva, ekonomikuri, sa-marTlebrivi, diplomatiuri sanqciebi da a.S. informaciis gacvla-ze, romelic SeiZleba Seexebodes teroristuli jgufis saqmiano-bas, uars ar amboben;243
16. saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi saSua-lebebi. saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia gaeros 13 konvencia. saerTaSoriso masStabiT antiteroristuli saqmianobis pirveli mcdeloba iyo tokios 1963 wlis SeTanxmeba sahaero xomaldze Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebis Sesaxeb. aRniS-nuli SeTanxmebis mniSneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari teritoriis far-glebs gareTac. mniSvnelovan aqtebs warmoadgens 1970 wlis haa-gis da 1971 wlis monrealis SeTanxmebebi samoqalaqo aviaciis wi-naaRmdeg. haagis SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia an TviTon gaasamarTlos an gadasces aRniSnuli konvenciis damrRvevi pirebi. 1973 wels gaeros mier niu-iorkSi miRebuli konvencia saer-TaSoriso samarTlebriv dacvas daqvemdebarebuli pirebis Sesaxeb da a.S. 244 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 2006 wlis globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia, romlis farglebSic msoflios 192 saxelmwifo gaerTianda terorizmTan brZolaSi. dakisrebuli socialuri funqciebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwi-fo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa kompleqss atarebs moqalaqeebis da sruliad qveynis danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan dacvis mizniT. aRniSnuli amocanebis ganxorcilebis aucilebel saSualebas warmoadgens samarTali. saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifo-ebrivi normatiuli aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia sisxlis samarTlis ko-deqsis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis amkrZalavi normebi (ssk-is 323-3311) da 2007 wlis saqarTvelos kano-ni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb; 17. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi ad-gili uWiravs ekonomikur sanqciebs da terorizmis dafinansebis akrZalvas. terorizmis dafinansebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso sa-marTlebrivi bazis mniSvnelovani elementia 1999 wlis gaeros kon-vencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. terorizmis wi-naaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebis efeqturad gamoyenebis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier libanis mimarT gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi: 1986 wels aikrZala aRniSnul qveyanasTan vaWroba. aSS –is bankebSi gaiyina libanuri warmoSobis 243
ix. U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990, p.9. 244
ix.: http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011.
95
depozitebi. prezidentma reiganma gamosca brZaneba, romlis mixed-viTac yvela amerikels unda daetovebina libani.245 18. saxelmwifos mier sworad dagegmili da warmoebuli socialur – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika. kim krejini da piter Colqi TavianT metad saintereso naSromSi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZo-lis da misi profilaqtikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saSualebad mi-iCneven socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sworad SerCeul po-litikas, aRniSnul politikas : a) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia Seasus-tos teroristuli moZraobebisadmi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas Se-uZlia sakmao wvlili Seitanos axali saSualo klasis Camoyalibe-basa da mis gafarToebaSi sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic tra-diciulad xels uwyobda teroristul moZraobebs. aRniSnulma sa-Sualo klasma damyarebuli mSvidobis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, mii-Ro ekonomikuri sargebeli da ewinaaRmdegeba adgilobrivi mosax-leobis mier teroristuli moZraobebis mxardeWeras. magaliTad, CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamovlinda, rom axalma saSualo klasma da biznes elitam miiRo kargi ekonomikuri sargebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis Sedegad. aRniSnuli demografiuli seqto-ris wevrebs gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani saSuamavlo arxebi, raTa Seam-ciron daZabuloba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris, komerciuli interesebi moqmedebs muxruWis msgavsad respublikelebsa da loia-listebs Soris, ewinaaRmdegeba ra masobrivi areulobebisa da Za-ladobis gamoyenebas, rasac tradiciulad adgili hqonda Crdilo-eT irlandiaSi. b) social-ekonomikur ganviTarebas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos tero-ristul moZraobebSi axalbedebis Cabmas. mravali teroristuli moZraoba izidavs Tavis rigebSi axalbedebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom terorizmi aris erTaderTi qmediTi saSualeba pasuxi gaeces im socialur-politikur usamarTlobas, romelsac ganicdis maTi saxelmwifo, an konkretuli socialuri jgufi, amis garda, garkve-uli teroristuli jgufebi materialur waxalisebasac sTavazoben axalbedebs da maT ojaxebs, rac xSirad sakmaod momnusxvelad moqmedebs. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia Seamciros terorizmSi axalbedebis Cabma, miscems ra sazogadoebis aRniSnul fenas arsebobisTvis aucilebel, alternatiul saSuale-bebs. g) araadekvaturad warmarTul da finansirebad social-ekonomikur politikas SeuZlia gamoiwvios imedgacureba socialur fenebSi da maT mier terorizmis kvlav xelSewyoba. imisTvis, rom socialur-ekonomikuri politika iyos efeqturi, igi unda Seesabamebodes ad-
245
ix.: U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990 p.15
96
gilobrivi socialuri fenebis moTxovnilebebs. . . ganviTarebis aRniSnul programas Tan unda axldes adekvaturi dafinanseba. mwi-ri dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcieleba Se-uZlebeli iqneba, rac sazogadoebis fenebSi imedgacruebas da kvlav terorizmisTvis xelSewyobas gamoiwvevs. am mxriv saintere-soa didi britaneTis magaliTi, romelic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi warmatebiT axorcielebs socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programas. 1997 wlidan didi britaneTi aRniSuli programis far-glebSi yovelwliurad xarjavda saSualod 869 milion aSS do-lars,246 aRniSnul saxsrebs evrokavSirma daumata 48 milioni aSS dolari yovelwliurad,247 ramac Seadgina daaxloebiT 543 aSS do-lari TiToeul mosaxleze yovelwliurad. d) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika maSin aris warma-tebuli, rodesac igi xorcieldeba adgilobriv socialur jgu-febTan, maT liderebTan konsultaciebis safuZvelze, mosaxleobis umravlesobis moTxovnilebebis da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. . . mag: filipinebSi da palestinaSi aRniSnuli socialur-ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis proeqtebma ver upasuxa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umravlesobis moTxovnilebebs, amas ramodenime mizezi axlda, jer erTi, mwiri dafinanseba, meore, aRniSnul proeqtebSi gavrcelebu-li korufcia, mesame momsaxurebis iseTi sferoebis Seqmna, rac mo-saxleobis umravlesobisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo (aRniSnulis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Razas seqtorSi aSenebuli karame-his caTambjeni (the Karameh Towers), romelSic ganTavsebulia 192 sacxovrebeli bina da TiToeuli 30 000 a.S.S dolarad iyideba. aR-niSnuli Tanxa gacilebiT aRemateba Razas seqtorSi mcxovrebi mo-saxleobis SesaZleblobebs, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 600 dan 1200 a.S.S dolaramde meryeobs. e) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swor politikas, romelic Sesabamisad aris xelSewyobili da ganxorcielebuli, SeuZlia te-rorizmis Tavidan acileba, magram ar SeuZlia misi aRmofxvra. so-cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika gacilebiT efeqturia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CarTulia faqtorTa erTian jaWvSi, sadac figurirebs, agreTve, iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa: politikuri, samxedro-SeiaraRebuli, samarTlebrivi da a.S; 248 19. informaciul – fsiqologiuri teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. aR-niSnuli meTodis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia:
246
britaneTis mier CrdiloeT irlandiisTvis gamoyofili 2000-2003 wlebis biu-jetebis Sesaxeb informacia SegiZliaT moipovoT internet gverdze: http://www.nics.gov.uk/pubs/newbudgt.pdf. 2011. SeniS. Cvenia 247
aRniSnuli programis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT moipovoT informacia, agreTve, in-ternet saitze: http://www.E.U.-peace.org.2011. SeniS. Cvenia 248
ix. K. Cragin, P. Chalk, Terrorism & Development: Using Social and Economic Development to
Inhibit a Resurgence of terrorism. Published 2003 by rand rand url: http://www.rand.org. 2003.
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a) prevenciuli zemoqmedeba da konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan acileba. b) politikur praqtikaSi tradiciuli SeiaraRebuli brZolis me-Todebis Secvla Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri operaciebiT. g) informaciul – fsiqologiuri omis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi mSvidobianobis periodSi mowinaaRmdegesTan brZolis da misTvis mniSvnelovani zianis miyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. d) konfliqtis zonebSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan, maT cnobie-rebasTan pirdapiri kontaqtis SesaZlebloba mowinaaRmdege eTno – politikur elitisgan, romelic, rogorc wesi, konfliqtis eska-lacias lamobs, gverdis avliT. e) konfliqtis daregulirebis procesSi ara mxolod cnobierebis, aramed qvecnobierebis CarTva, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia “RirebulebaTa konfliqtis” dros.249 separatistuli ganwyobebis warmoSobis Tavidan asacileblad sa-qarTvelos polieTnikurad dasaxlebuli teritoriuli erTeule-bis mosaxleoba maqsimalurad unda iqnes CarTuli qveynis soci-alur – ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, adgilobrivi da centraluri mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobaSi, maqsimalurad unda Seewyos xeli qarTuli da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis kultu-rul daaxloebas da Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli kulturuli izolacia, gaucxoeba. saxelmwifo oficialuri ideologia mimar-Tuli unda iyos moqalaqeobrivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebaze da eTni-kuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, TiToeul adamianSi saqarTvelos srulfasovani moqalaqis rwmenis Camoyalibebisken. umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TviTSegnebis gazrda saqarTvelos moqalaqis TviTSegnebamde. aRniSnuli mizniT gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Cven mier zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebi, gansakuTrebiT ki socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da informa-ciul – teqnologiuri meTodebi. mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qme-debebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, gadaxedvas saWiroebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsis meTerTmete kari, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia sa-xelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi. gansakuTrebul sa-Wiroebas warmoadgens iseTi qmedebebis kriminalizacia, romelic
249
ix.: А. В. Манойло, Эффективность воздействия на современные конфликты, М. 2008,с. 162-
163.
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Tavisi arsiT eqstremizmis niSnebs Seicavs. marTalia, saqarTvelos ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTvelos sawinaaR-mdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda saqarTvelos teri-toriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive qmedeba, ramac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis dakargva anda sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma ar moicavs saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT qmedebebs, romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis gamoTiSvas, gauc-xoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebrivi da fsiqo-logiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatistuli, fsev-doreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmoSobis. msgav-si normebis magaliTi SeiZleba veZioT sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi, maT Soris, postsabWoeTis respubli-kebSic, Tumca verc erT maTgans srulyofil modelad ver miviC-nevT. terorizmTan da zogadad saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebTan brZolis sisxlissamarTlebrivi saSualebebi dama-tebiT Rrma kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. mocemuli naSromis far-glebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis Rrma kvlevaSi ver SevalT da sis-xlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi terorizmis Tavidan acilebis mxo-lod erT-erT faqtorad gvaqvs ganxiluli.
99
$ 2. terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebi
2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso normatiuli saSualebebiT terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis istoriuli saTaveebi ukavSirdeba meoce saukunis dasaw-yisSi erTa ligis250 farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblo-bis unifikaciis process. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis uni-fikaciis idea warmoiSva 1926 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociaciis kongresze. sisxlis samarTlis saerTa-Soriso asociacia damnaSaveobasTan gaZlierebuli brZolis miz-niT cdilobda maqsimalurad daeaxloebina erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia sakmaod aqtiuri or-ganizacia aRmoCnda. misi kongresebi Catarda 1927 wels, varSavaSi, 1928 wels romSi, 1930 wels briuselSi, 1931 wels, parizSi, 1933 wels madridSi, 1935 wels kopenhagenSi. didi aqtiurobis miuxeda-vad, organizaciam ver SeZlo mniSvnelovan Sedegebamde misvla.251 terorizmis cnebis gansazRvra pirvelad, 1930 wels qalaq briu-selSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saerTaSoriso konfe-renciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi moxda. aRniSnuli rezolucia “te-rorizmis” qveTavSi ramdenime muxls moiazrebs: pirvel muxlSi terorizmad moazrebulia: “sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebis ganzraxi gamoyeneba, rodesac qmedeba safrTxes uq-mnis sicocxles, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobas, janmrTelobas anda iq-mneba mniSvnelovani faseulobebis ganadgurebis saSiSroeba ker-Zod: a) ganzrax cecxlis wakideba, afeTqeba, wyaldidobis gamowve-va, Sxamiani da momwamlavi nivTierebebis gavrceleba, sasignalo mowyobilobebis, maSuqebis sxva samaSvelo da xanZarsawinaaRmdego saSualebebis ganzrax ganadgureba an mwyobridan gamoyvana. b) transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, rkinigzis, telegrafis, fostis normaluri funqcionirebis TviTneburi Seferxeba, sazogadoebrivi
250 erTa liga daarsda 1919-20 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT. warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso organizacias, romelic konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisa da msoflioSi mSvidobis mxardaWeris sakiTxebiT iyo dakavebuli. organizaciis Stab-bina mdebareobda SveicariaSi, qalaq JenevaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiT dawvrilebiT ixileT erTa ligis wesdeba.
http://www.hist.msu.ru/Departments/ModernEuUS/INTREL/SOURCES/Legnatust.htm 251 dawvrilebiT ix.: Трайнин А. Н. Уголовная интервенция. М.: Госюриздат, 1935. c. 28-42;
Ромашкин П. С. Преступления против мира и безопасности человечества. М.: Наука, 1967. c. 173-
174; Галенская Л. Н. Правовые проблемы сотрудничества государств в борьбе с преступностью.
Л.: ЛГУ, 1978. С. 78-79; Карпец И. И. Преступления международного характера. М.: Юрид. лит.,
1979. С. 64-68.
100
daniSnulebis mqone hidromowyobilobis, ganaTebis, gaTbobis anda sxva saSualebebis ganzraxi dazianeba. v) sasmeli wylis da sakvebi saSualebebis ganzrax mowamvla, gauvargiseba. infeqciuri daavade-bebis, epidemiebis, epizotiebis an mcenareTa daavadebebis gavrce-leba. muxli meore: daisjeba is, vinc ganzrax gamoiyenebs sayovelTaod saSiS saSualebebs, Caidens teroristul aqts, rasac Tan sdevs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebis, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobis, saxelmwifo an-da kerZo pirebis qonebis xelyofa, politikuri anda socialuri idealebis demonstrirebis an ganxorcielebis mizniT. muxli mesame: ganzrax sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebis gamoyene-bas adgili eqneba maSin, rodesac dadgindeba, rom Seqmnilia orga-nizacia pirovnebaze an qonebaze xelyofis mizniT. mocemuli mux-lis safuZvelze daisjeba yvela is piri, vinc gaerTianda aRniS-nul organizaciaSi. muxli meoTxe: pirvel da meore muxlebSi CamoTvlili danaSaule-bi dasjadia imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli qveynis teritoriaze iqna isini Cadenili da romeli qveynis moqalaqem Caidina...”252 1930 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saer-TaSoriso konferenciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi, samarTlebrivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis gansazRvrisas moxda ara am movlenis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gamokveTa, aramed im qmedebebis CamoTvla romlebic SesaZlebelia moazrebul iqnas te-rorizmad. aRniSnuli midgoma Zalzed afarToebs terorizmis Se-madgenlobis farglebs, ufro metic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeuZle-belia gaivlos mijna terorizmsa da sxva msgavs danaSaulebriv qmedebebs Soris. terorizmis farglebis amorfulobaze TviTon briuselis konfe-renciis monawileebic miuTiTebdnen, amitom konferenciis plenumma sabolood rezoluciis miReba rigiT meoTxe SexvedrisTvis gada-do.253 1931 wels parizSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT meoTxe saerTaSoriso konferencia Catarda. aRniSnul konferenciaze te-rorizmis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iqna rezolucia, romlis mixedvi-Tac: “muxli pirveli: is, vinc mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT fizikuri pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebs bombebs, naRmebs, asa-feTqebel an aalebad saSualebebs an manqanebs, cecxlsasrol ia-raRs an sxva momakvdinebel da gamanadgurebel mowyobilobebs an
252
cit. moyvanilia: Трайнин А. Н. Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969. cc. 40-41. 253
ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками
терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001 г. с.26.
101
vinc gamoiwvevs an Seecdeba gamoiwvios epidemiebi, epizotiebi da sxva katastrofebi, vinc Seaferxebs an Seecdeba Seaferxos sazoga-doebrivi mniSvnelobis dawesebulebebis muSaoba, daisjeba... muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an gadazidavs pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlil sagnebs amave muxlSi aRwe-rili danaSaulis Casadenad daisjeba... muxli mesame: vinc mouwodebs pirvel muxlSi aRwerili danaSau-lis Casadenad sajaro gamosvlebiT, sajarod gavrcelebadi nawar-moebebiT an gamosaxulebebiT, an mxardaWeras gamoucxadebs msgavs qmedebebs an mis Camden pirebs, daisjeba... muxli meoTxe: vinc miiRebs monawileobas organizaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Casadenad daisje-ba... muxli mexuTe: provokatorebis garda sasjelisagan gaTavisuflde-bian isini, vinc zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Cadenamde anda sis-xlissmarTlebrivi devnis dawyebamde iTanamSromleben Sesabamis organoebTan sxva damnaSaveebis dakavebis mizniT”.254 parizis meoTxe rezoluciis mexuTe muxlSi, terorizmis winaaR-mdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, pirvelad iqna formuli-rebuli wamaxalisebeli norma. aRniSnuli udavod wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi sa-SualebebiT brZolis aspeqtiT. 1933 wels madridSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT mexuTe saerTaSoriso konferenciam terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli re-zolucia gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT miiRo: muxli pirveli: is, vinc arsebuli socialuri wyobis ganadgurebis mizniT raime xerxiT terorizebas uwevs mosaxleobas, - daisjeba... muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an gadazidavs garkveul masalebs an sagnebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Casadenad, - daisje-ba... muxli mesame: is, vinc ama Tu im formiT sajarod mouwodebs pirve-li muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenisaken an xotbas Seasxavs aRniSnul danaSauls an mis Camdens, - daisjeba...
254
cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969, cc. 43-44.
102
muxli meoTxe: is, vinc pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSau-lis Cadenis mizniT gaerTiandeba organizaciaSi an miiRebs monawi-leobas SeTanxmebaSi, - daisjeba...255 zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, yvela pozitiuri debuleba, romelic SeimuSava erTa ligam mesame da meoTxe konferenciebis rezoluci-ebSi, kerZod, wamaxalisebeli norma terorizmis winaaRmdeg, dana-Saulis Semadgenlobis obieqturi niSnebi da a.S. mexuTe rezolu-ciaSi ugulebelyofilia da Sinaarsobrivad politikuri datvir-TviT Seicvala.256 1934 wels safrangeTSi, qalaq marselSi mokles iugoslaviis mefe aleqsandre I da safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri lui bartu. aRniSnulma movlenebma erTa ligis saqmianoba terorizmis winaaR-mdeg brZolaSi sagrZnoblad gaaqtiura. erTa ligis sabWom Seqmna komiteti, romelSic Sevida 11 saxelmwifos warmomadgenli da rom-lis mizans Seadgenda terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso kon-venciis SemuSaveba. komitetma SeimuSava ori konvenciis proeqti: “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Se-saxeb” da saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos daarse-bis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli konvenciebi xelmosawerad gaixsna 1937 wels. “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Se-saxeb” konvenciaSi, romelic erTa ligam 1937 wels miiRo, tero-ristuli aqtis farglebi Zalze farTod iyo gagebuli da masSi moiazreboda ganzraxi moqmedeba romelic mimarTuli iyo saxel-mwifo meTaurebis da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis sicocxlis an janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi sa-kuTrebis ganadgurebis an dazianebisken, aseve qmedebebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian adamianTa sicocxles. danaSaulad ganixileboda sabrZolo iaraRis, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis, momwamlavi niv-Tierebebis warmoeba, SeZena, Senaxva an miwodeba. dasjadad iqna ga-mocxadebuli danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis Seqmna teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mizniT, agreTve msgavs organizaciaSi monawileoba.257 meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo erTa ligis 1937 wlis “tero-rizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” konvencia ZalaSi ar Sesula, radganac saxelmwifoebma misi rati-ficireba ver moaxdines.
255
cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969, c. 49. 256
ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками
терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001, с.29 257
ix. konvenciis teqsti: UN A/C. 6/418
103
2.2 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi
miRebuli saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros egidiT ganagrZo. terorizmis winaaR-mdeg gaeros egidiT miRebulia 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, aqedan 13 konvencia, xolo sami damatebiTi oqmi.258
2.2.1. saerTaSoriso normebi sahaero transportis
usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
teoristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli aqtebi-dan qronologiurad pirvelia 1963 wlis tokios konvencia259, sahae-ro xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. konvencia gamoiyeneba im aqtebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic xelyofs sahaero xomaldis frenis usafrTxoebas. konvencia Sedgeba Svidi Tavisgan da misi gamoyenebis sfero gan-sazRvrulia pirvel TavSi, romlis mixedviTac, konvencia moqme-debs: 1. sahaero xomaldze sisxlis samarTaldarRvevisas. 2. im qmedebebis Cadenisas, romlebic SesaZloa ar warmoadgenen da-naSauls, magram safrTxes uqmnian an SeiZleba Seuqmnan sahaero xo-maldis, fizikuri pirebis an qonebis usafrTxoebas, arRveven sahae-ro xomaldze dadgenil disciplinas da wesrigs.
mocemuli konvenciis miznebisTvis sahaero xomaldi iTvleba fre-naSi myofad afrenis mizniT Sidawvis Zravis CarTvis momentidan asafren bilikze moZraobis damTavrebis momentamde. 1963 wlis tokios konvenciis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens sahaero usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT xomaldis kapitnis-Tvis mTeli rigi uflebebis miniWeba safrTxis gamomwvevi pirebis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis CaTvliT, romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia fizikuri piris dakavebis ufleba Tu aRniSnuli piri Tavisi qmedebiT safrTxes uqmnis, an SesaZloa Seuqmnas sahaero xo-maldis frenis usafrTxoebas. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer
258
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011. 259
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/crimes_aboard.html. 2011.
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saxelmwifoebs daapatimron samarTaldamrRvevebi da daubrunon sahaero xomaldze kontroli kanonier meTaurs.260 1970 wels haagaSi, miRebuli iqna konvencia sahaero xomaldis uka-nonod xelSi Cagdebis winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac, danaSau-lebrivadaa gamocxadebuli nebismieri piris qmedeba261, romelic frenaSi myof sahaero xomaldze ukanonod, ZaladobiT, anda Zala-dobis gamoyenebis muqariT, anda daSinebis sxva nebismieri formiT, xelSi Caigdebs sahaero xomalds anda moipovebs masze kontrols, anda Seecdeba ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli qmedebebi. konvenciis moTxovnas warmoadgens is, rom xelmomwerma saxelmwifoebma daawe-son mkacri sasjelebi sahaero xomaldebis ukanonod xelSi Cam-gdebTa mimarT; daapatimron borotmoqmedebi maT mimarT marTlmsa-julebis ganxorcielebis an xelmomwer saxelmwifoSi eqstradici-is mizniT; moiTxovs, rom mxareebma samarTlebrivi daxmareba gau-wion erTmaneTs. 1971 wlis 23 seqtembris monrealis konvencia samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Se-saxeb,262 mimarTulia saaviacio sabotaJis winaaRmdeg, iTvaliswi-nebs iseTi qmedebebis akrZalvas, rogoricaa eqspluataciaSi myofi sahaero xomaldis ganadgureba an misi imgvari dazianeba ramac Se-iZleba sahaero xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan da safrTxe Seeq-mnas mis usafrTxo frenas; sahaero xomaldze myofi piris mimarT Zaladobis gamoyenebas, Tu aseTi Zaladoba safrTxes uqmnis sahae-ro xomaldis usafrTxoebas; sahaero xomaldze iseTi mowyobilo-bis an nivTierebis moTavseba, ramac SesaZlebelia eqspluataciaSi myofi xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan, daazianos an sxvagvarad Seuqmnas safrTxe misi frenis usafrTxoebas. aeronavigaciis mowyo-bilobis ganadgureba, dazianeba an arasanqcirebuli eqspluatacia, ramac SesaZlebelia safrTxe Seuqmnas sahareo xomaldis usaf-rTxoebas; ganzrax araswori cnobebis gadacema da amiT sahaero xomaldisTvis safrTxis Seqmna.263 samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb 1971 wlis monrealis konvencias gaaCnia damatebiTi oqmi samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi Zaladobis ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia 1988 wlis 24 Tebervals monrealSi. 1988 wlis oqmiT 1971 wlis kon-vencias daemata 1 bis da 2 bis muxlebi. aRniSnuli damatebis Tanax-mad:
260
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011. 261
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/seiz.pdf. 2011. 262
ix. http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/aviation_security.shtml. 2011. 263
ix. konvenciis pirveli muxli. ООН A/C.6/418
http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/aviation_security.html.2011.
105
nebismieri piri axorcielebs borotmoqmedebas, Tu is ukanonod da winaswari ganzraxviT nebismieri nakeTobis, nivTierebis an iaraRis gamoyenebiT: a) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportSi Cai-dens Zaladobis aqts romelime piris mimarT da safrTxes Seuqmnis, seriozulad dauzianebs janmrTelobas, an gamoiwvevs sikvdils; b) mwyobridan gamoiyvans an seriozulad daazianebs saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportis mowyobilobas an nage-bobas, an aeroportSi mdgom sahaero xomaldebs, romlebic ar im-yofebian eqspluataciaSi, an Seaferxebs aeroportis samsaxurebis muSaobas. Tu amgvari aqti safrTxes uqmnis an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am aeroportis usafrTxoebas”. konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis 2 bis muxlis Tanaxmad, molaparakebis yoveli monawile saxelmwifo iRebs saWiro zomebs 1 bis muxlSi aRweril borotmoqmedebebze Tavisi iurisdiqciis dasadgenad, ro-desac aRniSnuli darRvevis Camdeni piri imyofeba mis teritoria-ze da 1971 wlis konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, ar xdeba misi gadacema sxva xelmomweri saxelmwifosTvis.264 sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebi gaeros konvenciebSi moazrebulia, rogorc saerTaSoriso xasiaTis teroristuli danaSaulebi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis ka-nonmdeblobaSi sahaero usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi mxolod nawilob-rivadaa kriminalizebuli, konvenciis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT. sa-gulisxmoa, rom sahaero transportze konvenciiT akrZaluli qme-debebis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanon-mdeblobis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iT-vleba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba 227-e muxliT iT-valiswinebs “sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba”-s. aRniSnuli norma mocemulia sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da mis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba warmoadgens. saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlis Tanaxmad, obieqturi mxriv, danaSauli damTavrebu-lad iTvleba sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebis momentidan. “dauf-leba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa maSin, roca pirs ara aqvs masze kanoni-eri uflebamosileba. marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba SeiZleba ga-
264 ix.: konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis teqsti http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/airports.htm.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis 1998 wlis 25 noembris #1693 – Is dadgenilebiT.
106
naxorcielos rogorc Sesabamisi dawesebulebis TanamSromelma (magaliTad, avtomobilis memanqanem), romelsac mocemul SemTxveva-Si ar hqonda ufleba daufleboda mas, aseve sxva pirma”.265 saqar-Tvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlis Sesabamisad, dauflebis mizans qmede-bis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs. zemoda-saxelebul 1963, 1970 da 1971 wlebis konvenciebSi konkretulad ar aris gansazRvruli Tu ra mizans SeiZleba emsaxurebodes sahaero xomaldis daufleba, Tumca sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-li qmedebebi saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebadaa miCneuli. zemoaRniSnul konvenciebSi aqcenti gadatanilia qmedebis Sinaar-sze da igulisxmeba, rom sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba atarebs teroristuli danaSaulis xasiaTs, raki msgavsi qmedebebi Zirs uTxris “yvela saxelmwifos samoqalaqo aviaciis Camoyalibebuli moRvaweobisadmi msoflios xalxebis rwmenas.”266 saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis mixedviT, sahaero xo-maldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba xelyofs sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iTvle-ba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamisi obieqturi mxaris da miznis ar-sebobis SemTxvevaSi sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebam SesaZlebe-lia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxe SeiZinos. sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad gaeros mier miRebul konvenciebTan SemxeblobaSia agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is 2221 muxli - satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba - romlis mi-xedviTac dasjadia satransporto komunikaciebis blokirebis or-ganizeba dabrkolebebis, saguSagoebis mowyobis gziT an sxva mar-TlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, ramac Seaferxa an SeeZlo gamoewvia rki-nigzis, sahaero, wylisa da magistraluri milsadeni transportis normaluri muSaobis Seferxeba. Semadgenloba damamZimebel garemo-ebebSi Cadenilad iTvleba, Tu zemoaRniSnulma qmedebebma mniSvne-lovani ziani, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba an adamianis sicoc-xlis mospoba gamoiwvia. norma ar adgens satransporto komunika-ciebis blokirebis mizans... aqedan gamomdinare Sesabamisi miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRniSnulma qmedebebma tero-ristuli xasiaTi SeiZinos da teroristul aqtad Sefasdes.
265
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. ga-momcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 514. 266
ix. 1973 wlis konvenciis preambula.
107
2.2.2. konvencia saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis
winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
1973 wlis 14 dekembers q. niu-iorkSi miRebulia konvencia saerTa-Sorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb.267 aRniSnuli konvenciis miReba ganapiroba diplo-matiuri agentebisa da sxva saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis usaf-rTxoebis uzrunvelyofis gansakuTrebulma mniSvnelobam saxel-mwifoTa Soris urTierTobis sakiTxebSi. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom wevri-saxelmwifoebi darwmunebulni arian, rom am-gvari danaSaulebis ganxorcieleba aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-bis Rrma SeSfoTebis mizezi. konvenciis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, “saerTaSorisod daculi pi-ris” cnebaSi igulisxmeba: a) saxelmwifos meTauri, iseve rogorc am saxelmwifos konstitu-ciis mixedviT saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebis aRmsasrulebeli kolegialuri organos wevri, mTavrobis meTauri an sagareo saqme-Ta ministri, rodesac nebismieri aseTi pirTagani imyofeba ucxo saxelmwifoSi, da misi Tanmxlebi ojaxis wevrebi. b) saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli an oficialuri piri, an samTavro-baTaSoriso saerTaSoriso organizaciis nebismieri agenti, romel-zec im drosa da adgilas, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma masze, misi oficialuri samyofelis, kerZo sacxovreblis an tarnsportis wianaaRmdeg, vrceldeboda saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli dacva Tavdasxmisagan mis pi-rovnebaze, Tavisuflebasa an Rirsebaze iseve, rogorc misi ojaxis
wevrebeze.” konvenciiT daculi subieqtebis zustad dasadgenad, saqarTvelos konstitucis garda, unda mivmarTod venis 1961 wlis konvencias diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb268, venis 1963 wlis konvencias sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb269, 1969 wlis konvencias specia-luri misiebis Sesaxeb270 da venis 1974 wlis konvencias saxelmwi-foebis warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb maT urTierTobaSi universalu-ri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.271
267
ix.: http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-7.pdf.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda 2003 wlis 24 seqtembers. 268
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 13 maisis dadgenilebiT. 269
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 8 ivnisis dadgenilebiT. 270
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 2005 wlis 20 maisis dadgenilebiT. 271
ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 164
108
konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebis obieqturi Semadgelobis dasadge-nad unda mivmarTod meore muxls, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia ganzrax Cadenili: a) saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvleloba, gataceba, an piradad misi an misi Tavisuflebis sxva saxis xelyofa; b) saerTaSorisod daculi piris oficialur samyofelze, sacxov-rebelze, satransporto saSualebaze Zalismieri Tavdasxma, rac safrTxes uqmnis am pirs an mis Tavisuflebas; c) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis muqara; d) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis mcdeloba; e) nebismieri msgavsi danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawileo-bis aqti, ganxilul unda iqnas konvenciis yoveli wevri-saxelmwi-fos mier rogorc danaSauli, misi Sida kanonmdeblobis Sesaba-misad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa XXXVIII TavSi gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso dac-viT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxmis amkrZalav norma (ssk-is 326-e muxli). sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti, am normis Tanaxmad, aris saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da saxelmwifoTa Soris normaluri Tanaarseboba. terologiaSi cnobilia, rom saer-TaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirebze ganxorcielebul Tavdas-xmebs Tan udidesi provokaciuli efeqti axlavs. qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, normis damatebiT dacvis obieqts TviTon saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlis, saerTaSoriso organizaciis TanamSromlis, ag-reTve aRniSnuli pirebis ojaxis wevris sicocxle, janmrTeloba an sakuTreba warmoadgens. obieqturad danaSauli xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso dacviT mosar-geble pirebze, diplomatiur agentebze, saerTaSoriso organizaci-ebis TanamSromlebze TavdasxmiT, maTi an maTi ojaxis wevris si-cocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofiT. subieqturi mxare, mxolod ganzraxia da specialur mizans moicavs - saerTaSoriso garTulebis gamowveva. danaSauli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes agreTve sxva nebismieri politikuri motiviT. nor-miT akrZaluli qmedebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia nebismier sis-xlis samarTlis subieqts. konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, dasjadadaa miCneuli ganzrax Cadenili Semdegi qmedebebi: saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvle-loba, gataceba da misi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari xelyofa. daismis
109
kiTxva: saqarTvelos ssk-is 326-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSa-uli moizrebs Tu ara SemadgenlobaSi msgavs qmedebebs. sagulis-xmoa, rom saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebule-baze Tavdasxmis Semadgenloba damTavrebulia Tavdasxmis obieqtu-rad ganxorcielebis momentidan. rac Seexeba konvenciaSi damate-biT dasaxelebul qmedebebs, rogoricaa mkvleloba da Tavisufle-bis nebismier saxis xelyofa, damatebiT kvalifikacias moiTxovs damamZimebel garemoebebSi mkvlelobis (ssk-is 109 mux.), Tavisufle-bis ukanono aRkveTis (ssk-is 143-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 144-e mux.), teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da sxva danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebiT. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben reagireba moaxdi-non konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebebze: a) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia iqna am saxelmwifos teritoria-ze, an am saxelmwifoSi registrirebuli sazRvao an sahaero xo-maldis bortze; b) rodesac savaraudo damnaSave aris am saxelmwifos moqalaqe;
g) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia 1-li muxlis mixedviT saerTaSo-risod daculi piris winaaRmdeg, romelic sargebldobs am sta-tusiT gamomdinare funqciebidan, romlebsac igi asrulebs am saxelmwifos saxeliT.
konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian miiRon Se-sabamisi profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmdebebis Tavi-dan acilebis mizniT, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: 1. saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba miiRon yvela zoma rogorc sakuTar sazRvrebs SigniT, ise mis gareT konvenciaSi aRwerili danaSaulo-bebis mosamzadebel stadiaze aRkveTis mizniT; 272
2. xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba gacvalon informacia da urTierTkoordinirebulad ganaxorcielon konvenciiT aRwerili danaSaulebis aRkveTis mizniT warmoebuli RonisZiebebi; 3. im SemTxvavaSi, Tu saxelmwifo Tvlis, rom savaraudo damnaSave gaiqca misi teriroriidan, igi valdebulia Seatyobinos yvela da-interesebul saxelmwifos uSualod an gaerTianebuli erebis or-ganizaciis generaluri mdivnis meSveobiT, Cadenil danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqti da savaraudo damnaSavis vinaobis Se-saxeb arsebuli informacia.273
272
ix. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da das-jis Sesaxeb konvenciis meoTxe muxli. 273
ix. dasaxelebuli konvenciis mexuTe muxlis pirveli nawili.
110
konvenciaSi sxva TemebTan erTad agreTve gansazRvrulia regula-ciis farglebi, zogadprocesualuri aspeqtebi, profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmedebebis Tavidan asacileblad da sa-xelmwifoTa Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis sakiTxebi danaSau-lebrivi qmedebis Camden pirTa dasjasTan dakavSirebiT.
2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia
mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
saerTaSoriso konvencia mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iq-na 1979 wels niu-iorkSi. saqarTvelo aRniSnul konvencias Seuer-Tda 2003 wlis 24 seqtembers. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom yvelas aqvs sicocxlis, piradi Tavsuflebisa da usafrTxoe-bis ufleba rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiTa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT samoqa-laqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba saxezea rodesac: ~nebismieri piri, romelic Seipyrobs an atyvevebs da emuqreba mok-vliT, dazianebiT an tyveobaSi yofniT sxva pirs (SemdegSi `mZeva-li~) raTa aiZulos mesame mxare, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo, saerTaSo-riso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli pi-ri, an pirTa jgufi, ganaxorcielos qmedeba, an Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcielebisagan, mZevlis gaTavsuflebis pirdapiri an arapir-dapiri pirobebiT, axorcielebs mZevlad ayvanis danaSauls (`mZev-
lad ayvana~).”274 konvenciiT mocemuli definiciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi ayvana xorcieldeba garkveuli xerxebiT. kerZod, SepyrobiT, datyvevebiT, romelsac Tan axlavs sicocxlis ganadgurebis, dazianebiT (unda vigulisxmoT rogorc janmrTelobis, ise qonebis dazianebis), an tyveobaSi yofnis muqara. konvenciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebisas gamokveTilia sami mxare: mZevlad xelSi Camgdebi, mZevali da mesame pirebi, romlebic iZulebas ganicdian mZevlis gaTavisuflebis pirobis sanacvlod. mesame pirebi, anu mZevlad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebi, konvenciaSi detaluradaa gawerili, romlebsac warmoadgenen “sa-xelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizi-kuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi.”275 mesame pirebis mimarT
274
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011. 275
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011.
111
wasayenebel SesaZlo moTxovnebad konvencia asaxelebs garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis Sekavebas. konvenciis preambulis mixedviT, mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqti miiCne-va saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebad.276 Tumca Semdgom kon-venciis teqstSi me-13 muxli azustebs konvenciis moqmedebis far-glebs,277 romlis mixedviTac, `winamdebare konvencia ar moqmedebs, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, mZevali da sava-raudo damnaSave arian am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi da savaraudo damnaSave napovnia am saxelmwifos teritoriaze~. me-13 muxlis Si-naarsidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso terorizmad ar iTvleba da konvenciis regulaciis farglebs gareTaa is SemTxveva, rodesac mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba erTi qveynis farglebs ar scdeba, radga-nac teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli yovelTvis ar atarebs saer-TaSoriso xasiaTs. erTi qveynis farglebSi teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, konvenciis me-13 muxlis Sesabamisad, ar ga-nixileba saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlenad da warmoadgens ara saerTaSoriso, aramed Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulaciis sa-gans. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom “rogorc danaSaulTan brZolis praqtika cxadyofs, mZevlad ayvanis yvela faqti ver “aRwevs” te-rorizmamde”278 da aseTad ar unda CaiTvalos. saqarTvelos sis-xlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba jer kidev ar niSnavs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls. saqarTve-los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis or Se-madgenlobas iTvaliswinebs 144-e da 329-e muxlebSi. 144-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, moTavsebu-lia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXIII TavSi (danaSauli adamianis uflebe-bisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg), romlis gvareobiT dacvis obieqts warmoadgens adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisufle-bebi. TviTon normis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti adamia-nis piradi Tavisufleba da uSiSroebaa, xolo fakultatur obi-eqts warmoadgens calkeul organizaciaTa normaluri muSaoba, adaminis Rirseba, sicocxle da janmrTeloba.279 teroristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, anu ssk-is 329-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba te-roristuli mizniT, moTavsebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXXVIII Tav-Si, romelic mimarTulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg da romlis gvare-obiT, dacvis obieqts saxelmwifos konstituciuri wyobileba da
276
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011. 277
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные
отношения», 1991. c.77. 278
ix. В. П. Емельянов, Терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования дис. на
соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук, М., 2001, с.37. 279
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. ga-momcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 229.
112
uSiSroebis safuZvlebi warmoadgens. teroristuli mizniT mZev-lad xelSi Cagdebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqts, adami-anis piradi Tavisuflebisa da uSiSroebis garda, saxelmwifos po-litikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi warmoadgens, vinaiadan, ro-gorc saerTaSoriso praqtika mowmobs, teroristuli mizniT mZev-lebis ayvanas seriozuli zianis motana SeuZlia saxelmwifosaT-vis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qveynis Sida stabilurobaze.280 sqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, iseve rogorc sxva mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqseb-Si, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis ori Semadgenloba erTmaneTisagan mZev-lad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebiT imijneba erTmaneTis-gan.281 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tu teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis dros borotmoq-medTa moTxovnis adresati SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, saerTaSori-so an religiuri organizacia, raTa mZevlis gaTavisuflebis piro-biT Seasrulon an Tavi Seikavon garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcie-lebisagan, ssk-is adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaR-mdeg mimarTuli TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis adresatebi SesaZlebelia iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri. adre-satebis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulis dayofa te-roristul da mimdinare xasiaTis danaSaulebad formaluria da klasifikaciis Rrma safuZveli ar gaaCnia. terorizmTan brZolis istoriaSi cnobilia, rom xSirad teroristuli organizaciebi mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis pirobiT aiZuleben fizikur an iuridi-ul pirebs garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis Sekavebas. terorizmTan brZolis msoflio praqtikaSi, imis miuxe-davad, rom moTxovnis adresatebi fizikuri an iuridiul pirebi arian, aRniSnuli danaSaulebi samarTlianad Sefasebula teroris-tuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebad. mniSvnelovani faqtia isic, rom TviTon konvenciis Tanaxmad, tero-ristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis adresatebi SesaZlebe-lia iyvnen “saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso orga-nizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi”. konvenciis mixedviT, fizikur an iuridiul, an pirTa jgufze mimarTuli moT-xovna Sesabamisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSo-riso terorizmis gamovlinebad iTvleba, gansxvavebiT saqarTve-los da mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kano-nebisgan, romlebic moTxovnis adresatebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls mimdinare danaSaulisgan. cxa-
280
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamom-cemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 112 281
mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis Semadgenlobebis gamijvnis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb ga-moTqmulia sxva mosazrebebic, ix: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, danaSauli sa-xelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. gamomcemloba “meridia-ni”, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 95-96
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dia, rom yvela mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba ar warmoadgens teroristu-li xasiaTis danaSauls da miT ufro saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebas da normatiulad unda arsebobdes aRniSnulis gamij-vnis safuZveli, Tumca mxolod moTxovnis adresatebis kriteriumi klasifikaciis safuZvlad movlenis Sinaarsobriv wvdomaze ver mi-uTiTebs. mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos teroristuli xa-siaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresarti unda iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmedeba mimarTuli iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekonomikuri an sxva interesebis winaaRmdeg. teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis normaSi (saqarTve-los ssk-is 329-e mux.), ar aris gamijnuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis romeli forma miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso da romeli Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv terorizms. marTalia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-Tlis kanonmdeblobaSi aRniSnuli zRvari ar aris gavlebuli da mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT danaSaulis erT Se-madgenlobaSi moiazrebs mis saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoeb-riv gamovlinebas, magram 2003 wels mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg konvenciis ratificirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebeli daeTanxma mis Sinaarsobriv mxares. amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samar-Tlis normebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, marTalia, saerTaSoriso terorizmis gansazRvreba pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsSi, magram dadgenili wesiT ratificirebuli konven-ciebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg konvenciis moqmedeba vrceldeba mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis saqarTvelos ssk-is 329 –e muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobaze. amasTan, amave Semadgen-lobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis mxolod saerTaSoriso gamov-linebaze. konvencia pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “a” qvepunqtis mixedviT dasjadia mZevlad ayvanis mcdeloba. aRniSnuli ki, daumTavrebeli danaSaulisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakmaod saintereso precendentia. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom mZevlad ayva-na formaluri xasiaTis danaSaulia da damTavrebulad iTvleba ara raime mZime Sedegis dadgomidan, aramed qmedebis ganxorciele-bis (mZevlis xelSi Cagdebis) momentidan, logikuria, rom konvenci-is mixedviT, dasjadadaa aRiarebuli daumTavrebeli mcdeloba. sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom damTavrebuli mcde-loba danaSaulis uSedego Semadgenlobas ar axasiaTebs, radganac damTavrebuli mcdelobis stadia damTavrebuli danaSaulis stadi-
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as emTxveva. msgavs Semadgenlobebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxolod momzadebis da daumTavrebeli mcdelobis stadia. danaSaulis for-malur SemadgenlobebSi daumTavrebeli mcdelobis arsebobis Se-saZleblobas bevri avtori ar iziarebs. zemoaRniSnulidan gamom-dinare sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom TviTon konvenciam gansazRvra mcdelobis dasjadobis saWiroeba iseT formalur danaSaulSi, rogoricaa mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba. konvenciis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “b” qvepunqtis mixedviT, dasjadia acxadebs mZevlad ayvanaSi Tanamonawileoba, rac gamoxatulia “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebiT. “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebaSi SeiZleba moviazroT Tanamonawileobisa da Tanaamsruleblobis formebi. aseve jgufuri danaSaulis samive saxe: winaswar SeuTan-xmebeli, winaswar SeTanxmebuli da organizebuli. konvencia Tanam-zraxvelobis zogad cnebas adgens, romelSic danaSaulis CadenaSi ori an meti piris erToblivi monawileobis yvela formas gulis-xmobs. konvenciis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, datyvevebuli mZevlis moqala-qeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisru-lobs valdebulebas miiRos yvela saWiro zoma mZevlis gaTavisuf-lebisaTvis, xolo gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi, xeli Seuwyos mis gamgzavrebas mSobliur qveyanaSi. amasTan, daic-vas mZevlis sakuTreba, romlis xelyofis safrTxec Seiqmna mZev-lad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT. konvencia mouwodebs xel-momwer saxelmwifoebs ganaviTaron saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqtis gamovlenis, aRkveTis, gansjisa da dasjis mizniT.282 principze “gaasamarTle an gadaeci” gansakuTre-buli aqcenti keTdeba aqac, iseve rogorc terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sxva konvenciebSi. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs konvenciis me-4 muxli, romelic avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs TavianT teritoriebze aRkveTon mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulisTvis mzadeba, romlis Cadenac SesaZlebelia gamiznuli iyos ara mxolod maT teritoriaze, ara-med maTi teritoriis gareTac, anu konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwi-fo valdebulia Caerios da aRkveTos mZevlad xelSi CagdebisTvis mzadeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu danaSauli uSualod mas safrTxes ar uqmnis. rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, mocemuli valdebuleba kon-venciaSi Setanilia iugoslaviis winadadebiT, radgan igi sakmaod mZime viTarebaSi imyofeboda im antiiugoslaviuri jgufebis dana-Saulebrivi saqmianobis gamo, romlebmac mis mezobel saxelmwifo-ebSi monaxes TavSesafari.283 iugoslaviis SemTxvevas, rodesac erTi
282
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf 283
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения, М., «Международные
отношения», 1991, c.78
115
qveynis winaaRmdeg moqmed dajgufebebs sxva qveynebi mfarveloben, an TavSesafars aZleven cota mogvianebiT saxelmwifoebrivad xel-Sewyobili terorizmi ewoda saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi284 da doqtrinaSi285. meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia zogadad avalde-bulebs saxelmwifoebs sakuTar teritoriaze aRkveTon mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis mzadeba, rodesac danaSauli sxva saxelmwifos te-ritoriaze ganxorcieldes. aRniSnuli zogadi daTqmidan gamomdi-nareobs, rom ikrZaleba mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis xelSewyoba, an martivad rom vTqvaT, terorizmis xelSewyoba sxva saxelmwifos mimarT. ufro metic, konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer mxareebs aramxolod TviTon ar Seuwyon xeli msgavsi qmedebis CamdenT, ara-med aRniSnuli movlenis sakuTar teritoriaze aRmoCenis SemTxve-vaSi, aqtiurad CaerTon damnaSaveTa gamosavlenad da dasasjelad. gamoTqmulia kritikuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom konvenciis meoTxe muxlis amgvari moTxovna samomavlod SezRudavda revolu-ciur da gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs da terorzmTan brZolis sababiT moxdeboda aRniSnuli moZraobebis CaxSoba.286 aRniSnul mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT iqidan gamomdinare, rom revoluciuri da gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi Tavisi SinaarsiT, socialur-samarTlebrivi bunebiT kardinalurad gansxvavdeba te-roristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisgan. amasTan, ama Tu im daintere-sebulma saxelmwifom SesaZlebelia ugulebelyos obieqturi viTa-reba da Tavisi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva sababi gamoiyenos gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis CasaxSobad da-arRvios ra saerTaSoriso, moraluri da istoriuli kanonzomiere-bis normebi. konvenciaSi Cadebuli marTebuli debulebis damaxin-jebulad gamoyenebis safrTxe ar warmoadgens imis safuZvels rom aRniSnuli marTebuli debuleba ar iqnes SemuSavebuli da miRebu-li. konvenciis meoTxe muxlis daTqma sxvadasxva formis saxelmwi-foebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis akrZalvis warmatebul cdad migvaCnia, rac im periodisTvis namdvilad progresul nabijad un-da iqnes miCneuli.287
284
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, 1970 weli, rezolucia # A/RES/39/159.
2004. 285
ix.: G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs, New Brunswick, 1980, pp. 35-38; P.
Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: John Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977, p. 179;
B. M. Jenkins, Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, 1984. p.7; R. J.
Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism, Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, 1989, p.15. 286
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М., «Международные
отношения», 1991. c.78. 287
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvencia, muxli 4 ~wevri-saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben 1-li muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSau-
lebebis aRkveTisaTvis, kerZod ki: a) iReben yvela praqtikulad ganxorcielebad zomas TavianT Sesabamis terito-riebze, raTa aRkveTon maT teritoriebze an teritoriebs gareT am danaSaulebe-bis Cadenis mzadeba, TavianT teritoriebze im pirebis, jgufebis an organizacie-bis saqmianobis aRkveTisaTvis zomebis miRebis CaTvliT, romlebic waaxaliseben,
116
konvenciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, “araferi winamdebare konvencia-Si ar SeiZleba ganimartos gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis sawinaaRmdegod saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis
an politikuri damoukideblobis xelyofis gasamarTleblad.” me-14 muxlis debuleba konvecias daemata ganviTarebadi qveynebis moTxovniT, rogorc dacvis damatebiTi berketi, raTa mZevlebis ga-Tavisuflebis yalbi mizeziT ar momxdariyo maT qveyanaSi SeWra, saxelmwifos suverenitetis darRveva da saerTaSoriso konfliq-tSi CaTreva.288 aRniSnuli norma saxelmwifo terorizmis akrZal-vas iTvaliswinebs. saxelmwifo terorizmis amkrZalavi msgavsi de-bulebebi mniSvnelovan politikur da samarTlebriv datvirTvas atarebs, radgan mZevlebis ayvanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis mi-Rebis periodisTvis, 1979 wels saxelmwifo terorizmis calke saf-rTxed amgvarad gamoyofa da akrZalva progresul nabijs warmoad-genda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis.
2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb konvencia 1980 wlis 3 marts iqna miRebuli289. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom yvela saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba “ganaviTaros da gamoiyenos birTvuli energia mSvidobiani miznebisTvis.” birTvuli energiis mSvidobiani miznebisTvis eqspluatacia saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-bis sazrunavs Seadgens, radganac arsebobs birTvuli nivTierebe-bis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis da gamoyenebis safrTxe. konvencia mouwodebs wevr saxelmwifoebs birTvul nivTierebebTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli efeqturad aRkveTon, gamoaaSkaraon da dasajon; daicvan birTvuli nivTierebebi qveynis SigniT gamoyene-bis, Senaxvis da transportirebisas; xeli Seuwyon aRniSnuli niv-Tierebebis usafrTxo gadaadgilebas. konvencia pirvel muxlSi ganmartavs Tu ra saxis nivTierebebi war-moadgens birTvuls, adgens ra xelyofis sagans.290 meore muxlis mi-
ubiZgeben, awyoben (mZevlad ayanis aqtebs) an monawileoben mZevlad ayvanis aqte-
bis mzadebaSi.” 288
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные
отношения», 1991, c. 81. 289
ix. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv6-english.pdf. 2011. 290
a) ~birTvuli nivTiereba” aRniSnavs plutoniums, garda plutoniumisa plu-
tonium 238-is 80%-ze meti izotopuri koncentraciiT; uran-233-s, urans, gamdid-rebuls 235 an 233 izotopebiT; urans, izotopebis nareviT, rogorc moipoveba
117
xedviT konvenciis regulirebis sferoSia birTvuli nivTierebebis is nawili, romelic gamoiyeneba mSvidobiani miznebisTvis, qveynis SigniT moxmarebis, Senaxvis an transportirebisas anda imyofeba sa-erTaSoriso gadazidvis procesSi. konvencia adgens birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis done-ebs da dacvis standarts, avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, birTvuli nivTierebebis saerTaSoriso da qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebisas, daicvan konvenciiT gansazRvruli usafrTxoebis zomebi. konvenci-is mesame da meoTxe muxlebis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso gadazidvamde, rogorc eqsportiori, ise importiori da, agreTve, tranzituli qveyana, valdebulia darwmundes, rom daculi iqneba birTvuli nivTierebebis konvenciis pirveli danarTiT dadgenili fizikuri dacvis standarti. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, gansazRvron birTvul usafrTxoebaze zedamxedveli organo da uSualod, an atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos meSveobiT iTanamSrom-lon erTmaneTTan “birTvuli nivTierebebis moparvis, gatacebis, an nivTierebis sxva ukanono gziT xelSi Cagdebis an aseTi qmedebebis realuri safrTxis SemTxvevaSi.”291 konvencia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis or ZiriTad meTods gamoyofs: 1. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris drouli Setyobineba birTvuli nivTi-erebebis danaSaulebrivi xelyofis an aRniSnuli xelyofis saf-rTxis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi; 2. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris informaciis uerTierTgacvla.292 konvencia aregulirebs sisxlis samarTlis saproceso urTierTo-bebs, eqstradaciis sakiTxebs da a.S. gansakuTrebuli interesis sa-gans warmoadgens konvenciis danarTebi, romelTagan pirveli da-narTi birTvuli nivTierebebis gansxvavebuli jgufebisTvis fizi-kuri usafrTxoebis sam diferencirebul dones adgens, xolo meo-re, birTvuli nivTierebebis klasifikacias axdens.
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saerTaSoriso normatiu-li instrumentebidan aRsaniSnavia gaeros 2005 wlis 13 aprilis konvencia “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”.293 kon-
bunebaSi, garda madnis an madnis narCenebisa; agreTve nebismier nivTierebas, ro-melic Seicavs zemoaRniSnulidan erTs an mets; b) ~235 an 233 izotopebi gamdidrebuli urani” aRniSnavs urans, romelic Seicavs uran-235 an uran-233 izotopebs, an orives erTad iseTi raodenobiT, rom am izo-topebis jamis Warbi wili izotop uran-238-Tan SedarebiT, metia vidre izotop 235-is wili izotop 238-Tan SedarebiT bunebriv pirobebSi. 291
ix. konvenciis mexuTe muxli. 292
ix. iqve 293
saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqarTvelos prezidentis 2010 wlis 6 aprilis brZane-bulebiT. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia internet misamarTze: http://www.un.org/russian/documents/instruments/docs_ru.asp. 2011.
118
venciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom birTvuli terorizmis aqtebma SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios mZime Sedegebi da safrTxe Seuqmnas saer-TaSoriso mSvidobas da usafrTxoebas. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi aRniSnavdnen agreTve, rom arsebul saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe ar aris Sefasebuli saTa-nado doneze da Sesabamisad, aucileblad miaCniaT, rom saxelmwi-foebma SeimuSaon efeqturi praqtikuli zomebi msgavsi teroristu-li aqtebis Tavidan asacileblad, damnaSave pirebis mimarT sis-xlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad da maT dasasje-lad. konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad: 1) birTvuli terorizmis CadenisTvis daisjeba nebismieri piri, Tu igi ukanonod da ganzrax:
a) flobs radioaqtiur nivTierebas, an amzadebs radioaqtiur iaraRs anda flobs aRniSnul iaraRs:
sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT;
garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT. b) iyenebs radioaqtiur nivTierebas an radioaqtiur iaraRs ne-
bismieri formiT anda iyenebs an azianebs birTvul obieqts imgva-rad, rom xdeba radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoTavisufleba anda iqmneba amgvari gamonTavisuflebis safrTxe;
sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT;
garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT;
raTa aiZulon fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, saerTaSoriso organizacia anda saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcielebisgan. 2) birTvuli terorizmis aqts sCadis piri, agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac:
a) axorcielebs meore muxlis pirvel nawilSi aRniSnuli qme-debebis Cadenis muqaras. amasTan, muqara aris realuri;
b) ukanonod da ganzrax moiTxovs radioaqtiur nivTierebas, radioaqtiur iaraRs, an birTvul obieqts, aRniSnuli moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad iyenebs Zaladobas an gamoxatavs Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaras da arsebobs muqaris ganxorcielebis realuri safrTxe.
3) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxs agebs agreTve piri meore mux-lis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli daumTvrebeli danaSau-lisTvis.
4) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirs:
a) meore muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisTvis;
b) Tu organizebas uwevs an xelmZRvanelobs aRniSnuli dana-
119
Saulis Cadenas; c) romelic nebismieri sxva formiT xels uwyobs konvenciis
meore muxlis pirveli, meore an mesame nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebu-li erTiani mizniT moqmedi jgufis mier erTi an meti danaSaulis Cadenas... mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia gamoiyeneba mxolod birTvuli terorizmis saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulis gamovlinebis dros, xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, savaraudo damnaSave da dazaralebulic warmoadge-nen aRniSnuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, an savaraudo damnaSave napovnia aRniSnuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze, mocemuli konven-cia ar gamoiyeneba. konvenciis mecxre muxli zustad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa iu-risdiqciis farglebs konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis gamovle-nis dros: 1. wevri saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavis iurisdiqcias birTvuli terorizmis saerTaSoriso gamovlinebebze im SemTxvevaSi, rode-sac:
a) danaSauli Cadenilia mis teritoriaze; b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos almis qveS
mfrinav an mcurav xomaldze; c) danaSauli Cadenilia am saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier.
2. wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevebSic, roca:
a) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqis wi-naaRmdeg;
b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs ga-reT ganlagebuli samTavrobo obieqtebis winaaRmdeg, saelCoebis, sakonsuloebis da sxva saxis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis CaTvliT;
c) danaSauli Cadenilia moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier, ro-melic mudmivad cxovrobs mocemul saxelmwifoSi;
d) danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi gan-xorcilebisgan;
e) danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqsplua-taciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.
sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia saerTaSoriso sisxlis sa-marTlis principebi, romelTa mixedviTac, saxelmwifoebi axorcie-leben TaviaanT iurisdiqcias qveynis SigniT da zogierT SemTxveva-Si mis gareTac.294 sagulisxmoa, rom konvencia, ukve cnobil prin-cipebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs iseT kerZo SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa:
294
ix. m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema, Tbilisi 2010, gv. 43-54.
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“danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo gana-xorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxor-cilebisgan” da “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.” aRniSnuli principebi te-roristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis specifikidan gamomdinarobs. kon-venciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos Ta-visi iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevebzec, rodesac is teroristebis ul-timatumis adresats warmoadgens an Tavdasxma ganxorcielda sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebis mflobelobaSi myof sahaero xomaldze. SesaZlebelia teroristTa xelyofis obieqti iyos erTi saxelmwi-fo, xolo moTxovnis adresats meore saxelmwifo warmoadgendes. am SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba sami subieqti: teroristuli xasiaTis dana-Saulis Camdeni, msxverpli saxelmwifo da moTxovnis (teroristTa ultimatumis) adresati saxelmwifo. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis Sesabamisad, moTxovnis adresat sa-xelmwifosac, imis miuxedavad, obieqturad ganicada Tu ara ziani an Seeqmna aRniSnuli zianis safrTxe, SeuZlia teroristuli xasi-aTis danaSaulze Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos. konvenciis msgavsi daTqma SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis dacvis principis specialur SemTxvevad CaiTvalos. sahaero xomaldi SesaZlebelia emsaxurebodes ama Tu im qveynis xe-lisuflebas, iyos maT sargeblobasa an mflobelobaSi, magram ar warmoadgendes mocemuli qveynis almis qveS mfrinav saSualebas. konvenciis mixedviT, aRniSnuli tipis sahaero xomaldebzec vrceldeba mflobeli an mosargeble saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e“ qvepunqtSi aRwerili zemoaRniSnuli principi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi cno-bili “saxelmwifos almis principis” an ufro zogadad “teritori-ulobis” principis specialur gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos. saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi sayovelTad aRiarebuli prin-cipebi saxelmZRvaneloa kanonmdeblebisTvis. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meore TavSi, romelSic gansazRvrulia sis-xlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis farglebi, swored aRniSnuli principebia gaTvaliswinebuli. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aR-kveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilSi aRwerili saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis principebis specialuri Sem-Txvevebi, romlebzec zemoT gvqonda saubari, SesaZlebelia moazre-buli iqnes: 1. principi: “danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxel-mwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan” ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilSi, sadac sa-ubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interese-bis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli anda Tu qmedebisTvis sisxlissmar-Tlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebiT.
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2. principi: “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eq-spluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze” ar SeiZleba pirdapir mo-azrebul iqnes saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi, sadac saubaria xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am konkretul SemTxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed, mflobelo-baSi an sargeblobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZ-lebelia ar warmoadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matare-bel xomalds. mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori gza gvesaxe-ba: pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daema-tos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWi-roebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli ACaidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluatacia-Sia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xo-maldis winaaRmdeg, sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dae-kisreba am kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-biT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.” meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is me-xuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis wina-aRmdegaa mimarTuli. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs konvenciis me-15 muxli, romlis mixedviTac, arc erTi danaSauli, romelic warmoadgens saerTaSo-riso birTvuli terorizmis gamovlinebas, saxelmwifoTa Soris damnaSave piris gadacemis, an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis procedu-rebisTvis ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc politikuri dana-Sauli an politikuri motivebiT Cadenili danaSauli. aqedan ga-momdinare, birTvuli terorizmis danaSaulebis dros gadacemis an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Txovna ar SeiZleba uaryofili iqnes mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi exeba politikur danaSaulebs an politikuri motiviT Cadenil danaSaulebs. sisxlis samarTalis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos ufle-ba aqvs ar gadasces sxva saxelmwifos politikuri mrwamsisTvis devnili piri, anu sxvanairad rom iTqvas, politikuri damnaSave.295 cnobilia, rom teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi politikuri Sedegebis miRwevas isaxavs miznad, aqedan gamomdinareobs cnobili kliSe “ erTisTvis teroristi, meorisTvis TavisuflebisTvis meb-rZolia”, rac sakmaod did winaaRmdegobebs qmnida da qmnis ro-gorc terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli cnebis SemuSavebis, ise am movlenasTan samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT brZolis saqmeSi. bir-
295
msgavs daTqma arsebobs agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is meeqvse muxlis mesame na-wilSi.
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Tvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-15 mux-lis pirdapiri moTxovniT ar SeiZleba birTvuli terorizmis ga-movlenis aqtebi CaiTvalos politikur danaSaulad da xelmomwer-ma saxelmwifom uari ganacxados danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdeni piris gadacemaze im motiviT, rom es piri idevneba politikuri mrwamsisTvis. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, konvenciiT gansazRvruli birTvuli nivTierebebis danaSaulebrivad xelyofis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi miiRon aRniSnuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis efeqturi zomebi, gaauvnebelyon radioaqtiuri nivTiereba, asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba, an miiRon sxva saWiro zomebi atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos mier dadgenili usafrTxoebis standartebis da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad.296 birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciaSi gawe-rilia sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebic: damnaSaveTa gadacemis da ga-samarTlebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifoTa Soris sisxlisamarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis zogadi principebi, zogieri procesualuri sakiT-xi. saqarTvelom 1998 wlis 30 oqtombers miiRo kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizans Seadgens “maio-nebeli gamosxivebis mavne zemoqmedebisagan adamianisa da garemos dacva im valdebulebaTa Sesabamisad, romlebic gansazRvrulia sa-qarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.”297 ka-nonis meore muxli regulirebis sferos gansazRvravs birTvul da radiaciul saqmianobis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul samarTleb-riv urTierTobebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dawesebulebebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs Soris. kanonis meore Tavi reglamen-tacias uwevs birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobis saxelmwifo regulirebas, gansazRvravs kompetentur saxelmwifo organoTa wres da maTi urTierTkoordinaciis sakiTxebs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea kanoniT reglamentirebuli usafrTxoebis moTxovnebi birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobisas, aRniSnul niv-TierebebTan dakavSirebiT licenzirebis da nebarTvebis erTiani sistemis gansazRvra da sxva sakiTxebi. birTvuli usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi-dan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos respublikasa da atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba birTvuli ia-raRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb garantiebis gamoyenebis Taoba-ze.298
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ix. konvenciis meTvramete muxli. 297
ix. saqarTvelos kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, mux-li 1. 298
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birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, didi mniSvnelo-ba aqvs sisxlissamarTlebriv meqanizmebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uz-runvelmyofi normebi SesaZlebelia daiyos teroristuli da mim-dinare xasiaTis danaSaulTa amkrZalav normebad. teroristuli xasaiTis normebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.), romelSic masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva saSuale-bebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRic. teqnologiuri terorizmis obieqturi mxare gamoixateba masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis, maT Soris, birTvulis gamoyenebaSi, an aRniSnuli iaraRis xelSi Cagdebis an/da gamoyenebis muqaraSi, maT Soris, birTvuli, qimiuri an Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis Semcveli obieqtis xelSi CagdebaSi. normis mixedviT, aRniSnulma qmedebam unda gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, saxelmwi-fos strategiuli politikuri an ekonomikuri interesis xelyofa. teqnologiuri terorizmis (ssk-is 324-e mux.) Semadgenlobis obieq-turi mxare waagavs sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis wina-aRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi gaTvaliswinebul birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebisa (ssk-is 231-e mux.) da birTvuli nivTi-erebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqaris (ssk-is 2311-e mux.) Semadgenlobis obieqtur mxareebs. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamos-xivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.) SeiZleba gan-xorcildes sxvadasxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, maT Soris, si-cocxlisaTvis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda ase-Ti Zaladobis muqariT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, teqnologiuri te-rorizmis obieqturi Semadgenlobac moiazrebs birTvuli nivTiere-bis xelSi Cagdebas, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis sagani an/da iaraRi gansxvavebulia. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri niv-Tierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 231-e mux.) Semadgenlobis mixedviT, xelyofis sagani mxo-lod birTvuli masala, radioaqtiuri nivTiereba an maionebeli ga-mosxivebis sxva wyaroa, gansxvavebiT teqnologiuri terorizmisgan (ssk-is 324-e mux.), romlis drosac xelyofis sagans an/da danaSau-lis iaraRs birTvuli, radiologiuri, qimiuri an baqteriologiu-ri iaraRi, paTogenuri mikroorganizmi, radiaqtiuri an/da adamia-nis janmrTelobisTvis mavne sxva nivTiereba, birTvuli, qimiuri, an
saxelmwifo, romelsac ara aqvs birTvuli iaraRi, valdebulebas kisrulobs mi-iRos garantiebi, rogorc isini Camoyalibebulia SeTanxmebaSi, romlis Sesaxe-bac iwarmoebs molaparakeba da romelic daideba atomuri energiis saerTaSo-riso saagentosTan atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos wesdebisa da saagentos garantiebis sistemis Sesabamisad, mxolod da mxolod mocemuli xel-Sekrulebis Sesabamisad nakisri misi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Semowmebis mizniT, raTa ar dauSvan mSvidobiani gamoyenebis birTvuli energiis gardaqmna
birTvul iaraRad an sxva birTvul asafeTqebel mowyobilobad.”
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Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis obieqti war-moadgens. teqnologiuri terorizmis dros xelyofis sagani an/da danaSaulis iaraRi sazogadoebrivad met saSiSroebas Seicavs, gan-sxvavebiT ssk-is 231-e muxlis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnisgan, romelic mxolod birTvuli nivTierebaa da birTvuli iaraRis saxe ar gaaCnia. gansaxilveli normebi gansxvavdebian agreTve xelyofis obieq-tiTac. teqnologiuri terorizmi xelyofs sazogadoebriv usaf-rTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul politikuri an ekonomikuri interess, xolo ssk-is 231-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis xelyofis obieqti sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigia. zemoaR-niSnuli normebis gamijvnis safuZveli subieqtur mxareSic unda veZioT. teqnologiuri terorizmis mizans mosaxleobis daSineba, fizikur da iuridiul pirebze, xelisuflebis organoze, saxelmwi-foze an saerTaSoriso organizaciaze zemoqmedeba warmoadgens, xolo birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismieri mizniT. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciiT danaSa-ulis iaraRad an/da sagnad moazrebulia rogorc birTvuli nivTi-ereba, ise birTvuli iaraRi. cxadia, rom birTvuli iaraRis damza-debamde damnaSavem Tavdapirvelad birTvuli nivTiereba unda ig-dos xelT. msgavs SemTxvevaSi rogor unda dakvalificirdes bir-Tvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdeba, rogorc teqnologiuri tero-rizmis momzadeba (ssk-is 324-e mux.), Tu rogorc birTvuli masa-lis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.)? migvaCnia, rom am SemTxve-vaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs damnaSavis ganzraxvis mimarTulebas. teroristuli ganzraxvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qmedeba unda dak-valificirdes teqnologiuri terorizmis momzadebad. birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.) novaciaa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. obieqtu-ri mxare gamoixateba Zaladobis gamoyenebiT an Zaladobis muqariT birTvuli nivTierebis moTxovnaSi. subieqturi mxriv - pirdapir ganzraxvaSi gamoixateba, Tumca SemadgenlobaSi mizani dakonkrete-buli ar aris. rac Seexeba teqnologiur terorizms (ssk-is 324-e mux.), gamoyenebuli muqara mimarTulia rogorc birTvuli nivTie-rebis xelSi Cagdebisken, agreTve ukve xelT myofi birTvuli niv-Tierebis an iaraRis gamoyenebiT garkveuli, teroristuli miznis miRwevisken. naTelia, rom birTvuli nivTierebis dauflebis muqa-ris, rogorc obieqturi niSnis orive Semadgenlobis farglebSi arseboba aRniSnuli Semadgenlobebis gamijvnas arTulebs. msgavs SemTxvevebSi qmedebaTa gamijvna Semadgenlobis subieqturi elemen-tebiT unda moxdes. kerZod, teqnologiuri terorizmisTvis specia-luri, teroristuli, mizania damaxasiaTebeli.
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teqnologiur terorizmTan SemxeblobaSia, agreTve, birTvuli ia-raRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadebis amkrZalavi norma (ssk-is 232-e mux.), romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba. naTelia, rom normiT akrZaluli Semadgenlobis gan-xorcieleba mxolod ganzrax aris SesaZlebeli. sagulisxmoa, rom birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba, saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, sa-erTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSauladaa miCneuli. saerTaSoriso xasia-Tis danaSaulad miiCnevs aRniSnul qmedebas agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is 406-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia saqarTvelos sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT akrZaluli qimiuri, biologiuri an masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRis damzadeba. “amdenad, birTvu-li iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ssk-is ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT, rac kanonis koliziad unda CaiTvalos. amis garda, 232-e muxli Tavisi SinaarsiT ufro saerTa-Soriso xasiaTis danaSaulia, vidre sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli norma.”299 naTelia, rom teqnologiuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli normiT gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebamde unda moxdes aRniSnuli iaraRis damzadeba an SeZena. logikuria, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi danaSaulTa erTobliobasTan gvaqvs saqme: qme-deba unda Sefasdes teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadebad (ssk-is 232-e mux.) an teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis damzadeba, SeZena an gasaRebad (ssk-is 406-e mux.). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba mizanSewoni-lia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad da gaTvaliswi-nebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSa-ulTa karSi. birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli ma-salisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radi-oaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), bir-Tvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Se-saxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqar-Tvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sa-yofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), bir-Tvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis dar-Rveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoad-
299 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. ga-momcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi 2008 w. gv. 544
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gens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver miva-kuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo.
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2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi
1988 wlis 10 martis konvencia “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesa-xeb”300 konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom xelmomweri saxel-mwifoebi Rrmad SeSfoTebulni arian “msoflioSi terorizmis aq-tebis momravlebiT mis yvela formaSi”. konvenciis preambula xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sazRvao na-osnobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebs, romlebic “emuqreba pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis usafrTxoebas, seriozulad aferxebs sazRvao mimosvlas da aryevs msoflios xalxebis rwme-nas sazRvao mimosvlis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT” miiCnevs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. konvenciis pirvel da meore muxlebSi gansazRvrulia xelyofis sagani kerZod, “winamdebare konvenciis miznebisaTvis, ~gemi” niS-navs nebismieri saxis xomalds, romelic ar aris mudmivad mimagre-buli zRvis fskerze. dinamiurad Sewonili xomaldebis, wyalqveSa aparatebis, an nebismieri sxva mcuravi saSualebis CaTvliT. konven-ciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebi ar exeba samxedro, sabaJo da policiis xomaldebs, agreTve im xomaldebs, romlebic gamoyva-nilia naosnobidan an Camoiwera. konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis detaluri CamonaTvali mocemu-lia mesame muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac: 1. nebismieri piri axorcielebs danaSauls Tu es piri arakanonie-rad da winaswari ganzraxviT: a) xelSi igdebs gems, an axorcielebs masze kontrols Zalis gamo-yenebiT, Zalis muqariT an daniSnulebis nebismieri sxva saxiT; an b) axorcielebs Zaladobis aqts gemis bortze myofi piris winaaR-mdeg, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an g) anadgurebs gems, an azianebs gems an mis tvirTs, Tu am daziane-bam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos gemis bortze nebismi-eri gziT, mowyobiloba an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanad-guros gemi, an ziani miayenos gems an mis tvirTs, Tu es ziani saf-
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rTxes uqmnis, an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an e) anadgurebs an seriozulad azianebs sazRvao sanavigacio danad-garebs an seriozulad xels uSlis maT funqcionirebas, Tuki ne-bismierma aseTma aqtebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas gemis usaf-rTxo naosnobas; an v) ganzrax atyobinebs cru informacias, da amiT safrTxes uqmnis gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an z) azianebs an klavs pirs a)-f) qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli da-naSaulebebis Cadenisas an Cadenis mcdelobisas. konvenciis mixedviT, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebu-lebas Sida kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyos konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis dasjadoba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi sazRvao usafrTxoebis damcavi normebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes: sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlo-bis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSi moce-muli sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma aris iqidan gamomdinare, rom sxva saxis transportTan erTad krZalavs wylis xomaldis mar-TlsawinaaRmdego dauflebas. Semadgenloba, sxva makvalificire-bel garemoebebTan erTad, iTvaliswinebs iseT xerxebs, rogori-caa sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi Zaladoba anda ase-Ti Zaladobis muqara, aseve Tu zemoxenebuli transportis saxee-bis dauflebas mohyveba adamianis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZi-me Sedegi. saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlSi mocemuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba 1988 wlis konvenciis mesame muxlis “a” da “b” qve-punqtebiT akrZalul qmedebis dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. aRsaniS-navia, rom konvenciis mesame muxlis “g” qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswine-buli qmedeba, “azianebs an klavs pirs”, ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnes 227-e muxlis Semadgenlobis farglebSi da aRniSnul nor-masTan erTad ganzrax mkvelelobis SemadgenlobiT moiTxovs kva-lifikacias.301 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroe-bis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba te-roristul danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso kon-vencia msgavs danaSaulebs teroristul xasiaTs aniWebs. im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero, wylis an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristuli qme-debisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi, au-cileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli.
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mkvelobis Semadgenlobebidan qmedeba SesaZlebelia Sefasdes rogorc dama-Zimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkveloba konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT: mZevlad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT, sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT, angarebiT an SekveTiT, jgufurad da a.S.
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wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmoad-gens302 da masSi aSkarad hpovebs asaxvas 1988 wlis “sazRvao naos-nobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis am axal normaSi kanonmdebelma sakmaod srulyofilad asaxa saerTaSoriso konvenciis moTxovnebi garkve-ul qmedebaTa dasjadobis SemoRebiT. ssk-is 2271-e muxlis Tanax-mad, dasjadia wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli sxvadasxva qmedebebi, rogoricaa ganzrax cru informaciis gadace-ma wylis xomaldisTvis, wylis xomaldze myofi piris mimarT gan-xorcielebuli Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, sazRvao-sanaviga-cio danadgaris dazianeba, wylis xomaldis an misi tvirTis ga-nadgureba an dazianeba da a.S. konvenciis Tanaxmad, mocemuli da-naSaulebi terorizmis gamovlinebis formebad aris miCneuli. amis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebebis dasjadoba gaTvaliswine-bulia 2271-e muxlSi, magram ara rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli, aramed, rogorc sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wes-rigis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. arada, teroristuli qme-debisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis ar-sebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSia saqarTvelos ssk-is 228-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli – mekobreoba. mekobreobas sxvagvarad zRvis yaCaRobad moixsenieben da obieqturad xorcieldeba xomaldze an sxva mcurav saSualeba-ze Zaladobrivi TavdasxmiT sxvisi nivTis dauflebisa da mar-TlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT. mekobreobis Semadgenloba SemxeblobaSia konvenciis mesame muxlis “a”, “b”, “c”, “g” qvepunqte-biT akrZalul qmedebebTan. mekobreoba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebi-sa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSia gaTva-liswinebuli, Tumca Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas (politiku-ri motivacia, teroristuli mizani da a.S.) teroristuli xasia-Tis danaSaulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvencias 1988 wlis 10 marts daemata oqmi “kontinentur Selfze ganlagebuli staciona-ruli platformebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli araka-nonieri qmedebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”, romelsac romSi moewera xeli.303 oqmis pirveli muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad “sta-cionaruli platforma” niSnavs xelovnur kunZuls, danadgars an 302
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ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 7 ivnisis N 3193 – Is dadgenilebiT
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nagebobas, romelic mudmivad aris damagrebuli zRvis fskerze, resursebis dazvervis an aTvisebis, an sxva ekonomikuri mizne-bisaTvis. konvenciis meore muxlis mixedviT danaSaulis obieqturi mxare ganxorcieldeba Tu nebismieri piri: a) xelSi igdebs an akontrolebs stacionarul platformas ZaliT an Zalis muqariT, an daSinebis nebismieri sxva formiT; an b) axorcielebs stacionarul platformaze myofi piris winaaR-mdeg Zaladobis aqts, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an g) anadgurebs stacionarul platformas, an ayenebs mas zians, ro-melmac SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos stacionarul plat-formaze mowyobiloba, an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadgu-ros stacionaruli platforma, an miayenos mas ziani, romelmac SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an e) a)-dan d)-s CaTvliT qvepunqtebSi aRwerili qmedebebis CadenasTan an Cadenis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT zians ayenebs an klavs ne-bismier pirs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss, 2006 wlis 25 ivliss, daemata 2272-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaruli platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an da-zianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis wi-naaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad, stacionarul plat-formaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis da-naSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mi-xedviT, msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia, sta-cionaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obi-eqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTadSefasdes.
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2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTie-rebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT
gaeros 1991 wlis konvencia “plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT”304 miRebulia 1988 wlis tragediis Semdeg, rodesac plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTierebis meSveobiT aafeTqes kompania “panam”-is sahaero xomaldi. xelmomwe-ri saxelmwifoebi iReben Sesabamis zomebs maT teritoriaze arani-Sandebuli feTqebadi nivTierebis damzadebis akrZalvisa da Tavi-dan acilebisaTvis305 saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas aR-kveTon araniSandebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis teritoriidan gatana an teritoriaze Setana, sakuTar teritoriaze araniSandebu-li asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis mTeli maragi, romelic ar aris samxedro an policiuri funqciebis Semsrulebeli uflebamosili organoebis mflobelobaSi, ganadgurdes an gamoyenebul iqnes im wesiT, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba am konvenciis miznebs, an iqnes niSandebuli, an gaTavisuflebuli feTqebadi Tvisebebisagan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde am saxelmwifos mimarT.
2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
1997 wels miRebulia “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristuli da-bombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb,”306 romlis SemuSavebis mize-zic gaxda msoflioSi terorizmis yvela formis da gamovlinebis eskalacia da gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli teroristuli Tavdas-xmebi feTqebadi da sxva sasikvdilo mowyobilobebis gamoyenebiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi.307 konvenciiT akrZaluli
304
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 11 Tebervlis N 137 dadgenilebiT. 305
konvenciis Tanaxmad, niSandebis nivTiereba` aRniSnavs nivTierebas, romelic aRwerilia winamdebare konvenciis teqnikur danarTSi da CarTulia feTqebad nivTierebaSi misi gamovlenis mizniT, xolo TviTon “niSandeba” aRniSnavs feTqe-bad nivTierebaSi niSandebis nivTierebis CarTvas konvenciis teqnikuri danarTis Sesabamisad. 306
damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 24 seqtembris N 459 brZanebulebiT. 307
konvenciis pirveli muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad: `feTqebadi an sxva
sasikvdilo mowyobiloba~ niSnavs: a) feTqebad an cecxlgamCen iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an aqvs unari gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelova-ni materialuri zarali; an b) iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an aqvs unari gamoiwvios sik-vdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali toqsikur qimiuri nivTierebis, biologiuri agentis an toqsinis an msgavsi niv-
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qmedeba gamoixateba, Tu piri arakanonierad da ganzrax gana-Tavsebs, aamoqmedebs an aafeTqebs feTqebad an sxva sasikvdilo mowyobilobas sajaro daniSnulebis adgilas, saxelmwifo an sam-Tavrobo obieqtSi, sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemaSi an in-frastruqturis obieqtSi an (zemoCamoTvlili) adgilebisa da obi-eqtbis midamoebSi an maT winaaRmdeg. konvenciis mexuTe muxli metad saintereso daTqmas akeTebs, rode-sac avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifos miiRon Sesabamisi zo-mebi “raTa uzrunvelyos, rom winamdebare konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli danaSaulebrivi aqtebi, romlebic konretulad gamiznuli an gaTvlilia sazogadoebaSi an pirTa jgufSi an kerZo pirebs So-ris teroris garemos Seqmnaze, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba ga-marTlebuli politikuri, filosofiuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze da am aqtebs Seefardeba Sesabamisi sasjelebi maTi simZimis gaTva-liswinebiT.” aRniSnuli norma krZalavs terorizmis propagandas saxelmwifoSi, mis gamarTlebas nebismieri formiT da safuZvliT, moiTxovs saxelmwifoebma moaxdinon msgavsi qmedebebis kriminali-zacia da dasajon akrZaluli qmedebis Camdeni pirebi. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma 2006 wlis 25 ivliss sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis teroristul danaSaulTa TavSi terorizmis propagandis amkrZalavi (saqveynod mowodeba terorizmisaken ssk-is 3301-e mux.) norma Semoitana. “Tanamedrove epoqaSi erT-erTi saSiSi tendencia terorizmis wamqezebluri ritorika, es maSin, roca eTnikurma te-rorizmma, politikuri eqstremizmis da islamuri radikalizmis ga-movlinebebma arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT SemaSfo-Tebelia eTnikuri separatizmis niadagze aRmocenebuli eTnokonfe-siuri konfliqtebi, romelTac didi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare adamianebze manipulireba Zalze gaadvi-lebulia. swored amgvari safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad saqar-Tvelos ssk 3301 muxliT kriminalizebulia saqveynod informaciis gavrceleba an sxvagvari miwodeba ssk-is 323-330-e, 3301-e da 3302-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime teroristuli danaSaulis Cadenisaken mowodebis mizniT...”308 interess iwvevs konvenciis me-11 muxli. me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, ga-dacemis an iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis miznebisTvis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi qmdebebi ar unda iqnes miCneu-li politikur danaSaulad, an danaSaulad, romelic ukavSirdeba politikur danaSauls, an danaSaulad, romelic gamowveulia po-litikuri motivebiT. saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs uari ganacxa-dos iuridiul daxmarebaze an gadacemaze zemoxsenebuli mizeze-biT.
Tierebis, an radiaciis an radioaqtiuri nivTierebis gamoTavisuflebis, gafan-tvis an zemoqmedebis gziT. 308 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbi-lisi, 2009, gv. 118.
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2.2.8. saerTaSoriso konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul
normatiul sivrceSi
1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb” miRebulia terorizmis finansuri xelSewyobis aRmofxvris mizniT. imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso teroristuli jgufebis sabo-loo mizani ar aris finansuri mogebis miReba, isini mainc saWiro-eben fuls, raTa miizidon axali momxreebi, uzrunvelyon organi-zaciis mxardaWera adgilze da sazRvargareT. zogierT saerTaSo-riso teroristul jgufs fuli sWirdeba imisTvis, rom warmarTon socialuri kompania Tanamoazreebis mizidvis mizniT da masobriv sainformacio saSualebebis meSveobiT Seqmnan STabeWdileba TiT-qos icaven xalxis farTo fenebis interesebs. Segrovebuli saxsre-biT finansdeba skolebis da saavadmyofoebis mSenebloba da a.S. am moqmedebebis mTavari mizania TavianT rigebSi miizidon axali mom-xreebi. mniSvnelovani Tanxebi ixarjeba organizaciis dakompleqte-baze, wevrebis sabrZolo momzadebaze, Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT aRWurvili bazebis (kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa, kavSirebi, tran-sporti, iaraRi) Seqmnaze. konkretuli teraqtebis momzadeba da ganxorcieleba, rogorc wesi did danaxarjebs ar moiTxovs. tero-rizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis sakiTxebSi problemas is qmnis, rom damfinanseblis da dafinansebuli mxaris realuri miznebi xSirad dafarulia, teroristuli organizaciebis mier Tanxebis Segroveba mimdinareobs saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT da rogorc wesi, mesame pire-bis meSveobiT. finansuri operaciis saidumlo xasiaTis gamo, rTu-lia imis mtkiceba, rom Tanxebi daixarja ukve mowyobil, an dageg-mil teraqtze. terorizmis problema ar SeiZleba gadaiWras mxo-lod calkeuli teroristuli aqtebis gamovleniT da maTi Tavidan acilebiT, saWiroa ufro farTomasStabiani moqmedebebi. kerZod, unda aRikveTos teroristuli saqmianoba, romlis erT-erT safuZ-vlad terorizmis dafinanseba gvevlineba.309 teroristuli organizacia SesaZlebelia finansdebodes saxelmwi-foebidan, religiuri organizaciebidan, komerciuli da arakomer-ciuli iuridiuli pirebidan, mdidari individebidan, diasporebi-dan da sxva wyaroebidan: 1. saxelmwifo dafinanseba sakmaod mniSvnelovania teroristuli organizaciebisTvis. saxelmwifom SeiZleba teroristebs xeli Se-uwyos aramxolod finansebis gamoyofiT, aramed samedicino daxma-rebis aRmoCeniT, iaraRis miwodebiT, TavSesafris micemiT, saw-vrTneli banakebis mowyobiT da a.S.310 terologiaSi cnobilia te-rorizmis dafinansebis mravali magaliTi ama Tu im saxelmwifos
309
ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М.,
2002, c.257 - 258 310
ix. Patterns of Global Terrorism, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. State
Department, http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt.2011.
134
mxridan. magaliTad, irlandiis respublikuri armia libiidan iRebda fuls, uaxlesi tipis SeiaraRebas da asafeTqebel mowyobi-lobebs.311 zogierTi monacemebiT palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizacia iRebda daxmarebas egviptidan, saudis arabeTidan, li-biidan, siriidan, quveiTidan. aRniSnuli qveynebidan palestinuri terorizmis dafinansebisTvis gamoyofilma Tanxam 1973-1986 wlebSi daaxloebiT 250 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina.312 2. religiuri organizaciebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Senawirebs ag-roveben da amgvarad exmarebian teroristebs. magaliTad, religiu-ri Senawirebis odenoba saudis arabeTSi yovelwliurad Seadgens 10 miliard aSS dolars.313 3. komerciuli da arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebidan miRebuli dafinanseba teroristuli organizaciebis Semosavlis mniSvnelo-van nawils Seadgens. 2001 wlis noemberSi aSS-s mTavrobam al-Taqva (al-Taqwa) sabanko sistema daasaxela rogorc teroristuli iuridi-uli piri, romelic al-qaidas finansuri saxsrebis mimoqcevas awarmoebda.314 al-qaidas garda, al-Taqva (al-Taqwa) afinansebda ra-modenime sxva teroristul organizaciasac, maT Soris, hamass. al-Taqva Seiqmna 1988 wels egviptis musulmanuri saZmos dafinanse-biT.315 1996 wlis monacemebiT al-Taqvas kavSiri hqonda hamasTan da sxva palestinur teroristul jgufebTan, agreTve alJirul “is-lamur SeiaraRebul jgufTan” da egviptur al-jamaa al-islamias-Tan. arakomerciuli iuridili pirebi afinanseben iseT cnobil te-roristul organizacias, rogoricaa “Tamil elamis gamaTavisuf-lebeli vefxvebi” (ТОТЭ). damfinanseblebs Soris eqspertebi asaxe-leben “TamilTa erTian organizacias” (United Tamil Organization), “kana-deli Tamilebis gaerTianebul asociacias” (The Federation of
Associations of Canadian Tamils), “TamilTa koordinaciis komiteti” (The
Tamil Coordinating Committee) da sxva organizaciebs.316 terorizmis damfinanseblis braldeba waeyena, agreTve, saerTaSoriso humanita-rul fonds al-aqsas, romelic humanitarul saqmianobas amofare-buli afinansebda hamass. dadasturda agreTve al-aqsas mier al-qa-idas da hezbolas dafinanseba.317 “komerciuli da arakomerciuli
311ix. Libya’s Continuing Responsibility for Terrorism // International Policy Institute for Counter-
Terrorism, 15 April 1992. www.ict.org.il.2004. 312
ix. S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial
Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 39. 313 ix. J. Brisard. Terrorism Financing: Roots and Trends of Saudi Terrorism Financing. 2002, p. 6. 314ix. J. B. Taylor, “Statement from the US Department of the Treasury,” 7 November 2001,
www.treas.gov/press/releases/po771.htm.2004. 315
ix. “The United States and Italy Designate Twenty-Five New Financiers of Terror,” Department of
the Treasury Office of Public Affairs, PO-3380, 29 August 2002,
www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po3380.htm. 2005. 316
ix. D.Byman , P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan Trends in Outside Support for
Insurgent Movements, Rand, 2001. p. 44. 317
ix.: Treasury Designates Al-Aqsa International Foundation as Financier of Terror: Charity Linked to
Funding of the Hamas Terrorist Organization,” Department of the Treasury, Office of Public Affairs, 29
May 2003, www.treas.gov/press/releases/js439.htm.
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organizaciebi teroristuli jgufebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben aramxolod finansuri mxardaWeriT, aramed maTTvis qmnian saw-vrTnel, samedicino – gamajansaRebel da sxva saxis infrastruq-turas.”318
4. terorizmis dafinansebis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSi micemuli fi-zikuri pirebis SemTxvevebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes: abdurahman muhamed almoudi, aSS-s musulmanuri fondis Tavkaci, braldebuli iqna libiasTan finansuri urTierTobis damyarebisTvis (aRniSnul qveyanas rogorc terorizmis damfinansebels aSS –s mxridan eko-nomikuri sanqciebi aqvs dadebuli). sasamarTlo monacemebis mixed-viT almoudi qvelmoqmedebas amofarebuli uzarmazar Tanxebs ug-zavnida teroristul organizaciebs maT Soris, al-qaidas da ha-mass. aRniSnulis garda, almoudis urTierToba hqonda aSS-Si moq-med TiTqmis yvela teroristul jgufTan; terorizmis dafinanse-bis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSia micemuli agreTve soleiman biheiri, romelic legalur biznes saqmianobas iyo amofarebuli. igi aSS-s oficialuri pirebis mier saxeldebulia rogorc “musulmanuri saZmos amerikeli bankiri”.319 jeims adamsisis naSromi terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi kla-sikurad iTvleba. mis mier gaanalizebuli iqna terorizmis finan-suri infrastruqtura.320 adamsis azriT 1960-1980-ian wlebSi tero-rizmma finansebis gamoZebnis sakiTxSi cvlilebebi ganicada. dasav-leTs, romelsac saTaveSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi edga da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sponsori qveynebis gamovlenas cdilobda, aRniSnuli fericvaleba mxedvelobidan gamorCa. mZlav-ri teroristuli jgufebi ukve aRar iyvnen damokidebuli saxel-mwifoebze, maT dafinansebis sakuTari wyaroebi Seqmnes. adamsi as-kvnis rom, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis saukeTeso saSualebaa im finansur infrastruqturebis moSla romlebiTac sazrdooben teroristuli organizaciebi. adamsis mixedviT, teroristul jgu-febi viTardebian da funqcionireben damoukideblad. adamsi svams kiTxvas: ra xerxebiT afinanseben teroristuli organizaciebi sa-kuTar saqmianobas, Tu ki isini ar sargebloben saxelmwifo xel-SewyobiT? adamsi aRniSnul kiTxvas Semdegnairad pasuxobs: tero-ristuli organizaciis arsebobisTvis saWiroa didi resursebi, amitom aRniSnuli organizacia qmnis sakuTar finansur infras-truqturas. magaliTisTvis saxeldeba palestinis gamaTavisuflebe-li organizacia (PLO), romelmac me-20 saukunis 70–ian wlebSi Camo-ayaliba Tavisi ekonomikuri frTa “samedis” (Samed) saxelwodebiT. “samedi” agebulia Tanamedrove organizaciuli mowyobis wesebis dacviT, warmoadgens legalur finansur struqturas, romelic flobs fermerul meurneobebsa da fabrika - qarxnebs mraval qveya-
318ix. M. Levitt The Political Economy of Middle East Terrorism // The Washington Institute, 2002. p. 5. 319
ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover
Between Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) project
MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2004. 320
J. Adams, The Financing of Terror, Aberdeen Universiti Press. Aberdeen, 1986.
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naSi, kerZod, libanSi, tunisSi, alJirsa da siriaSi. “sameds” gan-zraxuli aqvs gaxdes udidesi ekonomikuri Zala axlo aRmosaveTSi ocdameerTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi, saqmianobis generalur xazs pa-lestinis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dafinanseba warmoadgens. unikaluri finansuri infrastruqtura Seqmna agreTve “irlandiis gamaTavisuflebel armia”-m (IRA). arsebobda mosazreba, rom IRA fi-nansdeboda aSS-dan, iq mcxovrebi emigranti irlandielebis Senawi-rebis meSveobiT. adamsi asabuTebs, rom aRniSnuli wyaro IRA-s fi-nansur struqturaSi umTavres rols ar TamaSobs. IRA Tavisi xazi-nis mniSvnelovan nawils avsebs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi organize-buli danaSaulobis sakuTari qselis wyalobiT. revolucionero-bis da Cveulebrivi gangsterobis SeTavseba saukeTeso meTodi aR-moCnda terorizmis dafinansebisTvis. adamsi aRniSnul movlenas “kapones aRmoCenas” uwodebs, misi arsi SemdgomSia: teroristulma organizacia IRA-m aRmoaCina, rom SeuZlia didi Tanxebis mopoveba maRaziebis mflobelebisgan da sxva sxva saxis mewarmeTagan saval-debulo dacvis servisis Tavs moxveviT da fulis gamoZalviT. IRA-
s aRniSnul moqmedebas reketis forma hqonda da mewarme Tanxas ix-dida ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, rom teroristuli organizacia kisrulobda misi biznesis dacvas gareSe pirTagan, meore da umTav-resi icavda TviT IRA-sgan, misi Tavdasxmebisgan. warmatebuli cda gamodga 1972 wels legalur finansur sivrceSi gamosvla da taq-sebis kompaniis SeZena. IRA male mixvda, rom gacilebiT did Tan-xebs moigebda, Tu konkurentebs Camoicilebda, terorizmi gamoiye-neboda bazarze dominirebisaTvis. meTodebi kargad muSaobda da IRA komerciuli saqmianobis sxva momgebian saxeobebSic aqtiurad Caeba.321
adamsi askvnis: arcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar moqmedebs vakuumSi, mas samoqmedod sWirdeba sxvadasxva saxis resursebi, xo-lo resursebi TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ase rom yoveli tero-ristuli organizaciis ukan finansuri infrastruqturaa. amitom terorizmTan brZola misi finansuri qselis likvidacias unda iT-valiswinebdes.322 palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli armia (ООП) Sida finansuri struq-turebis ganviTarebuli sqemiT gamoirCeva. organizacia flobs Sua aRmosavleTSi tansacmlis da iaraRis mwarmoebel fabrika-qar-xnebs, afrikis kontinentze fermerul meurneobebs, uZrav qonebas evropaSi, aviakompaniebs nikaraguaSi da maldivis respublikaSi. mi-Rebuli mogeba mimarTulia aSS-s, safrangeTis, britaneTis, germa-niis, belgiis da iaponiis safondo bazrebze aqciebis SesaZenad. saintereso movlenad unda CaiTvalos faqti, rodesac organizaci-
321
ix. J. Adams, dasaxelebuli naSomi, gv. 393 – 405. 322
ix. iqve
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am misTvis sasargeblo pirobebiT nikaraguis xelisuflebaze kre-ditic ki gasca.323 Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciis dafinanseba xorcieldeba legaluri da aralegaluri biznesidan, sawevro Senatanebidan, loialurad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebidan, saTvistomoebidan, re-ligiuri organizaciebidan da sxva wyaroebidan. teroristuli or-ganizaciis dafinansebis erT-erT Tanamedrove formas TviTdafi-nanseba warmoadgens. TviTdafinansebis generalur xazs organiza-ciis samewarmeo saqmianoba (legaluri an aralegaluri) warmoad-gens. Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebi cdiloben Seqmnan Sida, avtonomiuri dafinansebis wyaroebi, raTa moipovon finansu-ri damoukidebuleba da ar iyvnen damokidebulni garegan faqto-rebze. 1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”
miRebulia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier zustad im mizniT, rom saxelmwifoTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Tanamedrove teroris-tul organizaciebs moeSalos finansuri dasayrdeni. konvenciis pirveli muxlis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvrulia xelyo-fis sagani, e.w. “fondebi” romelSic, konvenciis miznebidan gamom-dinare, igulisxmeba “yvela saxis da nebismieri gziT mopovebuli, materialuri da aramaterialuri, moZravi da uZravi aqtivebi, ne-bismieri formis iuridiuli dokumenti, maT Soris eleqtronuli da cifruli, romelic amgvar aqtivebze sakuTrebis uflebas an maTSi wilobriv monawileobas adasturebs, moicavs, Tumca ar Se-moifargleba, sabanko kreditebs, samgzavro Cekebs, sabanko Cekebs, fulad gzavnilebs, aqciebs, fasian qaRaldebs, obligaciebs, tra-tebs, akreditivebs.” konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul akrZalul qmedebas sCadis piri Tu pirdapir an arapirdapir, ukanonod da sakuTari nebiT, uzrunvel-yofs an agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzraxviT, rom maT gamoiyeneben, an icis, rom maT mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoiyeneben terorizmis dasafinanaseblad. rogorc konvenciidan Cans, terorizmis dafinan-seba pirma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapir-dapiri ganzraxviT, radganac piri agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzrax-viT, rom maT gamoiyeneben an icis rom gamoiyeneben, anu pirvel SemTxvevaSi surs teroristebis mxridan “fondebis” gamoyeneba, xo-lo meore SemTxvevaSi Segnebulad uSvebs aRniSnuls. meore mux-lis mesame nawilis YTanaxmad, danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobis-Tvis aucilebeli ar aris “fondebi” faqtobrivad iyos gamoyenebu-li teroristTa mier. mTavaria, rom damfinansebelma “fondebi” mia-wodos teroristebs zemoCamoTvilili saSualebebiT da formebiT. danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobisTvis miwodebuli fondebis ga-
323 ix.: S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial
Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 43.
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moyenebas, srulad an nawilobriv SeZleben Tu ara teroristebi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. konvenciis mexuTe muxlis Sesabamisad, konvenciis monawile TiToe-uli saxelmwifo “qveynis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ganaxorcie-lebs RonisZiebebs, raTa Tavis teritoriaze ganlagebul iuridi-ul pirebs an qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dafuZnebul iu-ridiul pirebs daakisros pasuxismgebloba.”im SemTxvevebSi rode-sac am iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelma an makontrolebelma orga-nom samsaxurebrivi funqciis Sesrulebisas terorizmis dafinanse-ba ganaxorciela. amasTan, konvvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, iuridiul pirebze dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba danaSa-ulis Camden pirebs ar aTavisuflebs piradi pasuxisgebisagan. sa-gulisxmoa, rom konvenciis zemoaRniSnuli moTxovna gaTvaliswine-bulia saqarTvelos ssk-is 1071-e muxlis me-6 nawilSi, romlis mi-xedviTac: “iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba ar gamoricxavs imave danaSaulisaTvis fizikuri piris sis-xlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas”. iuridiuli pirebisTvis da-sakisrebeli pasuxismgeblobis formebidan konvencia gamoyofs sis-xlissamarTlebriv, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv da administraci-ulsamarTlebriv saSualebebs. amasTan, iuridiuli piris mimarT gamoyenebuli sanqcia unda iyos qmediTi, Tanazomieri da aman xeli unda aaRebinos pirs danaSaulis Cadenaze. konvenciis meeqvse muxlis imperatiuli miTiTebiT, saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon raTa terorizmis dafinansebas arc erT Sem-TxvevaSi ar moeZebnos gamarTleba politikuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebiT. aseTi-ve daTqmas Seicavs 1997 wlis “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristu-li dabombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 3301-e muxli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, krZa-lavs saqveynod mowodebas terorizmisaken da dasjadad acxadebs terorizmis propagandis nebismier SemTxvevas. terorizmis dafinan-sebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis aRniSnuli moTxovna saqarTve-los kanonmdeblis mier aris gaTvaliswinebuli da asaxulia sis-xlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. konvenciis me-12 muxlis meore nawili mniSvnelovan daTqmas ake-Tebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom konvenciis monawile saxelmwifo-ebma ar unda uaryon kanonieri urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb moTxov-na sabanko saidumloebebis dacvis motiviT. konvenciis aRniSnuli daTqma saerTaSoriso samarTalSi novacias warmoadgens da mniS-vnelovani funqciuri datvirTva gaaCnia. amis garda, konvenciis meTvramete muxlSi gawerilia saxelmwifoTa sxva valdebulebebi. kerZod: zomebis miReba TavianT teritoriebze im pirebisa da or-ganizaciebis arakanonieri saqmianobis asakrZalad, romlebic Seg-nebulad waaxaliseben, ubiZgeben, organizebas ukeTeben an Cabmuli arian terorizmis dafinansebaSi; Sesabamisi struqturebis mier sa-Tanado yuradRebis miqceva saeWvo da uCveulo garigebebze; iseTi
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wesebis SemoRebaze, romlebic krZalavs angariSebis gaxsnas, Tuki maTi mflobelebi an beneficiariebi daudgeneli pirebi arian, an maTi identifikacia SeuZlebelia; SemoiRon iseTi wesebi, romlebic finansur institutebs valdebulebas akisrebs saswrafod Seatyo-binon kompetentur organoebs yvela rTuli, uCveulo, masSta-buri an ucnauri garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic ar isaxavs miznad aS-karad ekonomikur an TvalsaCinod kanonier miznebs. eqstradiciis da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxebze mniSvnelovan daTqmas akeTebs konvenciis mecamete da meToTxmete muxlebi, rom-lis mixedviTac, terorizmis dafinanseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos finansur an politikur danaSaulad, aqedan gamomdinare, konvenci-is monawile saxelmwifom ar unda uaryos eqstradiciis an iuridi-uli daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb moTxovna mxolod im safuZvliT, rom terorizmis dafinanseba dakavSirebulia finansur an politi-kur danaSaulTan. konvenciis meTeqvsmete muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs uari ganacxados eqstradiciasa da iuridiul daxmarebaze Tu sak-marisi safuZveli aqvs ifiqros, rom terorizmis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT eqstradiciis an iuridiuli daxmarebis moTxovna miznad isaxavs pirovnebis sisxlisamarTlebriv devnas an dasjas misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis, eTnikuri warmoSobis, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo. terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis specifika Seicavs sadazver-vo da samarTalSefardebiTi aspeqtebis rTul urTierTkavSirs, romelic exeba iseT daucvel sferos, rogoricaa sabanko saidum-loeba. sabanko saidumloebis sakiTxebi dakavSirebulia rogorc saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur usafrTxoebasTan, aseve sakuTrebis uflebasTan, moqalaqeebis komerciul da piradi interesebTan, ra-Sicaa gansakuTrebuli sirTule Sesabamisi moqmedebis rogorc sa-xelmwifos SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze. konvencia areguli-rebs agreTve damnaSave piris dakavebis, gadacemis, sisxlissmar-Tlebrivi devnis, iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis da sxva procesu-aluri xasiaTis sakiTxebs.
fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso komisiam (FATF) 2001 wlis 29-30 oqtombers q. vaSingtonSi SeimuSava 9 specialuri reko-mendacia, romlebsac mogvianebiT daemata mecxre rekomendacia naRdi fulis brunvasTan dakavSirebiT. amave organizaciis fulis
gaTeTrebis cnobil 40 rekomendaciasTan erTobliobaSi teroriz-mis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis amosaval principebad unda iqnes ganxiluli: 1. terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis aspeqtiT gaeros mier mi-Rebuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebis ratifikacia da imple-mentacia;
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2. terorizmis dafinansebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli fulis ga-TeTrebis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia; 3. teroristuli aqtivebis gayinva da konfiskacia; 4. terorizmis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli saeWvo operaciebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba; 5. samarTaldamcavi da makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTisa da gamoZiebis sakiTxebSi; 6. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis moTxovnebis danergva fulis ga-daricxvis alternatiuli sistemebis gamoyenebisas; 7. eleqtronuli gadaricxvebis SemTxvevaSi kontrolis gamkacreba finansuri aqtivebis mflobelis identifikaciis mizniT; 8. Sesabamisi garantiebis Seqmna im mizniT, rom sakuTreba, ganas-kuTrebiT ki arakomerciuli organizaciebis, ar iqneba gamoyenebu-li terorizmis dasafinanseblad; 9. naRdi fulis brunvis kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb.
FATF – is rekomendaciebis mixedviT terorizmis dafinanseba fu-lis gaTeTrebis predikatul danaSaulad iTvleba. predikatul danaSaulSi winmswrebi danauli igulisxmeba, anu terorizmis dafinanseba fulis gaTeTrebis winare danaSaulad iTvleba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2006 wlis 25 ivliss kriminalizebuli iqna terorizmis dafinanseba, amiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi movida konvenciis moTxovnebTan. ssk-is 3311 –e muxlis Tanaxmad, terorizmis dafinansebas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac finansuri saxsrebis an sxva saxis qonebis Segroveba an miwodeba xdeba imis winaswari SecnobiT, rom aRniSnuli gamoyenebuli iqneba terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebu-li teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare rogorc pirdapir ise arapirdapir ganzraxvas moicavs, mTavaria subieqtur mxareSi arsebobdes imis Secnobis elementi, rom finansuri saxsrebi mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoye-nebuli iqneba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Casadenad. terorizmis dafinansebis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZo-lis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamocemulia saqarTvelos erovnu-li bankis prezidentis brZanebebi da gankargulebebi, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebebi da sxva normatiuli aqtebi.
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ganxiluli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom terorizmis romelime erTi konkretuli ga-movlinebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebas warmoadgenen. Teoria-Si terologebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul konvenciebs, re-gulirebis sferos konkretizaciis gamo, “sagnobrivs” uwodeben. gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom terorizmis formebis mudmivi cva-lebadobis gamo, “sagnobrivi” konvenciebi ver daaregulirebda da ver moicavda mis yvela gamovlinebas. mravaljer daisva winadadeba SemuSavebuliyo erTiani, universaluri saerTaSoriso – samar-Tlebrivi dokumenti, romelic terorizmTan brZolis problemis mTlianad moicavda.324
2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli
strategia
terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erTiani saerTaSoriso dokumen-tis SemuSavebis ideiT 2006 wlis 8 seqtembers gaerTianebuli ere-bis organizaciam miiRo globaluri kontrteroristuli strate-gia. dokumenti mocemulia rezoluciis formiT romelsac Tan er-Tvis samoqmedo gegma. kontrteroristuli strategia warmoadgens unikalur dokuments, radganac pirvelad yvela wevri saxelmwifo SeTanxmda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom terorizmi miuRebelia misi formis da gamovlinebis miuxedavad, SemuSavda terorizmTan brZo-lis erTiani strategiuli midgoma. kontrteroristuli strategi-is samoqmedo gegma agebulia iseTi Semadgeneli komponentebiT, ro-goricaa: 1. terorizmis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Tavidan acilebis RonisZie-bebi; 2. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi; 3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis da wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebis zrda terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da masTan brZolis aspeqtiT; 4. kanonis uzenaesobis da adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao pati-viscemis principis uzrunvelyofa terorizmTan brZolaSi.325
324
ix. Т. С. Бояр-Созонович, Международный терроризм: политико-правовые аспекты, Одесса,
Лыбидь, 1991. cc. 119-120. 325
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/strategy_resolution.shtml#a2.2011.
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2.2.10. evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebidan gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSna-via 1977 wlis 27 ianvris evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaR-mdeg brZolis Sesaxeb.326 rogorc preambulaSia aRniSnuli konven-ciis miReba ganapiroba teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma mzar-dma SeSfoTebam da teroristuli aqtebis Camdeni pirebis mimarT efeqturi samarTlebrivi zomebis miRebis aucileblobam. konvenci-aSi gawerilia xelmomweri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromlo-bis sawyisebi, dadgenilia eqstradiciis zogadi principebi tero-ristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis. konvenciis pirvelive muxlSi gansazRvrulia, rom xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris eqstradiciis miznebisaTvis, teroristuli xasiaTis arcerTi danaSauli ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas politi-kur danaSaulad an politikur danaSaulTan dakavSirebul danaSa-ulad an politikuri motivebiT gamowveul danaSaulad. politi-kur danaSaulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso konvencie-biT akrZaluli teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebi.327 konvenciis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebidan Tu romelime ar aris aRiarebuli eqstradicias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad xelSemkvrel saxelmwi-foebs Soris arsebul nebismier konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebaSi, igi mainc CaiTvleba eqstradacias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad. am daTqmiT SesaZlebeli xdeba Tundac ar arsebobdes saxelmwifoTa Soris SeTanxmeba iuridiul daxmarebasa da eqstradiciaze da isi-ni warmoadgendnen evropuli konvenciis xelmomwer mxareebs, gana-xorcielon eqstradicia da iuridiuli urTierTdaxmareba am kon-venciis safuZvelze teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis SemTxve-vaSi. evropuli konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli danaSa-ulebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi gamoiyeneben iuridiuli urTi-erTdaxmarebis yvelaze farTo zomebs. amasTanave ar SeiZleba uari iTqvas am daxmarebaze mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi Seexeba po-litikur danaSauls, an danaSauls dakavSirebuls politikur da-naSaulTan an politikuri motivebiT ganpirobebul danaSauls. saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas eqstradiciaze im gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac teriristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebze eqstra-
326
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 27 seqtembris # 509 dadgenilebiT. 327 konvenciis pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlilia saerTaSoriso teroristuli xasia-Tis danaSaulebi (diplomatiuri agentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, sa-haero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba da sxv.), romlebic dasjadadaa cnobili gaeros 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT da winamdebare naSromSi iyo ganxiluli.
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diciis Sesaxeb Txovna ganxorcielda piris braldebis an dasjisaTvis misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis an politikuri Sexe-dulebebis gamo, an Tu piris mdgomareoba SeiZleba damZimdes ro-melime am mizezis gamo.
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$ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis franguli modeli
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis saintereso magaliTs sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens safrangeTis kanonmdebloba. dasavleT qveynebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris safrangeTisac Seicavs rogorc materialur, aseve procesualur normebs. msgavsi sakanonmdeblo teqnika, rodesac normatiuli aqti Tavisi xasiaTiT aris materialuric da procesualuric, iZleva swrafi da moqnili reagirebis saSualebas. safrangeTSi msgavs sakanonmdeblo aqts warmoadgens kanoni “terorizmTan da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis xelmyof qmedebebTan brZolis Sesaxeb.” Sinaarsobrivad es kanoni SeiZleba CaiTvalos kompleqsurad, nawilobriv materialur da nawilobriv procesualurad. es aixsneba imiT, rom safrangeTis sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 TavSi mocemulia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis materialuri cneba. kerZod, ganisazRvreba rogorc mZime kategoriis danaSaulTa simravlis arseboba, Cadenili “piris an danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mier, romlis mizania mniSvnelovnad daarRvios sazogadoebrivi wesrigi daSinebis da teroris gziT.”328
safrangeTis sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis 706-16 muxlSi mocmeulia mimdinare danaSaulebis CamonaTvali, romlebic garkveuli pirobebis arsebobis dros CaiTvleba teroristulad. es muxli ar ayaliyebebs axal Semadgenlobas, aramed mxolod CamoTvlis konkretul Semadgenlobebs, romelTa Cadenac fizikuri piris an danaSaulebrivi jgufis mier, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis saSiSi darRvevis mizniT, daSinebis an teroris gziT, miiCneva teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da saproceso moqmedebebi warimarTeba sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli wesis Sesabamisad.329
1992 wels safrangeTSi miiRes axali sisxlis samarTlis materialuri kodeqsi. igi Sedgeba 4 wignisgan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgebian karebisgan, Tavebisgan, punqtebisa da qvepunqtebisgan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meoTxe wigni iTvaliswinebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas. igi Sedgeba ori Tavisagan: Tavi I _ “teroristuli aqtebis Sesaxeb” (421-1 _ 421-4 muxlebi)330; Tavi II _ “gansakuTrebuli debulebebi” (422-1 _ 422-5 muxlebi)331. pirvel
328
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 67. 329
ix. Code de procédure pénale; Titre XV : De la poursuite, de l'instruction et du jugement des actes de
terrorisme, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 330
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre Ier : Des actes de terrorisme. Article 421-1
- 421-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 331
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 422-
1 – 422-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
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TavSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis cneba da pasuxismgeblobis zomebi. meore Tavi iTvaliswinebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenaSi braldebuli pirebis sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas im SemTxvevebSi, Tu es pirebi TanamSromloben gamoZiebasTan, awesebs damatebiT sasjelebs da gansazRvravs iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobas.
franguli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa wignSia gaerTianebuli (danaSauli eris, saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis winaaRmdeg)332 da maTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti saxelmwifo strategiuli interesebia (politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxv.). safrangeTis ssk-is 421-1 muxlis mixedviT, teroristuli aqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arsebiTi darRveva, Cadenili daSinebis an teroris gziT, romelic xelyofs atmosferos, miwas, wyals, teritoriuli wlebis CaTvliT, sakveb produqtebs iseTi nivTierebebiT, rac uqmnis safrTxes adamianis an cxovelTa janmrTelobas an garemos.
safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad ganixileba agreTve jgufis Seqmna an masSi monawileoba 421-1 muxlSi aRwerili teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mizniT.
safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad ganixileba agreTve terorizmis dafinanseba. kerZod, garkveuli qonebis, faseulobis, finansuri saSualebebis an sxva fondebis gamoyeneba anda gadacema imis gacnobierebiT, rom aRniSnuli mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoyenebuli iqneba teroristuli danaSaulis amkrZalavi TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri qmedebis Casadenad, imis miuxedavad, iqneba Tu ara danaSauli realurad Cadenili.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi antiteroristuli normebis umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas is Seadgens, rom teroristuli aqtis ZiriTadi niSnebis gansazRvris Semdeg mocemulia daTqma, rom nebismieri qmedeba, romelic Cadenilia daSinebis an teroris xerxiT da xelyofs safrangeTis ssk-is 421-1 dacul uSualo obieqtebs, CaiTvleba teroristul aqtad. aqedan gamomdinare, safrangeTis ssk-is 421-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, Cveulebrivi danaSaulebi, Tu isini Cadenilia teroristuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis pirobebSi iTvleba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da isjeba gacilebiT ufro mkacrad. kerZod, teroristuli danaSaulis Camden pirs:
332
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV : Des crimes et délits contre la nation, l'Etat et la paix publique. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
146
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis uvado aRkveTa, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 30 wlamde vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 30 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20 wlamde vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 5 wlamde vadiT;
_ sasjeli ormagdeba, Tu analogiuri Cveulebrivi danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 3 wlamde vadiT. 333
safrangeTis sixlis samarTlis antiteroristuli normebis Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs ama Tu im qmedebis teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad CaTvlas Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mniSvnelovnad wingadadgmul nabijad migvaCnia. terorizmi dinamiuri da cvladi movlenaa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi misi gamovlenis formebi ukve aRar emTxveva warsulSi arsebul suraTs, xolo momavalSi terorizmma SeiZleba kidev sxva, dRemde ucnobi, saxe SeiZinos. terorizmis ZiriTadi, imanenturi, Tvisebebis gansazRvriT da imis daTqmiT, rom nebismieri danaSaulebrivi aqti, romelic ganxorcielebuli iqneba teroristuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da suebieqturi niSnebiT, CaiTvleba terorizmad, frangul sisxlissamarTlebriv saSualebebs terorizmTan brZolaSi mudmivad adekvatur poziciaSi ayenebs.
safrangeTis axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavi II _ gansakuTrebuli debulebebi, Seicavs wamaxalisebel normebs, romlebic, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas, SesaZloa aRmoCndnen ufro efeqturi terorizmTan brZolaSi, vidre normebi, romlebic mxolod dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. wamaxalisebeli antiteroristuli normebi pirvelad gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris # 86_1019 kanoniT, “danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan brZolis Sesaxeb”, romlis debulebebic momavalSi mTlianad iqna CarTuli safrangeTis 1992
333
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 75.
147
wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meore karis meoTxe wignis meore TavSi “gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba.” frangi kanonmdebeli amodis im mosazrebidan, rom teroristuli aqtebis da maT mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegebis Semcireba SesaZloa miRweuli iqnes mkacri sasjelebis gareSec, teroristebis piradi dainteresebis gziT, ar Caidinon aseTi aqtebi an ar dadges danaSaulebrivi Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria im normebis gamoyenebaze, romlebic iTvaliswinebs sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas an mis Semcirebas im teroristebisTvis romlebic iTanamSromleben xelisuflebis organoebTan, maTi daxmarebiT acilebuli iqneba mosalodneli ziani, daexmarebian gamoZiebas.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisufldeba piri teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mcdelobisTvis, Tuki administraciuli an sasamarTlo organosTvis drouli SetyobinebiT moxdeba danaSaulis Tavidan acileba da Sesabamis pirobebis arsebobisas dasaxeldeba sxva Tanamonawileebi.334 safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasjeli naxevrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu administraciuli an sasamarTlo organosTvis drouli SetyobinebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba teroristuli aqtis Sewyveta da adamianis sicocxlis mospobis an sxva mZime Sedegis Tavidan acileba.335
safrangeTSi moqmedebs 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris #86_1020 kanoni, romelic aregulirebs teroristuli xelyofis Sedegad dazaralebulebis materialuri kompensaciis sakiTxebs. mocemuli kanonis 9-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli aqtis Sedegad pirebs, romlebic dazaraldnen safrangeTis teritoriaze, aseve safrangeTis moqalaqis, an safrangeTis teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi piris mier, aunazRaurdeba ziani sagarantio fondis xarjze.336
334
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 422-
1, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011. 335
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 422-
2, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011. 336
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 77.
148
$ 4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva
saqarTvelos antiteroristul normebTan erTad, mizanSewonilia, mimoxilul iqnes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze ufro efeqturi msoflioSi. aSS-Si terorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebis maregulirebeli normatiuli baza moicavs ori saxis sakanonmdeblo aqtebs: pirveli federalurs, romelic moqmedebs aSS-s mTel teritoriaze da meore konkretuli Statis teritoriaze moqmeds.
federalur normatiul aqtebs warmoadgens aSS-s konstitucia, federaluri kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi. aSS-s konstitucia, cvlilebebis CaTvliT, Seicavs mTel rig saerTo xasiaTis sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulTan, maT Soris terorizmTan.337
aSS-Si ar arsebobs erTiani, yovlismomcveli federaluri aqti terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb. terorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebi asaxulia sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb federaluri kanoni (1958); terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1984); danaSaulis kontrolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); kanoni terorizmTan brZolis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb aSS-Si da mis farglebs gareT (1993); terorizmTan brZolis da sasjelis maRali zomis efeqturobis Sesaxeb kanoni (1996) da sxva.338
terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqti, romelic 2001 wlis 24 oqtombers miiRo aSS-s kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam.339 patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqti romlis mizania terorizmTan brZolis efeqturi zomebis SemuSaveba, kompleqsuri normatiuli aqtia, Seicavs sisxlissamarTlebriv da sxva saxis normebs. patriotis aqti afarToebs samarTaldamcavi organoebis uflebamosilebas, terorizmTan brZolis miznebidan gamomdinare, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, zRudavs sayovelTaod aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisulebebs.
patriotis aqtis debulebebidan aRsaniSnavia eleqtronuli TvalTvalis meSveobiT mtkicebulebebis mopovebis da damagrebis proceduris gamartiveba, agreTve eleqtronuli TvalTvalis obieqtTa wris gafarToeba. cnobilia, rom aSS-Si gamoZiebaze
337
ix. http://www.constitution.org/cons/csa.txt. 2011. 338
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 7. 339
ix. http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm.2011.
149
arsebobs sasamarTlo kontroli. federalur doneze iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, rogoricaa dakaveba, Cxeka da sxva moiTxovs sanqcionirebas federaluri mosamarTleebis mxridan. aSS-Si iseTi operatiul-sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, rogoricaa satelefono mosmenebi da eleqtronuli TvalTvali procesualuri TvalsazrisiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan da amoRebasTan (satelefono saubris mosmena teqnikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan, xolo mosmenili saubris fiqsireba da Cawera-amoRebasTan). 1978 wlis “ucxoeTis sadazvervo saqminobaze meTvalyureobis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, gamoZiebis federaluri biuros kontrdazverviTi operaciebis warmoebisTvis aucilebeli satelefono mosmenebi da eleqtronuli TvalTvali aseve moiTxovs sanqcionirebas federaluri sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxridan. eleqtronuli TvalTvalis orderis mopoveba federaluri biuros operatiuli TanamSromlisaTvis rTuli amocanas warmoadgenda, radganac imis mere rac igi SeaTanxmebda aRniSnul sakiTxs sakuTar xelmZRvanelobasTan, aucilebeli iyo federaluri prokuroris Tanxmoba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aTanxmebda sakiTxs generalur prokurorTan an mis moadgilesTan. aRniSnuli procedurebis gavlis Semdeg operatiuli TanamSromeli mimarTavda sasamarTlos sadac mosamarTlis winaSe unda daesabuTebina eleqtronuli TvalTvalis aucilebloba. amasTan, eleqtronuli TvalTvalis dro 30 dRe-Ramemde iyo SezRuduli, da orderis vadis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblobas warmoadgenda zemoaRwerili proceduris xelaxla gavla.340 patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtis miRebis Semdeg biurokratiuli meqanizmebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa eleqtronuli TvalTvalis aspeqtiT gamartivda, xolo eleqtronuli TvalTvalis farglebi da masStabebi gafarTovda.341 SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli TvalTvali ganxorieldes aramxolod erTi piris, an misi satelefono saubrebis mimarT, aramed pirTa ganusazRvreli raodenobis, an sxvadsxva satelefono saubrebis mimarT, Tu isini Sinaarsobrivad erTi danaSaulis Cadenas exeba. eleqtronuli TvalTvalis sagani SesaZlebelia iyos agreTve eleqtronuli fosta,342 piradi kompiuteri343 da sxv.
patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna gamoZiebis federaluri biuros dafinansebis zrda. 105 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebis Tanaxmad saidumlo samsaxurebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron eleqtronul danaSaulebis aRkveTasa da gamovlenaze momuSave jgufebis nacionaluri qseli, romelic
340
ix. http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/usa/zakon-antiterror. 2010.
341 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 216 .2011.
342 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 204 - 209.2011.
343 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 217.2011.
150
eleqtronuli danaSaulis aRkveTis, aRmoCenis da gamoZiebis sakiTxebze momuSave niu-iorkis samuSao jgufs daufuZneba.344
patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtis mesame nawili exeba saerTaSoriso fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolas terorizmis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.345 mniSvnelovania meoTxe nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebs mTel rig RonisZiebebs saemigracio sakiTxebis kontrolis gaumjobesebis mizniT346 da a.S
terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT aRsaniSnavia aSS-s iusticiis ministris 2001 wlis 31 oqtombris brZaneba, romelic gamoqveynebisTanave Sevida ZalaSi da romlis mixedviTac, iusticiis ministrs ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlo sanqciis gareSe, gasces brZaneba advokatisa da braldebulis satelefono, an piradi konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenaze, Tu arsebobs “safuZvliani eWvi”, rom dakavebuli piri gamoiyenebs advokatTan molaparakebas “teroristuli aqtebis Cadenis an maTi Cadenis daxmarebis mizniT”. iurisprudenciaSi advokati-braldebulis saubrebis konfindencialuroba xelSeuxebel uflebad iTvleba. am wesidan gamonaklisi ar arsebobda. iusticiis ministris zemoaRniSnuli brZanebis gamocemis Semdeg advokatisa da misi klientis saubrebis konfidencialurobis ufleba aRar moqmedebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis.347 imis miuxedavad, rom msgavsi gamonaklisis arseboba aSS-s kanonmdeblobaSi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, progresulad migvaCnia, vfiqrobT, rom advokatisa da klientis konfidencialur urTierTobaze TvalTvali sasamarTlo kontroliT unda ganxorcieldes.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic advokatisa - klientis saubrebis konfidencialuroba daculia da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc mtkicebuleba. mocemuli uflebis garantiebi gawerilia saqarTvelos sssk-is 38-e da 43-e muxlebSi, romlis mixedviTac piris urTierToba mis advokatTan, an SesaZlo advokatTan, konfidencialuri da Tavisufalia, rogorc piris braldebulad cnobamde, ise braldebulad cnobis Semdeg. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sssk-is 43-e muxlis mesame nawilis daTqmas, romlis mixedviTac: “dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli braldebulis urTierToba mis advokatTan SesaZlebelia SeizRudos mxolod vizualuri meTvalyureobiT.” saqarTvelos sssk-is mixedviT ar SeiZleba advokati – braldebulis urTierTobis sxva formiT SezRudva, iqneba es faruli mosmena Tu eleqtronuli TvalTvalis sxva formebi.
344
ix. USA Patiot Act, Title II: Surveillance procedures.2011.
345 ix. USA Patriot Act, Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism. 2011.
346 ix. USA Patriot Act, Title IV: Border security. 2011.
347 ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
cc. 13-15.
151
organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokati-braldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba aSS-s kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan acileba. samomavlod saqarTveloSi sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis warmoebisas, advokati-braldebulis konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi nebarTva, aSS-s kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces sasamarTlom da aRniSnul moqmedebebzec aucilebelia sasamarTlo kontrolis SenarCuneba.
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobili teroristuli aqtis Semdeg gamocxadebuli sagangebo mdgomareobis dros aSS-s prezidentma 2001 wlis 13 noembers gamosca brZaneba “ucxoeli moqalaqeebis dakavebis, mopyrobisa da gasamarTlebis Sesaxeb terorizmTan omis pirobebSi” (President Issues Military Order).348
brZanebis pirvel muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s mimarT ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebi, romelic ganxorcielda aSS-s teritoriaze da mis farglebs gareT, saerTaSoriso teroristebis mier, (al-qaidas wevrebis CaTvliT) iyo imdenad sastiki da damagreveli, rom “gamoiwvies SeiaraRebuli konfliqti mdgomareoba, romelic saWiroebs SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas.”
pirveli muxlis “d” qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s saxelmwifoebriobis da misi moqalaqeebis dacvis SesaZlebloba teroristuli aqtebisagan mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebaze teroristebis dakavebis, maTi vinaobis da xelSemwyobebis dadgenis mizniT raTa aRikveTos maTi saqmianoba, aseve moxdes maTi SesaZleblobebis likvidacia teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. pirveli muxlis “e” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad aSS-s SeiaraRebul Zalebma unda moZebnon da daakavon saerTaSoriso teroristebi rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT da gaasamarTlon Zaladobrivi danaSaulisTvis saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze samxedro tribunalze. am mizniT prezidentis brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna specialuri organo samxedro tribunalebi samxedro komisiebis saxiT.
samxedro komisiebis saqmianobaze kontroli daevala aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs. am mizniT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs daevala Sesabamisi instruqciebi da brZanebebis miReba, romelic daaregulirebda saerTaSoriso teroristebis saqmeebis ganmxilavi komisiebis muSaobas. Tavdacvis ministris instruqciebi aSS-s
348
ix.: http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf.2011.
152
prezidentis brZanebis Tanaxmad, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, unda Seicavdes komisiebSi teroristebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmeebis ganxilvis Catarebis wesebs, winasasamarTlo, sasamarTlo da sasamarTlos Semdegi procedurebis CaTvliT. gansasjelis braleulobis dasabuTebis meTodebs, sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs bralmdeblebisa da damcvelebis mimarT.349
miTiTebulma wesebma aseT instruqciebSi aSS-s prezidentis brZanebis meoTxe Tavis “c” nawilis mixedviT rogorc minimum unda uzrunvelyos:
1. samxedro komisias unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gamarTos sxdoma nebismier dros da nebismier adgilas, Tavdacvis ministris miTiTebis Sesabamisad;
2. sruli da samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilva, romelSic samxedro komisia mosamarTlis statusiT ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlis sqmes, rogor faqtis, ise normis mixedviT;
3. sasamarTlo ganxilvaze iseTi mtkicebulebebis daSvebadoba, romelic faseuli da damajerebeli iqneba jansaRi gonebis, saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis;
4. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis da sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros miRebuli saidumlo informaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo saidumlos dacva;
5. braldebis wardgena Tavdacvis ministris mier daniSnuli erTi an meti prokuroris mier da braldebulis interesebis damcveli advokatis monawileobis uzrunvelyofa procesSi;
6. gansasjeli damnaSaved icnoba mxolod xmaTa umravlesobiT, komisiis wevrebis saerTo xmebis ori mesamedis SemTxvevaSi, Tu kenWisyris procesSi wevrebis umeteseoba monawileobs.350
komisiaSi ganxiluli sisxlis samarTlis saqmis malasebi, ganaCenis CaTvliT, gansaxilvelad da saboloo gdawyvetilebis misaRebad egzavneba aSS-s prezidents, an am ukanasknelis gadawyvetilebiT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs. aSS-s prezidentis brZanebis me-7 muxlis “в” nawilis mixedviT, samxedro tribunalebis (samxedro komisiebi) iurisdiqicias miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso teroristTa saqmeebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen aSS-s moqalaqeebs. brZanebis mixedviT saerTaSoriso teroristebs ekrZalebaT Cadenil danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT, sisxlis
349
ix. Military Order of November 13, 2001, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in
the War Against Terrorism: Authority of the Secretary of Defense Regarding Trials of Individuals
Subject to this Order. 350
ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011.
153
samarTlis saqmis gansaxilvelad, mimarTon sxva romelime sasamarTlos, aSS-Si Tu mis farglebs gareT.351
aSS-s prezidentis 13 noembris brZaneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier sasamarTlo funqciebis ganxorcielebis saintereso precendents warmoadgens. mocemuli sakiTxis Rrma ganxilvaSi ar SevalT, Tumca aRvniSnavT, rom samxedro tribunalebis mier mocemuli formiT ganxorcielebuli marTlmsajuleba swrafi, efeqturi, da moqnilia, SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes nebismier dros da adgilas, uzrunvelyofilia braldebis da dacvis mxareebis monawileoba, saqmis sruli da safuZvliani sasamarTlo ganxilva da a.S. dadebiTi faqtorebis miuxedavad mizanSewonili iqneboda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis metad CarTva aRniSnuli kategoriebis saqmeebze, raTa sakiTxis gadawyveta mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ar momxdariyo.
351
ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011.
154
$ 5. terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 2007 wlis saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18 brZanebuleba qveyanaSi kontretoristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb da sxv.
terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT warmatebuli brZolisTvis aucilebelia kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganisazRvros misi, rogorc danaSaulobis saxis farglebi, romelSic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebTan erTad moazrebuli unda iqnes teroristuli jgufebis sxva iseTi saxis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobac, rac teroristuli organizaciis interesebidan gamomdinareobs. teroristuli saqmianoba kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, ufro farTo maStabs moicavs, vidre sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wre. Tavis mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenlobebi ver amowuravs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtrs.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtris dadgena SeuZlebelia terorizmis imanenturi ZiriTadi niSnebis daxasiaTebis gareSe. terorizmis ZiriTad elementebad migvaCnia niSnebi, romelebic logikur erTianobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da yvela droisa da formis terorizms axasiaTebs.352
1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba miviCnioT daSineba. daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels, jer kidev safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis dros usvamdnen xazs. daSineba rogorc terorizmis umniSvnelovanesi elementi, gamokveTilia saerTaSoriso normatiul dokumentebSi, ucxo qveynebis antiteroristul kanonmdeblobaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristul aqtis SemadgenlobaSi pirdapiri indikatoris saxiTaa mocemuli “mosaxleobis daSineba”, rogorc teroristuli aqtis mizani. Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa umravlesoba daSinebas gamoyofs rogorc terorizmis uZiriTades
352
ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturikriminologiuri niSnebi, Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia”, 2004, #2 gv. 122-132.
155
maxasiaTebel elements.353 cnobili eqsperti brius hofmani terorizms ganmartavs rogorc: “winaswari ganzraxviT SiSis atmosferos Seqmnas ZaladobiT, an Zaladobis muqariT politikuri cvlilebebis miRwevis mizniT.”354
saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi daSineba aramarTebuladaa miCneuli subieqturi mxaris niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, miznad. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da a.S. “Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT.” teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba teroristTaTvis sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebSi mocemulia e. w. “teroristuli miznis” cneba. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ssk 323-e muxls “teroristuli aqti, ese igi afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba an sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur da ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis, an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT”. mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, rogorc mizani, meordeba teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebSic. kerZod: teqnologiuri terorizmis (324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmis SemadgenlobebSi (3241-e mux.). rac Seexeba iseT Semadgenlobebs, rogoricaa strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (330-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT (329-e mux.), aq teroristuli mizani zogadadaa mocemuli. Tumca, unda vivaraudoT, rom kanonmdebeli teroristul mizanSi am SemTxvevaSic mosaxleobis daSinebas da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, terorizmis mizani ki araa, aramed saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad.
353 ix.: В. П. Емельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с
признаками терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени д. ю. н. С. 39-80;
Ю. М. Aнтонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. Щит-
М. 2001. С. 8.
354 ix. B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 44.
156
am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes terorizmis socialuri buneba: daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis erT-erT imanentur elements, aqvs instrumentuli xasiaTi, romelic gamoiyeneba teroristTa sasurveli miznis miRwevisaTvis. aRniSnuli mizani ki, SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magaliTad: konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis damoukidebloba, socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu religiuri miznis miRweva.355 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar aris, aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa. qmedebis teroristul aqtad, teqnologiur terorizmad da kiberterorizmad kvalifikaciis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo valdebulia daadginos teroristTa mizani, radgan amas moiTxovs kanonierebis principi, magram imis gamo, rom Sesabamis SemadgenlobebSi mizani mcdaradaa warmodgenili rogor unda miiCnios marTlmsajulebam miznad, is, rac teroristul mizans ar warmoadgens? teroristuli mizani, rogorc daSineba, reglamentirebulia aramarto saqarTvelos, aramed postsabWouri sivrcis qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSic. kerZod, mosaxleobis daSineba an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, rogorc mizani, gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis ssk–is 205–e, ukrainis ssk-is 262-e belarusis ssk-is 289-e, 290-e da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis Sesabamis muxlebSi. teroristuli aqtis dros mizani daSineba ki ar aris, aramed daSinebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba da teroristaTvis sasurveli miznis (rogorc wesi politikuri) miRweva xdeba. teroristebs mizani zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba keTilSobiluric ki hqondeT, magram zustad miznis miRwevis saSualeba aqcevT maT teroristebad. teroristTa sasurvel mizans SeiZleba warmoadgendes nacionaluri damoukideblobis mopoveba (mag: irlandiis gamanTavisuflebeli armia,356 CeCeni teroristebi.357), “axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi”-s damyareba (mag: al-qaida358, hezbola359) da sxv. “mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba” Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris niSnad, qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxad unda miviCnioT.
355 ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturi kriminologiuri niSnebi, Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia” 2004 w. #2 gv. 122-133 356
ix. U.S. Department of Defense, Terrorist Group Profiles, www.defense.gov. 2003. 357
ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru: Терроризм и контргерроризм. 2009. 358
ix. Al-Qacda International. ww.fbi.gov/congress/congressOl/carusol2l801 htm. 2005. 359
ix. www ict.org.il/arnclcs/palestinian islamism htm; Ely Karmon. Hizballah and War with Terror,
www.washingtoninstitute.org. 2005.
157
SiSis gancdas sazogadoebaSi, terorizmis garda, mravali ZaladobiTi Tu sxva saxis, gansakuTrebiT mZime da naklebad mZime danaSaulebic badeben. mag: sazogadoebSi SiSs badebs seriuli mkvlelobebis, sxeulis dazianebebis, xulignobebis, qurdoba–yaCaRobebis, samewarmeo sferoSi Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb informaciis miReba. SeiZleba zogadad iTqvas, rom nebismieri danaSauli sazogadoebriv fsiqologiaze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs. kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis Semadgeneli elementi - daSineba da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Sedegad gamowveuli SiSisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom sxva saxis kriminaluri qmedebebis Cadenis Sedegad sazogadoebaSi gamowveuli SiSi ukve Cadenili danaSaulis Tanmdev movlenas warmoadgens, es maSin, rodesac terorizmis dros daSineba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli elementia.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 151-e muxli iTvaliswinebs muqaras, rogorc daSinebis, fsiqolgiuri Zaladobis damoukidebel Semadgenlobas. muqarasa da terorizmis erT–erT elements, daSinebas Soris saerTo isaa, rom orive fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formas warmoadgens, Tumca gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, rom terorizmis dros muqaras ar axasiaTebs damoukidebeli xasiaTi, igi CarTulia sxva elementTa urRvev logikur jaWvSi, Tanac terorizmis dros fsiqologiuri Zaladoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia sazogadoebis farTo fenebze, xolo ssk-is 151-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul muqaris dros fsiqologiuri Zaladoba konkretuli pirebis mimarT xorcieldeba.
2. terorizmi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT, im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad.360 aRniSnuli niSani gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans aSS–s vice prezidents daqvemdebarebuli terorizmis Semswavleli komisiis mier SemuSavebul gansazRvrebaSi: "marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, romelic mimarTulia fizikuri pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, momavalSi garkveuli politikuri Tu socialuri miznis miRwevisaTvis. . ."361 Zaladoba terorizmis dros saerTo, sayovelTao saaSiSroebas warmoadgens da xSirad xorcieldeba sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebiT. Tanamedrove teroristebi gansakuTrebiT
360
xSirad TviT informaciul teqnologiebis meSveobiT isini imuqrebian ZaladobiT. magaliTisTvis erayis omis dros teroristebis mier xelSi Cagdebuli mZevlebis mokvlis muqara, aseve mZevlebis gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT mkvlelobis kadrebi romelic internet saitebze gavrcelda. www.snuffx.com. 361 ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism,
Washington, D.C., February 1986, №1
158
daxelovdnen asafeTqebel saSualebebSi.362 asafeTqebeli saSualebebis garda, isini interess iCenen agreTve qimiuri, birTvuli da biologiuri iaraRis mimarTac. Tu ar CavTvliT calkeul incidentebs, aRniSnuli saSaulebebis masobrivi gamoyenebis mcdeloba savaraudod terorizmis xvalindeli dRea.363 terorizmi ZaladobiT xorcieldeba, magram Zaladobriv danaSaulTa kriminologiur jgufSi ar Sedis, radganac aq Zaladobas mxolod damxmare, instrumentuli xasiaTi aqvs da TviTmizans ar warmoadgens.364 3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi Ria da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristuli qmedebebis rac SeiZleba farTod reklamirebis da sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde mitanis survili. aRniSnuli elementi logikur kavSirSia wina elementTan, radganac Zaladobas teroristebi zustad imitom mimarTaven, rom SiSma moicvas saxelmwifo xelisufleba da sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. terorizms aRniSnuli elementidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebiT sxva danaSaulebisgan, rogorc wesi, latenturoba ar axasiaTebs, radganac latenturoba ar eTavseba terorizmis kriminologiur bunebas. maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi piri cdilobs, rac SeiZleba damalos Tavisi namoqmedari, raTa marTlmsajulebis organoebis mier ar iqnes pasuxisgebaSi micemuli, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. teroristebi cdiloben, rac SeiZleba aSkarad da sastikad Caidinon danaSauli, raTa maTi namoqmedaris Sesaxeb gaigon sazogadoebis farTo fenebma. 4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne jgufis diferenciacia. “terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristsTvis) da sakuTriv samizne jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis.365
362
ix. Countering the New Terrorism Ian O. Lesser, B. Hoffrman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini,
B. M. Jenkins, rand publications isbn: U-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF, 1999, p. 14. 363
ix.: www.nytimes.com/2001/09/06/Opinion/06HARRI.html; www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/articles/A53450-2001May20,html; www,basicint.org/pubs/Research/ 2001 diseasebydesign1. html;
www.ananuclear.org; www.bullatomsci.org, www.armscontrol.ru 364
ix. Криминология. Учебник для вузов. Под общей ред. Л.И. Долговой. Изд. Норма М. 2002. c.
500. 365 Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с.439 citirebulia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili g. mamulaSvili danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Tb. 2002 gv 57
159
am elementze avtorTa umravlesoba akeTebs aqcents da terorizmis imanentur Tvisebad miiCnevs. aRniSnuli niSani organul kavSirSia pirvel da meore niSanTan, kerZod, daSinebasTan da farTo fenebze zemoqmedebasTan. daSineba aris meTodi, terorizmis obieqturi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mimarTulia samizne wreze da xorcieldeba mesame pirebze Zaladobis an aseTi Zaladobis muqaris meSveobiT. 5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis zogadi xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes. terorizmis viqtimuri sfero Zalze farToa da sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela wevrs moicavs politikuri Tanamdebobis piridan dawyebuli, qalebiT da bavSvebiT damTavrebuli. terorizmis am elementis gamoa, rom postsabWouri sivrcis qveynebis umravlesobas sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi terorizmi sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSia gaTvaliswinebuli. erTi SexedviT, aRniSnuli SeiZleba logikuradac mogveCvenos, radganac terorizmis dros xelyofa, sastiki da ganurCeveli Zaladobrivi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, udanaSaulo adamianebze xorcieldeba, iqneba es afeTqeba, iaraRis gamoyeneba Tu sxva qmedeba, ZiriTadad mimarTulia neitralur masaze, romelsac SeiZleba aranairi kavSiri ar hqondes konfliqtTan. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba gamarTlebulad Candes ruseTis federaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa moazreba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi, radgan, xelyofis obieqtad sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba moiazreba. ruseTis federaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa moazrebas sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi ver miviCnevT marTebulad, radgan teroristebis ganzraxva mimarTulia saxelmwifos politikuri interesebis winaaRmdeg, iqneba es saerTaSoriso Tu Sida saxelmwifoebrivi aspeqtiT da am amocanis ganxorcielebisTvis isini sazogadoebis udanaSaulo fenebs xelyofen. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi savsebiT marTebuladaa moTavsebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi ruseTisa da sxva postsabWour qveyanaTagan gansxvavebiT. 6. terorizmi politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulia. marTalia, motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur–nacionaluri, socialur–politikuri da a.S.), magram miznebi
160
yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri amocanis gadawyvetiskenaa mimarTuli. bolo dros terorizmis politikuri buneba sadavo gaxda mecnierul wreebSi. magaliTad, m. nazarkinis azriT, mxolod politikuri xasiaTi Tanamedrove terorizmis, rogorc socialuri movlenis farglebs usamarTlod Seaviwroebda. igi postsabWour ruseTSi gamoyofs terorizmis axal formas, e.w. kriminalur terorizms, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garkveuli kriminaluri sindikatebi (e.w. reketuli jgufebi) biznesmenTa, bankirTa da sxva samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mimarT materialuri sargeblis gamoZalvis mizniT, agreTve, erTmaneTs Soris gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis dros, mimarTaven terorizms.366 e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofs k. salimovic Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi.367 terorizmi, Tavisi kriminologiuri bunebidan gamomdinare, politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulia. politikur xasiaTSi vgulisxmobT ara imdenad motivacias, ramdenadac teroristTa moqmedebis saboloo mizans, romelic aucileblad mimarTulia garkveuli qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis winaaRmdeg. qveynis saxelmwifo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri danaSauli, magram terorizmi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovaness strategiul–politikur interesebs xelyofs. amitom ver daveTanxmebiT k. salimovs, m. nazarkins da postsabWoeTis sivrcis sxva avtorebs, romlebic terorizmis axal saxes, e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofen. (aRniSnuli terminis iuridiuli gamarTulobis Sesaxeb aRarafers vambobT). ar SeiZleba terorizmis dayvana banditizmze, angarebiT mkvlelobebze, gamoZalvaze da a.S. italiuri mafia me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi teroris uprecendento zomebs mimarTavda saxelmwifo moxeleebis da ubralo moqalaqeebis mimarT, magram teroristulad aravis mounaTlavs, radganac misi motivaciis generaluri xazi angareba iyo da misi moqmedebac angarebis dakmayofilebis miznebs emsaxureboda. teroristuli dajgufebebi xSirad sCadian sxva saxis danaSaulebs. magaliTad: mimarTaven yaCaRobas (mag., bolSevikebis mier TbilisSi samefo xazinaze mowyobili yaCaRobis, e.w. eqspropriaciis cnobili magaliTi); adamianis gatacebas gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT, bankebis gaZarcvas (mag., germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros monacemebiT, mxolod 1971 wlis ganmavlobaSi “germaniis wiTelarmiuli fraqciis” mier ganxorcielebul iqna xuTasze meti
366
ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация
на соискание ученой степени к.ю.н. М.,1998, сc. 50-54. 367
ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование)
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук, 2000, c. 24.
161
danaSaulebrivi aqti, ris Sedegadac eqsproprirebuli iqna 2 milioni marka)368 narkotikebiT vaWrobas (mag: al-qaida da sxva islamisturi dajgufebebi)369. terorizmi, marTalia, kavSirSia angarebiTi motivaciis mqone organizebuli danaSaulobis saxeebTan, magram ar SeiZleba maTTan gaigivdes. teroristuli dajgufebebis kavSiri narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWrobasTan terologiaSi cnobili faqtia. magaliTad, al-qaidas kavSiri avRaneTis xelisuflebasTan, TalibebTan, romelTa mmarTvelobis bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi avRaneTi evraziis kontinentze narkotikebiT da iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobis udides kerad iqca.370 gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans kavSiri terorizmsa da angarebiTi motivaciis mqone organizebul danaSaulobas Soris kolumbiis magaliTze. aRniSnuli kavSiri terologiaSi "narkoterorizmadac" ki moixsenieba. 7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze teroristuli saqmianobis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli iyo. memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur-eTnikuri motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb.
danaSaulTa teroristuli xasiaTis gansasazRvrisaTvis umniSvenlovanesi wyaroa terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da konvenciebi, romelTanac saqarTvelo mierTebulia dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, radganac, saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeloba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
terorizmis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis gansazRvris Semdeg logikuria qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi elementebis dadgena, teroristuli miznis gansazRvra da daSinebis, rogorc qmedebis ganxorcilebis xerxis, Semadgenlobis saerTo sturqturaSi moazreba. am mizniT mizanSewonilia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.) magaliTze sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi saxiT:
afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da
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ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru. 2010. 369
ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. М., 2002, cc. 262-274. 370
ix. www.state.gov/global/terrorism/1999report/html/The middle East Brief review.2010.
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xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
mocemul definiciaSi, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli normisgan gansxvavebiT, gafarToebulia teroristTa samizne, romelSic Sedis mosaxleoba, xelisuflebis organo, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizacia, kerZo piri. qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxad moazrebulia daSineba an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba, xolo saboloo mizani, rogorc wesi, politikuria da ama Tu im jgufis samoqmedo interesebidan gamomdinareobs.
zemoaRniSnuli winadadebis msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gansazRvriT unda Camoyalibdes teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi: teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmi (ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi, rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 330-e mux.) teroristul mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan sdevs daSineba an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciis, kerZo piris mimarT.
terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi Tvisebebis dadgenis Semdeg teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wris SemosazRvra logikur xasiaTs iZens. amosaval wertilad garkveul qmedebaTa teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxSi saerTaSoriso konvenciebi migvaCnia. saqarTvelo SeuerTda terorizmis problemasTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso konvenciaTa umravlesobas, xolo saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeloba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres, specialuri 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, specialuri miznis da qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxis SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba mivakuTvnod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli Semdegi danaSaulebi:
1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.); wylis
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xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.).
normatiuli safuZvelia: sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1963 wels tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1970 wels haagaSi); samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wels); konvencia sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wels).
2. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.). birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo. normatiuli safuZvelia: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb 1980 wlis konvencia; 2005 wlis konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb.
terorizmi, rogorc gvareobiTi movlena, romelSic moiazreba sxvadasxva saxis teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli, scildeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT dadgenil farglebs. amasTan, igi mudmivad dinamiuri da cvladi movlenaa. zemoCamoTvlili sisxlissmarTlebrivi deliqtebi, romlebic, kriminologiuri da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cadenili iqneba teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri an sxva saxis miznis misaRwevad, rasac Tan sdevs Cadenili mosaxleobaze, xelisuflebis organoze, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSineba an
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sxvagvari zemoqmedeba. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad gvevlineba mxolod terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli subieqturi da obieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva SemTxvevebSi mocemuli deliqtebi Cveulebrivi, mimdinare danaSaulebis saxes atareben da maTi teroristuli xasiaTis deliqtad Sefaseba meore ukiduresobas gamoiwvevs.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom deliqtTa garkveuli jgufi specialuri niSnebis arsebobis safuZvelze kargavs mimdinare deliqtis formas da saWiroa ganixiluli iqnes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. terorizmis gamovlenis formebis mravalferovnebisa da aRniSnuli movlenis mudmivi cvalebadobis fonze, mizanSewonili iqneba moiZebnos iseTi sakanonmdeblo teqnika, romlis meSveobiT mimdinare danaSaulTa ganxorcieleba specialuri xerxis da miznis SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli.
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$ 6. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo
srulyofisaTvis
teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa sruli sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis mizniT mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika, moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna terorizmi cvladi da ganviTarebadi movlenaa. masTan brZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da adaptirebulobas moiTxovs. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi, sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, ise unda iyos mowesrigebuli, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sruqturis darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis (Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT ukve gaTvaliswinebulis) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi arsebobis pirobebSi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk –is 323-e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva qmedeba, romelic xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis Sesabamisad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos:
1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux);
2. satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.);
3. mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.);
4. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
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5. birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.);
6. birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.)
7. cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena, Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba. (ssk-is 236-e mux.)
8. iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e mux.)
sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare. mocemuli naSromis farglebSi mocemulia mxolod winadadeba samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT terorizmis ukeTesad kontrolis mizniT. kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi problema damatebiT kvlevas da damuSavebas moiTxovs. aRwerili meTodi saSualebas mogvcems ar dairRves sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sistema da SenarCunebul iqnes misi moqniloba. amasTan, terorizmis gamovlinebebs mieces Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom antiteroristuli normebis agebis msgavsi precendenti ukve arsebobs safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, romlis 421-1 – 421-6 , 422-1 – 422-7 muxlebSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi, da Semdeg CamoTvlilia deliqtebi, romlebic Sesabamisi niSnebis arsebobisas CaiTvlebian terorizmis gamovlinebad.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ukve gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT:
gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk-is 324-e muxli - teqnologiuri terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi modis ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul teroristul aqtTan. amasTan, saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli wesiT agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis dasjadoba efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis, politikuri Tanamdebobis piris, an misi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove terorizmis gamovlinebebTan efeqturad brZolisTvis mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda,
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sazogado moRvawe da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. Tanamedrove, demokratiuli faseulebebis miswrafebis mqone qveyanaSi gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad. aRniSnuli mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba aucileblobas warmoadgens iseT saxelmwifoSi, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aSenebs da saqarTvelo zustad aseTi saxelmwifoa. Cvens mosazrebas saqarTvelos istoriis mware gamocdilebac amyarebs: ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba mis sazogadoebriv moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT moxda da qarTveli xalxisTvis aranakleb damTrgunveli da damaSinebeli iyo, vidre romelime politikuri Tanamdebobis piris sicocxlis an janmrTelobis xelyofa.
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$ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonis analizi
saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia 2007 wlis 27 ivniss, gansazRvravs saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis organizebis formebsa da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, agreTve terorizmis sferoSi xelisuflebis organoTa koordinaciis wess da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. specialuri kanoni, terorizmis problemis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifom mis winaaRmdeg brZolis ukeTesad warmarTvis mizniT miiRo. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi antiteroristuli kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli samoqmedo gegma terorizmTan brZolaSi. specialuri kanonis miRebiT, saqarTvelom Seqmna efeqturi normatiuli dokumenti, romelic aregulirebs saxelmwifo organoTa urTierTkoordinacias, terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlena – profilaqtikas, ukve arsebuli problemis saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi principebis Sesabamisad mogvarebas. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis imgvari formis arsebobas, romelic iqneba efeqturi da amave dros, misi ganxorcielebisas, ar dairRveva sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, radganac cnobilia, rom efeqturi antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mqone qveynebi mraval sisxlissamarTlebriv da sxva saxis SezRudvebs aweseben terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis anda droulad aRkveTis da mosalodneli mavne Sedegebis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT. am kuTxiTac, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, progresul debulebebs Seicavs. kerZod: teroristuli aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis, teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebis, agreTve terorizmTan brZolaSi monawile pirebis samarTlebrivi da socialuri dacvis garantiebs.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias moiTxovs, amasTan terorizmis, rogorc socialur – samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, arsebobs terorizmis uamravi definicia. qarTul normatiul aqtSi mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara misi ZiriTadi elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis definireba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia kanonis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis
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imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba, romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radganac teroristuli saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. teroristuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia moicavdes iseT danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls ar warmoadgens, Tumca emsaxureba organizaciis an fizikuri piris teroristuli miznebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis analizis safuZvelze gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi, romlebic obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, teroristul saqmianobad unda CaiTvalos nebismieri saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Casadenad, anda dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli danaSaulis CadenasTan, anda Cadenilia im pirebis mier, romelTac ganzraxuli aqvT teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena.
danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis teroristulad Sefasebis farglebi, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, SezRudulia da movlenis socialuri bunebidan gamomdinare, saWiroebs moqnil formulirebas, raTa teroristuli aqtivobis arc erTi SemTxveva ar darCes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi regulaciis gareT.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs” da “teroristul organizacias”, rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas.
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sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, kanonSi isedac viwrod gagebuli “teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis “teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis srul CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z” qvepunqtebSi saerTod erTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobamdea dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, “teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”371 Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teoristuli organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
terorizmTan brZolis kanonis meore Tavi gansazRvravs terorizmTan brZolis organizaciul safuZvlebs da mis subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis organizebas, specialuri saSualebebiT da materialuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs saqarTvelos mTavroba. terorizmTan brZolis uSualo subieqtebs warmoadgenen:
1. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelic mTavari organoa terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi koordinacias uwevs terorizmTan brZolis sxva subieqtebs kontrteroristuli centris meSveobiT. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro terorizmis gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis da aRkveTis mizniT axorcielebs: operatiul, operatiul-teqnikuri da operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebs; teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa gamoZiebas; agrovebs informacias ucxo qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da sxv.
2. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro, dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis monawileobas kontrteroristul operaciebSi.
3. saqarTvelos dazvervis samsaxuri, romelic moipovebs da amuSavebs informacias ucxo qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da dadgenili wesiT warudgens saTanado organoebs. monawileobs kontrteroristul operaciebSi.
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teroristul aqtSi terorizmTan brZolis kanonis mixedviT moiazreba saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba.
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4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuri, romlic monawileobs mis mier dasacavi Tanamdebobis pirebisa da obieqtebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli aqtebis aRmkveT operaciaSi.
5. sxva organoebi.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenilia kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis samarTlebrivi reJimi da saxelmwifo struqturaTa koordinaciis wesi. kanonis meSvide muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili eqstremaluri situaciis dros saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT iqmneba eqstremeluri situaciebis marTvis operatiuli Stabi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.
kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, dadgenilia gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimis ori zona: usafrTxoebis zona da kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zona. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi reJimis zonebis gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia rogorc kontrteroristuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis urTierTkoordinaciisTvis, aseve samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis dawesebisTvis aRniSnuli zonis farglebSi myofi pirebisTvis.
usafrTxoebis zona, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT, gulisxmobs im teritorias, romelic ufro farToa kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonasTan SedarebiT, da sadac terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebi awyoben saguSagoebs, avtosatransporto saSualebebis daTvalierebis mizniT, axorcieleben patrulirebas da moqalaqeebs umowmeben piradobis damadasturebel sabuTebs.
kontrteroristul zonaSi kontreteroristuli operaciis ganmaxorcilebel subieqtebs kanoni aniWebs gacilebiT farTo uflebamosilebebs: moqalaqeTa piradi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli pirebis sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanonis meaTe muxlis mexuTe nawilis mixedviT, kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonaSi operaciis Camtarebel pirebs, gadaudebeli aucileblobisas ufleba aqvT: Seumowmon moqalaqeebs piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi, quCebsa da gzebze akrZalon fexiT da transportiT gadaadgileba, teroristuli aqtis aRkveTisas an teroristuli aqtis CadenaSi braldebuli piris devnisas, roca dayovnebam SeiZleba realuri safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianTa sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas: daubrkoleblad Sevidnen (SeaRwion) moqalaqeTa sacxovrebel binebSi, agreTve maT kuTvnil sxva sadgomebsa da miwis nakveTebSi,
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organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis (miuxedavad maTi sakuTrebis formisa) teritoriebze, satransporto saSualebebSi; gamoiyenon moqalaqeebisa da organizaciebis kuTvnili kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebi, specialuri saSualebebis CaTvliT; daaTvalieron moqalaqeTa piradi nivTebi, satransporto saSualebebi da tvirTi, maT Soris, teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonaSi Sesvlisas da zonidan gamosvlisas; teroristuli aqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, teroristuli aqtis Camdeni piris devnisa da dakavebisaTvis, an saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis samedicino dawesebulebaSi piris misayvanad, agreTve SemTxvevis adgilze misasvlelad gamoiyenon moqalaqeebis, sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebisa da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis kuTvnili satransporto saSualebebi, garda ucxo qveynebis sakonsuloebis, diplomatiuri da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, agreTve saerTaSoriso dacvis qveS myofi sxva organizaciebis satransporto saSualebebisa.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meTerTmete muxlis Sesabamisad, kontrteroristuli operaciis monawile pirs aniWebs agreTve specialuri saSualebebis an/da fizikuri iZulebis gamoyenebis uflebas im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebas, agreTve danaSaulebrivi qmedebis aRsakveTad da damnaSavis dasakaveblad.
terorizmis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZola dakavSirebulia garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvasTan da es praqtka msoflios wamyvan demokratiul qveynebSi miRebulad iTvleba. teorirzmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis aRniSnuli debulebebi progresulad unda CaiTvalos. sxva sakiTxia, rodesac terorizmTan brZolis motiviT esa Tu is qveyna demokratiuli faseulobebis ganadgurebas eweva da terorizmTan brZolis egidiT realur Tu moCvenebiT opozicias anadgurebs.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meoTxe TaviT gaTvaliswinebulia teroristuli aqtis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba da dazaralebuli pirebis socialuri reabilitacia. mocemulia fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisTvis, teroristuli aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad, miyenebuli zianis saxelmwifo biujetidan anazRaurebis garantiebi.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni adgens agreTve terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis subieqtTa socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebs, rac uciloblad progresul nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
saqarTvelos sxva antiteroristuli normebidan aRsaniSnavia:
1. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 17 brZanebuleba “kontrteroristul operaciaSi monawile da
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teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebul pirTa socialuri reabilitaciis Sesaxeb”, romelic adgens socialuri reabilitaciis wess, kontrteroristul operaciaSi monawile da teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebisTvis.
2. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18 brZanebuleba “qveyanaSi kontrteroristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtiebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb”, romliTac “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis 26-e muxlis “a” qvepunqtis safuZvelze damtkicda: qveyanaSi kontrteroristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesi da erTiani kontrteroristuli saqmianobis informaciuli uzrunvelyofis cnobaTa nusxa.
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daskvna
sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli debulebebi sabolood SesaZlebelia punqtobrivad Sejamdes:
1. terorizmis warmomSobi mizezebis da pirobebi naSromSi movlenis istoriuli ganviTarebis fonzea ganxiluli, radganac istoriam tero-rizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. terorizmze saubari TiTqmis SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxilvis gareSe. istoriu-lad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT gvevlineboda, Tavis TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Taviseburebebs. terorizmi yo-velTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Ta-vis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. terorizmis ganviTareba SeiZ-leba ramodenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. aRniSnuli terorizmis ro-gorc movlenis ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexmareba. teroriz-mis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramodenime xana ga-moiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tanamedrove.
2. naSromSi dadgenilia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasia-Teblebi: pirveli: teroristuli jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seq-mna; meore: saxelmwifoTa mxridan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis pe-riods ar Cabarebia da Tanamedrove epoqaSi gacilebiT ufro daxvewili teqnologiis forma miiRo; mesame: Tanamedrove terorizmis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZ-leba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba; meoTxe: Tanamedrove terorizmis maxasiaTebeli religiurad moti-virebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa. 3. terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da SeiaraRebuli kon-fliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc ganmaxorcielebe-li subieqtiT, agreTve xelyofis sagniT. samxedro mosamsaxure, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom samxedro mo-samsaxuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulire-bulia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, maSin, rodesac te-roristebi Ceveulebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan gansxvav-deba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli sa-marTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze Tavdas-xma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne zustad samoqala-qo mosaxleobaa.
4. omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen terorizmisgan socialur-samar-Tlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi urTierTTanxvedra dauSve-belia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc terorizmi, an omi, partizanu-li brZola da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben teroristuli xasiaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar
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SeiZleba moviazroT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi calke samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
5. TeoriaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia Zi-riTadi niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebu-li xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebe-li subieqtis mixedviT. samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroris-tuli aqtivobis erT-erT ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris teroristebis samoqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli Sedegi, teroristuli aqtivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes re-ligiur, separatistul, eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva moZraobebad. imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da xerxs SearCevs teroristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba ga-moiyos birTvuli, qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis terorizmi.
6. naSromSi gansakuTrebuladaa Seswavlili “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwi-fo” da “religiuri” terorizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze te-rorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
7. ruseTis federaciis kononmdeblobaSi da doqtrinaSi gamefebu-li mosazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis ga-moyofis nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aR-niSnul movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. fede-raciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti da aRniS-nuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta TavianT konstituciebSi maT ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT miiniWon suverenuli sa-xelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daT-qmis pirobebSic. maSin, rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwi-fos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pi-robebSic“ ki, xolo federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi pirdapir icnobian eqstremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, ingu-SeTi, yabardo – balyareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatis-tul reJimebs saqarTveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs e.w. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas. aRniSnuli politika terologiaSi cnobilia “mezobelTa destabi-lizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis oficialuri wreebis mxridan erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dualistur midgomas.
8. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separa-tistuli moZraobebis daxmareba – waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis federaciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTni-kur regionebSic, amasTan, brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad sa-varaudoa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia.
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9. saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or jgufad:
a. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi, romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoe-bul brZolaSi.
b. globaluri mniSvnelobis, Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis saf-rTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare, rom Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulma-nuri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radi-kaluri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogi-erT maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTSi iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben islamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Sem-deg saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis Suagul-Si.
10. mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-xismgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvi-on saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. marTalia, saqarTvelos ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTve-los sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqar-Tvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda sa-qarTvelos teritoriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive qmedeba, ramac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis da-kargva anda sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma ar moicavs saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT qmedebebs, romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSire-buli, Tumca iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis ga-moTiSva, gaucxoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebri-vi da fsiqologiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatis-tuli, fsevdoreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmo-Sobis. 11. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis sxva saSualebebTan erTad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos mier sworad dageg-mil da warmoebul social – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas.
12. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaT-valiswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moT-xovnis adresarti iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmede-ba mimarTuli iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekono-mikuri an sxva interesebis winaaRmdeg.
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13. 2005 wlis “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb” gaeros konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad konvencia vrceldeba im SemTxvevebzec rodesac: “danaSau-li Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sa-haero xomaldze” da ar SeiZleba pirdapir moazrebul iqnes saqar-Tvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi, sadac saubaria xo-maldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxel-mwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am konkretul Sem-TxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed mflobelobaSi an sargeb-lobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZlebelia ar war-moadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matarebel xomalds. mo-cemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori alternatiuli gza gvesaxe-ba: pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daema-tos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWi-roebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli Caidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTve-los saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xomaldis winaaRmdeg, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba am kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.” meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is me-xuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis wina-aRmdegaa mimarTuli.
14. birTvuli iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebu-lia ssk-is ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT. daveTanxmebiT qarTul literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom am ori normidan mxolod erTi Semadgenloba unda darCes sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. birTvuli iaraRis dam-zadeba mizanSewonilia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSau-lad da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi.
15. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an wylis xo-maldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroebis wina-aRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba teroris-tuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso konvencia msgavs danaSaulebs terorizmis gamovlinebad Tvlis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero, wylis an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristu-li mizani, aucileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli.
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16. wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmo-adgens da masSi asaxvas hpovebs 1988 wlis “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis winaaR-mdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. teroristuli qme-debisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi mxarisa da specialuri miz-nis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xa-siaTis danaSaulad.
17. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss 2006 wlis 25 ivliss daemata 2272 –e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaru-li platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an dazianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis wi-naaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad stacionarul plat-formaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis da-naSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mi-xedviT msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sa-zogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia staci-onaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides te-roristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obieq-turi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ase-Tad Sefasdes.
18. gamokvleulia Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebis dafi-nansebis Taviseburebebi. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove teroristul organizaciebs dafinansebis garegani da Sida wyaroebi gaaCnia. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs teroristuli organizaciebis Sida finansuri struqturebis Seswavlas, rac ganxorcielebulia naSromis farglebSi.
19. naSromSi terorizmis sxvdasxva maxasiaTeblebidan gamoyofilia terorizmis Svidi ZiriTadi, imanenturi niSani, romlebic yvela drois da formis terorizms gaaCnia:
19.1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba miviCnioT daSineba. saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi daSineba aramarTebuladaa miCneuli subieqturi mxaris niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, miznad. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da a.S. “Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT”. teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba aris saSualeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze
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zemoqmedebis da teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis misaRwevad. daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar aris, aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa.
19.2. terorizmi xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT, im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad
19.3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi Ria da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristebis survili, maTi qmedebebis, rac SeiZleba farTod reklamirebisa da sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde mitanis.
19.4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne jgufis diferenciacia. terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da sakuTriv samizne jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis.
19.5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis sazogado xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes. 19.6. terorizmi politikuri xasiTis danaSaulia. marTalia, motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur – nacionaluri, socialur-politikuri da a.S.), magaram miznebi yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri amocanis gadawyvetiskenaa mimarTuli. 19.7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze teroristuli saqmianobis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli iyo. memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur – eTnikuri motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb.
20. naSromSi SeTavazebulia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.) sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi saxiT:
afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
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21. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, teroristuli aqtis definiciis msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gansazRvriT, Camoyalibdes teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi: teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmi (ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 330-e mux.) teroristul mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri, an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan sdevs daSineba, an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris mimarT.
22. kvlevis Sedegad SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres, specialuri 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze dayrdnobiT, damaxasiaTebeli miznis da qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mivakuTvnod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli Semdegi danaSaulebi:
22.1 sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271–e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux). safuZveli: sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1963 wlis tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1970 wlis 16 dekembers haagaSi) da samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wlis 23 seqtembers). konvencia, sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wlis 10 marts);
22.2 birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.); birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux.), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri
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nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo. safuZveli: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1980 wlis 3 marts); konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 2005 wlis 13 aprils).
23. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul danaSaulTa sisxlissamarTlebrivad gaTvaliswinebis dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika, moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna terorizmi cvladi da ganviTarebadi movlenaa, masTan brZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da adaptirebulobas moiTxovs. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sruqturis darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis (Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT ukve gaTvaliswinebulis) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis pirobebSi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk –is 323 –e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva qmedeba, romelic xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobaze, xelisuflebis organoze, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli politikuri an sxva miznis misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis Sesabamisad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos:
1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.);
2. satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.);
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3. mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.);
4. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
5. birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.);
6. birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.)
7. cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena, Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba. (ssk-is 236-e mux.)
8. iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e mux.)
sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare.
24. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ukve gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT: gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk –is 324 –e muxli - teqnologiuri terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi modis ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul teroristul aqtTan. amasTan, saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli wesiT agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis dasjadoba efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli.
25. saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis, politikuri Tanamdebobis piris, an misi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove terorizmis gamovlinebebTan efeqturad brZolisTvis mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda, sazogado moRvawe da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. Tanamedrove, demokratiuli faseulebebis miswrafebis mqone qveyanaSi gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad.
26. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias moiTxovs, amasTan terorizmis, rogorc socialur-samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli muxlis “a”
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qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. qarTul normatiul aqtSi mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara misi ZiriTadi elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis definireba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia kanonis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba.
27. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas, kerZod. teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens.
28. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba, romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan teroristuli saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. teroristuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia moicavdes iseT danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls ar warmoadgens, Tumca emsaxureba organizaciis an fizikuri piris teororistuli miznebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis analizis safuZvelze gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi, romlebic obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos.
29. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs” da “teroristul organizacias”, rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas. sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad kanonSi isedac viwrod gagebuli “teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis, “teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is
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terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis srul CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z” qvepunqtebSi saerTod erTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobamdea dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad “teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis” Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teoristuli organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
30. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokatisa da braldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba aSS-s kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan acileba. samomavlod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso moqmedebebis warmoebisas, advokatisa da braldebulis konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi nebarTva, aSS-s kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces sasamarTlom da aRniSnul moqmedebebzec aucilebelia sasamarTlo kontrolis SenarCuneba.
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International Civil Aviation [supplement to the Montreal Convention), Feb. 24, 1988, S.
Treaty Doc. No. 100-19, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474 [hereinafter Montreal Airports Protocol];
216. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Mar. 3, 1980,
T.I.A.S. No. 11080, 1456 U.N.T.S. 101 [hereinafter Nuclear Materials Convention];
198
217. International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, Dec. 17, 1979, T. I. A.
S. No. 11081, 1316 V.N.T.S. 205 [hereinafter Hostages Convention];
218. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally
Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973,28 U.S.T. 1975,1035
U.N.T.S. 167 [hereinafter Internationally Protected Persons Convention];
219. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil
Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T. 546565, 974 U.N.T.S. 178 (jan. 26, 1973) [hereinafter
Montreal Convention];
220. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dee. 16, 1970,
22 U.S.T. 1641, 860
221. U.N.T.S. 105 [hereinafter The Hague Convention];
222. Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft,
Sept. 14,1963,20 U.S.T.2941,704 U.N.T.S. 219 [hereinafter Tokyo Convention].
223. S.C. Res. 1373, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1373, Sept. 28, 2001.
224. S.C. Res. 1377, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/res/1377 , Nov. 12, 2001.
199
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