girls boys girls 80 90 100 2468101214161824681012141618 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 31.5...
TRANSCRIPT
Girls
Boys Boys
Girls
80
90
100
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
31.5
35.4
39.4
43.3
47.2
51.2
55.1
59.0
63.0
66.9
70.9
74.9
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
90
0
17.6
35.3
52.9
70.5
88.2
105.8
123.4
141.1
158.7
176.3
194.0
Cen
timet
ers
Pounds
Age in Years Age in Years
Height Weight
InchesK
ilogr
ams
Growth in Height and Weight from Two to Eighteen Years
Countries Arranged by Rank for Calories per Day
Daily caloriesas % dailyrequirement
Children stuntedage 0-5
Children age 0-5underweight
Eth
iopi
a
Hon
dura
s
Indi
a
Vie
t N
am
Chi
na
Bra
zil
Jam
aica
Uni
ted
Kin
gdo
m
Mex
ico
Per
cent
age
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
Can
ada
Japa
n
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Physical Impact of Poverty on Growth
DELAYEDINTELLECTUALDEVELOPMENT
Brain damage(sometimes reversible)
Lethargy andwithdrawal
Minimalexploration
of environment
Loweredexpectationsof child from
adults becausechild appears
young
Lack of educationaland medical resources
Delayed developmentof motor skills such ascrawling and walking
Delayed physicalgrowth
IllnessMalnutrition
Poverty
Areas of the Brain
Cerebral cortex
Motor cortex
Broca's area
Auditorycortex
Sensory cortex
Visual cortex
Wernicke'sarea
BrainstemMidbrain
Hindbrain
Piaget's Three Mountains Experiment
Variations on Three Mountain Experiments
Semantic Relations in Two-Word Utterances
Relationship Example
Agents + actionAction + objectAgent + objectAction + locative (location)Object + locativePossessor + possessedAttribute + objectDemonstrative + object
Baby cryEat cookieBobby cookieJump stairTeddy bedMommy sandwichBig dogThere Daddy
2 to 5 Year Language Explosion
• Prelinguistic: crying signals, gooing, cooing,
babbling, squeals, yells, inflection by 9 months
• Holophrastic: One word means many things. Starts
about 1 year. 40 to 50 words by 18 months, 300
words by 2 years.
• Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases (“Where
go?” “More milk.” “No bath!” “Big boat.” “Mommy’s
dress.”). From about 18 to 24 months.
• Stage II Grammar: Includes plurals,
overgeneralizations. From about 2 to 3 years.
• Adult-like Speech: Starts at about 5 to 6 years.
• Prelinguistic: crying signals, gooing, cooing,
babbling, squeals, yells, inflection by 9 months
• Holophrastic: One word means many things. Starts
about 1 year. 40 to 50 words by 18 months, 300
words by 2 years.
• Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases (“Where
go?” “More milk.” “No bath!” “Big boat.” “Mommy’s
dress.”). From about 18 to 24 months.
• Stage II Grammar: Includes plurals,
overgeneralizations. From about 2 to 3 years.
• Adult-like Speech: Starts at about 5 to 6 years.
Broca'sarea
Primaryauditoryarea Wernicke's
area
Motor cortex
• Social Learning Theories: Language acquisition through imitation or
modeling
• Reinforcement: The child is conditioned to perform verbal behavior. (B.F.
Skinner, 1957)
• Innateness: We are “pre-wired” or “preprogrammed” to learn language
through a language acquisition device (L.A.D.) in the brain. (Chomsky)
• Combined View: Includes predisposition and input from the environment, but
the child plays an active, creative role in learning language. Perception,
cognition, motor, social and emotional factors are all involved.
• Social Learning Theories: Language acquisition through imitation or
modeling
• Reinforcement: The child is conditioned to perform verbal behavior. (B.F.
Skinner, 1957)
• Innateness: We are “pre-wired” or “preprogrammed” to learn language
through a language acquisition device (L.A.D.) in the brain. (Chomsky)
• Combined View: Includes predisposition and input from the environment, but
the child plays an active, creative role in learning language. Perception,
cognition, motor, social and emotional factors are all involved.
Theories of Language Acquisition
• Brain continues myelination process and formation of neuronal connections.
• Body proportions becoming more adult-like.
• Large and fine motor coordination are maturing.
• Brain continues myelination process and formation of neuronal connections.
• Body proportions becoming more adult-like.
• Large and fine motor coordination are maturing.
Summary of Early Childhood Physical Development
• Preoperational thinking, not yet logical,
unable to see another’s viewpoint.
• Child has gone through “language
explosion,” emerging with vocabulary of
over 14,000 words, and syntactically
correct usage.
• Preoperational thinking, not yet logical,
unable to see another’s viewpoint.
• Child has gone through “language
explosion,” emerging with vocabulary of
over 14,000 words, and syntactically
correct usage.
Summary of Early Childhood Cognitive Development