gippsland lakes blue-green algae …/media/publications/1272.pdf · 2007–08.the program aims to...

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ENVIRONMENT REPORT

GIPPSLAND LAKES BLUE-GREEN ALGAE MONITORING PROGRAM 2007–08 Report to the Gippsland Task Force

Task RCIP EG 0708 06.096

Publication 1272 February 2009

GIPPSLAND LAKES BLUE-GREEN ALGAE MONITORING PROGRAM 2007–08

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the findings of the Gippsland Lakes Taskforce-funded blue-green algae monitoring program for 2007–08.The program aims to monitor the Gippsland Lakes foreshore for toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and provide timely scientific advice to government response agencies. This advice informs management decisions as part of regional contingency plans for blue-green algae blooms in the Gippsland Lakes.

The program includes:

• monitoring for the toxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena at four key shoreline sites on a weekly basis

• monitoring for the presence or absence of phytoplankton species in shoreline samples from the Gippsland Lakes

• basic water quality monitoring

• compiling a comprehensive list of Gippsland Lakes phytoplankton

• providing weekly reports of algal species and cell counts to EPA and DSE.

This report summarises the program findings from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008.

The range of information gathered during the project provided an opportunity to assess the presence of other species of algae and monitor the water quality factors associated with individual species, providing an integrated data set to support future algal bloom modelling. The study identified the seasonal effects of temperature, flood and salinity as the major factors influencing water quality and algal species prevalence at the four monitored sites.

In November 2007, a bloom of Synechococcus sp. started to develop. By January 2008, levels exceeded the NHMRC biovolume trigger point for the issuing of public health warnings, resulting in activation of the Gippsland Lakes BGA Bloom Response Plan. Up to 35 sites were monitored weekly for algal species, bloom status and basic water quality, from January through to June 2008.

A dense bloom of Synechococcus sp. extended throughout the estuary for up to six months (EPA, 2008a), with cell numbers in excess of 10 million cells per millimetre recorded from Duck Arm in late January 2008. By June 2008, surface waters at Jones Bay, Newlands Arm and Duck Arm remained visibly coloured but the abundance of Synechococcus sp. had fallen to less than a million cells per millimetre.

Water temperature (measured at 50 cm depth) ranged from 10°C to 26°C, reflecting both seasonal change and local conditions, such as sheltered, shallow water sites.

Salinity varied greatly throughout the year, due to flooding in June/July 2007 and lesser rainfall events in November 2007 and June 2008. Levels reduced to less than nine parts per thousand (ppt) at Newlands Arm and less than one part per thousand at Jones Bay, but rose throughout the year to a maximum around 30 ppt at all four sites by the end of June 2008.

pH levels were high for most of the year, reaching a maximum 9.5 at Duck Arm during the height of the Synechococcus sp. bloom. pH was a useful indicator of bloom activity.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels remained high throughout the year, averaging between 94 and 100 per cent saturation at all sites (except the Warm Holes) and peaking at 160 per cent at Duck Arm, late December 2007. There was no indication of significant oxygen draw-down at the foreshore sites (to 2 m of depth), anticipated from termination of the extensive Synechococcus sp. bloom (fixed-site, deep-water monitoring indicated some oxygen depletion at some fixed sites in the lakes — refer EPA ‘Underway’ program 39, 2008b).

Warm Holes #2 — #3 are poorly flushed and subject to frequent fish kills thought to be associated with hypoxic conditions. DO saturation at Warm Hole #2 averaged 75 per cent and reached a minimum of 25 per cent on several occasions throughout the year. Despite this, no fish-kills were recorded in the Warm Holes during the reporting period.

Turbidity levels (Secchi depth) peaked in January and remained very high through to June 2008, mainly due to the Synechococcus sp. bloom. Secchi depths for this period ranged from 25 to 60 cm, indicating very little light availability at depth in the water column.

The extensive Synechococcus sp. bloom is likely to have suppressed growth of other algal species, such as diatoms and dinoflagellates, which were found in relatively low numbers from January to June, as well as the toxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, was found in low abundance at Newlands Arm. This was previously only recorded at Lakes Entrance (Smith, 2007).


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BACKGROUND

The Gippsland Lakes are a series of large estuarine lakes situated, about 200 km east of Melbourne. These coastal lagoons are separated from Bass Straight by a system of sandy barriers (Figure 1). The three major lakes (lakes Wellington, Victoria and King) are approximately 69 km in length and 10 km wide; they have surface areas of 148, 75 and 98 km2 respectively, giving a total area of 364 km2. The lakes are generally shallow, with Lake Wellington in the west having an average depth of 2.6 m, Lake Victoria 4.8 m and Lake King 5.4 m (Webster et al. 2001).

At the eastern end of the Gippsland Lakes is a man-made channel (Lakes Entrance), which has been kept open since its construction in 1889. This entrance to the ocean maintains a strong salinity gradient running east to west along the Gippsland Lakes system, which is relevant to the distribution of algal species.

The six major rivers drain a total catchment area of 20,600 km2, which represents about nine per cent of the total land area of Victoria (Webster et al. 2001).

The Gippsland Lakes form an important ecosystem in terms of environmental, economic, cultural and social values. Its wetlands are listed under a number of international convention treaties, including the Ramsar Convention, the Japan— Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and the China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) (Anon, 2002). The Gippsland Lakes are recognised as an important nursery ground for a diverse selection of aquatic species, some with commercial importance (Rigby 1982, Ramm 1983, Coutin et al. 1996).

1 WHY DO WE MEASURE BLUE-GREEN ALGAE?

A number of reviews have identified the major environmental pressures that pose a threat to the health of the Gippsland Lakes ecosystem (Harris et al. 1998, Webster et al. 2001). The catchment surrounding the Gippsland Lakes has undergone significant change since the settlement of Europeans in the mid-19th century. Clearing of forests to make way for agriculture, livestock, mining and urbanisation has resulted in increased loads of nutrients, toxicants and sediment washed from the catchment, in the rivers and into the lakes. The permanent opening to the ocean of the Gippsland Lakes established in 1889 has changed pre-European conditions, establishing a more saline environment, especially at the eastern end of the lakes.

This has led to changes in the types of plants and animals that can survive in the area. Of considerable environmental and economic concern is the increased frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanobacteria, commonly called blue-green algae, are representative of the earliest fossilised records of life on earth. Cyanobacteria can be considered a type of photosynthetic bacterium — as with higher plants, they contain chlorophyll-a. Most blue-green algae are restricted to fresh water, but a few have adapted to estuarine or marine systems. Some species of blue-green algae produce toxins that are known to be hazardous to humans and other life. Under favorable environmental conditions a toxic species of blue-green algae may increase in cell numbers to a point where they dominate other species in the surrounding environment. This is termed a blue-green algal bloom.

Nodularia spumigena is a cyanobacterium commonly found in estuarine conditions such as those in the Gippsland Lakes. It is toxic and causes poisoning in the liver of humans, and has caused death in domestic and marine animals (Davies et al. 2005). Blooms of Nodularia have increased in frequency in the Gippsland Lakes. The last intensive Nodularia bloom in 2001–02 prompted the issuing of warnings against contact with lake water, eating seafood from the Gippsland Lakes and recreational fishing. Commercial fishing was also banned until the bloom had disappeared. To provide timely advice on potentially hazardous algal blooms, EPA, with the support of DSE and the Gippsland Lakes Task Force, conducts weekly algal bloom monitoring. This interagency program began in late 2005 and has been funded until 2008–09 (RCIP 0708.06.096).


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2 WHAT WAS MONITORED?

Four sites were monitored weekly for water quality measures and algal composition from 30 June 2006 to 1 July 2007. These four sites — the Warm Holes, Jones Bay, Newlands Arm and Duck Arm (see Figure 1) — were chosen based on the historical incidence of blue-green algal blooms.

In January 2008, levels of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) biovolume trigger point for the issuing of public health warnings (10 mm3/L), resulting in activation of the Gippsland Lakes BGA Bloom Response Plan. Up to 35 sites were monitored weekly for algal species, bloom status (biovolume) and basic water quality from January to June 2008. Additional funding for this was provided through the Department of Sustainability and Environment.

Figure 1A: Location of sampling sites — all sites.

Sampling sites

A

Area Enlarged in fig 1B


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Figure 1B: Location of sampling sites — close-up view of the Warm Holes.

Water quality measures

Weekly measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were carried out using a Hydrolab Quanta handheld water quality meter, calibrated prior to each day’s sampling. Turbidity was measured using a Secchi Disk (20 cm Satlantic).

Algal sampling

Plankton were collected using a 20 µm phytoplankton net and 250 mm or 1 L sample bottles. Samples were preserved in Lugol’s solution for counting (Sedgewick-Rafter chamber and haemocytometer) and species were identified using a Zeiss 25 Axiovert inverted microscope and standard taxonomic references.

3 WHAT DID WE FIND?

Water quality measures

Graphs of water quality at all monitored sites for 19 months (January 2007 to August 2008) are shown in Figures 2 to 5. Table 1 summarises the physicochemical data (see Appendix 1) for the 12-month period from July 2007 to the end of June 2008. The dominant feature (apart from the algal biovolume) is the abrupt decrease in salinity resulting from the June 2007 flooding and the steady rise throughout the year, punctuated by other rain events, that saw a return to peak values by around June 2008.

B


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Warm Hole #2 (13–30 ppt; average 26 ppt) is least affected by freshwater in-flow from lake sources. This is due to its proximity to ocean influences that include tidal flow and possibly saline under-dune seepage and flow through palaeo-channels associated with the pre-1889 ocean entrance.

Strong tidal flow is experienced in Warm Hole #1 from Cunninghame Arm, following culvert dredging in recent years (DNRE 2000); however, the other ponds remain poorly flushed. Newlands Arm and Duck Arm (9–29 ppt; average 20.5 ppt) are more remote from direct ocean influence and respond to major rain events, but also indicate a tendency to return rapidly to high salinity, consistent with the findings of Webster et al. (2001) that freshwater tends to flow above the more dense saline water. Jones Bay (1–25 ppt; average 12 ppt) is strongly affected by rainfall run-off, predominantly from the Mitchell River and, to a lesser extent, the Nicholson River.

Table 1: Physicochemical ranges for the four foreshore monitoring sites from July 2007 to June 2008

Site

Parameter

Warm Hole #2 Jones Bay Newlands Arm Duck Arm

Temperature (°C) 9.8—23.3 8.5—24.4 9.7—26.5 10.2—26.4

Salinity (ppt) 13—30 1—25 9—29 9—29

Dissolved oxygen (%) 23—105 61—160 69—145 77—160

pH 6.9—8.8 6.95—9.5 6.7—9.45 6.7—9.52

Secchi depth (cm) Shallow site Shallow site 30—70 40—60

Surface temperature ranged between a minimum of 8.5 °C in July 2007 and a maximum of 26.5 °C in January 2008. Temperatures varied by about 6 °C through January and February and peaked again in mid-March, before steadily declining through April.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were generally high throughout the year. Newlands Arm (69–145 per cent) and Duck Arm (77–160 per cent) averaged more than 100 per cent saturation, Jones Bay (61–160 per cent) averaged 95 per cent and Warm Hole #2 (23–105 per cent) averaged 70 per cent. (Figures 2–5. Note: for convenience of scale DO level is graphed in mg/L.)

pH levels averaged 8.3 across the four sites. Minimum recorded level was 6.7 in July 2007 and related to widespread freshwater flooding. Maximum levels of approximately 9.5 were recorded during the height of the algal bloom (January 2008) at all sites except Warm Hole #2 (8.8). Raised pH levels corresponded strongly to bloom activity (biovolume).

Turbidity was recorded at the foreshore sites from March to June 2008 using a Secchi disk. (Note that this recording commenced sometime after the bloom peak in January.) The Secchi disk provided a useful estimate of algal bloom activity. Secchi depths ranged from 30 to 70 cm. Depths of 60 cm were found to correlate approximately to biovolume levels of 5 mm3/L or less. No formal conversion of biovolume to chlorophyll-a has been made, but an estimate based on EPA Gippsland Lakes monitoring program results suggests a biovolume of 5 mm3/L is equivalent to a chlorophyll-a level of 10–15 µg/L.


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Figure 2: Warm Hole #2 — June 2007 flood indicated by sharp salinity decline. DO is relatively low compared to other monitored sites, particularly during summer/autumn,

reflecting the low rate of flushing.

Figure 3: Jones Bay — strong freshwater influence evident in salinity levels. Synechococcus sp. biovolume peaked in February, later than other sites, possibly

due to suppression of growth during prolonged period of lower salinity.

Surface (<0.5m) Salinity (ppt) Temperature (oC) DO (mg/L) pH, Warm Hole #2 2007-08 (w eekly sample period)

05

10152025303540

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju

lAug Sep

Oct

Nov Jan

Feb Mar Apr MayJu

ne July

S

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Surface (<0.5) Salinity (ppt) Temperature ( oC) DO (mg/L) pH, Fluor., Biovolume (mm 3 /L)

Jones Bay 2007-08 (weekly sample period)

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

S

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pH

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Figure 4: Newlands Arm — Major rainfall events indicated by salinity levels in June 2007 and November 2008. Biovolume peaked in January when salinity levels were conducive to Synechococcus sp. growth.

Figure 5: Duck Arm — similar pattern to Newlands Arm. Biovolume reaches maximum level recorded at the foreshore sites. Reduction in biovolume is closely related to temperature decline.

4 DISCUSSION

Some water quality parameters (DO, pH, turbidity) measured at the four sites did not meet the objectives set out in the State environment protection policy (SEPP) for the Gippsland Lakes (S13 Schedule F3) for a significant period of the year. As noted in the previous report on this program (EPA 2008a), the SEPP objectives may not adequately recognise the significant natural variability inherent in this coastal lake/estuarine system.

Surface (<0.5m) Salinity (ppt) Temperature (oC) DO (mg/L) pH, Fluor., Biovolume (mm3/L) New lands Arm 2007-08 (w eekly sample period)

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1015

20253035

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Aug Aug Sep Nov Dec Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju

lAug

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pH

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Surface (<0.5m) Salinity (ppt) Temperature (oC) DO (mg/L) pH, Fluor., Biovolume (mm3/L) Duck Arm 2007-8 (w eekly sample period)

05

101520

2530

3540

Jan

Jan

Feb MarMay May Ju

lAug Sep Oct

Nov Dec Jan

Jan

Feb MarApri

lMay

June Ju

lyAug

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5 GIPPSLAND LAKES PHYTOPLANKTON (MICROALGAE) COMMUNITY

Phytoplankton diversity

Species diversity is a useful and widely accepted measurement of environmental health (Magurran 2003). High diversity is considered important for healthy ecosystem functioning and is characterised by successional change, while low diversity is symptomatic of low rates of change (Reynolds 2006) that may be linked to domination by one or a few species (for example, during an algal bloom). Diversity is a combination of species richness (number of species found) and abundance (number of individuals of a species).

As quantitative data (cell counts) was only collected for the dominant and known toxic cyanobacteria species during the bloom period, it was not possible to calculate a diversity index for all microalgae species found (Appendix 2). Presence/absence data was compiled for all microalgae found at the four foreshore sites (Figure 6) and indicates that the Synechococcus sp. bloom did have a negative effect on species richness and, by extrapolation, species diversity. This is most evident in the suppression of diatom species during the autumn bloom period. Dinoflagellates appear to have been more successful than diatoms in competing with Synechococcus sp. during autumn (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Species richness calculated from presence/absence data. Dinoflagellate species increased slowly through summer and competed better than diatoms against Synechococcus sp. during autumn

(note that species abundance is not represented here, but Synechococcus sp. levels higher than 10 x 106 cells/ml were recorded during January — see Figure 5).

Species richness (presence/absence only) EPA foreshore sites 2007-08

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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

num

ber o

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cies

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dinoflagellate autotrophs

diatom

cyanobacteria


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Cyanobacteria

Nodularia spumigena (Figure 7) is a toxic, filamentous species that can form extensive surface scums and has been identified as the primary harmful algal bloom (HAB) species in the Gippsland Lakes (Chessman 1988; Webster et al. 2001). During the survey period, N. spumigena was occasionally present at very low levels (less than 0.02 mm3/L) at all sites.

From observations (J Smith pers. comm.), growth of this species in the Gippsland Lakes is inhibited at salinity levels higher than 28 ppt. Following the June 2007 flooding, salinity levels were appropriate for N. spumigena growth for almost the entire year at most sites (Figures 2 to 5). It is likely that germination and growth of N. spumigena was inhibited at least in part by the Synechococcus sp. bloom, particularly due to reduction in available light and also because of competition for nutrients.

Figure 7: Filaments of N. spumigena.

Synechococcus sp. (Gippsland Lakes) is a small (1–3.5 µm) coccoid, non-filamentous cyanobacterium with an apparent salinity tolerance range from marine conditions to approximately 5 ppt. Synechococcus species are major primary producers, ubiquitous in the marine environment, capable of acquiring nutrients at submicromolar concentrations and highly adapted to a range of light environments (Waterbury et al. 1986). These attributes have enabled the species to dominate the algal flora in a manner not previously recorded in the Gippsland Lakes.

Morphologically similar species have been recorded occasionally at low levels in the Gippsland Lakes for many years, but a bloom has not been reported or observed prior to 2007 (A Stephens pers. comm.). Identification attempts have until now been limited to light microscopy (LM) observations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) carried out on a Gippsland Lakes bloom sample (Figures 8 and 9) confirmed the initial light microscopy identification to genus level, but further taxonomic elucidation will require molecular genetic analysis. It is morphologically and behaviourally similar to S. cf elongatus identified from blooms in Florida Bay, USA (Phlips et al 1999).

No data is available to correlate salinity levels and previous Synechococcus sp. presence and distribution. Absence of the species from low-salinity sites was noted during the bloom and salinity is considered a likely factor in the delay of the bloom in Jones Bay (Figure 3). The observed salinity preference suggests a possible marine origin for the species, but it is not possible at this stage to satisfactorily determine the origin of the Gippsland Lakes species.

Figure 8: Synechococcus sp. TEM longitudinal section (Image R Webb).

Figure 9. Synechococcus sp. TEM cross-section (Image R Webb).


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Other cyanobacteria species (Appendix 2) were present at various times at very low levels. The Warm Holes normally host several species at various times throughout the year, in excess of the numbers found at the other foreshore sites, with the exception of Jones Bay. Forty per cent of the increase in cyanobacteria species in March (Figure 6) occurred in the Warm Holes. While N. spumigena can sometimes be found in the Warm Holes year-round, it is not normally considered a high risk to water quality in the vicinity of Lakes Entrance. This relates to the stronger marine influence in Cunninghame Arm, which tends to isolate the Warm Holes from other areas around Lakes Entrance.

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are single-celled, bi-flagellated algae ranging in size from approximately 8–200 µm (one species has a size up to 2 mm). Photosynthetic species are commonly coloured golden-brown due to photosynthetic pigments and heterotrophic species are clear or coloured by metabolites or chloroplasts resulting from prey consumption. They occur in all aquatic habitats, but the majority of species are found in marine and brackish environments.

Approximately 60 of the 2000 extant species are toxic and are the dominant algal group responsible for the phenomena known as red-tides. The toxic species share several characteristics. Most are photosynthetic coastal/estuarine inhabitants that produce a benthic resting stage and monospecific blooms. The toxic species produce a range of bioactive substances (toxins), some of which can cause serious illness or death in humans, aquatic mammals, fish, birds and invertebrates. There is no historical or recent evidence that directly implicates dinoflagellates in a toxic event in the Gippsland Lakes.

The presence of Dinophysis species (causative agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning — DSP) at the level of 500 cells/L triggers analysis of mussel tissue for DSP under the Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program (ASQAP Operations Manual, 2006). Precautionary closure of mussel and shellfish harvesting has resulted from Dinophysis sp. abundance in the past (K Thomas pers. comm.).

Several potentially toxic or noxious species were recorded at the foreshore sites, including Dinophysis acuminata (which causes DSP; Figure 10), Karenia species (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning — NSP; Figure 11), Gymnodinium catenatum (paralytic shellfish poisoning — PSP; Figure 12), Karlodinium species (ichthyotoxins) and Noctiluca scintillans (high ammonia production; Figure 13). No dinoflagellate blooms were recorded during the year.

Common non-toxic species Gymnodinium aureolum and Heterocapsa triquetra were the dominant species during July and August 2007. H. triquetra relative abundance increased at the Warm Holes and Jones Bay in June 2008.

Figure 10: Dinophysis acuminata (Image JL Smith).

Figure 11:Single cell of Karenia sp.


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Figure 12: Gymnodinium catenatum

two-cell chain (Image JL Smith).

Figure 13: Cells of Noctiluca scintillans.

Diatoms

Diatoms are unicellular and often chain-forming golden-brown microalgae up to 2 mm in size. They produce finely structured and often highly ornamented silica cell walls and are known colloquially as the ‘grasses of the sea’, due to their significance as primary producers in the aquatic food web. Like their terrestrial counterparts, they commonly experience accelerated growth (blooms) in spring and autumn.

Very few diatom species are toxic. Arguably the most significant toxic genus is Pseudo-nitzschia, with some species producing domoic acid, the neurotoxic compound responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).

Pseudo-nitzschia species are commonly found in the Gippsland Lakes and some are identifiable at the light microscope level. However, proper identification of the toxic species requires electron microscopy. Two species are considered the most likely cause of ASP, P. multiseries and P. australis . Both are found in south-eastern Australian waters and traces of domoic acid were found in Lakes Entrance scallops in 1992 (Zann & Sutton 1996). P. pseudodelicatissima was found at foreshore sites during the year. This species has been toxic from the Gulf of Mexico, but Australian bloom samples and cultures have not been found to be toxic (Hallegraeff 2002).

Chaetoceros convolutus is a chain-forming species that has long, hollow, barbed spines extending from the corners of the cell. These spines can break off in fish gills and cause suffocation or secondary infection that can lead to fish death. C. convolutus has been found at Lakes Entrance in previous years but was not present in foreshore samples during the current year.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The program was made possible through the continuing commitment from the Victorian State Government to the Gippsland Lakes Rescue Package (RCIP EG-0607-06.096). This program operates in close partnership with the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) as part of the cyanobacterial bloom regional contingency plans for the Gippsland Lakes.

Jonathan Smith conducted sample collection and analysis, and provided micrographic images.

Dr Rick Webb (University of Queensland) provided TEM images.

Ecowise Pty Ltd conducted the chemical analysis.

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REFERENCES

Anon. (2002). Gippsland Lakes Future Direction and Actions Plan. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, pp. 1–38.

Coutin P, Walker S, Morison A (ed.) (1996). Black bream 1996. Assessment Report Number 14. Bay and Inlet Fisheriesand Stock Assessment Group. Marine and Freshwater Resources Insititute, Queenscliff, Fisheries Victoria, pp. 1–83.

Chessman, BC (1988). Weather, water quality and algal blooms in the Gippsland Lakes. Gippsland Lakes Algal Bloom Seminar. Ministry for Conservation, Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Davies WR, Siu WH, Jack RW, Wu RS, Lam PK, Nugegoda D (2005). Comparative effects of the blue-green algae Nodularia spumigena and a lysed extract on detoxification and antioxidant enzymes in the green-lipped mussel (Perna viridis). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51, 1026–33.

DNRE 2000. Cunninghame Arm study. Environmental and hydrological investigation — eastern end of Cunninghame Arm, Lakes Entrance. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria.

DSE (2008). The 2007–2008 Gippsland Lakes Synechococcus bloom: Potential environmental impacts of harmful algal blooms. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria.

EPA (2008a). Gippsland Lakes blue-green algae monitoring program 2006–07. Report to the Gippsland Task Force. Publication 1239, EPA Victoria.

EPA (2008b). EPA “Underway” Water Quality Monitoring — Gippsland Lakes. Report No. 39. EPA Victoria.

Hallegraeff GM (2002). Aquaculturists’ guide to harmful Australian microalgae. University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Harris G, Batley G, Webster I, Mollow R, Fox D (1998). Review of water quality and status of the aquatic ecosystems of the Gippsland Lakes. In CSIRO Gippsland Lakes Environmental Audit, prepared for the Gippsland Coastal Board, pp. 1–34.

Magurran AE (2003). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, UK, p. 153.

Phlips EJ, Badylak S, Lynch TC (1999). Blooms of the picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus in Florida Bay, a subtropical inner-shelf lagoon. Limnology & Oceanography 44(4) 1166–1175.

Ramm D (1983). An ecological survey of postlarval and juvenile fish in the Gippsland Lakes (Victoria), Gippsland Regional Environmental Study Ministry for Conservation, Victoria Report, pp. 1–25.

Rigby BA (1982). An ecological study of the Estuarine Fish Assemblage in the Gippsland Lakes. Internal Report No. 3. Marine Science Laboratories, Ministry for Conservation, pp. 1–55.

Reynolds CS (2006). Ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York. p. 535.

Smith JL (2007). First record of dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (1943) from Lakes Entrance, Gippsland Lakes, Australia. Harmful Algal News No. 34, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, October 2007.

Webster I, Parslow, JS, Grayson RB, Molloy RP, Andrewartha J, Tan KS, Walker SJ, Wallace BB (2001). Gippsland Lakes environmental study assessing options for improving water quality and ecological function. Final Report, Gippsland Coastal Board, CSIRO, November 2001, pp. 1–84.

Waterbury JB, Watson SW, Valois FW, Franks DG (1986). Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus. In: T Platt and W Li (eds), Photosynthetic Picoplankton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Bull. 214: 71–120.

Zann LP, Sutton D (eds) (1996.) State of the marine environment teport for Australia: State and Territory issues — technical annex 3. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra. Appendix 1: Water quality data from 4 foreshore sites.


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APPENDIX 1 – PHYSIOCHEMICAL DATA JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008

Table 2: Warm Hole #2 water quality data 2007–08

Date Time Cloud/10 Air °C RH% Water °C pH Salinity DO % DO mg/l

4-Jul-07 9.10 9 13.4 80 10.85 7.4 13.49 42.7 4.34

11-Jul-07 9.10 9 9.8 80 11.29 6.87 16.03 54.7 5.41

18-Jul-07 8.45 9 5.9 90 8.23 7.18 12.57 92.4 10.03

25-Jul-07 8.00 0 6.5 80 9.8 8.1 13.66 99.7 10.3

1-Aug-07 8.30 0 10 73 11.15 8.19 16.81 80 7.8

8-Aug-07 8.10 4 11.6 66 10.94 8.45 18.2 104.8 10.23

15-Aug-07 9.00 1 6.6 90 10.86 7.79 18.12 56.6 5.64

22-Aug-07 8.40 10 10.4 70 12.47 7.09 18.7 58.9 5.67

29-Aug-07 8.40 0 10.9 75 14.31 7.42 20.37 42.6 3.87

4-Sep-07 8.20 8 6.9 73 11.63 7.53 21.63 54 5.07

12-Sep-07 9.10 9 13.4 87 13.5 7.5 21 66 5.25

19-Sep-07 7.35 9 16.6 54 13.5 7.69 24.23 69.2 6.18

26-Sep-07 8.00 9 12.8 77 13.78 7.87 23.9 46.8 4.17

3-Oct-07 8.00 9 15.6 76 15.48 7.68 25.28 72.9 6.1

10-Oct-07 8.10 7 12.9 63 16.8 7.83 26.67 77.6 6.35

22-Oct-07 7.30 9 21.8 52 19.36 8.04 27 55.2 4.29

1-Nov-07 7.15 10 15.8 80 19.15 7.73 27.62 44.7 3.5

7-Nov-07 7.50 5 14.4 84 17.84 7.63 25.73 38.6 7.89

13-Nov-07 7.25 10 15.3 85 19.17 7.87 26.7 49.6 3.87

6-Dec-07 8.35 1 19.8 68 20.81 7.78 28 77 6.08

18-Dec-07 6.45 2 13 70 17.98 7.8 28.34 23.5 1.87

27-Dec-07 7.35 9 14.4 87 19.95 7.84 26.45 43.6 3.35

7-Jan-08 7.30 10 16.4 71 21.63 8.22 28.58 25.7 1.89

11-Jan-08 8.10 0 15.6 67 20.68 8.56 28.75 58.9 4.43

23-Jan-08 7.15 0 16 75 20.28 8.83 28.16 85.5 6.53

1-Feb-08 8.00 9 17.4 78 20.03 8.29 29.29 40.6 3.1

7-Feb-08 8.30 9 15.6 84 23.27 8.48 29.01 40.6 3.46

14-Feb-08 8.20 10 16.3 72 18.84 8.28 29.46 31.3 2.44

20-Feb-08 8.15 7 22.6 49 22.37 8.43 30.48 60.5 4.32

27-Feb-08 8.05 8 14.9 80 18.58 7.79 28.66 39.6 3.1

7-Mar-08 8.35 8 15 82 20.82 8.2 29.76 78 5.86

14-Mar-08 8.10 2 22.9 46 21.09 8.17 30.64 60 4.43

20-Mar-08 8.30 8 17.4 80 21.65 8 31.46 31.5 2.28

27-Mar-08 8.50 0 10.8 71 17.05 7.96 30.08 57.7 4.62

9-Apr-08 8.10 0 12.4 80 16.35 8.04 30.9 66.4 5.42

17-Apr-08 8.15 10 13.5 79 15.8 7.81 29.66 65.4 5.42

1-May-08 8.10 2 10 69 12.53 7.75 28.91 70.7 6.3

7-May-08 8.20 5 11.6 85 13.83 7.8 30.61 86 7.33

15-May-08 8.20 0 13.14 8.03 29.72 69.2 6.04

20-May-08 8.50 7 12 77 13.56 7.86 30.46 83 7.12

28-May-08 8.35 9 12 88 12.51 7.93 30.46 73.5 6.5

4-Jun-08 8.45 9 13.71 7.91 31.25 78.9 6.79

12-Jun-08 8.45 0 11.99 7.92 31.57 80.5 7.09

19-Jun-08 8.55 9 11.27 7.99 31.52 72.3 6.5

25-Jun-08 8.30 10.76 7.74 31.13 79.8 7.29


15

Table 3: Jones Bay water quality data 2007–08

Date Time Cloud/10 Air °C RH% Water °C pH Salinity DO % DO mg/l Biovolume

mm3/L

26-Jul-07 9:10 8 15 62 8.5 6.96 1.47 91 8.74

2-Aug-07 9:03 7 13 55 9 7.35 1.05 84.3 9.57

10-Aug-07 8:40 2 17.9 50 10.32 7.03 1.2 87.6 9.66

16-Aug-07 9:00 5 11 73 8.58 7.24 0.8 91.2 10.65

23-Aug-07 8:20 4 8 74 7.87 7.05 0.54 89 10.73

30-Aug-07 8:15 10 12.1 83 10.19 7.27 0.96 90.7 10.22

6-Sep-07 8:30 0 9.6 68 8.5 7.37 1.01 81.7 9.41

13-Sep-07 8:00 3 11.9 75 12.31 7.52 5.15 84 8.65

20-Sep-07 8:20 6 12 76 12.62 7.93 4.5 109.9 11.3

27-Sep-07 8:00 6 14.5 80 12.64 7.78 6.83 92.9 9.44

4-Oct-07 7:50 2 11.9 52 12.42 7.56 7.43 94.9 9.65

11-Oct-07 8:00 3 19.6 52 16.58 8.51 6.48 103.1 9.54

23-Oct-07 8:45 10 14.4 69 16.41 8.38 13.41 105.8 9.4

1-Nov-07 9:20 10 20.4 53 18.67 8.57 11.44 100 10

8-Nov-07 7:40 9 15.3 64 15.42 7.42 2.2 68.2 6.8

15-Nov-07 8:30 10 15.4 90 18.09 8.35 2.91 60.7 5.65

5-Dec-07 9:30 10 19 64 21 8.42 6 64.4 5.53

17-Dec-07 9:10 10 17.37 8.59 8.83 86.8 7.9

27-Dec-07 11:15 9 22.8 45 18.93 7.65 3.15 91.3 8.34

2-Jan-08 8:45 1 18.5 80 24.05 9.23 5.34 102.3 8.3

10-Jan-00 7:40 0 19.9 84 21.02 8.68 5.83 76.6 6.56 7.17

23-Jan-08 9:45 0 19.9 65 19.54 8.33 5.15 74.1 6.61

30-Jan-08 9:30 3 20.9 85 22.67 8.74 5.31 101.2 8.44

5-Feb-08 10:30 9 22.8 79 23.11 8.98 12.02 93.9 7.33 17.38

13-Feb-08 8:30 2 12.6 68 16.83 8.95 15.7 95 8.34

21-Feb-08 9:00 10 14.4 90 19.13 8.99 14.43 90.3 7.64 29.23

26-Feb-08 11:45 10 19.42 8.67 14.57 94.4 7.94

11-Mar-08 12:30 10 21.5 63 22.57 9.12 19.32 125 9.77 15

17-Mar-08 12:30 0 33.4 49 24.44 9.53 17.26 160.3 12.09 18.73

25-Mar-08 12:45 10 24.5 62 21.81 9.03 18.69 105.8 8.2 20.39

31-Mar-08 10:30 8 16.8 57 15.45 8.8 20.41 94.7 8.28

7-Apr-08 12:30 1 21 64 17.49 8.73 22.59 109 9.16

14-Apr-08 12:50 10 15.9 67 16.22 8.82 22.62 103.3 8.88 7.22

21-Apr-08 13:05 7 19.8 68 16.05 8.95 22.96 110 9.5

28-Apr-08 9:20 8 8 76 11.5 8.73 21.49 95.8 8.99 11.46

5-May-08 9:00 9 14.9 86 14.03 8.76 24.18 95.9 8.47 5.7

12-May-08 9:20 1 13.4 90 14.08 8.72 22.06 105.7 9.52 5.43

19-May-08 9:15 8 14 62 11.07 8.46 23.1 94.9 8.99

26-May-08 8:30 8 11.8 80 11.72 8.52 23.13 95 8.88

2-Jun-08 9:15 6 11 74 12.22 8.49 22.67 94.2 8.83

10-Jun-08 9:10 8 12.49 8.48 23.16 107.6 9.93

16-Jun-08 8:56 0 11.48 8.24 24.28 88.5 8.36

24-Jun-08 9:00 10.49 7.75 16.99 72.4 7.29


16

Table 4: Newlands Arm water quality data 2007–08

Date Time Cloud/10 Air °C RH% Water °C pH Salinity DO % DO mg/l Secchi

dm Biovolume

mm3/L

12-Jul-07 9:30 0 11.5 70 11.4 7.03 8.85 103.2 10.66

19-Jul-07 8:55 9 9 90 9.74 6.73 10 88.5 9.42

2-Aug-07 9:40 4 12.5 58 10.2 6.91 8.69 69.2 7.27

10-Aug-07 9:15 2 15.8 49 10.68 7.5 11.13 83.9 8.59

16-Aug-07 9:35 3 10.6 65 11.39 8.27 11.2 113.4 11.57

23-Aug-07 8:50 2 9.3 63 11.78 8.56 10.14 117.8 12.13

30-Aug-07 8:40 0 10.3 80 14.8 8.79 10.43 126.8 12.13

6-Sep-07 9:00 0 10.6 64 13.18 8.29 13.86 98.2 9.36

13-Sep-07 8:30 3 15 66 14.1 8.17 15.24 82 7.62

20-Sep-07 8:55 2 12.4 68 13.59 7.86 17.54 90 8.35

27-Sep-07 8:30 4 12.9 65 14.42 7.64 18.09 82 7.48

4-Oct-07 8:30 2 14.4 45 14.46 7.77 19.91 84.9 7.63

11-Oct-07 8:40 2 20 45 17 7.82 21.75 80.8 6.75

23-Oct-07 9:20 10 14.6 68 18.47 7.86 22.08 84.8 6.93

1-Nov-07 9:55 10 19.6 46 19.14 8.16 21.41 97.6 7.95

8-Nov-07 8:10 9 15.1 57 18.26 7.89 21.38 80.3 6.7

15-Nov-07 9:00 10 16.3 90 20.36 8.57 11.33 84.4 7.11

5-Dec-07 10:00 10 18 58 23 9.02 16.43 130 10.1

17-Dec-07 9:45 10 20.39 9.21 18.32 131.7 10.65

27-Dec-07 12:10 5 26 40 21.78 9.25 19.44 145.2 11.36

2-Jan-08 9:30 0 21.3 60 26.52 9.35 19.21 135.9 9.7

10-Jan-08 8:25 0 21.9 72 24.69 9.44 19.85 114.3 8.4

23-Jan-08 11:15 0 21.1 64 22.97 9.45 21.53 120 9.07

31-Jan-08 9:00 10 17.6 83 24.41 9.25 21.52 115.8 8.4

5-Feb-08 9:15 10 23.4 77 25.44 9.21 21.18 105.7 7.57

13-Feb-08 9:15 4 15.6 51 21.54 9.31 21.69 106.4 8.22

21-Feb-08 9:40 10 15.4 80 22.1 9.24 22.19 91.5 6.97 16.13

26-Feb-08 10:50 10 19.9 55 20.35 9.06 23.11 98.9 7.79

3-Mar-08 9:00 21.04 9.22 23.83 116.3 9.01

5-Mar-08 8:50 20.42 9.05 24.01 94.3 7.41

11-Mar-08 11:30 10 21.4 60 22.45 8.97 23.94 93.1 7.04 4.5 14.86

17-Mar-08 11:35 0 27.9 38 24.28 9.07 24.08 129.9 9.44 3 16.35

25-Mar-08 11:40 4 30 44 21.47 8.75 25.03 101.5 7.62 4 13.64

31-Mar-08 11:10 8 21.9 42 17.72 8.83 25.87 103.4 8.35 5 10.23

7-Apr-08 11:30 1 20.3 68 17.88 8.75 26.29 119 9.7

14-Apr-08 11:45 4 18.9 56 17.76 8.8 25.73 115.6 9.45 4.5 8.4

21-Apr-08 12:00 9 18.9 72 17 8.79 25.42 106.9 8.91

28-Apr-08 11:10 9 14 57 15.47 8.63 25.98 94.4 7.91 5 7.56

5-May-08 11:00 10 21 43 14.47 8.79 26.98 86.8 7.46 5 8.27

12-May-08 11:10 1 15 74 14.87 8.71 26.58 94.7 8.16 4.5 5.65

19-May-08 11:20 9 16.9 49 13.82 8.39 27.93 87.9 7.62 5.5

26-May-08 9:05 8 12.8 81 12.54 8.41 27.72 107.7 9.6 5.25

02-Jun-08 9:50 6 10 71 12.67 8.55 23.58 114.3 10.55

10-Jun-08 9:50 8 12.89 8.6 25.31 104.6 9.45

16-Jun-08 9:35 0 12.06 7.99 29.38 80.3 7.24 5

24-Jun-08 9:30 11.65 8.23 28.17 94.6 8.64 6


17

Table 5: Duck Arm water quality data 2007–08

Date Time Cloud/10 Air °C RH% Water °C pH Salinity DO % DO mg/l Secchi

dm

Biovolume

mm3/L

12-Jul-07 9:55 2 13 65 10.35 7.13 9.29 114.6 12.09

19-Jul-07 9:15 8 10.6 89 10.68 6.7 9.95 89 9.28

2-Aug-07 10:02 5 18.5 52 10.24 7.14 8.32 78.1 8.21

10-Aug-07 9:35 3 16.6 43 11.05 7.68 11.07 87.4 8.88

16-Aug-07 9:55 5 12.6 72 11.48 8.34 11.46 116.3 11.82

23-Aug-07 9:10 3 13 64 11.87 8.52 10.08 118.5 12.19

30-Aug-07 9:00 0 11.8 75 14 8.37 10.23 107.6 10.48

6-Sep-07 9:20 0 11 60 13.16 7.58 14.25 76.7 7.29

13-Sep-07 9:00 3 14 62 12.83 8.11 14.37 93.2 8.95

20-Sep-07 9:10 2 14.4 64 13.94 7.85 18.21 79.6 7.27

27-Sep-07 9:00 4 17.8 60 14.55 7.8 18.23 88.6 8.05

4-Oct-07 8:50 4 13.9 44 14.09 7.86 21.79 85.2 7.63

11-Oct-07 9:00 2 22.3 39 16.57 8.1 21.81 109.1 9.18

23-Oct-07 9:35 10 17.95 8.14 21.65 104 8.61

1-Nov-07 10:10 9 20.4 51 19.78 8.03 21.43 89.2 7.16

8-Nov-07 8:30 9 16.9 60 18.79 7.73 21.81 66.9 5.51

15-Nov-07 9:20 10 15.4 87 20.14 8.58 11.52 92.3 7.8

5-Dec-07 10:20 10 20 51 23.55 8.95 16.44 106.5 8.18

17-Dec-07 10:20 9 20.82 9.2 18.33 137.7 11.04

27-Dec-07 12:35 5 27 40 22.34 9.2 19.04 159.9 12.41

28-Dec-07 8:00 23.19 9.19 19.07 152 11.62 19.52

2-Jan-08 10:25 1 24.6 52 26.37 9.4 19.07 139.6 10 22.25

7-Jan-08 11:30 25 9.32 19.93 132.4 9.63 20.12

10-Jan-08 9:00 0 24 64 25.64 9.52 19.33 125.9 9.12 20.15

14-Jan-08 14:00 0 21 32 25.91 9.28 20.57 125.3 8.99 22.96

16-Jan-08 7:45 9 17.8 79 24.46 9.42 20.54 99.7 7.29 33.68

22-Jan-08 11:45 21.6 9.26 22.11 114.8 8.86 37.32

23-Jan-08 10:50 0 23.1 50 23.31 9.36 22.02 122.6 9.18

28-Jan-08 12:10 24.24 9.15 22.05 121 8.88 30.02

30-Jan-08 10:30 3 21.4 76 24.6 9.36 21.09 134.9 9.85 30.82

5-Feb-08 9:50 10 21.8 83 24.34 8.97 21.78 84.6 6.16 19.24

13-Feb-08 9:50 5 15.8 41 20.74 9.08 21.94 87.5 6.85 20.59

21-Feb-08 10:00 10 16.3 90 21.78 9.12 22.39 80.9 6.19 15.5

26-Feb-08 10:10 10 19.82 8.67 23.09 86.2 6.85 23

3-Mar-08 9:10 19.5 8.85 24.12 83 6.61 18

11-Mar-08 11:55 10 20.3 56 23.58 9.05 23.84 111.8 8.28 4 15.89

17-Mar-08 12:00 0 31.8 32 24.35 8.99 24.01 111.4 8.08 4 13.17

25-Mar-08 12:00 9 23.4 66 22.66 8.86 24.93 111.7 8.2 4.5 11.36

31-Mar-08 11:30 9 20.9 42 17.68 8.76 26.43 89.4 7.2 5.5 8.86

7-Apr-08 11:50 0 19.5 74 18.68 8.71 25.91 119.4 9.6 4 12.22

14-Apr-08 12:05 8 19.1 56 17.85 8.8 25.73 121.1 9.88 5 6.49

21-Apr-08 12:30 8 20 60 17.49 8.75 25.72 96.5 7.95 5 9.72

28-Apr-08 11:30 8 12.5 61 16.68 8.42 26.38 60.7 4.95 5 7.91

5-May-08 11:20 9 16 47 15.06 8.72 27.08 99.2 8.42 5 6.81

12-May-08 11:35 2 15.5 65 14.64 8.77 26.64 105.1 9.1 4.5 5.36

19-May-08 11:40 10 15.5 51 14.13 8.34 28.09 83.8 7.21 5.5 4.41

26-May-08 9:25 8 13.3 77 13 8.41 27.12 114.2 10.11 5.25 5

2-Jun-08 10:35 9 11 65 12.63 8.63 23.51 115.2 10.65 5 3.92

10-Jun-08 10:10 8 12.64 8.59 25.16 101.8 9.26 5 3.5

16-Jun-08 9:55 0 11.93 8.2 29.23 84.8 7.67 6

24-Jun-08 10:00 11.89 8.28 29.02 88.7 8.02 6


18

APPENDIX 2: MONITORING SITE ALGAE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE DURING 2007–08

Species 2007-08

Warm Holes = ■ Jones Bay = □

Newlands Arm = ○ Duck Arm =●

Red symbol = bloom/dominant

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Proteobacteria Beggiatoa sp. ■ ■

Cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. ■ ■ ■○

Anabaenopsis cf arnoldii ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Anabaenopsis elenkinii □○● □○● ○

Aphanocapsa sp. ■□○● □○● □ □○● ○

Calothrix

Geitlerinema

Limnothrix planktonica

Lyngbya

Microcystis sp. ■

Nostoc sp.

Nodularia spumigena ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■□○● ■□○● □○● □● ■□○●

Oscillatoria sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Oscillatoria sancta

Phormidium sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Planktolyngbya sp. □ ■□ ■□○● ■○

Planktothrix

cf Prochlorococcus sp. □○● ■□○● ■□○●

Spirogyra sp. ■ ■ ●

Spirulina sp. ■ ● ●

Synechocystis sp. ■□○● ■□○● ■ ■

Synechococcus sp. ■ ■ ■ ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□○●

Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea ■ ■□ ■ ○●

Amphidinium carterae ■

A. operculatum ■

A. poecilochroum ■

Amphidinium sp. ■ ■□○● ■□○● □ ■○● ○●

Ceratium furca ■ ■ ■○● ○● ■○● ■□○●

C. fusus ■ ■ ■□

C. horridum ■ ■

C. tripos ■ ■ ●

C. trichocerus

cf Cochlodinium sp. ○●

Coolia cf monotis ■ ■

cf Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. ■ ■□ ■ ■□ ■ ■

Dinophysis acuminata ○● ■○● ■○● ■ ■ ■ ■

D. caudata ■

D. fortii ●

D. rotundata

D. tripos ■ ■

Diplopsalis sp. ■○● ■○●


19

Diplopsalis lenticula ■ ■ ■ ■

Gonyaulax polygramma ■ ■

Gyrodinium sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■○● ■ ■□○● ■□○● ○●

Gyrodinium spirale ■ ■ ● ■○● ■

Gymnodinium sp. ■ ■ ■ ■□ ■□○● □ □○●

Gymnodinium aureolum ■○● ■□○● ■○● ■

G. catenatum ○● ○●

G. impudicum

Heterocapsa rotundata ■□● ■ ■ ■○● ■ ■ ■ ■

H. triquetra ■□○● ■□● ■○● ■□

Karenia sp. ■ ■ ■

K. longicanalis

K. mikimotoi ■

K. papillionaceae ■

K. umbella ■

Karlodinium australe ■

K. micrum ■ ■ ■ ■ ■□ ■

Kryptoperidinium foliaceum ■

Nematodinium armatum ○● ■ ■ ■

Noctiluca scintillans

Oblea cf rotunda ■ ■ ■● ■● ■○● ■○●

Ostreopsis lenticularis ■ ○● ■ ■ ■

Oxyphysis oxitoxoides ■□○ ■□ ○● ■

Peridinium inconspicuum

Peridinium quinquecorne ■ ■

Peridinium sp. □ ○● ■ ■ ■○● ■

Pheopolykrikos hartmanii ■○●

Polykrikos kofoidii ■ ■ ■ ■○● ■ ■○● ○● ○● ■○●

P. schwartzii

Prorocentrum gracile ■ ■

P. lima

P. micans

P. minimum ■○● ■□○● ■○● ■ ■□○● ■□○● ■ ■○● ■○●

P. rhathymum ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

P. sigmoides ■ ■ ■

Protoceratium reticulatum ■ ○● ■○● ■

Protoperidinium bipes ■○● ■ ■ ■ ○● ■

P. conicum ■

P. oblongum ■ ■

P. pallidum ○●

P. pedunculatum

P. pellucidum ■○●

P. pentagonum

P. cf steinii ■○●

Protoperidium sp. ○● ■○● ■ ○● ■○● ■○● ■○●

Pseudonoctiluca kofoidii ■

Pyrocystis lunula

Pyrophacus sp. ■ ■ ■ ■

Scrippsiella spinifera


20

Scrippsiella trochoidea ■○● ■ ■ ■ ■○● □○● ■○● ■□○●

Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca

cf Takayama sp. ■

Warnowia polyphemus ■

Diatom Amphiprora sp. ■○●

Asterionellopsis sp.

Bacillaria sp. ○●

Chaetoceros sp. ■ ■□○● ■ ■● ■ ■□ ■□ ■○● ■○● ■○●

Chaetoceros convolutus

Chaetoceros minimus ■ ■

Chaetoceros cf radians ○●

Chaetoceros tenuissimus ■ ■ ■ ■

Coscinodiscus sp. ○● ○ ● ○●

Cyclotella sp. ■

Cylindrotheca closterium ○● ■○● ■○● □

Cymbella sp. ■ ■ ○ ■ ■○● ■ ■

Dactyliosolon sp. ○● ○●

Ditylum sp. ■○● ○● ○● ■○● ■ ○● ○●

Eucampia zodiacus ○●

Fragilaria sp. □

Gyrosigma sp. ■ ■□ ■□

Lauderia sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Leptocylindricus minimus ■ ■ ■

Licmophora sp. ■ ■

Manguinea sp. ■ ■

Melosira sp. ■□○● ■□○● ■□○● ■□ ■● ■ ■ □ ■○●

Navicula spp. ■ ■□○● ■□ ■□ ■● ■ ■ ■ ■□ ■□○● ■□○● ■

Nitzschia spp. ■□ ■ ■□ ■ ■○● □○● ■□○● ■□○● □ ■□

Nitzschia cf longissima □○● □○●

Plagiodiscus sp.

Plagiotropus sp. ■ ■ ■

Pleurosigma sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■□○● ■□○● □ ●

Pseudo-Nitzschia sp. ■○● □ ■ ■

P. pseudodelicatissima ■ □ ■ ○● ■○●

Rhizosolenia setigera

Rhizosolenia sp. ■ ■ ○●

Skeletonema costatum ■○● ■□○● □● ○● □ □ ■□ □ ○ ○●

Striatella sp.

Tabellaria sp.

Thalassionema sp. ■□ ■ ■ ■ ■ ○●

Thalassiosira eccentrica ■ ■

Thalassiosira pseudonana ■ ■ ■ ■

Thalassiosira sp. ■

Raphidophyte Chatonella marina □ ■● ■

Fibrocapsa japonica ■

Heterosigma akashiwo

Prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina sp. ■ ■ ■□○●

Phaeocystis globosa

Chlorophyte Chlorophyte sp. ■


21

Desmid sp. ○● □

Heliozoa Actinophrys sp. ■ ■○● □○● ■□○● ■○● □ □

Cryptophyte Cryptomonas sp. ■ ■□ ■ ○● ■○● ■○● ■

Euglenophyte Euglenid sp. ■ ■□ ■ □

Bodonid sp. ■ ■

Flagellate small unidentified sp. ■ ■ ■ ■○● ■ ■

Ciliate Coleps sp. ■

Eutintinnus sp. ■

Frontonia sp. ■

Mesodinium sp. ■○● ○● ■○● ■ ■ ■○●

Paramecium sp. ■

Strombidium sp. ■●

Tintinnid sp. ○● ● ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Trachilocerid sp. □

Vorticella sp. ■□○●

heterotrich species ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

oligotrich sp. ■ ○● ■ ■

unidentified sp. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■□○●

Macroalgae Ulva sp. ■ ■

Cladophora sp. □ □

Pollen Pinus sp. ■□ □

Ebrid Ebria tripartita ■○● ■○● ○ ■ ■

Copepod nauplii ■□○● ■□○● ■ ■○● ■ ■ ■ ■ ■○●

adult ○● ■□○● ■□○● ■○● ■○● ○● ■○●

Rotifer Branchionus sp. ■○● ○● ■ ■○● ■ ■□○● ■□○● ■○● ■○● ■○●

Ostracod adult □ ■○● ○● ■ ■

Bryozoa larvae ○

Echinodermata

Foraminifera sp. ■ ○● ■

Polychaete larvae ■○

Surpulid larvae

Zooplankton unidentified larvae ○ ■ ■ □

Crustacea shrimp ■ ■

Mysid sp. ■ ■

Cnidaria sp. ■

Nematode sp. ■ □

Fish eggs unidentified sp. ■ ■ ■

gippsland lakes blue-green algae …/media/publications/1272.pdf · 2007–08.the program aims to...

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