giroler-sulfide process physical properties
TRANSCRIPT
AECL-5702
ATOMIC ENERGY m£tt L'ENERGIE ATOMIQOEOF CANADA LIMITED f i & J r DU CANADA LIMITEE
GIROLER-SULFIDE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
by
H.J. NEUBURG, J.F. ATHERLEY and L.G. WALKER
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
May 1977
GIRVLER-SULFIVE PROCESS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
by
H.3. Uzu.bu.KQ, J.F. kthzilty and L.G. Walkzx.
Chemical Engineering BranchChalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
May 1977
AECL-5702
Propriétés physiques du procédé GS
par
H.J. Neuburg, J.F. Atherley et L.G. Walker
Résumé
On a déterminé les propriétés physiques du sulfure d'hydrogènepur et des solutions gazeuses et liquides du système H2S-H2O. Onprésente des tableaux couvrant quarante-neuf propriétés différentesdans le domaine des pressions et des températures d'intérêt pour leprocédé GS (Girdler-Sulfi'de) de production d'eau lourde. Toutesles propriétés sont présentées en unités SI.
Un programme machine permettant de calculer les propriétés descomposants purs ainsi que les mélanges gazeux et les solutionsliquides dans des conditions saturées et non-saturées est inclus.
Ce manuel est une édition complètement révisée du rapportAECL-4255. Son but est de servir de répertoire standard despropriétés physiques dans les usines d'eau lourde GS du Canada.
L'Energie Atomique du Canada, LimitéeLaboratoires Nucléaires de Chalk River
Chalk River, Ontario
Avril 1977
AECL-57O2
GIRPLER-SULFZPE PROCESS PHVS1CAL PROPERTIES
by
H.3. Unu.bu.fLQ, J . F . Ath<LHlo.y and L.G. Walke.1
ABSTRACT
Physical properties of pure hydrogen sulfide and ofgaseous and liquid solutions of the H2S-H20 system have beenformulated. Tables for forty-nine different properties in thepressure and temperature range of interest to the Girdler-Sulfide(GS) process for heavy water production are given. All propertieare presented in SI units.
A computer program capable of calculating propertiesof the pure components as well as gaseous mixtures and liquidsolutions at saturated and non-saturated conditions isincluded.
The present handbook is a completely revised editionof Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report AECL-4255, and isintended to be used as a standard physical property packageat the GS heavy water plants in Canada.
Chemical Engineering BranchChalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
May 1977
AECL-5702
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pag<
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PHASE DIAGRAMS OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS 4
2.1 P-V-T Surfaces of Pure H2O and H2S 52.2 P-T-X(Y) Surfaces for the Binary System 5
3. FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF WATER, HYDROGEN SULFIDE 14AND THE BINARY SYSTEM H20-H2S
3.1 Fixed Point and Condensed Thermophysical 14Data for Water
3.2 Fixed Point Properties of H2S and Quadruple 14Point Properties of the H2O-H2S System
4. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE 21
4.1 Vapour Phase Properties of H2S 21
4.1.1 P-V-T Properties and Equations of 21State
4.1.2 Heat Capacity of H2S as an Ideal Gas 244.1.3 Enthalpy of H2S Gas 254.1.4 Entropy of H2S Gas 264.1.5 Fugacity of H2S Gas 214.1.6 Joule-Thomson Coefficient of H2S 28
4.2 Properties of Liquid and Gaseous H2S Along 30the Saturation Line
4.2.1 Orthobaric Densities and Molar Volumcr 30at Saturation
4.2.2 Saturation Vapour Pressure 31A.?. .3 Heat of Vaporization 324.2.4 Enthalpy of Saturated H2S Gas 324.:?. 5 Enthalpy of Saturated H2S Liquid 334.2.6 Heat Capacity of Liquid H2S at 33
Saturation
4.3 Transport Properties of Pure H2S 34
4.3.1 Viscosity of H2S Gas 344.3.2 Viscosity of H2S Liquid 364.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of H2S Gas 374.3.4 Thermal Conductivity of H2S Liquid 384.3.5 Surface Tension of Liquid H2S 39
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE H2O-H2S SYSTEM 46
5.1 Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium Properties of the 46H2O-H2S System
5.1.1 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Compositions 465.1.2 Gas-Phase Fugacity Coefficients 485.1.3 Henry's Law Constant 505.1.4 Activity Coefficients 525.1.5 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of H2S; 53
Apparent and Partial Molar Volume ofDissolved H2S
5.1.6 Molecular Weight of Solutions and Humid 54Vapour
5.1.7 Compressibility Factor and Density of 55Humid Vapour
5.1.8 Enthalpy of Humid H2S 555.1.9 Entropy of Humid H2S 585.1.10 Heat of Solution of H2S in Water 595.1.11 Enthalpy of H20 Liquid Saturated with 60
Dissolved H2S Gas5.1.12 Liquefaction Temperature of H2S in H20 61
Mixtures5.1.13 Hydrate Formation Temperature 62
5.2 Transport Properties of Saturated Solutions 62
5.2.1 Viscosity of H2S Gas Saturated with 62Water Vapour
5.2.2 Viscosity of H2S Saturated Aqueous 64Solutions
5.2.3 Thermal Conductivity of H2S Gas 66Saturated with Water Vapour
5.2.4 Thermal Conductivity of H2S Saturated 67Aqueous Solutions
5.2.5 Diffusion Coefficient of H20 in H2S 69Gas
5.2.6 Diffusion Coefficient of H2S in H20 71Liquid
5.2.7 Surface Tension of Water Against H2S 72Vapour
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
6. DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM 83
6.1 Equilibrium Constant for D Exchange Between 83H20 and HDS
6.2 Relative Volatility of (HD0/H20)g to 84(HDO/H2OH
6.3 Relative Volatility of (HDS/H2S)cr to 84(HDS/H2S)£
6.4 Heat of Reaction for D Exchange Between 85H20 and HDS
6.5 Equilibrium Constant for Distribution of D 85in H20
6.6 Equilibrium Constant for Distribution of D 85• in H2S
6.7 Overall Distribution Coefficient (3) 86
7. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING PHYSICAL 93PROPERTIES OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS
APPENDIX A T. Tables of Properties 106
APPENDIX B - Conversion Factors 184
7. IHTROVUCTIQU
A basic set of physical properties of the H2S-H20system is required for calculations related to the Girdler-Sulfide (GS) process for production of heavy water and theassociated distillation units. The earliest collections ofsuch properties were made by Spevack (1) and at SavannahRiver (2,3). The Lummus Company assembled their own set ofproperties for designing the Port Hawkesbury and Bruce plants,and Canatom Ltd. have made a collection of properties inconjunction with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), forthe rehabilitation of the Glace Bay Heavy Water Plant. OntarioHydro (4) have produced a set of properties in the InternationalSystems of Units (SI) for use at the Bruce Heavy Water Plant,and a collection of properties was also made by the IndianAtomic Energy Commission (5).
When GS Process studies commenced at Chalk RiverNuclear Laboratories (CRNL) in 1969, the properties usedinitially were those reported by Burgess et al. (6), but itwas found that in many instances these were not as accurate asdesirable especially with respect to enthalpies. In an effortto overcome the lack of information on some of the properties,AECL with the collaboration of Canatom published AECL-4255 (7)which was the most complete account of properties of the H2S-H20system so far reported, and was recommended for adoption as thestandard physical property package for all the heavy water plantsin Canada. Unfortunately, no better solubility data for H2S inH20 than those reported by Selleck et al. (8) were available atthe time. The polynomial functions fitted to those data by Burgesiet al. were used in manual AECL-4255. The experimental data ofSelleck et al. presented only a few points in the pressure-temperature region of interest to the GS process so that thesolubility and humidity data used in GS process calculationswere in large measure dependent on conditions outside the regionof real importance. Since most of the properties concerning thesaturated vapour and liquid phases are functions of humidity andsolubility respectively, the need to have a reliable model forthe equilibrium of the H2S-H2O system in the GS process regionbecame evident.
• 2 -
The present publication is a completely revisededition of AECL-4255. A therraodynamic model for theequilibrium of the H2S-H20 system in the GS process regionwas developed. The model was based on the extensivesolubility data measured more recently by Mather (9) inthe region of 10°to 180°C and 155 to 6670 kPa. The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is used to calculate fugacitycoefficients and P-V-T behaviour for pure H2S gas andH2S-H20 gas mixtures, which is preferable for highpressure systems over the virial type of equation used inmanual AECL-4255.
Many properties calculated in AECL-4255 have beenincluded without modification in the present manual, mainlythose concerning deuterium exchange equilibrium and transportproperties of pure compounds. All properties of mixtures havebeen recalculated and many new ones have been introduced. Itwas established that the predictions are generally in excellentagreement with experimental measurements whenever they areavailable; unfortunately quite a few of the properties calculatedhere stem from fundamental relationships and cannot be checkedagainst experimental evidence. Measurements of these wouldbe advantageous to confirm or to modify these calculations.
All properties in the present report are given in SIunits and tables for forty-nine different properties areappended covering mostly the P,T range of interest to the GSprocess. Figures and bibliographic references are includedat the end of each section, and the nomenclature of equationsis given following each formula. Computer function subroutinesfor most of the tabulated properties are appended. A detaileddescription of the use and limitations of this computer programis included.
Revisions and updating of this report will be made withthe publication of new and more accurate data, or when there isneed of new sections.
REFERENCES
1. Spevack, J.S., "The Concentration of Deuterium by theS Process. I. Fundamental Principles and Basic Methodof Calculation", USAEC Report A-393, Office Tech. Services,U.S. Dept. Commerce (1942).
— 3 —
Bebbington, W.P., Thayer, V.R., and Proctor, J.F.,"Production of Heavy Water - Savannah River and DanaPlants Technical Manual", USAEC Report DP-400, OfficeTech. Services, U.S. Dept. Commerce (1959).
Polh, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour ofCountercurrent Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, OfficeTech. Services, U.S. Dept. Commerce (1955).
Meranda, D.G., "Physical Properties of H2O-H2S System",Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, ReportCNS-IR-70, January 1971.
Bhargava, R.K., et al., "Thermodynamic Properties ofH2S-H20 System", Government of India Atomic EnergyCommission, Report B.A.R.C.-316, Bhaba Atomic ResearchCentre, Bombay, India (1968).
Burgess, M.P., and Raymond, P.G., "Physical Propertiesof Hydrogen Sulfide-Water Mixtures", AIChE Journal,15(2), 272 (1969).
Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,"GS Process Physical Properties", Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited Report No. AECL-4255 (1972).
Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., "PhaseBehaviour in the Hydrogen Sulfide-Water System", Ind.Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
Mather, A.E., "Composition of the Co-existing Phases inthe Hydrogen Sulfide-Water System", Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited Unpublished Internal Report, June 26, 1974.
— 4 —
f. PHASE V1AGRAMS OF GS PROCESS MATERIALS
A knowledge of the phase properties of materials isfrequently required in planning laboratory work as well as inthe development of plant processes. These properties includethe nature of the phase (whether gas, liquid, or solid) as wellas the composition. This information is conveniently summarizedgraphically usually by outlining the regions of stability forthe various phases. The diagram may be two or three dimensionaldepending on the number of components involved as well as thenumber of independent variables. The kind of information soughtmost frequently, which is readily available from the phasediagram, ranges from the simple question of what equilibriumphase is to be expected under a given system temperature,pressure and'composition, to a quantitative use of the diagramin determining the relative proportions zf various phasesafter a phase transformation. The phase rule of J.W. Gibbs isa statement of the number of degrees of freedom, F, that mustbe specified for a heterogeneous system of various phases andcomponent substances to be in thermal, mechanical, and chemicalequilibrium. If F is non-zero there is freedom to change someintensive property of the system such as temperature, pressure,or composition without altering the number of phases present.If the equation of state (a statement of the behaviour) of thesystem is determined only by temperature, pressure, and composition,the degrees of freedom for a system of C components and P phasesare given by F=C-P+2. For a single pure substance, the systembecomes invariant when three phases coexist; so long as thesethree are present (their relative amounts are immaterial) thepressure and temperature have definite invariant values. Whatthese values are must be determined by measurement. In the caseof pure water, the temperature of the invariant triple point forcoexisting gas, liquid and solid, is the basis of the absolutetemperature scale and was set arbitrarily at exactly 273.16 K.A binary system becomes invariant when four phases coexist. Inevaluating the value of P, each distinct solid phase or immiscibleliquid constitutes a different phase. At least one invariantcondition exists in these simple systems and frequently many areobserved in those that show various polymorphic crystalline statesor show compound (e.g., hydrate) formation.
Thermodynamic principles alone such as the phase ruleare unable to give any indication of the conditions of temperature,pressure, or composition required to ensure the existence orstability of a phase nor the positions of phase boundaries andinvariant points in the diagrams. However, thermodynamic re-lations when combined with valid experimental results enable one
- 5 -
to calculate the properties of a phase under conditionsslightly removed from the measured ones. For example,the boundaries of the stability regions for the variousphases are frequently mapped on the diagrams using relationssuch as the Clapeyron equation, one of the most useful inthis regard.
2.7 P-I/-T Su/i6ac.e.& o& Vaftz H20 and H2S
Figures 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate the P-V-T surfacesof the various easily observed phases for pure H20 and H2Srespectively. The figures show primarily, as three dimensionalmodels, the specific volume of the substance as a function ofpressure and temperature. The various phases are easily seenbecause of the usually marked change in density along theboundaries for their coexistence. These figures also show tneprojections of the stability regions on the T-V, P-T, and P-Vplanes where the corresponding phase diagrams are displayed.The P-V and P-T diagrams show various isotherms and isochoresrespectively, whereas the isobars have been deleted on the T-Vdiagrams to emphasize the other features shown. The figures alsoillustrate the critical point and a triple point representingthe invariant nature of a single-component system when solid,liquid and gas coexist (a "triple point line" has been drawnjoining the specific volume points corresponding to solid,liquid, and gas phases on the P-V-T surface, and in the P-Vand T-V diagrams).
2.2 ?-T-K[V) SafL^aati ion the. Blnaiy Syitzm
For a two-component system existing as a single phase,three variables, i.e., temperature, pressure, and concentration,are necessary to fu ".y describe the system. The complete andsimultaneous representation of these variables in a phasediagram requires three axis, that is, a solid model. Planescan be passed through the model at convenient locations todescribe the behaviour of the system with variation of twocoordinates. As an illustration, P-T, P-X(Y) and T-X(Y)diagrams were constructed, and are presented in Figures 2.3,2.4, 2.5 and 2.6.
The P-T diagram of Figure 2.3 shows the regions ofcoexistence of two phases, the solid lines of three-phasecoexistence and two quadruple points where four phases are
- 6 -
coexisting. The information needed to represent the severallines and fixed points on this diagram was obtained from theexperimental data of Selleck et al. (1). The point of coldtower operation in the GS process is about 31°C and 2070 kPaand it can be seen from Figure 2.3 that it lies in the regionwhere aqueous liquid and gas can coexist; if the pressure isincreased to about 2300 kPa at 31°C, liquid E2S (saturated withwater) will appear in the solution, and if the temperature in thetower drops to about 29 C at 2070 kPa, a solid hydrate (6H2S-46H2O)will be formed.
The P-X diagrams shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5 wereconstructed at constant temperatures of 25°C and 37.8°C. Thelast temperature was chosen because experimental data wereavailable for the aqueous liquid saturation line and the dew-point line over a limited pressure region. Also the compositionof the water-saturated liquid H2S (hydrogen sulfide - rich liquid)in equilibrium with aqueous liquid has been measured at 37.8°C (1).The experimental points are plotted together with the predictedsaturation lines in Figure 2.5, and the extrapolation of theselines to the low pressure region was achieved with a model for theliquid and vapour phase equilibrium compositions of the H2S-H20system. This is explained in Section 5. The liquefactionpressures of H2S and the hydrate (6H2S-46H2O) formation pressureswere determined from the equations given by Burgess et al. (2).The P-X diagram at 25°C (Figure 2.4) was constructed from thesame equilibrium model. In Figures 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6, the molefraction coordinate was magnified at the low and high H2S con-centration extremes to give a better picture of the saturationlines. Figure 2.4 shows that if the pressure is increased at25°C, hydrate will be formed first; whereas at 37.8°C (Figure 2.5),H2S liquid will appear in solution before the hydrate is formed.If the temperature is 29.5°C, both hydrate and H2S liquid wouldform simultaneously at 2238.8 kPa, one of the quadruple pointconditions.
Figure 2.6 shows a temperature-composition diagram at aconstant pressure of 2.05 MPa (cold tower GS process operatingpressure). The saturation lines and the hydrate and liquid H2Sformation temperatures were determined as before. It can beobserved from this figure that by decreasing the temperature to28.7°C hydrate will be formed, and a further decrease in temperatureto 26°C will result in the additional formation of H2S liquid (formost proportions of H2S and H20).
- 7 -
REFEREHCES
1. Selleck, P.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., Ind.Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
2. Burgess, M.P. , and Germann, R.P. , AIChE Journal, 3.5 (2),273 (1969). —
8 -
GAS^Criticol point
/ CritMCrilicol isotherm
^.LIOUID
'LIQUID
\ VAPOR
Triple point line \
C E "
SOUO-SOUD
-Triple poinl# .SOUO-UQWO/ /
Isometrics
LIQUID. M S
FIGURE 2.1 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROjECliONS FOR FLO
FROM DAVID M. HIMMELBLAU, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS INCHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 3rd ed., (CJ 1974, pp. 220-221. REPRINTEDBY PERMISSION OF PRENTICE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEWJERSEY, U.S.A.
GAS,Critical point
jf Criticol isotherm
FIGURE 2.2 p-V-T SURFACE AND PROJECTIONS FOR H 2S
ADAPTED FROM DAVID M. HtMMELBLAU. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONSIN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 3rd ed., (£) 197^, pp. 220-221. REPRINTEDBV PERMISSION OF PRENTJCE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW JERSEY,U.S.A.
- 10-
=3COtoUJCdQ_
10<
7
5
HYDRATE ANDH 2S LIQUID 00
H 2S LIQUID AND flQUEOUS LIQUID
AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS
QUADRUPLE POINT:, AQUEOUS LIQUID, ICE AND GAS
CRITICAL
Gas
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1G0 110 120
TEMPERATURE °C
F I G U R E 2.3 PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM FOR HYDROGEN SULFI DE-WATER SYSTEM
- 1 1 -
-a:
CC
azQ.
3000
2000 "
1000 -
100
50
20
10
AQUEOUSLIQUID ,
^AQUEOUSLIQUID ANDHYDRATE
H2S LIQUID-
HYDRATE AND LIQUID H2S
HYDRATE AND GAS
AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS
GAS
F I G U R E l.k
PRESSURE - COMPOSITIONWATER - HYDROGEN SULFIDE
25°C
I I I 10.04 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.92
MOLE FRACTION HYDROGEN SULFIDE
0.96 1.0
-12-
3 0 0 0 -
2000
1000
500
HYDRATE AND H2S LIQUID
' /AQUEOUS LIQUID AND H2S L I I
/AQUEOUS LIQUID> AND I./DRATE
200
100
10
iL
AQUEOUS LIQUID AND GAS
H 2S LIQUID
GAS
FIGURE 2.5
PRESSURE - COMPOSITIONWATER - HYDROGEN SULFIDE
37.8°C
I I0.04 0 08 0 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.92
MOLE FRACTION HYDROGEN SULFIDE0.96 1 0
-13-
150AQUEOUS LIQUID
AND GAS
100
UJ
cc
cc
50
AQUEOUSLIQUID
I
AQUEOUS\ LIQUID ANDV HYDRATE
HYDRATEAND GAS
GAS
FIGURE 2.6
TEMPERATUREWATER
P =
COMPOSITIONHYDROGENSULFIDE2.05 MPa
I I I
HYDRATEAND H2S LIQUID
• , I i
LIQU11
I0 .02 .06 .1 .2 .3 A .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .92 .94 .96 .98 1
MOLE FRACTION HYDROGEN SULFIDE
— 14 —
3. FTXEP P0IWT PROPERTIES OF WATER, HVVROGEN SULF1VE, ANV THEBINARY SYSTEM H20-HzS
3.1 Tlxzd Point and Condzntzd Thufimophysical Data faon. Watzfi
Table 3.1 presents the important fixed point propertiesof water. Table 3.2 shows the important thennophysicalproperties of liquid water at the saturation vapour pressurein the range 0 to 230°C. The enthalpy of subcooled liquidwater over the temperature range 30 to 220 C, required in thecalculation of aqueous H2S solution enthalpies, is generatedfrom the formulation presented in the manual of the "Propertiesof Water and'Steam in SI Units" (1).
3.2 Fixed Point ?fiope.fitie.* o& HZS and Qjxadn.ix.plz. Point Pnopz.fitle.liO|J thz H2Q-HZS
Selected thennophysical properties of H2S are given inTable 3.3 for the primary triple point, the normal boilingstate and the critical state. Important properties of the H2O-H2Ssystem at the major quadruple points are presented in Table 3.4.
REFERENCE
1. E. Schmidt, "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",Springer-Verlarg, West Berlin (1969).
- 15-
TABLE 3.1
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF WATER
Property Reference
Molecular weight H20 18.05 g/moloc K
Triple point temperature 0.01 273.16 (1)Freezing point temperature 0.00 273.15 (1)Normal boiling point 100.00 373.15 (1)Critical temperature 374.15 647.30 (2)
Critical pressure 22.04 MPa (2)Critical density 0.317 kg/dm3 (2)
Critical volume 3.15 dm3/kg; 56.7 cm3/tnol (3)
Critical compressibilityfactor, Z 0.232Pitzer accentric factor 0.348 (3)
Latent heat of fusion(273.16 K, 6.11 kPa) 6.008 kJ/mol (4)Latent heat of vaporizationat normal boiling point 40.656 kJ/mol (4)
Redlich-Kwong constants,fia . 440 (5)
(gas) Qb .090
TABLE 3 . 2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID WATER ALONG THE SATURATION CURVE FROM O - 2 2 O ° C ( b )
Tetiperatur*
°c X
O.O1 273.14251015202530
3234363840
4550556065
7075808590
95100105110115
120122124126128
1301321341-16138
Idn
145150160170
ISO190200210220230
275.15278.15283.15298.15293.15298.15303.15
305.15
309.15311.15313.15
318.15323.15328.15333.15338.15
343.15348.15353.15358.15363.15
368.15373.15378.15383.15388.15
393.15395.15397.15399.15401.15
403.15405.15407.15409.15411.15
413.15418.15423.15433.15443.15
453.15463.15473.154S3.15493.15503.15
VapourPressure(6)
JtPa
0.6110.7060.8721.231.702.343.174.24
4.76
5.956.637.38
9.5912.3515.7619.9425.03
31.193B.5847.3957.8370.14
64.55101.3120.8143.3169.1
198.5211.4225.0239.3254.4
270.1266.7304.1322.3341.4
361.4415.5476.0618.1792.0
1002.71255.11554.91907.72319.82797.6
Density<2)kg/dm'
0.999S0.99990.99990.99960.99910.99820.99710.9957
0.9950
0. 99370.99300.9923
0.99023.98800.98560.98310.9805
0.97770.97480.97170.96850.9652
0.96180.95830.95460.95070.9468
0.94290.94120.93960.93790.9362
0.93460.93280.93110.92940.9276
0.92580.92140.91680.90730.8973
0.88690.87600.86470.85280.84030.8273
Enthalpy(61kj/mcl
0.0000.1510.3780.7571.1351.5121.8892.266
2.4172.5672.7182.8683.019
3.3953.7714.1484.5244.901
5.2785.6556.0336.4126.790
7.1697.5497.9298.3108.692
9.0749.2279.3809.5349.688
9.8429.995
10.15010.30510.458
10.61311.00011.38712.17212.958
13.75114.55115.36016.17617.00517.845
Heat ofVaporization(6)
kJ/mol
45.06344.97844.85044.63644.42344.21143.99843.785
43.69943.61443.S2843.44343.357
43.14242.92442.70842.48842.266
42.04341.82041.59341.36241.132
40.89840.66040.42040.17339.925
39.67439.57239.46939.36639.254
39.15739.05338.9473R.83R3B.732
38.62438.34838.06937.50536.903
36.27815.62034.93434.21133.44932.647
RelativeEntropy(6)J/faol.K)
0.0000.5491.3712.7204.0445.3436.6197.871
8.3668.8589.3469.832
10.31
11.5112.6813.8314.9716.10
17.2018.2919.3720.4321.49
22.522 3.5424.5525.5526.54
27.5227.9128.2928.6629.06
29.4429.0230.203n.;830.95
31.3]32.2633. IB3'j.0036.79
38.5540.2842.0043.6'J45.3747.04
IsobaricHeat
Capacity 16)J/ftnol.K)
75.99
75.55
75.34
75.28
75.28
75.32
75.39
75.50
75.63
75.79
75.99
76.20
76.46
76.78
77.12
77.5778.0878.65
7'J.3280.0980,9681.9783.1084.40
Viscosity(71UPa.B
1786
1304
1002
798.3
653.9
547.8
467.3
404.8
355.4
315.6
283.1
254.8
231.0
210.9
194.1
179.8167.7157.4
148.5140.7133.9127.9122.4117.5
SurfaceTension(7)
<nN/m
75.60
74.24
72.78
71.23
69.61
67.93
66.19
64.40
62.57
60.69
5B.79
56.83
54.85
52.83
50.79
48.7046.5944.44
42.2640.0537.8135.533J.2330.90
ThermalConductivity 17)
W/(m.K|
0.569
0.587
O.iO3
0.618
0.631
0.643
0.653
0.662
0.670
0.676
0.681
0.684
0.687
0.688
0.688
0.6870.6840.681
0.6770.6710.6640.6570.6480.639
(a) The re la t ive entropy is obtained by substracting the absolute entropy of liquid water at the t r i p l e point from the absolute entropy ofliquid water at a given temperature and saturation vapour pressure. The absolute entropy of liquid water at the t r ip l e point i s 63.52J/{mol-X) including a residue entropy of 0.B1 j/(mol.K) at 0 K.
(b) Vapour pressures, enthalpies, heats of vaporization, and relat ive entroi ies of liquid vater arc based on the formulations preparedby the 1967 International Formulation Cw-iittee on the Properties of Steaii as compuud Dy L. Schmidt (6). The other properties inth is table use values published in the U70 UK Steam Tables in SI Units (7).
-17
REFERENCES FOR TABLES 3.7 and 3.2
1. The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968.
2. Kell, G.S., "Thermodynamic and Transport Properties ofFluid Water", in "Water, A Comprehensive Treatise", Vol.1, F. Franks, ed., Plenum, New York, 1972.
3. Reid, R.C., and T.K. Sherwood, "The Properties of Gases andLiquids", 2nd ed., p. 584, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
4. U.S. National Bureau of Standards, "Selected Values ofChemical Thermodynamic Properties, Series II", Bulletin500, p. 539, Washington, D.C., 19.
5. Besserer, G.J., Canatom MonMax Report No. 9003 - Part 2,1974.
6. E. Schmidt, "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",Springer-Verlag, West Berlin, 1969.
7. "UK Steam Tables in SI Units 1970", Edward Arnold, London1970.
-18-
TABLE 3.3
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF H2S AT FIXED POINTS
Property
Molecular weight
Melting point at 101.3 kPa, °C
Boiling point at 101.3 kPa, °C
Triple point temp (C,I-l-g), °C
Triple point pressure, kPa
Density of-solid (C,I) at triple point,kg/dm3
Thermodynamic Properties
AH (fusion) at triple point, kJ/mol
AH (sublimation) at triple point, kJ/mol
AH (evap) at normaj. boiling point, kJ/mol
Cp (solid I) at triple point, J/(mol.K)
Cp (liquid) at triple point, J/(mol.K)
Cp (ideal gas) at triple point, J/(mol.K)
Absolute entropy of solid I at triplepoint J/(mol.K)
Critical State Properties
Critical temperature, Tc (K)
Critical pressure, Pc (kPa)
Critical molar volume, Vc (dm3/mol)
Critical compressibility factor, Zc
Other Properties
Dipole moment (debye)
Pitzer accentric factor
Redlich-Kwong Constants fia(gas) ah
34
-83
-60
.080
.27
-85.75
22
1
2
19
1861.67.
33.
84.
373.
9010
0.
0.
0.
0.0.0.
.69
.1
.377
.292
.670
.49
.8
,37
,66
6
09771
283
98
0964
43400882
Referencesand Notes
1
a
2
23,b
3
3
3
33
3
3
44cd
5
e
66
REFERENCES
1. Babb, S.E., Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 847 (1969).
19-
2. Clark, A.M,. Cockett, A.H., and E' ner, H.S., Proc.Roy. Soc. A209, 408 (1951).
3. Giauque, W.F., and Blue, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58,831 (1936). ~
4. Kobe, K.A., and Lynn, R.E., Jr., Chem. Revs. 52, 117(1953). ~~
5. McClellan, A.L., "Tables &J Experimental Dipole Moments",W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1963.
6. Chueh, P.L., and Prausnitz, J.M., I & EC Fundamentals,6, 492 (1967).
MOTES FOR TABLE 3.3
a) Value calculated from the vapour pressure data of E.C.W.Clarke and D.N. Glew, Can. J. Chem. 48, 764 (1970).
b) Value estimated by Giauque and Blue, Ref. 3 above.
c) Determined from the limiting orthobaric density at thecritical point.
d) Determined from the relation Zc = PCVC/RTC.
e) The Pitzer accentric factor is defined as W = -log(Ps/Pc)- 1.000 where Ps is the vapour pressure at reducedtemperature Tr = 0.700 (see G.N. Lewis and M. Randall,"Thermodynamics", revised by K.S. Pitzer and L. Brewer,McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1961, Appendix 1). The vapour pressureof H2S at Tr = 0.700 was calculated from the formulationgiven in Section 4.2.2.
-20-
TABLE 3.4
PROPERTIES OF H2O-H2S SYSTEM AT QUADRUPLEPOINTS WITH COEXISTING VAPOUR PHASE
Pressure(kPa)
2239
93.1
Temperature(°C)
29.5
-0.39
MoleGas
0.9971a
FractionH2S
Liquid
0.997a
0.9872
of H2SAqueousLiquid
0.0329b
Coexisting RePhases
1. Hydrate,6H2S.46H2O
2. Aqueous liquid3. H2S rich liquid4. Humid vapour
1. Hydrate,6H2S.46H20
2. Aqueous liquid3. Ice (H20s)
ferenc*
1,2
3
4. Humid vapour
(a) Value of Selleck et al. (Reference 4) obtained by extrapolatinghigher temperature data.
(b) Value based on the work of E.A. Mather (unpublished results).
REFERENCES
1. Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., "Some Properties of the LighterHydrocarbons, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Carbon Dioxide", AmericanPetroleum Institute Monograph on Project 37, New York, 1955,Section XXI.
2. Scheffer, F.E.C., Zeit. f. phys. Chem. 84, 734-45 (1913).
3. Scheffer, F.E.C., Proc. Koninkl. Nederland, Akad, Wetenschap.13, 829 (1911).
4. Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.J., and Sage, B.H., Ind. Eng. Chem.44, 2219 (1952).
— 21 —
4. THEMOPHVSICAL PROPERTIES OF HVVROGEN SULTIVE
4.1 Vapoun. Pha&e. PKopzKtl<n> oh H2S
4.1.1 P-V-T Pxope.KtizA and Equation* o& State. {Table A-JJ
Numerous equations of state have been developed up tothe present time, and for many of these H2S has been used asa test substance (1).
Equations of state fall roughly into two categories:
a) the van der Waals type involving two or more parameterswhich attempt to account empirically for the free volumeof the gas and intermolecular attractions,
b) the virial type in which the compressibility factor isexpressed as a converging infinite series in reciprocalmolar volume (or density) or in pressure.
Leiden form: Z = Pv/RT = 1 + B/v + C/v2 + D/v3 + ... (4.1)
Berlin form: Z = 1 + B'P + C'P2 + D'P3 + ... (4.2)
The following relations exist between the first few coefficientsof these two infinite series:
B " RT
^ (RT)"
TV = (D - 3BC + 2B3)(RT3)
For a pure substance, the virial coefficients depend only ontemperature, while for gas mixtures composition enters as anadditional variable. The most satisfactory equation of thevan der Waals type is the empirical, two-parameter, Redlich-Kwong equation (2):
- 2 2 -
- Pv _ v a ,, ,NZ = WT " TTTT TD (4.3)
RT v-b R T3/2 ( v + b )
constants a and b are related to the critical temperature andpressure by:
(4.4)
b - SlLRJ* (4.5)
Eq. (4.3) is a cubic in v which yields one real root above thecritical temperature and three real roots below the criticaltemperature. At saturation P,T conditions (dew point), thelargest root gives an accurate calculation of the molar volumeof the gas, and the smallest root gives an estimate of themolar volume of the saturated liquid.
Although the virial equation approach has the advantageof simplicity and a theoretical basis in the statisticalmechanics of intermolecular forces, it presents the drawbackof inadequate information on the coefficients beyond the second,particularly below the critical temperature. The lack ofknowledge about the third virial coefficient of water preventsa convenient description of saturated H2S-H2O gas mixtures underGS process conditions by the virial equation of state. It wasfound that Redlich-Kwong1s equation gave better results whenused in modelling the phase equilibria of the H2S-H20 system (3).
To be consistent in the use of the equation of state,Redlich-Kwong1s equation was employed in treating the propertiesof pure H2S under each of the following conditions:
a) superheated pure H2S vapour
b) pure H2S gas at temperatures above Tc (373.6 K) and atdensities less than half of the critical density
c) humid H2S in vapour-liquid equilibrium with aqueous solutions.
-23-
Quantitative data on the volumetric properties ofpure H2S gas are presently available from three primarysources, each covering fairly distinct pressure andtemperature ranges:
a) the low pressure and low temperature results of Wrightand Maass (4) extending from -35°C to 47°C with pressuresup to 0.40 MPa
b) the work of Reamer, Sage and Lacey (5) covering moderatetemperature and pressure ranges (4.4°C to 171°C withpressures up to 69 MPa)
c) the high temperature and high pressure results of Lewisand Fredericks (6) (100°C to 220 C with pressures between9.1 and 168 MPa).
During the development of the present work it was found thatRedlich-Kwong's equation of state gives good reproducibilityof the experimental measurements of molar volumes of pure H2Sgas in the P,T range of interest to the GS process. Table A-lgives the specific volume of dry H2S in the pressure range of1.3 to 2.3 MPa and temperatures between 20 and 180°C.
Other Equations of State for H2S Gas
Besides the Redlich-Kwong and the usual virial equations,several other equations have been used in the past for expressingP-V-T behaviour of compressed H2S. In most instances the valuesof the equation parameters are questionable. Also theirapplication to H20-H2S vapour mixtures is uncertain becauseof the empirical nature of their mixing rules. Many of theequations chosen previously to describe the behaviour of H2Shave outstanding reputations in predicting the volumetricbehaviour of well-studied gases such as the lighter hydrocarbons.However, their application to H2S is severely limited due to thescarcity of precise volumetric data particularly at temperaturesless than Tc.
West (7) used the five-constant Beattie-Bridgeman equationsfor calculating several thermodynamic properties of H2S with theconstants determined from those of N2 using corresponding statesscaling factors (8). A set of eight parameters for use with theBenedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) virial type equation were determinedfor H2S by numerical analysis of P-V-T data from Sage and Lacey
1swork on CHit-H2S gas mixtures at temperatures between 71 C and138°C and pressures to 34.5 MPa (9). The parameters for CHi»were well known from previous work with this gas.
- 2 4 -
Starling (10) extended to eleven the number ofparameters in the various density coefficients of the BWRequation for better results with low temperature gases.The eleven parameters were obtained from a regressionanalysis of the previously published volumetric data forH2S (5). As the data used are inaccurate for temperaturesbelow 100 C, some of the constar^ ~'n Starling's equationare of doubtful value.
Holleran (11) has developed a new type of stateequation that uses only three parameters and satisfies theprinciple of corresponding states. It is based on theobservation that for many non-polar and polar gases (watervapour excepted) a linear relation occurs between temperatureand gas density over a wide range of conditions where thecompressibility factor of the compressed gas is unity (theso-called "unit compressibility law"). Holleran shows thatH2S obeys the unit compressibility law within the accuracyof Lewis and Frederick's data for supercritical H2S. Theequation appears to hold for temperatures between Tc and 5 Tcand from zero to somewhat beyond the critical density.
4.7.2 Heat Capacity oi H2S a* an Id&al Gai,
The best published data on the constant pressure heatcapacity of H2S as an ideal gas, based on statistical mechanicalcalculations with spectroscopic data, have been expressed as aregression polynomial (12):
Cp* = 34.1242 - 1.35836 x 10"2T + 5.76578 x 10~sT2
- 3.56297 x 10"8T3 (4-6)
where, Cp* = molar isobaric heat capacity for the ideal gas,J/(mol.K)
T = temperature, K
Eq. (4.6) is recommended for use between 200 K and 620 K, whichadequately covers the temperature range of interest to the GSprocess.
The heat capacity at constant volume for the ideal gasis:
Cv* = Cp* - R (4.7)
where R is the molar gas constant (8.3143 J/(mol.K)).
- 2 5 -
4.7.3 Enthalpy o$ H2S Ga.4 (Table. A-2)
Theoretical estimates of H2S enthalpy have been madeby West (7), Burgess et al. (13) and in AECL-4255 (14),using the method described by Dodge (15)• A different equationof state to describe P-V-T behaviour of H2S was used in eachcase. The fundamental equation for enthalpy is:
H(P,T) - H(PO,TO) = f (0\ dP +/ Cp*dt + / ( | p \ nd P < 4 ' 8 )
where H(P,T) = enthalpy of H2S at T,P, J/mol
H(P ,T ) = enthalpy of H2S at reference conditionsP0,T0( J/mol
P* = sufficiently low pressure such that the gasbehaves ideally, kPa
The reference state of zero enthalpy has been chosen as pureH2S taken as the vapour at To = 273.15 K and Po = 101.3 kPa.
After suitable transformations, eq. (48) converts to:
H(P,T) - H(PO,TO) = RTOU - ZO + f -£ (U) dv} +f Cp*dT
K v f
RT{Z - 1 +/ i (^1 dv> (4.9)'v
where Zo = compressibility factor at reference (TO,PO) conditions
Z = compressibility factor at final T,P conditions
v_ = molar volume of pure H2S at reference conditions,0 dmVmol
V£ = molar volume of pure H2S at final P,T conditions,dm3/mol
Equation (4.9) can be further expanded in terms ofthe Redlich-Kwong equation of state. However, this is aspecial case of the expression for the enthalpy of humidH2S (when the mole fraction of water vapour is zero). Sincethe enthalpy of humid H2S is fully formulated in Section 5,eq. (4.9) will not be further developed at this stage.Enthalpy values of the pure H2S gas in the ranges of 20 Cto 180 C and 1.3 MPa to 2.3 MPa are presented in Table A-2.
4.1.4 Enttopy 0 (, H2S Gas [Table. A-3)
The absolute entropy of H2S as an ideal gas at thenormal boiling point was calculated from measured heatcapacities and heats of phase transitions in the temperaturerange from 6 to 212.9 K (16,17):
S* - (101.3 kPa, 212.9 K) = 194.0 ± 0.4 J/(mol.K)ri 2 £>
Absolute entropies of the real gas under other conditionsof temperature and pressure can be determined from the generalformulation.
-real gas ,„ p. _ -* , /bH2S U'F) " bH2S
+J212.9
Since in the present work the interest was to calculateentropies of H2S gas relative to the entropy of the purereal gas at 101.3 kPa and 273.15 K the following cycle wasemployed to perform the calculations:
-real gas ( T p ) _ s£eal gas (273.15 K, 101.3 kPa) =
(4.
- 2 7 -
By noting that
/• P 2 / \ /-V2
l^\ dv
the Redlich-Kwong equation of state was used to yield:
qreal gas (r p. <,real gas (2T> -ic K 1(11 o kPfl\ _bH2S {i'e) bH2S U/J.ia «-. 101.J KFa;
/"T Cp*dT + R ^ v-b _ 0 5a ^ vr _ 0.5a £ n (v+b)
J213.15 V r" Tr' b V r T ' b
(4.12)
where a,b = Redlich-Kwong constants for H2S
T = reference temperature (273.15 K)
vr = reference molar volume of H2S, dm3/mol
v = final volume of H2S, dm3/mol
T = final temperature, K
Relative entropies of pure H2S in the range 1.3 to 2.3 MPa and20 to 180°C are presented in Table A-3.
4.1.5 Fugacity oh H2S Gat> [Tabto. A-4J
The fugacity of the real gas is related to the actual gaspressure through the equation:
f H Q = % Q P (T fixed) (4n 2 D n2 D
where f„ s = fugacity of the real gas, kPa
P = pressure of the pure H2S gas, kPa
<PW „ = fugacity coefficient
•28-
When using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state, the fugacitycoefficient for pure H2S is conveniently expressed by theequation (18):
" RT / [p " In (-^ " RT / [p " J dv "
and after integration:
_v_ - (Z-l) -£nZ (4.15)
Fugacities for pure H2S gas predicted from eq. (4.15), deviatedby not more than 2 per cent from the fugacities calculated byHoffman and Weber (19) using the volumetric data of Reamer,Sage and Lacey (5) from the normal boiling point to the criticaltemperature of H2S and pressures from 101.3 kPa to 6900 kPa.
Fugacities of H2S in the ranges of 20 to 180°C and 1.3 to2.3 MPa are given in Table A-4.
4.1.6 3oule.-Thomi>on CQe.nie.lnnt oi H2S {Table. A-5)
The temperature change experienced by a gas throughadiabatic expansion is described by the Joule-Thomson coefficient,defined as
rA
(4.16)H
Eq. (4.16) can be converted into:
Cp \WJT
TOv/ST)- - v
- 2 9 -
From the point of view of the pressure explicitRedlich-Kwong equation of state, the Joule-Thomson coefficientis better expressed as:
yJT = - (T(3P/3T)v/(3P/3v)T - v) (4.18)
T(3P/3T) - -5* + \ - * (4.19)
and
RT ( 4OP / 9 v )= ^ j _
1 Ti/2[v(v+b)]2 (v-b)2
The combination of eqs. (4.18), (4.19) and (4.20) was used tocalculate Joule-Thomson coefficients of pure H2S gas in thetemperature range of -60°C to 220°C and pressures from 100 to2800 kPa. The results are given in Table A-5. The symbol -Rin the table indicates that H2S is not in gaseous state underthese P,T conditions.
Another important feature is given by the fact that theJoule-Thomson effect gives rise to a cooling of the gas onlywhen MJX is positive. In certain regions of P,T yj^ is negativeand the gas will be heated by isoenthalpic expansion. The P.Tlocus when yjx is zero sets the limits of possibility forliquefying the gas by expansion.
For yjT = 0, eq. (4.18), (4.19) and (4.20) yield thefollowing cubic in molar volume.-
v3(5a-2RT3/2b) - v2(4RT3/2b2 + 7ab) - v(2RT3/2b3 + ab2) + 3ab3 = 0
(4.21)
For a given temperature the molar volume is found from eq. (4.21),and with v & T the pressure corresponding to the inversion curveis calculated from Redlich-Kwong's equation of state.
The Joule-Thomson coefficient inversion curve of H2S isillustrated in Figure 4.1.
- 3 0 -
4.2 Vfiope-fLtlzA ofi liquid and Ga&zoui, H23 Along the. Saturation linn
4.2.1 Qtithobanlc. Ve.nAltle.6 and Molar Volume.* at Saturation[Table.* A-6 and A-7]
Numerous measurements of the densities of coexistingvapour and liquid phases of pure H2S have been reported. Theresults are presented in Figure 4.2 with literature references.The rule of "rectilinear diameter" for the mean of the orthobaricdensities at each temperature is followed very well along thewhole liquid-vapour equilibrium line. Liquid and gas densitiesat saturation are related by a linear function of temperature:
(p. + p )/Z = 0.6416 - 0.7889 x 10"3 T, T < T* g ~~ c
(4.22)
where p0, p = liquid and gas densities respectively, kg/dm3
T = temperature, K
This equation may be used to determine the specific volumeof H2S liquid at saturation when the specific volume of H2S gas atsaturation is known.
The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is capable of predictingthe experimental saturation volumes of the gas accurately up tonearly the critical point. Expressed as a cubic in molar volumeit reads:
va . - 0 (4.23)
with a = 0.434 RTC2>5/PC
b = 0.0882 RTC/PC
At temperatures under Tc the largest real root of eq. (4.23)is to be associated with the saturation molar volume of the vapourphase while the smallest real root is associated with the liquidstate. However, the predicted saturated liquid molar volumeswere consistently higher than those measured.
- 3 1 -
Another approach was attempted to predict the molarvolume of saturated liquid by using the generalized equationof state for compressed liquids proposed by Tien Tsung et al.(20). This followed the experimental volumes up to 75°C butshowed considerable deviations at higher temperatures.
At present, the most precise predictions use the Redlich-Kwong molar volume for saturated vapour volumes and from thisthe saturated liquid volume is determined by using the equationof "rectilinear diameter". Tables A-6 and A-7 indicate thesaturation densities of H2S vapour and liquid respectively, inthe temperature range of -70 to 89°C.
4.2.2 Saturation Vapoui Vn.zi>i>ViKt [Table. A-8)
The vapour pressure of pure H2S was formulated overthe entire liquid range by the Cox equation (21),
log10 Ps = A (1 - Tb/T) + 2.00572 (4.24)
where Pg = saturation vapour pressure, kPa
T = temperature, K
Tb = normal boiling point, 212.88 K
A = temperature dependent constant
The constant A is expressed as a function of reduced temperatureusing the vapour pressure data of Clarke and Glew (22) , Kay andRambosek (23), and Kay and Brice (24):
A = 5.6958 - 2.5610 Tr + 1.3958 Tr2 (4.25)
Figure 4.3 shows the calculated vapour pressures for temperaturesbetween the triple point and the critical point.
Cox's equation is inconvenient to calculate T given acertain saturation pressure Ps. For this reason, the samevapour pressure data were used to formulate the Antoine equation(25) which is satisfactory up to 0.85 Tc ( 318 K with a correspondingpressure of ^ 3200 kPa).
log10 (Ps/kPa) = 6.25411 - f^^yy, T < 318 K (4-26)
T = 6254118-°io^0 (PS) + 19'77' ps < 3200
- 3 2 -
Table A-8 presents saturation vapour pressures in therange of -70 to 99°C.
4.2.3 Heat o& Vaporization [Table. A-9)
The heat of vaporization of pure H2S liquid is calculatedusing the Clapeyron equation:
d ps1 = A (A OR)
dT T(vg - v£) W'**)
where A = latent heat of vaporization, kJ/mol
Ps = saturation vapour pressure, kPa
T = saturation temperature, K
Vg = molar volume of gas at saturation, dm3/mol
v. = molar volume of liquid at saturation, dm3/mol
dPs/dT is available from the Cox equation as presented in 4.22,while vj, results from the combined relations for the "rectilineardiameter" and for Vg (from the Redlich-Kwong equation). Thecalculated values or A agree within 3 per cent with thosepredicted from the Watson correlation (26):
r
X- >'L . t , 1 (4.29)using A' and Tr1 as the enthalpy of vaporization and the reducedtemperature respectively, at the normal boiling point.
Heats of vaporization in the temperature range of -70to 89°C are presented in Table A-9.
4.2.4 Enthalpy o{, Satutatud H2S Gai {Table. A-JO)
The same formulation indicated in Section 4.1.3 wasused in the present case to calculate the enthalpy of H2S gasalong the saturation line. For a given temperature, thesaturation pressure was calculated with Cox's equation andmolar volumes of the vapour were determined using Redlich-Kwong'sequation of state. The results are presented in Table A-10.
- 3 3 -
The reference state for enthalpy values was taken as the realgas at 273.15 Kand 101.3 kPa with H|as = 0.
4.2.5 Enthalpy o£ Sa.tu.na.tzd U2S Liquid [Tablz A-77)
The enthalpy of saturated liquid H2S was calculatedat each temperature as
H l i q = H g a s " X (4
Results are presented in Table A-11. The calculated liquidenthalpies agree well with the equivalent values reported byWest (7) throughout their common range.
4.2.6 Hzat Capacity o& Liquid H2S at Saturation [Tablz A-7Z)
Two sets of experimental data (16,27) are availablefor the constant pressure molar heat capacity. Both sets arefor temperatures between the triple point and normal boilingpoint. The formulation obtained for this low temperature rangeis (12):
(Cp) - 3939.0 - 58.2807T + 2.92107 x 10"J T2 - 4.87358 x3
(4.31)
where (Cp)s = constant pressure molar capacity at saturationconditions, J/(mol.K)
T = temperature, K
To estimate (Cp)s for liquid H2S at higher temperatures, thefundamental equation
dH = CpdT + vdP - T(|^) dP (4.32)9T p
indicates that the desired heat capacity may be determined fromthe temperature coefficient of the liquid-phase enthalpy alongthe saturation line:
8HT\ / /8vT\ \ dPo) ltaJ ))
- 3 4 -
(Cp)g was calculated in the te~:r.stature range of -70 to 89°Cand is presented in Table A-12. dPs/dT was determined bydifferentiation of the Cox equation and ( V L ) S as above(Section 4.2.1). The quantities (9HL/9T) S and (9VL/3T)P S wereestimated by numerical differentiation of the values generatedfrom the formulations for H L and VL.
4.3 TfianApotLt Vnopzfitlz^ o{ Pu/te H2S
4.3.1 VUcalty o& H2S Ga& (Table. A-13)
Three experimental values for the viscosity of gaseousH2S are given in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (28).
For the determination of viscosity at other temperatures,the Chapman-Enskog equation for viscosity has been used (29),employing the method of Monchick and Mason (30) to determinethe collision integral term ftv.
In general terms, the solution for viscosity is:
y = 2.669x10"5 Mr/ (a2ftv) (4.34)
where y = viscosity in mPa.s
M = molecular weight of H2S = 34.08 g/mol
T = temperature, K
a = hard-sphere diameter = .349 nm
2V = collision integral for polar gas, determined byusing Stockmayer potential
For H2S, U = 0.001274 /F x l/«v
The collision integral nv is tabulated by Monchick andMason (30) and Reid and Sherwood (29) as a function of T* and6, where
T* = kT/e = J J ? T for H2S
and <$ = (dipole moment) 2/2ea3 = 0.21 for H2S
- 3 5 -
The collision integral has been fitted to theequation:
Slv = a + b log10T + c(log10T)2 +d(log 1 0T)
3 (4.35)
giving
a = 8.19631
b = -1.22152
c = -1.38768
d = +0.33337
T = temperature, K
Testing the correlation against experimental data givesgood agreement (Table 4.1).
TABLE 4.1
VISCOSITY COMPARISON FOR H2S GAS
Viscosity, mPa.s
Temp. Experimental Data Monchick and Deviation°C Ref. 28 Mason From Experiment
0 0.01166 0.01161 -0.4%17 0.01241 0.01255 +1.1%100 0.01587 0.01606 +1.2%
At pressures up to a few hundred kPa, the viscosityremains essentially constant and at higher pressures it increaseswith density.
The Coreman and Beenakker correlation has been foundto be quite accurate for low molecular weight gases (29):
= [1 + (0.55 pbQ + 0.96(pbo)2 + 0.61(pbo)
3)T*(~°-59)]
(4.36)
-36-
where y = viscosity at elevated pressure, mPa.s
y = low-pressure viscosity at the same temperature, mPa.s
T* = kT/eQ = T/301.1 for H2S
T = temperature in degrees K
p = density of gas in mol/cm3
b o = hard-sphere volume - 60.02 for H2S
For H2S:
V = VQ [1 + (957.319p + 100.282 x 103p2 + 38.252 x 105p3)T("°-59)]
(4.37)
Table A-13 shows viscosity vs. temperature at variouspressures.
4.3.2 Vi&coAity ojj HZS Liquid [Table. A-14)
The viscosity of liquid H2S at saturation has beenreported between the triple point and the normal boiling point(31,32) and it was also measured in the range of -11.5 to 50°Cby Hennel and Krynicki (33).
The data of Hennel and Krynicki covered a temperaturerange of interest to the GS process, and were fitted by theequation:
log (y) = a + k + «£. (4.38)1 0 i •••
with a = -3.6480
b = 1.25601 x 103
c = -1.31834 x 105
y is viscosity in mPa.s, T is temperature in degrees K.
The calculated viscosities as a function of temperature areshown in Table A-14.
37-
4.3.3 Thtfimal Conductivity o{, H2S Gcu [Table. A-15)
Barua et al. (34) have recorded the thermal con-ductivity of H2S gas by hot wire cell measurements atatmospheric pressure.
These data are in good agreement with those given inHandbook of Chemistry and Physics (28) (Table 4.2).
Barua's experimental data were fitted to give thethermal conductivity as a function of temperature:
k = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (4.39)
where a = -3.64399 x 10"2
b - 3.34427 x 10"*"
c = -7.34909 x 10"7
d = .63274 x 10"9 and T = K, k - W/(m.K)
The thermal conductivity of all gases increases withpressure, although the effect is relatively small at low andmoderate pressures,
A general figure of about 1% increase in conductivityper 0.1 MPa pressure increase up to 1 MPa has been suggested.
For polar compounds at higher pressures, no methodof estimation has been established.
As an approximation, the generalized charts of Lenoir,Junk and Comings (35) have been used.
For pressures up to 2700 kPa, the following relationwas derived from the charts:
k/kQ = 0.043 Pr + 1.0 (4.40)
where k = conductivity at pressure P, temperature T
k = conductivity at low pressure, temperature T
Pr = P/Pc = P/9007.49
P = pressure, kPa
- 3 8 -
Values of conductivity at various temperatures andpressures are given in Table A-15.
TABLE 4.2
EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED H2S GAS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal ConductivityW/(m.K) x 102
Temperature Barua et al. Handbook of Chem.°C
-78.5 0.548
-26.2 1.059
0.0 1.340
20.1 1.432
80.0 1.784
120.0 2.010
160.0 2.181
200.0 2.432
-17.8 1.176
- 6.7 1.246
4.4 1.315
15.6 1.401
37.8 1.540
4.3.4 Tkeimal Conductivity o& HZS Liquid [Tablz A-16)
No experimental data exist for the thermal conductivityof liquid H2S. It was estimated from Vargaftik's modificationof Palmer's equation (36), which can be applied to inorganicliquids:
-39-
where k = thermal conductivity, W/(m.K)
Cp = specific heat, J/(g.K)
p = density, g/cm3
a = abnormality factor = g? 354 T
A, = latent heat of vaporization at normal boilingD point (18,670 J/mol)
Tb = normal boiling point (212.88 K)
M = molecular weight (34.08 g/mol)
For liquid H2S a = 1, and eq. (4.41) is reduced to:
k - 0.13186 Cp p 4 / 3 W/(m.k) (4.42)
The density of liquid H2S was determined as explainedin Section 4.2.1 and the specific heat as explained in 4,2.6.The calculated values of k for liquid H2S at saturation aregiven in Table A-16.
4.3.5 SU.H&O.C.Z Jun&ion ofi Liquid H2S [Table. A-17]
The surface tension of anhydrous liquid H2S was measuredby Herrick and Gaines (37) in the temperature range of 25 to 40°CThey found that their data were well represented by the Guggenheiequation (38):
/ T\ll/9Y " Yo I1 " T> <4"43)
where y = surface tension of liquid H2S, mN/m
YO= 80 mN/m
T = temperature, K
Tc = critical temperature (373.6 K)
The calculated values of y axe presented in Table A-17.
- 4 0 -
REFERENCES
1. Shah, K.K. and Thodos, G. , Ind. Eng. Chem., 57 (3),30 (1965). ~
2. Redlich, 0., and Kwong, J.N.S., Chem. Rev., 44, 233(1949). ~
3. Neuburg, H.J., and Walker, L.G., AECL* Unpublished InternalReport, (1976).
4. Wright, R.H., andMaass, 0., Can. J. Research, 5, 442(1931).
5. Reamer, H.H., Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., Ind. Eng.Chem. , 42, 140 (1950).
6. Lewis, L.C., and Fredericks, W.J., J. Cheiu. Eng. Data,U (4), 482 (1968).
7. West, J.R., Chem. Eng. Progr., 44, 287 (1948).
8. Maron, S.H., andTurnbull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 408(1941). ~
9. Sage, B.H., and Lacey, W.N., "Some Properties of the LighterHydrocarbons, Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide", AmericanPetroleum Institute (1955).
10. Starling, K.E., and Powers, J.E., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.,9, 531 (1970).
11. Holleran, E.M., J. Chem. Phys., 47 (12), 5318 (1967).
12. Touloukian, Y.S., and Makita, T., "Thermophysical Propertiesof Matter, The TPRC Data Series", V. 6, p. 78, N.Y.,Plenum (1970).
13. Burgess, M.P., and Germann, R.P., AIChE Journal, 15 (2),273 (1969). ~
14. Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,"GS Process Physical Properties", AECL*4255 (1972).
15. Dodge, B.F., "Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics", p. 218,McGraw-Hill, N.Y., (1944).
16. Giauque, W.F., and Blue, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 831(1936). —
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.
-41 -
17. Cross, P.C., J. Chem. Phys., 3, 168 (1935).
18. Prausnitz, J.N., "Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-PhaseEquilibria", p. 41, Prentice Hall Inc. (1969).
19. Hoffman, D.S., and Weber, J.H., Petroleum Refiner, 35(3), 213 (1956). ~
20. Tien-Tsung Chen and Goug-Jen Su, AIChE Journal, 21 (2),397 (1975). ~~
21. Cox, E.R., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 613 (1936).
22. Clarke, E.C.W. , and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 48, 764(1970).
23. Kay, W.B., and Rambosek, G.M., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 221(1953). ~~
24. Kay, W.B., and Brice, D.B., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 615 (1953).
25. Antoine, C., Compt. Rend., 107, 681 (1888).
26. Bhargava, R.K., et al., "Thermodynamic Properties of H2S-H2OSystem", Government of India Atomic Energy CommissionReport B.A.R.C.-316, Bahba Atomic Research Centre, Bombay,India (1968).
27. Clusius, K., and Frank, A., Z. Physik. Chem., B34, 420(1936).
28. Weast, R.C., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 52ndEdition, Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio (1967).
29. Reid, R.C., and Sherwood, T.K., "The Properties of Gasesand Liquids", McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).
30. Monchick, L., and Mason, E.A., J. Chem. Phys., 35, 1676(1961). —
31. Steele, B.D., Mclntosh, D., and Archibald, E.H., Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc., A205, 99 (1906).
32. Runovskaya, J.V., Zorin.A.D., and Devyatykh, G.G., Zhur.Neorg. Khim., 15, 2581 (1970).
33. Hennel, J.W., and Krynicki, K., Acta Physica Polonica, XIX,523 (1959).
- 4 2 -
34. Barua, A.K., Marra, A., and Mukhopadhyay, P., J. Chem.Phys., 49, 2422 (1968).
35. Lenoir, J.M. , Junk, W.A. , and Coinings, E.W., Chem. Eng.Progr., 49, 539 (1953).
36. Perry, R.H., Chilton, C.H., "Chemical Engineer's Handbook",5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1973).
37. Herrick, C.S., and Gaines, G.L., Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 77(22), 2703 (1973).
38. Guggenheim, E.A. , J. Chem. Phys., 13_, 253 (1945).
£UUU
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
""""-•-• ^ FIGURE 4.1""""" ^ JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT INVERSION
yn > 0 (COOLING)
—
CRITICAL POINT ^_0^-^*
/ •
f LIQUID H2S
1
CURVE OF H2S
\
)
yjjn < 0 (HEATING)
125,000 50,000 75,000
PRESSURE, kPa
100,000
1.0000
0.9000
0.8000
0-7000
O.bOOO
- 0.5000
0.4000
0.3000
0•2000
0.1000
0.0000
FIGURE 4.2 ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
• LIQUID DENSITY ,|Y t KUBOSH. IM.EM.f ME!. 45.221(1153)
t> VAPOR DENSITY J ~
O LIQUID DENSITY) H K I t t l l mO.EW.Oia.
+ VAPOR DENSITY J I?. '1 4 0 1 1 8 5 0*
n LIQUID DENSITY - CUM ( CUI. CU.l.Cm.41.764(1970)
A LIQUID DENSITY IIEKIC t iMMISII .Mmn.CHE».2M,3«(I932)
V LIQUID DENSITY ZOIII el i l ZHM.IEOtt.Mmil12,2529(1967)
O LIQUID DENSITY]
EQUATION OF RECTILINEAR DIAMETER: (Pl+Pl)
0.641fc-0.7889ilO'3T[T in kelvins)
i .Him. ICTI rnsic*' POLOMICI. 23.4IK11S3)
o VAPOR DENSITY
O
-CRITICAL DENSITY = 0-3169 kg.dm"3
(Vc = 0.09824 dtn3.mol "'
TRIPLE POINTTEMP.
(-B5.8°C).
NORMALBOILING POINTI (-t>0.27°C) s o CRITICAL TEMP.
I (100.t°C)
- 1 0 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
TEMPERATURE ( ° C )
40 faO 80 100 120
- 4 5 -
10
103
102
D TRIPLE POINT
O BOILING POINT
A CRITICftL POINT
FIGURE 4.3 SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OF H2S
10-80 -60 -40 -20 0
TEMPERflTURE
20 40 bO 80 100
- 4 6 -
5. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OV THE HZO-HZS SYSTEM
5.7 Llquld-Va.pou.fi Equilibrium P/iopzitlzA of, the. H20-H2S System
5.7.J Vapoufi-Liquid Equltlbilum Compositions [Tabtts A-1& and A - I 9 )
For a binary gas-liquid system, the basic equilibriumrelationships are:
fig - f / (5.1)
f2g - fi1 (5.2)
where:
f.g = fugacity of component i in gas-phase
af. = fugacity of component i in liquid-phase.
The fugacities in the gas-phase can be written as:
fig = <hyiP (5.3)
f2g = <f>2y2P (5.4)
where:
ij). = fugacity coefficients of component i in the gas-phase
y. = mole fraction of component i in the gas-phase
P = total pressure, kPaIf unsymmetrically normalized activity coefficients are
used, the liquid-phase fugacities can be written as:
f / - Y l x l P ls ^ exp j v ' < P
R -P i > | (5.5)
. PO . - £
fa - Y2*x2H2>1 expl^i-} (5.6)
- 4 7 -
where:
Yi =• activity coefficient of component 1 (solvent)
Y2 = activity coefficient of component 2 (solute)
= mole fraction of component i in liquid-phase
saturation (vapour)at temperature T, K
Pi = saturation (vapour) pressure of pure liquid 1 (solvent)
<J>i = fugacity coefficient of pure saturated vapour 1 (solvent)at temperature T and pressure Px
s
0
Vi = molar liquid volume of pure 1 (solvent) at temperature T,dm3/mol
R = gas constant, dm3.kPa/(mol.K)
POH2>i= Henry's law constant of solute 2 in reference solvent 1
at temperature T, adjusted to zero pressure, kPa
Vz = partial molar volume of solute 2 in the liquid solutionat temperature T, dmVmol
In equations (5.5) and (5.6) the unsymmetrical normalizationof the activity coefficients has been used, so that:
Yi •> 1 as x, + 1
Y 2 •*• 1 a s x 2 •*• 0
Since all the variables defined in eqs. (5.1) to (5.6)are functions of P,T and the mole fractions, for a given pressureand temperature the mole fractions in equilibrium were calculatediteratively (1), by making use of equations (5.1) to (5.6) andthe additional stoichiometric relationships:
xi + x 2 = 1 (5.7)
yi + y2 = 1 (5.8)
- 4 8 -
A complete description of the system requires adefinition of the models used to calculate the differentvariables in eqs. (5.3 to 5.6), as indicated in thefollowing sections. Also experimental information onequilibrium compositions in a broad range of pressuresand temperatures is necessary for parameter adjustments.For that purpose, the solubilities measured by Mather (2)in the range of 10 to 180°C and 154 to 6670 kPa wereemployed.
The experimental solubilities measured by Mather areshown in Figure 5.1 together with predictions made by themodel for the same isotherms. Figure 5.2 shows the vapour-phase mole fractions of H2S predicted by the model for theconditions of the experimental measurements made by Selleck etal. (3). The measured points are also included.
Figure 5.3 indicates different isobars between 100and 5000 kPa for the solubility of H^S in HaO, for temperaturesup to 190 C. The limiting curves of three-phase coexistenceare also shown, with inclusion of the experimental data whichdetermined the boundaries of the region of coexisting aqueousliquid (La), H2S liquid (Ls) and gas; and the region of co-existing hydrate (Ss), aqueous liquid (La) and gas. The quadruplepoint (Ss, Ls, La and gas) is also included. The calculatedvapour-phase humidities and liquid-phase solubilities inequilibrium are given in Tables (A-18) and (A-19) respectively.
5.1.2 Gat>-Vhcu>z Fugacltij Coniilclnnti, [Table.* A-20 and A-21)
In terms of the independent variables V and T, thefugacity coefficient of species i in a gas mixture is givenby (4):
RT In*. = 1 |(^-) - — j dv - m n Z (5.9)niT,v,n,
where Z is the compressibility factor of the gas mixture.
Eq. (5.9) when applied to the Redlich-Kwong equationof state yields for the fugacity coefficient of componentk in a mixture of m components (4):
- 4 9 -
m
+ ^ L rto 3 * . * i . to is
where
<J>, = fugacity coefficient of component k
v - molar volume of gas mixture, dm3/mol
b = Redlich-Kwong constant for the gas mixture, dm3/mol
b^ =* Redlich-Kwong constant of component k, dm3/mol
y. =» gas-phase mole fraction of component i
a.., = binary Redlich-Kwong constant between components i and k,1 K dm6.kPa.K°-;mol2
a - Redlich-Kwong constant for the gas mixture, dm6.kPa.Kc"
R -= gas constant, dm3 ,kPa/ (mol .K)
T » temperature, K
P = pressure, kPa
The molar volume of the gas mixture, v, is calculated fromthe Redlich-Kwong equation of state (eq. 4.3 in Section 4.1.1).The characteristic constants a and b of the Redlich-Kwong equationof state are given by the following mixing rules:
a - E z y. y. a.,
b - E y± b.
where a. = a.. = ^1 1 X Pci
' RTci
(5.
<5.
(5.
(5.
11)
12)
13)
14)
-50-
fiai and fl^i are dimensionless constants, Tci and Pci are thecritical temperature and pressure of component i respectively.
The terms alj for i f j have been relaxed from thegeometric mean assumption and are calculated through the seriesof equations:
a l
ij Z p :
where
R T
w. + w.Z .. = 0.291 - 0.08 (-i 1) (5.18)cij 2
Tcij - (TciTCJ
c , vci are the critical volumes of i and j respectively, Zcijthe critical compressibility factor of the mixture, wi, WJ theaccentric factors of components i and j, and k^. a binary constantrepresenting the deviation from the geometric mean for
As discussed elsewhere (1), it was found advantageousto use Redlich-Kwong's eq. (5.10) to calculate fugacity coefficientsof the gas-phase components as compared to a model derived fromthe virial equation of state. Tables A-20 and A-21 show thefugacity coefficients as functions of pressure and temperaturein the ranges of interest to the GS process.
5.7.3 He.nny'6 Law Constant {Table. A-22)
If Henry's law constant is referred to the saturationpressure of the solvent (P?), eqs. (5.4) and (5.6) can becombined to yield:
-51 -
p,S 5logi0(<!>2y2P/x2) = logxoYf + logmHa,! + (v2 /2.303RT)(P-Pp
(5.20)
At a certain temperature, when (P-P ) ->-0, x2 •*• 0 and y2 ~*"1,according to the unsymmetrical normalization of the activitycoefficients. Therefore, from eq. (5.20):
(5.21)
Figure 5.4 is a plot of the quantity i o g i 0 ( y )as a function of the H2S "over-pressure", (P-Pi
s)s at the fivetemperatures for which humidity data have been measured bySelleck et al. (3). The values of x2 corresponding to Selleck'sy2 values were obtained from Mather's data (2) at the same P,Tconditions. The solubilities determined at moderate pressures(to 6.7 MPa) by Mather, are thought to be more accurate thanthose measured by Selleck et al., especially at low temperatures.
Henry's law constant for each of the five temperatureswas determined as the intercept in Figure 5.4, correspondingto (P-Pis) = 0. The values of K?1^ are given in Table 5.1.
TABLE 5.1
HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT DERIVED FROM FIGURE 5.4p s
Temperature Logi o (<t>2y2P/x2) H2ji
(°C) kPa
37.8 4.854 7.145x10"
71.1 5.076 1.191xl05
104.4 5.190 1.549xlO5
137.8 5.266 1.845xlO5
171.1 5.307 2.028xl05
These results together with those calculated by Clarke andGlew (5) at low temperatures, were regressed to produce thefollowing polynomial suitable for calculating Henry's lawconstant in the temperature range 0" to 180 C.
- 5 2 -
H?J? - 7.26781 x 106 - 9.42662 x 1O*T + 4.69977 x 102T2
- 1.12991T3 +1.33215 x 10-3T4 - 6.22023 x 10~7T5 (5.22)
where Hfjf = Henry's law constant, kPa
T = temperature, K
The Henry's law constants calculated through eq. (5.22) canbe reduced to zero pressure by the relationship:
H??! - Hi,1? exp <v£ Pf/RT) (5.23)
The values of H|?I in the range of 273 to 473 K are plotted inFigure 5.5 together with those obtained from the correlationspresented by Clarke and Glew (5), and Besserer (6). Table A-22gives Hfif in the range of 0° to 180°C.
(To.blt A-?3J
The activity coefficients of the liquid-phase componentswere calculated from the two-suffix Margules model (4), withfor the unsymmetric normalization convention yields:
In Yi = ^ x| (5.24)
and In y* = A( xf _ i) (5.25)
Constant A is temperature dependent only, and was optimized witha least-squares criterion by making use of the H2S solubilitiesmeasured by Mather. The resulting values of A at each temperatureare shown in Figure 5.6 together with those calculated throughthe fitted polynomial.
A(J/mol) = -.308509690 x 108 + T(.502979155 x 106 + T(-.341175130
x 10" + T(.123159307 x 102 + T(-.249394105 x 10"*
+ T(.268515538 x 10"--Tx.120066900 x 10~7)))))(5.26)
where:
T = temperature, K
Equation (5.26) is applicable in the range of 10 to 180°C.
Activity coefficients of solute H2S (Y2) are given inTable A-23. The activity coefficients of solvent H20 (YI)were found to be equal to one for all practical purposes.
-53-
5.1.5 VtM-Lt-izA o6 Aqu&oai Solat-ioni, o& H 2S; kppa.n.tnt andVatitlal Mola.fi Volume. o£ Vl^&olsjzd HZS [Tablz A-Z4)
Densities of H2S-H2O saturated solutions were reportedby Selleck et al. (3) and by Murphy and Gaines (7). To checkthe consistency of the available data and to formulate densitiesfor the saturated solutions, the apparent molar volumes ofdissolved H2S were calculated using the published densities by(7):
\ ( 5 > 2 7 )
where:
<S> „ = apparent molar volume of H2S, dm3/mol
Mu o = molecular weight of H2S, 34.08 g/molH2O
Mj. Q = molecular weight of H20, 18.02 g/mol
x = mole fraction of H2S in solution
d = density of the solution, kg/dm3
dr. 0 = density of pure liquid water at the temperature andpressure of the solution, kg/dm3
Although Murphy and Gaines had calculated $„ s from theirdensity results using Selleck1s solubilicy data, $ H
2S w a s recal-
culated using the better solubility resulcs of Matner and properlyintroducing the density of pure water as given by Franks (8):
dH20 <kS/m3> = <a
o + a i T + a a T 2 + a 3 T 3 + aitT4 + a5T
5)/(l + bT)
(5.28)
with
T = temperature, K
aQ = 5.0756897 x 102 aM = -1.7344969 x 10"7
a, = 3.2813464 a5 = 9.9308722 x 10"!!
a2 = -4.6638625 x 10"2 b = -4.5854083 x 10"3
a3 = 1.2941179 x 10"1*
- 5 4 -
In the pressure range of interest to tl:•"• GS process,the pressure correction of d^O *-S negligible for all practicalpurposes. Figure 5.7 shows the values of $H2S calculated fromthe various experimental sources. Included for comparison aremolar volumes of pure liquid H2S at its bubble point as well asthe molar volumes of dissolved H2S calculated from Lyckman'scorrelation (9). Except at the lowest temperatures, the apparentmolar volumes determined from the data of Selleck et al. appearto be too large and too dependent on pressure. As there are noappreciable effects of system pressure on $H2S obtained from Murphyand Gaines results (i.e., they are independent of concentration),the values are essentially the true molar volumes for dissolvedH2S, Vgol^^ which was correlated as a linear temperature functionover tRebrange 21° to 42°C:
rrelated°C:
="9.938 x 10"3 + 4.865 x 10"5T (5.29)
where T = temperature, K
The molar volumes of dissolved H2S(Vu2g ), were approximated bythe partial molar volumes of H2S (v|;( which is justified fordilute solutions of gases in liquids at high pressures, providedthe unsymmetric convention for normalization is used (4). Thepartial molar volume of solvent (H2O) was assumed to be equal tothe molar liquid volume of pure H2O at temperature T, which ispossible if the solution is remote from the critical conditionsof the solvent (10).
Although the formulation of Vu°in given by eq. (5.29) isvalid only in the indicated temperature range, its use over theentire range of interest to the GS process should not introducesignificant errors considering the good agreement betweenextrapolated values at higher temperatures with those predictedby Lyckman's correlation.
Densities of HjS-saturated solutions are given inTable A-24.
5.1.6 Mottcu.Za.fi We-lght o{, Solution* and Humid Vapoui [TabZe.&K-1S and A-Z6).
For each P,T set the mole fraction of dissolved H2S canbe determined, and the molecular weight of the saturated solutionis given by:
- 5 5 -
WML = 18.02 (1 - XR g) + 34.08 X^ g.g/mol (5.30)
Likewise, by knowing the humidity at a certain P,T, themolecular weight of the humid vapour will be:
WMG = 18.02 yH 0 + 34.08 (1 - yR Q ) , g/mol (5.31)
5.1.7 Compxz-i-ilbmty Vactot and VznAlty ofi Humid Vapoun.[Tablz& A-27 and A-2S)
By determining the molar volume of the humid vapourthrough eq. (4.3) with the mixing rules of Section 5.1.2, thecompressibility factor of the gas mixture can be calculated as
Z = <5
Table A-27 gives the compressibility factors of humid H2S as afunction of P,T.
The density of the gas-mixture can then be determined from:
pm " r~KT~ (5.33)m
Table A-28 gives the density of gas mixtures.
5.1.S Enthalpy o & Humid H2S [Table. A-29)
The enthalpy of H2S-H2O gas mixtures relative to suitablereference conditions of the two components can be calculatedthrough a convenient thermodynamic cycle. The reference statechosen for water is the pure liquid at 273.15 K and its saturationvapour pressure (0.61 kPa). For H2S, the reference state is takenas the gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa. The cycle for determiningthe enthalpy of one mole of gas mixture, at some prescribedtemperature and pressure, consists of the following steps startingwith the pure components in their reference states:
-56-
1.
2.
3.
H n moles of water are vaporized at 273.15 K and 0.61 kPaequiring 45,069 yR Q joules.
Water vapour is transformed into ideal gas at 273.15 K byreducing the pressure to zero, requiring an enthalpy changethat is small and neglected here.
The temperature of the ideal water vapour is changed from273.15 K to T requiring
•T
273.15L nH2°
d T
yH2S(= l-yH20) moles of H2S gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPaare converted to ideal gas at 273.15 K. The enthalpy changehere is 58.06 (1 - yn o) joules.
H2S as an ideal gas is changed in temperature from 273.15 Kto T requiring
273.15
6. The ideal gas components are mixed at temperature T, andthe enthalpy of mixing is assumed to be negligible.
7. The mixed ideal gases are compressed isothermally to the requiredfinal pressure with an accompanying enthalpy change given by
(5.34)
From the Redlich-Kwong equation of state applied to the gasmixture, the integral of the right hand side of eq. (5.34) is:
/ 5T (3Zmv \3T~) dv
v,y±ln ( 5. 3 5 )
- 5 7 -
The calculation of constants a and b has been outlined inSection 5.1.2.
The relative molar enthalpy of the gas mixture willbe expressed as:
Hf s (T.P) - yH20 4z0 - (1 - yHz0) 4zS (J/mol)
= yH20(45069
+ RT (Z - 1 + V f tn&&) (5.36)m RTl.Db v
It can be observed from eq. (5.36) that the enthalpy of pureH2S gas relative to H2S gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa can becalculated by setting yH20 = 0. The Redlich-Kwong parametersa and b will be automatically converted to those for pure H2S.The same argument is true for the calculation of the enthalpyof pure water vapour if yH20
= 1.
Table A-29 shows the enthalpy of H2O saturated vapourmixtures for the temperature range 303 to 453 K with systempressures between 1.3 and 2.3 MPa.
The heat capacity at constant pressure employed forH2O as an ideal gas was (11):
C * = 32.2245 + .1923 x 10"2 T + 1.0550 x 10'5 T2
PH2O- 3.5937 x 10"9T3, J/(mol.K) (5.37)
The heat capacity of H2S as an ideal gas is given in eq. (4.6)
- 5 8 -
5.J. 9 Entlopy oh Humid HZS [Table. A-30)
For simplicity, it was assumed that the pure gaseswould be in the ideal state at a pressure equal to the vapourpressure of pure water at 273.15 K (i.e., 0.61 kPa).
As with the enthalpy of humid H2S, the entropy ofH2S-H2O gas mixtures referred to liquid water at 273.15 K, 0.61kPa and H2S gas at 273.15 K, 101.3 kPa, can be calculated througha thermodynamic cycle as follows:
1. Entropy change from evaporation of pure water at thereference state:
" ^H2O = 165-° yH2o
2. Entropy change by heating pure water from the referencetemperature (273.15 K) to the final temperature Tf:
» dT,
3. Entropy change by expansion of pure H2S from 101.3 kPa to0.61 kPa at 273.15 K:
^0.63
<! - yH2o>
To bH2S
5aH „ (v + bu o) v \H2o • H2D O I
L-bbu o < V bH2S) v / '
here, v is the molar volume of H2S at 0.63 kPa, 273.15 Kand vo the volume at 101.3 kPa, 273.15 K.
- 5 9 -
4. Entropy change by heating H2S from TQ = 273.15 K to Tf:
dT, J/(K.mol)
5. Entropy of mixing at TVc, 0 Gi kPa:
H0 ln yH0 + U " yH0)
ln »
6. Entropy change by compressing the gas mixture from 0.61kPa to final pressure at the final temperature:
f f fA v f ' b 0 5 a Cvf + b)Vl
J W T ni ^ = ^ ^ " tt m <vf + b)v£ '0.61 V / T ' n i xf D t
J/(K.mol)
V! is the volume of the mixture at 0.61 kPa and Tf, andvf the final volume of the mixture.
Entropies of H20 saturated vapour mixtures are given inTable A-30.
5.1.10 Htdt 0& Solution oi H2S In (Hate.fi [Table. A-37)
Heats of solution of H2S were originally calculated byPohl (12) using low pressure solubility data from Wright andMaass (13) and Selleck et al. (3). The Van't Hoff equationwas employed in the calculations,
AH - d(Rlnc) (c. oo\AHs d<l/T) ( 5' 3 8 )
- 6 0 -
where AHS is the heat of solution and c the solubility at101.3 kPa. The results were tabulated by Pohl and Hull (14),and Burgess (15) fitted the heats of solution as a polynomialfunction of temperature. This relationship was used inAECL-4255 (16).
However, the heat of solution of gases at high pressureshould account for vapour and liquid-phase nonideality effects,which will yield a temperature and a pressure dependence aswell. Sherwood and Prausnitz (17) derived a general expressionfor the heat of solution with no simplifying physical assumptions,whereby:
AH
Since extensive data on fugacity coefficients, activitycoefficients, mole fractions in the vapour-phase and molefractions in the liquid-phase are now available, eq. (5.39) wasused to calculate numerically the heats of solution in the pressureand temperature range of interest to the GS process. Figure 5.8shows the heats of solutions in the temperature range of 25 to170°C at the pressures of 1.30 and 2.35 MPa. The pressureindependent values calculated by Pohl are also included.
Values of the heat of solution in the pressure range of1.30 and 2.30 MPa and temperatures between 303 and 453 K arepresented in Table A-31.
5.1.11 Enthalpy ofi H20 Liquid Satutiatdd With VlAAolvzd H2S Gai[Table. A-3Z)
With the newly formulated enthalpies of H2S gas, molefractions of dissolved H2S in H20 and heats of solution, usingthe same thermodynamic cycle as in AECL-4255 (16), the enthalpyof saturated solutions was calculated from the equation:
-61-
Hs - *H,S HH2S + (1 " XH2S>
HH20 + XH2S
where:
Hs = enthalpy of the solution at T,P, J/mol
HH Q = enthalpy of dry H2S gas at T,P referred to the purett2b gas at 273.15 K and 101.3 kPa, J/mol
HH n = enthalpy of liquid H2O at T,P referred to the purea*u liquid at 273.15 K, 0.61 kPa, as given in reference (18),
J/mol
xH2s = mole fraction of dissolved H2S at T,P
AH = heat of solution per mole of H2S dissolved at T,P, J/mol
Table A-32 gives the enthalpy of saturated solutions inthe ranges of 1.30 to 2.30 MPa and 303 to 453 K.
5.7.7 2 Li.qu.zfac.tlon TzmpzuatuKe. o& H2S In H20 Mlxtuizi [Table A-33)
This is the temperature at which H2S will liquefy in amixture of H2S gas, H20 vapour, H20 liquid and dissolved H2S.Burgess (15) gives the following equation to relate liquefactionpoint and pressure:
T = 47.558 £nP - 64.206 (5.41)
where P = absolute pressure, kPa
T = saturation temperature, K
This equation does not fit Selleck's (3) data below1380 kPa and a more accurate fit is given by:
T = A + B £nP + C(£nP)2 + D(£nP)3 + E(^nP)" (5.42)
A - -3912.288
B = 2331.902
- 6 2 -
C = -495.4914
D = 46.90283
E = -1.64319
Equation (5.42) fits Selleck's data over the whole experimentalrange.
5.J.7 3 Hyd.Ka.te. VoKma.tX.on Tzmpz.Katu.Ke. [Table. A-34)
This is the temperature at which hydrogen sulfide-hydratewill form at a specified pressure. Burgess (15) uses thefollowing equation to fit Selleck's (3) data:
T - 9.3987 lnP + 230.15 (5.43)
where T = hydrate temperature, K
P — absolute pressure, kPa
This equation fits Selleck's data well over the whole experimentalrange.
5.2 TKan&poKt PKopzKtlz-d otf SatuKatzd Solution*
5.2.7 Vi&co&ity o£ HzS Ga& SatuKat&d w-Lth Wate.K VapouK {Table. A-35]
No "iscosity data for the H2S-H20 gas mixture are available.
However, several accurate methods are listed in theliterature (19,20) to determine gas mixture viscosities.
Based on Sutherland's kinetic theory model, Wilke (19)gives the following expression for the estimation of viscosityfor a binary gas mixture at low pressure
y° = m/[l + (yz/yi)*i2] +uz/U + (yi/y2)<f>21] (5.44)
where y° = viscosity of mixture at low pressure, mPa.s
ya, H2 = low pressure viscosity of pure components, mPa.s
yi, y2 = mole fractions
- 6 3 -
<f> 1 2 = Ma/M2)%]
The viscosity of water vapour at low pressure (101.3 kPa) canbe determined from the international formulation of propertiesof water and steam (18):
y = 10"- (263.4511 (Tr - .4219836243) + 80.4) (5.45)
where y = viscosity of steam at 101.3 kPa, mPa.s
T => reduced temperature, T/647.3
Equation (5.45) is valid in the range of 100° to 700°C. However,extrapolation to colder temperatures ( 30°C) yields values ofy within 0.4 percent of those tabulated for water vapour at thesame temperature and saturation pressure. Equation (5.45)extrapolated to low temperatures was considered sufficientlyaccurate to be used in the calculation of viscosity of H2S-H20gas mixtures.
Viscosity of pure H2S at 101.3 KPa was determined fromeq. (4.34) given in Section 4.3.1.
liitct OJJ Pie.A4u.fie.
As indicated by Reid and Sherwood (19), the most accuratemethod at present to account for the effect of pressure on gasmixtures viscosity is a modification of the residual-viscositytechnique. Dean and Stiel (21) have presented the equation:
(ym - y^)5m = 10.8 x 10"5(exp(1.439prm) - exp(-l.
(5.46)
where y = high-pressure mixture viscosity, mPa.s
- 6 4 -
y° = low-pressure mixture viscosity, mPa.s
p = pseudo-reduced mixture density, Pm/Pcm
p o mixture density, mol/cm3
p = pseudo-critical mixture density, mol/cm3
= P /Z RTcm' cm cm
_ Tl/6. l/2p2/3cm ' m cm
\n is the mixture molecular weight, and the pseudo-criticalmixture parameters are calculated from the following mixingrules:
Tcm = IZcm = I
vcm
cm cm cm cm
To use eq. (5.46), Pcm should be given in atmospheres (kPa/101.3),Tcni in K and M^ in g/mol.
Table A-35 shows the viscosity of wet H2S as a functionof temperature and pressure.
5.2.2 Vlt>co&<Lty oi H2S Saturated Aqatoui Solution* [Table. A-36)
The viscosity of H2S saturated aqueous solutions has beencalculated from the equation developed by Tamura and Kurata (22).
X 2 U 2 < | > 2 + 2 V 1 1 2 ( X 1 X 2 < 1 > 1 < | > 2 ) ^ (5.47)
-65
where u = viscosity of mixture, mPa.s
xi, x2 = mole fractions of components
4>i, <f>2 = volume fractions of components
Pi, P2 = viscosity of pure substances, mPa.s
p 1 2 = viscosity of interacting substances, mPa.s
P12 can be determined as a function of temperature using theprevious equation, if experimental values of y a r e available atdifferent temperatures. The only data availabxe for ym weremeasured by Murphy and Gaines (7) in the. narrow temperaturerange of 28.1 to 35.2°C. The calculated values of n u usingthese data were fitted as a function of temperature using theGuzman-Andrade equation (23):
y12 - A exp(B/T) (5.48)
To determine the volume fractions <j>i, <J>2, the molarvolumes of the pure liquid components were required. Theywere calculated using equation presented in Section 5.1.5 forH2S, and the equation given by Franks (8) for H20.
The viscosity of pure liquid H2S was determined fromequation 4.37 of Section 4.3.1, and the viscosity of pure liquidwater calculated from the equation given by Schmidt (18):
a2
Tr - a 3 r -i
n = a, 10 L1 + (pr-PrS) a" (Tr - a5>J (5.49)
where n = viscosity of water, mPa.s
Tr = reduced temperature
Pr = reduced pressure
= reduced saturation pressure of waterrs
and
-66-
ai - 2.414000000 x 10"*
a2 = 3.828209486 x 10"1
a3 = 2.162830218 x 10" x
a* - 1.498693949 x 10"*
a5 = 4.711880117 x 10"1
Table A-36 presents the viscosity of the saturatedsolution as a function of temperature and pressure in a narrowtemperature range.
It was found that the model predicts the observedincrease in viscosity of the solution with respect to purewater in the P,T range of Murphy and Gaines' experiments.However, for temperature above 40°C the viscosity of thesolution becomes about 4% smaller than that of pure water, dueto the fact that the term including yi2 in equation 5.47becomes negligible at higher temperatures, and the viscosityof pure H2Sj, is smaller than that of pure liquid water. Thisprojected tendency of pm with temperature cannot be confirmedin the present absence of experimental information.
5.2.3 lkin.ma.1 Conductivity o& H2S Gai Satanatzd with Wate.fi Vapou.fi[TabU A-37)
No experimental conductivity data for H2S-water vapourmixture were found in the literature, neither are there anyreliable methods of estimation available for polar-polarmixtures.
As an approximation, the method quoted in Perry (24) forgas mixtures has been used.
The mixture thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressurecan be calculated from component conductivity values with theequation:
z y±v.k "
yH2S(34.08)1/3
+yH20(18.02) 1 / 3
-67-
where k's are in W/(m.K)
and y's are molar fractions of H2S and H20 respectively,(at the actual pressure)
The thermal conductivity of pure water vapour atatmospheric pressure can be determined by the internationallyaccepted formulation published by Schmidt (18):
- 1.0245 x 10"2 - 8.2100 x 10"6T + 1.4096 x 10"7T2
(5.51)- 4.51 x 10~llfI3
where \i is in W/(m.K) and T in K.
Equation (5.51) is valid in the range of 100° to 700°C.Extrapolation to colder temperatures ( 30 C) yields values ofAi within 2 percent of those of water vapour at the sametemperature but at saturation pressure. Equation (5.51) wasconsidered accurate enough to be used in the calculation ofH2S-H2O gas mixtures thermal conductivities.
Thermal conductivity of pure H2S at atmospheric pressurewas calculated by equation (4.39) given in Section 4.3.3.
A correction for pressure effects on the thermal conductivitof the gas mixture is difficult to calculate. However, it isquite small and can be estimated from equation (4.40) of Section4.3.3, where Pr in this case will be the pseudo-reduced pressurecalculated as explained in Section 5.2.1.
Thermal conductivities of saturated gas mixtures are givenin Table A-37,
5.2.4 The.n.ma.1 Conductivity oh H2S Satufiatzd Aqu.eou-6 Solution*[Tabla A-3S)
Several equations have been proposed in the past tocalculate the thermal conductivity of binary liquid mixtures(25, 26, 27). However, usually one or more experimentalmeasurements are required to evaluate parameters of theseequations. Unfortunately, experimental thermal conductivitiesof H2S saturated aqueous solutions have not been reported sofar, ruling out the use of these equations. One exception isthe equation proposed by Filippov and Novoselova (28):
- 6 8 -
km = kjWi + k2w2 - 0.72(k2 - k1)(w1w2) (5.52)
where k = thermal conductivity of liquid mixture
Wi, w2 = weight fractions of components 1 and 2
ki, k2 = thermal conductivities of the pure liquid components1 and 2.
This equation was used in the present work in spite ofthe fact that it seems to be only moderately successful withpolar compounds. The thermal conductivity of pure H2S liquidwas determined as indicated in Section 4.3.4. The thermalconductivity of pure liquid water was calculated from theequation presented by Schmidt (18):
v =4 v=3 v=3
* = E \ Tr + (Pr-Prs) E Vr" + <rr-^rs) £• CvTr <5'53)
v = 0 v = 0 v=0
with the constants:
aQ = -9.224700000 x 10"'
aa = 6.728934102 x 10°
a2 = -1.011230521 x 101
a3 = 6.996953832 x 10°
a- = 2.316062510 x 10°
bQ = -2.095427600 x 10"l
hi - 1.320227345 x 10°
b2 = -2.485904388 x 10°
b3 = 1.517081933 x 10°
cQ = 8.104183147 x 10"2
ci = -4.513858027 x 10"1
c2 = 8.057261332 x 10"1
c3 = -4.668315566 x 10" J
where:
A = thermal conductivity of water, W/(m.K)
T = reduced temperature
P = reduced pressure
P__ = reduced saturation pressure
Table A-38 presents the thermal conductivity of thesaturated solution as a function of temperature and pressure.The predictions were not extended beyond 80°C since the thermalconductivity of pure liquid H2S could not be predicted beyondthis temperature. Anyhow, at 80°C the difference between thethermal conductivity of pure water and that of the solution isnot greater than 2.6 percent, so that for higher temperatures kmcan be replaced by k,, Q for practical purposes.
5.2.5 Vif^iuion Coe.i6icie.nt oh Hz0 in H2S Gai [Table A - 3 9 )
Hirschfelder et al. (20) predicted that for binary gp_aousmixtures the diffusion coefficient should vary only slight-lywith composition, and this is confirmed by experiment. In thediluted gas mixtures of H2S saturated with H20, it can beassumed that the diffusion coefficient is independent of com-position in the P,T range of interest. Due to the lack ofexperimentally determined diffusivities of H20 gas in H2S gas,the most accurate estimates can be achieved with Wilke andLee's (29) modification of the equation of Hirschfelder et al. (20)
V2
pi,2 = B ( l t l ) * 1 M M . 1 (5-54)Pa
2
- 7 0 -
with
B = 0.21684 x 10"6 - 0.04985 x 10"6 x + M 2¥MjM2 J
where D1>2 = gas diffusivity, m2/s
T = absolute temperature, K
M!,M2 = molecular weights of components 1 and 2
P = absolute pressure, kPa
°i»2 = collision diameter, ran
= 0.5 (Oj + o2)
n = collision integral for diffusion, function offil'2 kT/elf2
) (x)El, 2 =
k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10"6 erg/K
£i,2 = energy of molecular interaction, ergs.
For the gas pair H2S-H2O, av,Q = . 3623nro and ou n = .2641nm(19), and equation (5.53) is converted to: n?v
2/2
D,,z = 6.007 x 10"7 — J r^ (5.55)
Accuracies within + 5 percent are claimed for thepredictions made through equation (5.55).
-71 -
The collision integral ft},1! was fitted as a function
kTof T* = - — , using the table presented by Hirschfelder et al. (20)
For H2S-H2O, —,2 493.579
and
fifja1^* = 0.664266 + 0.852823T*"1 - 0.0761734T*"2 (5.56)
Table A-39 shows the calculated values of D ] , 2 as a functionof P.T.
5.2.6 Vllfau&lon Coe.Hlcle.nt ofi H2S In Hz0 Liquid [Table. A-40)
To predict diffusion coefficients of dilute aqueoussolutions, good approximations are achieved by the equationof Othmer and Thakar (30) as modified by Hayduk and Laudie (31)
n 13.26 x 10~9 2. ,_ _7v
Di,2 = , m /s (5.57)
where y2 = viscosity of the solvent (H20), mPa.s
Vi = molar volume of the solute at the normal boilingpoint, cmVmol (35.2 cm3/mol for H2S)
Few experimental values of Dj,2 for the system H2S-H2O.have been reported (32), and they appear to be very scatteredand confined to the low temperature region of 15 to 25°C. Thepredictions through Hayduk1s equation were close to theexperimental data at low temperatures. Table A-40 shows thecalculated values of Dj,2 as a function of temperature.
- 7 2 -
5.2.7 Suifiace. lQ.ndi.on oh Wate.1 Agaln-it H2S Vapout (Tablz A-41}
The surface tension of water against H2S vapour wasmeasured by Herrick and Gaines (33) in the temperature rangeof 25 to 40°C and pressures up to about 1900 kPa. Morerecently Strathdee (34) extended the temperature range from25 to 130°C and partial pressures of H2S up to 3200 kPa. Theexperimental surface tension data measured by Strathdee werefitted within the experimental error by the equation:
Y = Ci + C2T3 + C3T5 + P(Ci, + CsT + CeT2) (5.58)
where Y = surface tension, mN/m
T = temperature, °C
P = partial pressure of H2S, kPa
The numerical values of the coefficients are:
Ci - 72.7118
C2 = -.239994 x 10"*
C3 - .885018 x 10"9
Ci = -.275632 x 10"J
C5 = .384792 x 10"3
C6 - -.157879 x 10"5
This equation is able to reproduce the experimentalresults with an average deviation of 2 percent, and its rangeof applicability is 25 < T < 130°C, 0 <_ P _< 3200 kPa.
Table A-41 presents the predicted values of surfacetension as a function of P,T.
-73-
REFERENCES
1. Neuburg, H.J., and Walker, L.G., Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited, Unpublished Internal Report (1976).
2. Mather, A.E., "Composition of the Co-existing Phases inthe Hydrogen Sulfide/Water System", U. of Alberta ProgressReport to AECL (1974)
3. Selleck, F.T., Carmichael, L.T., and Sage, B.H., Ind.Eng. Chem., 44 (9), 2219 (1952).
4. Prausnitz, J.M. , "Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-PhaseEquilibria", Prentice Hall, Inc. (1969).
5. Clarke, E.C.W. and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 49, 691(1971). —
6. Besserer, G.J., "Investigation of the Phase Behaviour ofthe Water-Hydrogen Sulfide System Using the Chueh-PrausnitzCorrelation", Canatom MonMax Report No. 9003 - Part 2,August 1974.
7. Murphy, J.A., and Gaines, G.L., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 19(4), 359 (1974). ~~
8. Franks, F., "Water a Comprehensive Treatise", Plenum Press,Vol. 1 (1972).
9. Lyckman, E.W., Eckert, C.A., and Prausnitz, J.M., Chem.Eng. Sci., 20, 685 (1965).
10. Prausnitz, J.M., Eckert, C.A., Orye, R.V., andO'Connel,J.P., "Computer Calculations for Multi-component Vapour-Liquid Equilibria", Prentice Hall, Inc. (1967).
11. Hougen, O.A., Watson, K.M., and Ragatz, R.A., "ChemicalProcess Principles", Part 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1959).
12. Pohl, H.A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6 (4), 515 (1961).
13. Wright, R.H., and Maass, 0., Can. J. Research, 6, 94 (1932).
14. Pohl, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour of Counter-current Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, Office Tech. Services,U.S. Dept. Commerce (1955).
15. Burgess, M.P., and Germann, R.P., AIChE Journal, 15 (2),273 (1969).
- 7 4 -
16. Galley, M.R., Miller, A.I., Atherley, J.F., and Mohn, M.,"GS Process Physical Properties", AECL*4255, August 1972.
17. Sherwood, A.E., and Prausnitz, J.M., AIChE Journal, 8 (4),519 (1962).
18. Schmidt, E., "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc. R. Oldenbourg Munchen (1969).
19. Reid, R.C., and Sherwood, T.K., "The Properties of Gasesand Liquids", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).
20. Hirschfelder, J.O., Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., "MolecularTheory of Gases and Liquids", John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,New York (1953).
21. Dean, D.E. , and Stiel, L.I., AIChE Journal, 11., 526(1965).
22. Tamura, M., and Kurata, M., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 25,32 (1952). ~~
23. Guzman and Andrade, Nature, L25_, 309, 582 (1930).
24. Perry, R.H., and Chilton, C.H., "Chemical Engineer'sHandbook", 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1973).
25. Barrat and Nettleton, "International Critical Tables", V.S.p. 227, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., (1929).
26. Saskena, M.P., and Harminder, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 13(3), 245 (1974).
27. McLaughlin, E., Chem. Revs., 64, 389 (1964).
28. Filippov, L.P., and Novoselova, N.S., Vestn. Mosk. Univ.Ser. Fiz.-Mat. 10 (3), 37 (1955).
29. Wilke, C.R., and Lee, C.Y., Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 1253 (1955).
30. Othmer, D.F., and Thakar, M.S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 589 (1953;
31. Hayduk, W. , and Laudie, H. , AIChE Journal, 2_0 (3), 611 (1974).
32. Himmelblau, P.M., Chem. Rev., 64, 527 (1964).
33. Herrick, C.S., and Gaines, G.L., Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 77(22), 2703 (1973).
34. Strathdee, G.G., and Given, R.M., J. Phys. Chem., 80 (15),1714 (1976).
7C
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report No. AECL-4255.
- 7 5 -
FIGURE 5.1 SOLUBILITY OF H2S IN
7.0
O MATHER'S EXPERIMENTAL DATA
PREDICTED 423.15 593.15
6.0
5.0 ~
Q_
4.0
3.0
2.0
453.15 K
363.15
10 15 20 25 30
MOLE FRACTION H2S (X 1000)
35 40 45
- 7 6 -
FIGURE 5.2 MOLE FRACTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE INGAS-PHASE SYSTEM H20 - H2S
EXPERIMENTAL DATA BY
O SELLECK, CARMICHAEL & SAGE
PREDICTED
444
310.93Kj I
0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0
MOLE FRACTION H2S
-11 -
FIGURE 5 . 1 SOLUBILITY OF H.S IN MTER
COMPOSITION or L , BASED ON SMOOTHED DATA OF MATHER
COMPOSITION OF L , «T PHASE BOUNDARY MEASURED BY HOIHEH
O L , COMPOSITIONS AT PHASE BOUNDARY MEASURED BY SELLECK et
COMPOSITIONS OF L, AT QUADRUPLE POINT ACCORDING TO
5EUECK c l a l
D COMPOSIIIOKS OF I , COEXISTING l.'ITH SOLID HYDBATE
DETEBHINED Bf 5CHEFFEfl
B L j COMPOSITIOHS flT QUADRUPLE POINTS DETERMINED BY
SCHEFFER
L, = LIQUID WflTER SATURATED WITH HjS
L, s LIQUID H ;S SATURATED WITH HjO
S ( H SOLID HYDRATE x H ,S .6H ; 0
DAS E H,S GAS SATURATED WITH H.O VAPOR
REGION OF COEXISTING L, IHD G«S
REGION OF COE«1S'INS I ,
OH OF COtXISTlNG 5, L, INC U S
24 n
MOLE T R A C T I O N H , S I N S O L U T I O N ( X I O O O )
5,50[FIGURE 5 .4 DIAGRAM FOR HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT
DETERMINATION IN THE H S-H 0 SYSTEM
5.40
5.30
5.20,
5 . 1 0
5 , 0 0
1 7 1 . 1 ° C
1 0 4 . 4 ° C So
7 1 . 1 " " P
4.90
4 803 7 . 8 ° C
4 . 7 0 11.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
P - Pt (MEGAPASCALS)
5.0 6.0
- 7 9 -
FIGURE 5 . 5 HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT AT ZERO PRESSURESYSTEM HnO~H,S
20
(0a.
15
OO
>-
txJ
10
^ CLARKE & GLEU
O BESSERER
PRESENT WORK(Eq. 5.22)
I I200 300 400
TEMPERATURE, K
500
- 8 0 -! e
/mo1
e1
jou
1
O
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
FIGURE 5 . 6 TWO-SUFFIX MARGULES
O OPTIMUM VALUES
FITTED BY EQ.
—
1
: /
- /
; /
i I
FROM MATHER1
(5 .26)
/
/
9
I
PARAMETER
S DATA
/
1 1
200 300 400
TEMPERATURE, K
500
FIGURE 5.7 MOLAR VOLUME OF PURE LIQUID H 2S AND APPARENT MOLAR VOLUME OFH 2S IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
too
90
ao
70
60
~ 50
ooo
MOLAR VOLUME OF PURE LIQUIDH2S AT THE BUBBLE POINT(AFTER REAMER et al. IND CHEM.42.140(1950))
oAD
- SOLHV,, . PREDICTED BY LYCKMAN CORRELATIONH 2 S
<p EXTRACTED FROM DENSITY DATA OF MURPHY AND2 GAINES
EXTRAPOLATED VALUES OF 4>H s OBTAINED FROM
FORMULATION OF MURPHY AND GAINES DATA:
DA
( d m V m o l ) = 0 . 0 3 3 5 1 + 4 . 8 6 5 x 1 0 ' 5 t ° C
D
A
RESULTSDATA OF
o xH
D
A
XH
XH
EXTRACTEO FROMSELLECK et al
s = 0 . 0 2 2 8
s = 0 . 0 4 3 7
s = 0 . 0 5 5 6 Ie x
30
20
TC(H2S)
1 . I20 40 60 100 120
F.MPERATURE (°C)
140 160 180 200 220
-82-
FIGURE 5.8
MOLAR HEAT OF SOLUTION OF H2S IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
- - O - CALCULATED BY POHL
PREDICTED FROM SOLUBILITY MODEL
-ifc.O
-14.0
-12.0
PHASE \ S. \REGION N \
o
3 -io.o
o
-8.0
-b.o
-4.0
-2.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 U 160
TEMPERATURE °C
- 8 3 -
6. VEUTERIUH EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUM
6.1 Eqalllbulum Constant faon. V Exchange. Be-tween H20 and HVS[Table.* A-42 to A-44)
For the reaction:
HzO^ + HDS^HDC^ . HjS^ (6.1)
the equilibrium constant is expras ed as.
[HDO][HDS]£
KOmlt}
There is some confusion in the publ ' -* literature asto what constitutes Ko. It is often errc --J-y reported asthe mixed-phase equilibrium constant Kg£ because nearly allexperimental determinations have been for Kg£, where:
[H2S]
THDSj
A summary of the experimental and empirical determinations ofKg and K-r£ are given in DP-97 (1). There have been some morerecent diterminations of chese equilibria and it was concludedthat the values reported in DP-97 are as accurate as any otherdeterminations.
The values of Kp can be extracted from Kg£ if the relativevolatility of (HDS/H?S7g to (HDS/H2S)£, aR2S, if known. Themixed-phase equilibrium constate is given by (1):
K , = 0.871 e(2 9 8/ T) where T = temperature, K (6.4)
also:
[HDS]g(6-5)
from where:
Kg£ . a H 2 g (6.6)
84-
K,£ can also be related to the gas-phase equilibriumconstant Kg, if additionally the relative volatility of(HD0/H20)g to (HDO/H2O) OIH2O.
i s known. The gas-phaseequilibrium constant is expressed as (1):
[HDO1 [H2S1K = , 3 g (6 7)g [H20] • [HDS] K '
K = 1.01 e( 2 3 3 / T ) (6.8)
also:
[HD01 [H20]* (6.9)
[H20]g
and Ko = K . S ^ (6.10)* g aH2S
Rzlative. Volatility oh (HV0/H20)g to (HVO/HzO)^ [Table. A-4S)
The relative volatility a^jp °f ^D0 to H20 has beendetermined experimentally and results from several sources arereported by Kirschenbaum (2). These experimental results fitthe equation:
= 1.1596 e <-65-43'T> (6.11)
6.3 R&tative. Volatility of, {HVS/H2S)g £ • {HVS/H2S)l [Table A-46)
The relative volatility «H?S of HDS to H2S can be calculatedfrom vapour pressure data measured by Clarke and Glew (3) for H2Sand D2S, which were fitted by the equation:
a H 2 S = 1.034 e<-8'037/T> (6.12)
where T = temperature, K
-85-
6.4 Hzat o& Rza.ci.lon faon V Exckangz Between HzO and HVS
For the reaction H2O + HDS Z HDO + H2S, Pohl (1) hasreported for the heat of reaction AH° = -2481.7 J/mol HDO.AH has been recalculated by Norton ^4) and the revised valuefor the aqueous phase reaction is -2369 ± 40 J/mol HDO. Thisvalue is used for all exchange reaction heat calculations.
6.5 Equilibrium Constant ^ofi Vi&tKibutian o& V in Hz0 [Tablo. A-47)
K is defined as the equilibrium constant for thereaction 2 HDO t H20 + D20
w h e r e K o =T7TT
The variation of Ko with temperature has been reported byKirschenbaum (2) and fits the equation.
KQ = A + BT - CT2 (6.14)
where T = temperature, °C
A = 3.7621
B = 1.5057 x 10"3
C = 4.0 x 10"6
6.6 Equilibrium Constant ^oh. distribution o& V in H2S [Table. A-4S)
In a similar way to K in Section 6.5,
_ [HDS]2Ks "s " [H2S][D2S]
The variation of K with temperature has been estimatedby using the method of JacRson (5).
- 8 6 -
K = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 (6.16)s
where T = temperature, K
A = 3.33811
B = 4.19099 x 10"3
C = -9.28477 x 10"6
D = 7.1767 x 10"9
6.7 Ovz/iall Vl6tn.lbu.tlon CoQ.HlclQ.nt (6) {Table. A-49)
The overall distribution coefficient, B, should bedefined as:
ft - X E (1 - YE) f63 - YE ' (1 - XE) (6>
where XE -I^ITE? j l i q u i d H , , o + d i s s o i v e d H2S
•WYE »^,TTfgaseous H S + H 0 v a p o u r
At low concentrations of deuterium, i.e., <1000 ppm,
Q % XE f r -I g\
3 % Yg- (b.io)
Spevack (6) derived an expression for £ which issufficiently accurate for design purposes at deuteriumconcentrations below one percent. By defining:
[HDO]N = mnA,— •"r« Ai— = mole fraction of HDO in the water as vapour.[HDOJ + [H2O]
[HDS]n = TupWT—+ [U gi = ra°le fraction of HDS in the hydrogen sulfide
-87-
where Kg = "gas-phase" reaction equilibrium constant.
For low deuterium concentrations the approximationcan be made that:
Kg £ £ (6-20)
The fraction of total deuterium in the liquid regardless ofmolecular species can be expressed as:
Ah = \, 0 .
( 1 ) + S ( l )H2O
aH2S
where S = moles dissolved (H2S)/mol (H20) liquid
au nt au o = relative volatilities
similarly, the fraction of total deuterium in the gas-phase,regardless of molecular species will be:
VP _ n + H N , rYE Ny (6-TT-n)4
where: H = moles (H20) vapour/mol (H2S) gas
Introducing eq. (6.20) into eqs. (6.21) and 6.22, thesimplified definition of the overall distribution coefficient,3, yields:
YTr (S + («„ Q/a H n) Kg) (1 + H)6 ^ YE b SZ q(l + KF.H)(1 +~S) (b.U)
- 8 8 -
The original definition of 3 derived by Spevack is equivalentto eq. (6.23), except that he considered aft2s - aji2Q. Equation(6.23) is in general use for deuterium concentrations below1 percent.
To calculate distribution constants accurately atconcentrations above 1 percent D20, a rigorous deviation for
XE (\ — YF^a = Y E • (1 I YR) must be made. For a better understanding of
the next steps, the separation factor, a, will be defined as:
\D+Hy]where: X = x^.TTi•, . .j'liquid water
"(WH)hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water
At higher deuterium concentrations, besides the exchangereaction:
H 20 £ + HDS£ t HDO^ + H 2S £ )
other reactions in equilibrium are also important, namely,
2HD0£ t H2()£ + D20£ and (6.25)
2HDS£ t H2S£ + D2S£ (6.26)
with the respective equilibrium constants given by:
[HDO]£Ko - [H20]£[D20l£
( 6" 2 7 )
[HDS]"and K = JT;-^ * (6.28)
S ln2i>J l D 2 b j £
- 89 -
On the o ther hand, the d e f i n i t i o n s of X and Y lead to :
/ n \ [HDO]O + 2[D20]0X _
[water 2T[H20]£ + [HDO]£ + [D20]£)
[HDO] + 2[D20]£
fHDO]p + 2[H20]£
similarly.
v [HDS]? + 2[DZS]5
Introducing the definitions of Ko and Ks in eqs. (6.30) and (6.31)and rearranging:
x K
o [ H 2 ° ] .
iTx = fHlFT1 + 2 [HDO]
2 l™Sh•L + v~
1-Y
By defining:
[HDO] [HDSKRTl " TH7OT7 a n d R S j " TCTI7
^ _ 1 + 2RTi/Kn
(6.33)
-90-
Solving eq. (6.34) for RTj,
2X - 1 + V(l ~ 2X)2 + 16X(1 - X)/K
RT, = ^ 4(1 - X)/KQ " <6"35>
Also:
Y 1 + 2RS1/Ks
TTy = 1 + 2/RS, ( 6 > 3 6 )
and RSi can be obtained from:
[HDO]^ [H2S]A _ RT,
/. KSi = RTi/K^ (6.37)
Thus if a value of X is selected, RTi can be calculatedfrom eq. (6.35) and RSi from eq. (6.37). Substituting RSi ineq. (6.36) enables Y to be calculated. XE can then be foundfrom :
XE = (X + Y.S)/(1 + S) (6.38)
with S as defined previously. This completes the liquid-phasecalculations.
The concentration of deuterium in the water vapour abovethe liquid, XV, is defined as:
XV -( D \VD+H/water vapour
In a similar way as the derivation made for X.
XV _ 1 +
" 1+ Z " 3 9 )
Since all the variables of the right-hand side of eq. (6.39) areknown, XV can be determined.
-91 -
Similarly, the concentration of deuterium in the H2Sgas above the liquid, YQ, is related to that dissolved inthe liquid by the relative volatility CXH2S S O that:
1 + 2RS..q
YE can then be calculated from:
„„ YQ + XV.H -,YE = a + H) ( 6 )
With XE and YE known, the overall distribution coefficientg can then be found from eq. (6.17).
This derivation of 6 is a function of X (or XE) and enablescalculations to be made when X > 0.01. Table 6.1 shows how |3varies with X at higher concentrations. It should be noted thatfor X < 0.001, 3 differs from Spevack's (SRP) value by 0.09% at32.2°C and by 0.02% at 129.4°C.
For low deuterium concentrations, 3 can be calculatedusing Spevack's equation, or through the derived method byassuming a low value of X (e.g., X = 10~6). For high deuteriumconcentrations, 3 can be obtained by substituting the appropriatevalue of X. Table A-49 presents the overall distribution constantas a function of P,T.
REVERENCES
1. Pohl, H.A., and Hull, H.L., "Thermal Behaviour of Counter-current Equipment", USAEC Report DP-97, Office Tech. Services,U.S. Dept. Commerce (1955).
2. Kirschenbaum, I., "Physical Properties and Analysis of HeavyWater", National Nuclear Energy Series 111-4A, McGraw Hill,New York (1951).
3. Clarke, E.C.W., and Glew, D.N., Can. J. Chem., 48 764 (1970).
4. Norton, P.R., and Richards, P.J., Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited, Unpublished Internal Report (1971).
5. Jackson, D.P., Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, ReportAECL-3382, (1970).
6. Spevack, J.S., USAEC Report A-393, Office Tech. Services,U.S. Dept. Commerce (1942).
- 92 -
TABLE 6.1
VARIATION OF DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT (Beta)WITH DEUTERIUM CONCENTRATION
kPa°C
SRP Value
D/(D+H)
Beta (Cold)2031.32.2
2.2711
Beta (Hot)2169.129.4
1.6405
.000100
.000250
.000400
.000550
.000700
.001000
.002500
.004000
.005500
.007000
.010000
.025000
.040000
.055000
.070000
.100000
.250000
.400000
.550000
.700000
2.2690
2.2691
2.2691
2.2691
2.2691
2.2691
2.2693
2.2694
2.2695
2.2697
2.2699
2.2712
2.2725
2.2738
2.2750
2.2775
2.2893
2.2996
2.3081
2.3140
1.6402
1.6402
1.6402
1.6402
1.6403
1.6403
1.6404
1.6406
1.6407
1.6408
1.6411
1.6425
1.6439
1.6453
1.6466
1.6494
1.6636
1.6783
1.6934
1.7089
7. COMPUTER PROGRAM TOR CALCULATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OTGS PROCESS MATERIALS
The computer program included consists of threeFORTRAN functions written to calculate the properties ofwater (WATER), hydrogen sulfide (HTWOS), and mixtures ofboth in aqueous and gaseous phase (GSPROP). The propertiesare calculated in SI units following the formulation describedin Sections 3 to 6. Most properties of pure water wereprogrammed from internationally accepted formulations (1).To improve computational efficiency, the original equationswere rearranged and constants regrouped whenever possible.In most cases the resultant calculations may be performedon a programmable desk calculator.
Documentation that precedes the logic in each functionindicates the arguments required, and the properties calculatedin that function with the corresponding units.
The programming structure is essentially modular sothat each property consists of a relatively short number ofstatements executed independently from the rest of the function.Exceptions are those properties which require the gaseous molarvolume, involving the solution of tha Redlich-Kwong equation ofstate which is a cubic in volume. To avoid machine dependencyresulting from the use of a library subroutine, a subfunction wasincluded in each function which calculates only the required rootfor the gaseous molar volume. This subroutine was linked to theproperty modules requiring molar volumes by ASSIGN statements.
The modules are reached by entry points and each entryname consists of six letters. The first two indicate theproperty (VI - viscosity, CF - compressibility factor, etc.).The next three describe rhe material (HHO - water, HHS - hydrogensulfide, HSO - gaseous mixtures and liquid solutions). Thesixth letter indicates the phase (L - liquid, G - gas or vapour,M - mixed phases). For example, ENHHOL is the entry point forthe enthalpy of liquid water, and the user would require astatement such as X = ENHHOL (TK.PK) in his main program toobtain the value.
Since the vapour-phase and liquid-phase mole fractionsof saturated H2S-H2O mixtures have to be determined iterativelyas explained in Section 5.1.1, the tabulated values between 30and 180 C and 1.3 to 2.3 MPa were regressed as functions of pressureand temperature. The vapour-phase mole fraction of water atsaturation was included in function WATER (ENTRY HUHHOG), andthe liquid-phase mole fraction of hydrogen sulfide at saturation
was included in function HTWOS (ENTRY SOHHSL). In addition tothe properties of pure hydrogen sulfide, function HTWOS alsoincludes entries for the heat of solution of hydrogen sulfidcin water (HSHHSG), dew point of wet gas (DPHMSG), and temperatureof hydrate formation (THHHSL).
Function GSPROP calculates the properties of gas mixturesand liquid solutions not necessarily at saturation conditions.Therefore, the mole fractions of dissolved hydrogen sulfide (XH2S)and water vapour in gaseous mixtures (YH2O), are included asarguments in addition to temperature and pressure. To calculatethe properties at saturation for a certain pressure and temperature,XH2S and YH2O have to be determined from functions HTWOS andWATER respectively.
A number of properties in GSPROP (namely equilibriumconstants and relative volatilities) are only temperaturedependent, and in this case pressure and mole fractions arecarried as dummy variables. Surface tension was measured atsaturation conditions whereby its formulation is only pressureand temperature dependent, and in this case, the mole fractionsare dummy variables. The rest of the properties are compositiondependent, and only the mole fraction of the other phase is adummy variable.
REFERENCE
1. Schmidt, E., "Properties of Water and Steam in SI Units",Springer Verlag, N.Y., 1969.
05
1 *0ECK HHOFUNCTION WATER<TK,FK>
CC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AKC STEAM
5 CC ARGUMENTSC TK - TEMFERATURE IN DEGREES KELVINC PK - PRESSURE IN KILOPASCALSC
10 C ENTRY POINTS LIST OF PROPERTIES UNITSCC CFHHOG COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR H20 VAFORC OEHHOG DENSITY OF H20 VAPOR KG./CU.METREC DEHHOL DENSITY OF LIQUID WATER KG./CU.METRE
15 C ENHHOG ENTHALPY CF H20 VAPCR JOULES/MOLEC ENHHOL ENTHALPY CF LIQUID WATER JOULES/MOLEC HCHHOG HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER VAFOR JOULES/MOLE/DEG.KC HUHHOG HUMIDITY CF WATER Ih H2S MOLES/MOLEC PSHHOL SATURATION PRESSURE OF LICUID WATER KILOPASCALS
20 C TCHHOG THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER VAPCP WATTS/MFTRE/OEGcKC TCHHOL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIOUID WATER WATTS/METRE/DEfi.KC VIHHOG VISCOSITY OF WATER VAPCP KG./METPE/SEC.C VIHHOL VISCOSITY OF LICUID WATER KG./METPF/SEC.C
25 C STATEMENT FUNCTION FOR THE SATURATION PRESSURE OF WATERC
PSAT(TK) = EXPM-.256674F 03 • TK*( .13938PE 01 • TK*(-.318580E-02« • TK*< .405906E-05 + TK*(-.302229E-0P + TK* .1P46G6E-11"5 ))))) / ( TK»< .403865F.-01 • TK* (-. 110066E-03
30 « • TK* .77336<5E-07> ) ) ) * 22120.CC SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FOR WATFR VAPORC
1 7 = SHRT(TK)35 P = -?.771AP « TK/PK
C = <4P9fl.296/IP**l) - 6,0flfl05E-2*TK/PK - 1.60fl47E-AD = -T22.aO01/<PK»T>o = r - R*BR = P « (0 • .5*0) - .S*D
40 D = 0*0*0 • R*PIF(D .GF. 0.0) GO TO 2PSI = ATAN(SQRT(-C)/P)IF (R .I.T. 0.0) PSI = PSI • 3.1A15926V = ?. » S0RT(AFS(O)) * CCS(0.33333«PSI) - F
45 GO TO LAPFL(10»20f30>C
2 0 = SCRT(D)C = R • 0D = R - 0
50 V = C/APS(C) * <C*C)*«.1^6667 • D/APS(D> * (D*D<*•.166667 - *GO TO LAPEL<10<20«30)
CENTRY cn-HOG
C55 ASSIGN 10 TO LAPEL
GO TO I10 WATft? = PK * V / ( f i .31443 * TK)
RETURNC
60 ENTRY DEHHOGC
ASSIGN 20 TO LABELGO TO 1
20 WATER = 18.02 / V65 RETURN
CENTRY OEHHOL
CT = TK/647.3
70 P = PK/22120.Z = 1. - .84383fi»T*T - .536216E-3/T«»62 - .397208 * (Z • SORT(!.72*2*Z - ,146846»T • ,0995172«P)>
$ #*(-.294118)WATER = 7 - 2.616572E-2 • T»(1.522412E-3 • 2.284279E-2»T> •
75 $ 242.1647«(.6537 - T>«*10 • 1.269716E-10/(1.15E-6 •* -(2.074838E-? • P* (4.34fl04E-8 • 3.317132E-9»P)) /% (1.510PE-5 • T*»ll)WATER = 315.457 / < WATER - 12.93440*T»*18«(.14188 • T»T) •
* (-3./(7.00275 • P>»*4 • 2.99528E-4) • P*»2»(8.00569E-6 -80 % 3.924357E-5*T • 2.41905E-13«P/T*«20>)
RETURN
cc
cc
ENTRY
ASSIGNGO TO
30 WATER*%RETURN
ENTPY 1
TP =
ENHHOG
30 TO LABEL1= 36128.5 • TK#(?3.<;
8.9e415E-10*TK>)>/ T
FfMNHDL
TK/647.3PK/?2120.
• TK»<9.6129E-4 • TK«(3.516PE-6 -- 1 .00344E6»ALOG(1 . • .021966«/\/»
95YDY = 1.6876751»T • 3.217?97E-3/T»«77 = Y • SORT(1,7?»Y«Y - .146fi456«T •WATEP = 542.206367 • T«(-6824.6e7741 • T«( 39412.W7P7 • T«(
100 % -134665.555 • T* ( 2=17071.4308 • T* (-437564.7096 • T« (% 429542.083 • T« (-P70670.1245 * T*( 992(f<J.7?4pp -% 16138.16PQ«T ))>>))))WATER = - WATEC • 7 ,9826t5*7«* (-.2941181 « (7* { ,586207»7 -
* 1.41667*Y • .41(£.667»T»nY> + .073422S»T - ,72«T»Y»nY)105 WATFP = WATEP - P*(.026U57184 • . 022842791«T«T - 2179.4823»
* (T+ .07263505)*(.65371543 -% (T*«19 • 5.75E-8) / (T»#ic> • l,I5E-6)*«2)
WATEP a ii«ATEP - p * < ?. .489P06E-6 • P* (2.6088244E-7 •
HO WATER = <WATFP • 2 4 5 . 7 5 3 9 6 » T««18 • ( . 1 2 6 9 4 5 2 6 • T»T) «* <2.9952849E-A*P • 1./(7.0027532+P)«»3) • P**3»t (2.6698563F-6 • 1 .2701^01EE-12 * P / T*«?0>> » 1263.5696
-97-
115 ENTRY HCHHOGC
WATER = .322245E 2 • TK*( .i:2259E-2 • TK*( .105504E-4 -f .359366E-e * TK))RETURN
120 CENTRY HUHHOG
CP = 1.E3/PKGSPROP = .01852978 - TK* .7E07126E-4 • .6865968E-17*TK«*6 • P«(
125 « 13.544038 • TK*(-.1B88656 • TK*(.1C20128F-2 • TK*(? -.26140565E-5 - .5309210E-10*P*P • TK» (.3036590E-R •$ ,3738S32E-12»P - .1115869F-11*TK)))))RETURN
C130 ENTRY PSHHOL
C,'ATEP = PSAT(TK)RETURN
C135 ENTRY TCHHOG
CWATER = .010245 • TK*(-.82132F-5 • TK*(.1410E-6 - TK».451F-10>)RETURN
C140 ENTRY TCHHOL
CT = TK/647.3p = (PK - PSfiT(TK)) / 22120.WATFP = -.922470 •
145 * T*( 6.72893 • T*(-10.1123 • T*( o.99695 - T«?.31606))) •* "»(-.209543 • T*< 1.32023 • T*(-2.43590 • T*l.51708)) *^ PM.081041P + T*(-.451386 • T*( .805726 - T*.466832)* ))RETURN
C150 ENTRY VTHHOG
CWATER = .407E-7*TK - .30772F-5RETURN
C155 ENTRY VTHHOL
CWATEP = (.2414E-4 • .25041F-12 • «PK - PSAT(TK)) * (TK - 305.))*
« 1O.**(247.4O4P / <TK - 140.))RETURN
160 END
10
15
20
30
35
-98-
«DECK HHSFUNCTION HTWOS<TK»PK)
CC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS AND LlfiUID *YORCG't"N SULFIBECCCCC
CC
ARGUMENTSTKPK
C ENTPY POINTSC
CFHHSGDEHHSGDPHHSGENHHSGHCHHSGHSHHSGPSHHSLSOHHSLTCHHSGTCHHSLTHHHSLTSHHSLVIHHSGVIHHSL
TEMPERATURE IN DECREES KELVINPRESSURE IN KILOPASCALS
LIST OF PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR CF H2S GASDENSITY OF H2S GASDEW PCINT OF WET H2S GASENTHALPY CF H2S GASHF.AT CAPACITY OF H2S GASHEAT CF SOLUTION OF H2S IK H20SATURATION PRESSURE OF *>2S LI«UIOSOLUBILITY OF H2S IK WATERTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H2S GASTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LlflUIR H2STEMPERATURE OF HYORATE FORMATIONSATURATION TEMPERATURE OF H2S Ll«tlDVISCOSITY OF H2S GASVISCOSITY OF LIOUID H2S
UNITS
KG./CU.METREDE6.K.JOULES/MOLEJOULES/MOLE/DEG.KJOULES/MOLEKILOPASCALSMOLES/MOLEWATTS/METRE/DEr,.KWATTS/METRE/DEG.KOEG.K.OEG.KKG./MFTRE/SEC.KG./METRE/SEC.
SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FOR +YDRCGFN SULFIDF
T = SORT(TK)R = -?.771Afi « TK/PKC = ?<J9ft.25/(PK*T> - .D = -?73.<f862/<FK«T>0 = c - W»BR = q • (0 • .5«C> - .D = O»O*O • R»RIF<0 .GF. 0.C) GO TO 2PSI = ATAN(S<JPT(-C)/R>IF (P .LT. 0.0) PSI = PSIV = ?. » SQRT(AeS<OnGO TO LAPFLU0«20»30.40>
- 3.08567E-A
5«n
• 3.1415926C0S(0.33333«PSI) -
0cDV
= SORT(D)= P • 0= R - 0= C/ARS(C) * (C»C)«*.166667 • D/APS<D) * <O«D)««.166667 - 9
GO TO LAPEI.(10»20»30«AO)
FNTRY CFHHSG
ASSIGN 10 TO LARF.LGO TO 1
10 HTWOS = PK » V / <fi.31443 « TK)RETURN
ENTRY OF.HHSG
- 9 9 -
ASSIGN 20 TO LABEL60 TO 1
60 20 HTWOS = 34.08 / VRETUPN
CENTPY DPHHSG
C65 P = ALOG(.145029*PK)
HTWOS = -942.249 • P*( 895.750 • P«<-260.564 • P»(34.2120 -% P* 1.64319)))PETUPN
C70 ENTPY ENHHSG
CASSIGN 30 TO LABELGO TO 1
30 HTWOS = -9098.32 • TK«<25.8089 • TK«(-6.7918F-3 • TK#(1.92193E-5 -75 $ 8.90742E-9*TKM) • PK«V - 4.43l54E5*AL0G < 1.*.03042537/v>
$ /TRETURN
CENTRY HCHHSG
80 CHTWOS = .341242E 2 • TK*(-.135836E-1 • TK»< .576578E-4 -S .356297E-7*TK))RETUPN
CP5 ENTRY HSHHSG
CT = l./TKP = 1.E3/PKHTWOS = -,197f2823E07 • .493«J2654E07«P • .23553729E04*P»»5 * T*(
90 % .220P1637E10 - ,90716291E10*P • T« ( .66424594R:i3*P • T# {"S -,1001062eF16 - ,24245227E16*P - .71433945E12*P»*3 • T* <$ ,549e8942E18 > .441167O5E18*P • ,42967062E15»P#*2 • T# (% -.12046576F21 - .32115756E20»P • .97538143P22»T )))))RETURN
9S CENTRY PSHHSL
CHTWOS = 10.«»<9.1*0fl - 1212.52/TK - TK*(.89838E-2 - l.F-5*TK) )RETURN
100 CENTRY SOHHSLT = l./TKHTWOS = - .16334891 • .14096132E-4»FK • T»(95.90954 -
f ,56263771E-2*PK • T»»3«<-.2945149E10 • 1 2 . 1 6 7 9 P 3 * P K * P K •10°; f T*(.54391156Efl*PK + T« (-.19275704F7«PK»FK • T* (
f .H00«e54E18 - ,19429'=04E20»T ) ) ) > )RETURN
CENTRY TCHHSG
110 CT = T* - 273.15HTWOS = <1.2966E-2* T«(7.4542F-5 - T*(?.1632E-7 - 6.3247F-10«T)))
<B • <4,7725F-6»PK • l.Q)RFTUPN
- 100 —
115 CENTRY TCHHSL
CT = TK - 2 7 3 . 1 5HTWOS = 5>.11O98E-O1 • T*<-4.78236E-04 • T«(-3.94523E-0? •
120 * T«(4.70e«30E-08 *T*T»(3.55215E-12 *T« 9*5!847E-14 )RETURN
CENTRY THHHSL
C125 HTWOS s 9.3987 • ALOG(PK) • 230.15
RETURNC
ENTRY TSHHSLC
130 HTWOS = 19.77 • 1. / (.76215AE-2 - .529257E-3 • ALOC(PK))RFTUPN
CENTRY VIHHSG
C135 T = ALOGIO(TK)
HTWOS = P.1963 • T»l-1.22152 • T«(-1.3P768 • .13337»T>>ASSIGN 40 TO L/»BELGO TO 1
40 RO = 1.E-3/V140 HTWOS = 1 .274E-* * T / HTWOS * ( 1 . • TK*#(-.59> * RO #
« <<?57.31<5 • RO»(1.00283F5 • 3.8252E6«R0) ) )RETURN
CENTRY VIHHSL
145 CT = l./TKHTWOS = l.E-3 • EXP<-8.4013 • T*(2.S92fF3 - 3.0361E5*T>>KITURNEND
- 101 -
10
15
20
25
35
50
Cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
#0ECK HS0FUNCTIOM GSPROP <TK.PK,XH2S»YH20)
cPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF H2S - H2C SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES
ARGUMENTSTXPKYH20XH2S
- TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES KELVIN- PRESSURE IN KILOPASCALS- MOLE FRACTION OF f*20 VAFOR IN GASEOUS MIXTURES- MOLE FRACTION OF H2S IN A9UE0US SOLUTIONS
ENTRY POINTS
CFHSOGDEHSOGDEHSOLDIHSOGDIHSOLENHSOGENHSOLEXHDOMEXHDSMEXHSOGEXHSOLEXHSOMHCHSOGODHSOMRVHDOMRVHDSMSTHSOLTCHSOGTChSOLVIHSOGVIHSOLWMHSOGWMHSOL
LIST OF PROPERTIES UNITS
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR MIXTURESDENSITY OF MIXTURESDENSITY OF SATURATED SOLUTIONSDIFFUSIVITY OF H20 IN H2S GASDTFFUSIVITY OF H2S IN H20 LIQUIDENTHALPY CF MIXTURESENTHALPY CF SOLUTIONSEQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT - H2C-HOO-D20EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT - H2S-HDS-D2SEQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE CONSTANT - GAS PHASEEQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE CONSTANTEQUILIBRIUM F.XCHAN6F. CONSTANTHFAT CAPACITY OF MIXTURESOVERALL DISTRIBUTION CONSTANTRELATIVE VOLATILITY - HTO/H2O GAS TO LIQUIDRELATIVE VOLATILITY - HCS/H2S GAS TO LISUIDSURFACE TENSION OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS MILLINEWTONS/MfTRETHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MIXTURES WATTS/METRE/DEG.KTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS WATTS/METRE/DEo.KVISCOSITY CF MIXTURES KG./METRE/SEC.VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS KG./METRE/SEC.MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF MIXTURES GRAMS/MOLEMOLECLLAR WFIGHT OF SOLUTIONS GRAMS/MOLE
KG./CU.METREKG./CU.METRES«.MFTRES/SEC.Sfl.METRES/SEC.JOULES/MOLF.JOULES/MOLE
- LliUIC PHASE- MIXED PHASE
JOULES/MOLE/DEG.K(BETA)
SOLUTION OF RECLICH EQUATION OF STATE FQR HlXTLRFS OF H2S AND H?C
TARRPBCD0RDIF(D
«rPT(TK)«P.7121' • YH20*(12.71374 + YH20»43.601A).03042537 - YH20 » S.45B54E-3-P.77148 * TK/PK3T.775*AR/<PK*T) - BP*(8.3144*TK/PK • BR)-101.32"J#AR«PR/(PK»T>C - R«B
5»D
• .33131
= B * (0 4 ,5*C> -= 0*Q*Q • R*R.GF. 0.0) GO TO 2
PSI = ATAN(SQRT(-C)/P)ÏF <R .LT. 0.0) PSI = PSI • 3.1415926V = ?. • SOPT<AFÇ<«M » CCS«0.33333*PSI) - FGO TO LAPEL(10»20»30f40)
D)0cD
= S(= R= R
jr.- -'
- 0
- 102-
V = C/AGS<C) * <C»C>**,166667 • D/ABS(D> * (D«D>*». 166667 - »GO TO LARELU0»2C.30.40>
60 CENTRY CFHSOG
CASSIGN 10 TO LABELGO TO 1
65 10 GSPROP ~ PK * V / <8.31443 * TK)RETURN
CENTRY DE^SOG
C70 ASSIGN 20 TO LABEL
GO TO 120 GSPROP = (34.Oe - 16.06»YH20> / V
RETURNC
75 ENTRY OEHSOLC
XH2O = 1. - XH2SWATER = <34.0e»XH2S • lfi.02»XH2C) / (XH2S*(2.022E-2 • 4.865E-5*
$ TK) • ie.02»XH20/DEhHOL<TK»PK))80 RETURN
CENTRY OTHSOG
CT = 4<53.5?9/TK
85 GSPROP = 6.007PE-7 » TK«»1.5 / (PK«<.664266 • T«<.952823 -$ ,0761737*T)))RETURN
CENTRY O1HSOL
90 CGSPROP = 1.6279F-9 « < 1 ,E3*VIH»-iCL (TK»PK) ) *« (-1 . 14)RETURN
CENTRY ENHSOG
95 CASSIGN 30 TO LABELGO TO 1
30 GSPROP = <1. - Y^2O»(-909fl.32 • TK*(25.80P9 • TK» (-6.79 lflE-3 •% TKM1.92193F-5 - 8.90742E-9«TK)) )) • YH20« (3612P .5 • TK a
100 « <?3.9101 • TK#(9.61?9F-4 • TK«r3.516PE-6 - R.9P415E-10»TK* ))>) • PK»V - 1S1.9R7 • AR * ALOG<1.•BR/V) /RETURN
CENTPi- ENHSOL
105 CGSPROP = XH2S»(ENHHSG(TK.PK) • HSHHSG(TK»PK)) •
Si (1. - Xh2S) • EKHHOL (TK»PK)RETURN
C110 ENTRY F.*HDOM
CGSPROP - 3.7621 • TK» <1 ."50S7E-3 - 4.0E-6«TK)RETURN
- 103 -
115 ENTRY EXHDSMC
GSPROP = 3.33811 • TK«(4.19099E-3 • TK«(-9.28477E-6 •* 7.1767E-9«TK))RETURN
120 CENTRY EXHSOG
CGSPROP = 1.01»EXP(233./TK)RETURN
125 CENTRY EXHSOL
CGSPROP = .9006 • EXP(289.963/TK)RETURN
130 CENTRY FXHSOM
CGSPPOP = .871 « EXP(298./TK>RETURN
135 CENTRY HCHSC3
CGSPROP = 34.1242 • TK»(-1.35S36F-2 • TK«(5.76578E-5 -
S 3.56297E-P*TK)> - YH20M1.8997 • TK»(-1.55062fT-2 • TK»<140 S 4.71074E-5 - 3 .20360F-6*TK)n
RETURNC
ENTRY Of>SOMC
145 X = l.E-6XH20 = 1. - XH2SYH2S = 1. - YH2OAKO = 1 . / (3.7621 • TK<Ml.S057E-3 - 4 . E-6*TK))AKS = 1 . / (3.33P1 • TK«(4.1910E-3 - TK*(9.2848E-6 - 7.1767E-9«TK
150 * ) ) )RT = (X*X-1 • SORT((1.-X-X)»«2 • 16.«X*(l.-X)*AK0)> /
S (4.«(l.-X)*flK0)RS c RT » 1.1104 • EXP<-2A9.9€3/TK>Y = 0.5»(l. • ?.*RS*AKS) / (1. • RS^AKS • l./PS)
155 XE = XH20»X • XH2S«YV = RT * 1.1596 « EXP(-65.43/TK»0 s P« » 1.0340 * EXP(-fl.037/TK)XV = 0.5 * (1. • 2.»V»AK0> / (1. • V*AKO • l./V)YO « 0.5 • (1. • 2.*0«AKS) / (1. • G«AKS • l./C)
160 YE s YH2S*YQ • Yh?O«XVGSPPOP = XE»<1.-YE) / fY€»(l#-XE))RETURN
CENTRY RV^DOM
165 CGSPROP = 1.1596 * EXPC-65.43/TK)RETURN
CENTRY RVHDSM
170 CGSPROP = 1.034 * FXP<-8.037/TK)
- 104-
175
180
185
190
RETURN
ENTRY STHSOL
T = TK - 273.15p = PK - PShHOL(TK)GSPROP = 72.7118 - T»«3*(.23994E-4 - .885018E-9«T«T> •
S P*(-.0275632 • T*<.384792E-3 - .157879E-5«T>)RETURN
ENTRY TOSOG
• 6.3247E-10«T )>- 0.4510F-10*TK)>
T = TK - 273.15AKS * ,012966 • T «( 7.4542E-5 •» T «M-2.1632E-7AKO = .010245 • TK«(-8.213?E-6 • TK#( O.141OE-6YS = 3.24215 • (1. - YH20)YO = 2 . 6 2 1 7 0 « YI-20AKM s (AKS»YS • AKO*YO) / <YS • YC)PPM r 1.5fl84E-5»PK / (YH20 - 2.0875 - 13.0218/(YH2O-2.4067)) •GSPROP ~ PRM * AKMRETURN
ENTRY TCHSOL195
200
205
2?0
225
XH2O =SV =
1. -1. /
XH?S<3<i.08*XH2S • lfl.02*XH20>
AKO = TCHKOL<TK»PK)AKS = TCHHSL(TK*PK)GSPROP = SV«<3A.08«XH2S»AKS • IP,0c*Xh2O#AKO - 442.168*<AKS-AKO)«5 XH2S*XH2O«SV)RETMPN
ENTRY VIHSOG
ASSIGN 40 TO LflRELfiO TO 1
40 V =YH2S =T =VIO =VIS =svos =
.0406 « (L.4067 - YH20) / V
VIC =
GSPROPRETURN
AIOGIO(TK).4070E-7*TK - .30772E-5l .F -3 » SSPT(TK) / (6433.5? 6 1 . 6 7 * T ) ) )SORT(VIC/VIS)VTO • YH2O / (YH2CVTS » YH2S / (YH2S.28511 « (Yh20 • 1.
• T«(-958.81 - T»(1098.2 -
YH2SM.5347 • ,6271*V0S>*«2) •YH2C«(.456O • .388P/VOS)»«2>
«.16667 / (S«RT(34.08 - 16.06«YH?O>* (YH20 - 2.0875 - 13.0218 / (YH2C - 2 .4067) ) • * .66667)
= GSP • 1.06E-7 » <FXPU.439»V) - EXP (-1 .111«V»»1 .858) ),
ENTRY VTHSOL
XH2O = 1 . - XH2SVS = 4.865E"S*TK • .020221VO = l».O2 / DEhf-OHTK.PK)GSPROP = <XH2S««2»VS*VIH»"SL(TK,PK) • XH2O««2*VC*VIHHOL (TK.PK) •
I 5.2274F-13 «XH20«XH2S * SOPT<VS»VO) • EXP(6770.3/TK)) /
— 105 —
$ (XH2S»VS • XH20*V0>230 RETURN
CENTRY WMHSOG
CGSPROP = 34.08 - 16.06*YH20
235 RETURNC
ENTRY WHHSOLC
GSPROP = 18.02 • 16.06*XH2S240 RETURN
END
- 106-
APPENDIX A
TABLES OF PROPERTIES Page
Table A-l Specific Volume of H2S Gas 108Table A-2 Enthalpy of H2S Gas 110Table A-3 Entropy of H2S Gas 112Table A-4 Fugacity of H2S Gas 114Table A-5 Joule-Thornson Coefficient of H2S 116Table A-6 Saturation Density of H2S Vapour 117Table A-7 Saturation Density of H2S Liquid 118Table A-8 Saturation Pressure of H2S 119Table A-9 Latent Heat of H2S Vaporization 120Table A-10 Enthalpy of H2S Gas at Saturation 121Table A-11 Enthalpy of H2S Liquid at Saturation 122Table A-12 Specific Heat of Liquid H2S 123Table A-13 Viscosity of H2S Gas 124Table A-14 Viscosity of H2S Liquid 126Table A-15 Thermal Conductivity of H2S Gas 127Table A-16 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid H2S 129Table A-17 Surface Tension of Liquid H2S 130Table A-18 Mole Fraction of H20 Vapour in H2S and H20 131Table A-19 Mole Fraction of H2S Dissolved in H20 and H2S 133Table A-20 Fugacity Coefficient of H2S in H2S and H20 Gas 135Table A-21 Fugacity Coefficient of H20 in H2S and H20 Gas 137Table A-22 Henry's Law Constant Reduced to Saturation 139
Pressure of SolventTable A-23 Activity Coefficient of H2S in H20 and H2S 140
LiquidTable A-24 Density of Saturated Aqueous Solutions 142Table A-25 Molecular Weight of Saturated Aqueous Solutions 144Table A-26 Molecular Weight of Saturated Gas Mixtures 146Table A-27 Compressibility Factor of H2S and H20 Gas 148
MixturesTable A-28 Density of Saturated Gas Mixtures 150Table A-29 Enthalpy of H2S Saturated with H2O Vapour 152Table A-30 Entropy of H2S Saturated with H20 Vapour 154Table A-31 Heat of Solution of H2S in H20 156Table A-32 Enthalpy of H20 Saturated with Dissolved H2S 158Table A-33 Saturation Temperature of Wet H2S 160Table A-34 Hydrate Formation Temperature 161Table A-35 Viscosity of Water Saturated H2S Gas 162Table A-36 Viscosity of H20 Saturated With Dissolved H2S 164
-107-
Table A-37 Thermal Conductivity of Water-Saturated H2SGas
Table A-38 Thermal Conductivity of H20 Saturated withDisso ved H2S
Table A-39 Diffusion Coefficient of H20 in H2S GasTable A-40 Diffusion Coefficient of H2S in H20 LiquidTable A-41 Surface Tension of H20 Against H2S VapourTable A-42 Equilibrium Constant for Gas Phase ReactionTable A-43 Equilibrium Constant for Mixed Phase ReactionTable A-44 Equilibrium Constant for Liquid Phase ReactionTable A-45 Relative Volatility of (HD0/H20) Gas to
(HD0/H20) LiquidTable A-46 Relative Volatility of (HDS/H2S) Gas to
(HDS/H2S) LiquidTable A-47 Equilibrium Constant for H20-HD0-D20Table A-48 Equilibrium Constant for H2S-HDS-D2STable A-49 Overall Distribution Constant
179
180181182
- 108 —
u r- n .»cv. n .» .»-I r* o m** —i (vi <\i
<Vi o- — a,c\j n in u>cc -N .j i>c* - oj (vi OJ f
oN
in4)
~ * (vi 45 ir•» 4> CD C(vi in CQ moj (vj (vi r>
oco —> m in r»
in tr- (vi w~ < w ••* -a-
ICO
CM32
CKO
w
• 4O
wCO
<wpa
IS
n in r- cr *«l
ICOCO
~* (Vi (T ~« Hir *7 oj r» r*« in co ry m•» -T -T U' U
»L (V.1 1^
ci*! i - — •» aIT- ir x. <L
o
u. in (Vi u-r, (v. — a-o i v u
* in • * r>o o* (vj
»« r> (vi co«~ ©
co — <t r
cc c r
ir a (vi ir
(V. O* C5 IT f—
c n N wIT a a c
o ir o if:in in »t *>i
i/i ^- iii a-in r: c r- •»n vD o- — -»
c j - m in
o u <jCO © l"> * 0>,•9 in IT in in
(viinco ~ •»'m in in * *
o © <r co r-
•• n if> tn nr ir u- in ir) 41 O" OJ U>
<t 4 ITf - CC »
in in
Ob © -> Or in (vi cr>JJ- r- © "
au ixi ~ * •!m cvi cr m,_ BODr- r- co oc
>H ^* © r ^i (vi © cu in n
o (Vi in covc N- r- r-
cu * (M i^ oi>o in -r (vi -«(vi in a' -< *r* f* r* cv cc
a n in r-,© co m (vi
•» -r r>r* in f*i
* cr oj m'co a; cr &
a ^ nlin •» n D (vico i-* >» r*r cc cc- cr 0s
r Itr <vicr (Vi if l o
r c c
n (Vi © rr- O O- tr i »ti co
© 4.C- 43 45 IT
o> n. m a. HO O © • "
c^ - ^« (VJ rvj ru.
n cc rvj inr- co a ir•c cr (vi in co
r> * a —U! CL -— ITa cc cr o>
cr >£ r: r-<r a- rvj i r(V. ir a- rutr cr cr o
c. ^- — —
• c: O O <-»• • • • •• (\J fVj f\j (\J
O (VI CV. r- O\(T- (M \n CL ©in cr <v LT 0"
4) (VI 41 ©4. CC —
(Vj tr <r (v, trftj a iv r "
<t :(Vl CU -T U-
[Vj (V IVJ (Vl (VI '(V (VI (VI IV IV
corMf if -ir~CMT(Vir nanti r anr-tv
© ir ©fir © w © u"r ' c r o
c * » in a>(^ ct •* cr ffm in co © mco cc cc cr c
in m 4. h- r-oo •»• © \tt (viica " •» 4) crIce o- cr tr c
COMfln O45 -" 454) n © K •» or- o» p> o mm ico r>
OO ©|©-> it
• - Cl ^cir e
41 >T (V•a ©
— r-o e o
rvi (VI rvi
co in o Ln cr[a? 4) j - —. coo r i 4J tr **
(V, (V. (Vjfv. c\
a. I\J in HI O-» D •- cr|r- o rj ui co
cc a © o> crir o ip ir
a cr a.© »-1 (\i
4> 4 inr* o* «-— j - a —-j ^ *j u*
(V (V (V
U U U 4• • • •
(V (Vj (V (V
;(VJ (VI 1VJ
n in co•on ©* r- oe* ^H (VJ
*-" (VI •—41 4 (Vl
•r n ©cr cocr — >i
|f- in (viIT u* tr45 tr (vj
'I -T
•T ivi a•a- in inn a. —
in
V (VJ (
r- ar- ©U 4
© (*• ir r-«i r o- n— » r- ^4 4 4: r-
(V (V. (V. (V,
cc a x>- ina —r- a
(v (V (V.
© IT © IT © IT oin u> >c 4; i«- r- a.'
- 1 0 9 -
4* * *- P-n NC o- — •OCDCCO'
inoj
nj
oj
in
*o eo «•* •*oo a CP CP or
<\j in cc « coi- in «VJ cr- ina> *< •» •€ vco CP cp-
oj <c m in c?
^* *r p» cr* OJ
IM « ff.» p- cr oj inCP CP CP o ©
CO
COCM
X[no
S
u
WuwOHCO
I—1
-iW
pa«£
s>COCO
inotvt
o
1\J
IPcr•
p- o OJ m cc
CO OJ Cr IM CP
ninoirMi
a o oo **
- cr ' a oIT •» •» ru —
) o O »-« f*
cr cr cr a' *sc a- cvj IT cro c •- -
•jiririd*
IM — r- tr* IT r> p- ~<
C O © O
in oo ec n >o
IT i
•onp-oonoino^voiO oo o win
IM (M M M n o n
i-a MMO ^ i-"
D m a;p- «^ in CP n ^ »^
<r c in« ri * a >«
a in rIVJON
U0
p- a r< <c>- i \ (V <v
O L T C I f Ol
IT IT (V IT <£n <v — a p-o- (\» in p* o
icciroir» m m t
ir a ui •- ircr•>- n ir
» in •» oj co n p- i— oj •» r "
i rK. con >f cr «-" *j
! co •— o-3- in in
0- — Oj r-p- <r or
n p- cr o-• p- oj r~ ncninn
•j u U' u- if
r. o. a. icr *c oj CP
r ao (Vim r-
n f1 (""•
HI\JI*I
OJ ^ <i 00 CPp- o> "-< n mn n •» •*
J(\i ui r- tr
->• -I -I -a-
-"O P- <co o —i r> inH j * (C o nj
^ o OJ nCP •-« mp* o oj r
o o
in cc -- •»d o w n
in in m in>- c OJ in P-
— - I M. CC* * M3 >U
r m OJ cc ojI CP tVJ '• ,£> CP •
CC OJ i C O
in >i >c' -t
cc o OJ ccoj p- ojr i r t
cr «- ,• •» i r i r ur I
o u- o u- or> P- a a. CP
in o in o ir c IT e if. ei \ n
O ^ J.' r> r". -» -J
n in r* cr-» .» •« »
p* CO CO IP4 >0 CD O OJ
•» •» -I in u
rip- o coin« N J Kl *cc o oj -r o•» in in m in in
-I ITn in
in in in
in r- CPir in in
* <o inr- oo cr00 O (VI
o *, OC CP
n r\j
OJ •»
p- p- P-
*C cr •— OJ OJ>IJ U* IV
n*jion
— CP
UI U Om P* or- p^ a.
*- a, >T <=cc >-« ir. CP
_ u- nOj IT CP
vC Cr *•« lu1. cr •* <in p* o i
1/ o u. oo C in cca a a a
a } c 4ir a: o na a cr CP
IT P-
a a
r- r- aCP r~oj incr cr
o in o<c a. —cr cr o
- 1 1 0 -
©
GA
S
03rg
S
fc.O
3»COCO
CM
inIT
•
©i n
uo
f- * •» Pi y.
— cv> .» cr rvi(VI —i O CJ> ©n —• (vi in
m-to r«n cr «••> ai ui
© ui r~ cr (\jcr cr GD r* GO
.0 co <C T fco p- (v c J r>(M i •-• P. m
p- * o» oo r>«o o p- cc •»
•-i <o p- a ©III -T UI UIIVI i wni •
© PI CO 00 I00 U> 00 >O i
rt HCElOJ• <\JI 11 #- P I in
I
pi n P- — cvi— * \o CVJ
*• -^ © in cr ')>ocr*™'(v1 cu cu r> iij ~ ~> 0*'— P I in
«x cc cr cr p-eo — — — CVJ • * \DI
U) UI P" CLao • * <-« * * in
in IT h- c oc
i n o * «
PI s» CVI (© © © I
© p- p i c P I P- —o cr cr oo co p-p-~~ t «O00 © (VI •»
- (VI (VI (V
• o cc in —1 P I CVJ CVI CVI• cr — pi in
^ — in a- —
»-<Vl-»(VIOJ (V
n ui o rxvi>o vo <c
^«vl p-^< n i-# • *
o> r» •» o mU) U) Ul UI «
IT ^^ P] II
>ti in n o•a" •» in co •«
icy ruo1 op- *u o (\j
© in cr
co © CM P I in
M; IT p- ~* «uin in p- <vi <r
innnn
^- r"/ p- in p-
CC © (VI PIa. cc p-
c^«P, U P - C T . - P <TM.
iMrn
OT. If KT CCC>c>cir-iPiri<vo
« r i u"» P- tr »-< P: ui P-
j a — (v.• o cr o* cc
(V tr IT p-
-» ^ p" (V,i>- >c in •» na •- n IT p-
• O IT O IT'Om t v n
IT O IT © IT* in in * £
p-ooj*vOp-oocr•PfOjcvj^^ocrciii^-vij 14) u» • * P» (v
p*KJC7(VI<TVU«f^(VI(vi(vip)pip>r>pi'a">»
- p- <c u
< CVJ CVI (V
UI cv P' Uajoc J
P) PI PI P) (VI
o ^"Pi in(VI (VI (Vl (VI
XP- in cc o
con-tu". (Vi (V (VI (VI
* p - P- PI >O
1 (VI —X O (VI -S--•IVJ IV IV (V
<t IT*D in •
cc p- *c- inC (VI «T U(VI (VI (VI (VI
cc n p- tvcc cr P- -»
cf r- ir p"o cr a P-i« (VI » vC(V. rv. fti (Vi
If Olf Op- cc a cr
* p ( T<c ui • * » n>£) 00 O (VI <9OJ (vi P5ci n
ai ui p- ct>oin - "
oc o —O) p- * * UlVC CO O (VI J-(VI (VI PI D D
. - P) CO O (VI C4onm«
io— p-aimp-oocro
m MJ * p-
P- 0"l«— (VJ *(VI (VI PI PI PI
' p? P I PIUl CC C
i" no — ©» — n u(vi p> r* p
• * O rt
co -r PI a r)
VI — O Cf1 P-
0- — PIVJ IVI n P)
C V p- f> Pec co co r-
(vi PI * in *tfncv o
^ P) • * P- - "
P- P- P- 0D1> U) ^CCiO (Vi"4*
K 00 00 CD CT CM (* C C I O I —
O CO CVI P IUl
«- * — in o>cr c c u i n o p - tfcvi —
cr co »*• *
PI pi j
•» O- O (VI
(VI — O O> IT
>- cr >-< (vi.»
p> cc pi cr in
& ^ P I - " o^ pi cvt — o
•-* P) 1/1i n « *
' — I
ouC — P U | P - C " - " P UP" PI p* P" JP P) -t *»
— crp-u"cvjc*au"p —
O (VI <T Ul ,P* C* — P: ITPI PI PI PI PI ci 4
» p c v , ^ iPl *c o — •<* p- o
p ^ ( , c cI — c r e e p - i n - *
«c ip- cr — f . i»"i p j P I P I J ^ ^
oirouio
MJ «; r- (Vi p;<V p-
f in iMin p- crin in in
cvjnj-uip-cocr —* U) • *
i t • * • * in u-
— cc cr ou* PI « o o
( oo o1 e> —o>ajp-p-«ti
IM D n * in
ic cu ir *-* r)c * ui m in j i
p•j in in mkn ui in
PI pi pi PI* P) (VI — O•c or o cvi
IT Ul Ul
OJ LT — U— vO O O
•a cc ocvt •»r ui ui ui
•->oininr-incccc
— cr p- p- a
p- .c Ulr- >c inau o (VJ•J Ul Ul Ul
n r- (vi cr r-
a- (vi — o- a
P- U *T (VIo cr cc p-cr © ru •»
© a (V: •»
r> — (vi -rivc a ic(v. — cr aa — (V; -»•» U1 ui ir
oiroifui ui <o >u
— tr a.-•* cc •»
CVJ r ) <*ui •» P>Ul p- crin ui Ui
OP-©CD P- oo
ul to P-* U) -TUl P" O>
in
oo oo (Viin — cr
o• p- * )vp- crui in
it p- P)evi in o
pi r> »cr cc P-m p- crLn in in
(VJ PJ IVIcr cr —
•c r- crin ui ui
i> w oin ui -c
pi r>I\J —CL O
* pi (Vj4. a o
-i
PI — (VJ
- ©crj ; u1 PI
a oU l *L>
•» Ui-» (VJ
PI (V.\O Ula eIT •£•
u- ©
p- co
-111 -
in(vi
o(VJ
in
cvi
o
(VI
coco
a
ma
uo
in in (vico cc r> <vj ifQ* *C • * <VJ 0« •» nj • >->ii l l
•-*.<© * r* co
in^ <r (vii I i
— in co o•t r> r> —
CD n tviui a-
Ml PI *•»i r •
n *o « cr CDcom >o © cr
r-nojg>(r^ * • W © (Vl
cr *o r» co ©p» in m p*in n i *- ' (vi i i
in co «£) fvj p-
0 o n o (v^ oj o *-« (vm n » »-« n1 • I
U> CL- 1VI © U
c * n o coO Oi MJ - I Um cvj i ** mI I
o o cr nMJ •-• r- o>
f© * j o n •»4J *tj p- p- P»n r- cr •-< n
ui ir in -r r:7
•r (Vi i •-< ni I
r- (vj * in in
„ n j - i o -
cc ~ <r -jivj cr © p- rcr p- m n •»r •-» (v. •»I I
p~, cr p- p- a** r- m r- ©
in •» « ~c t~
i I
(V <— C CT O<•)•-• (V. IT.I I
Ir- cu <v a iv/ec * «
i-i (vi •-< a* m * \o r»•* >o co © cw
in in r>f- <c o
(M rj -t r>o o <p ou r- w — np — •=< oi nj
-» p- n in•» p- (vi © 4- tun
I— inicruinlcocono-t
fl-f 1/lMhlOnjiC
* P- • * • * (VJ
(vi <c co cr c crin
I C CD O © | 0 CC O »in in in in volm m in in in
J * >ocoK\J (\J (VJ (*1 CO
J " 1i <->p-^i cr
• O i-i (VI —:• co corn co
lenita-taj p-1«- r- *. «ookvj <vj <vi n n
* i o coo —io co in n r>
iii ti mKM (v) (vi n n
(M <\J
KVlin r- ci>-r>KVJ (vi (\J e>
p o o cc in•r in in in -t <3-
in
vi N r- ->o-
»if»p-cr - .
!-• ^- — (vi (vi
mo juin t in o
o r no-(VI -< — O
cr o o a•a- in in •»
.» iv, o r-o o © a*
o if o if,i/> in <c x.
o (vi *
c rifvj (vi. co sr
o n p- o> vein o cr P-r> r> o> M o r- (vikn >c P- <- *
|m p- o> •—kv i tvi n n
n p- cr < r")•
V I O >U U1 <*>in in (vi >o
•* cc \ Jlo o> CT a P-X> C * * PI
oe -» oin4 .» •» n ("> <vi (vi <-••-•<
«SO (Vjlj t O O '« jI n n n * •*
|O M O (\l F<p- »^ (VI #M
,o -r * cr uCD (*) P- O PI
hO "-• P- (VI P-«m in *« co o (vi( * •
n o> •» coco r» P» • * ,
ill • O (VIn n * •»
Jp- - m e c>m •» r i (*>«u tv (v•» •» in \r
nkn ^<cr (vi •-<Rvi © >o r> o>
pcxvi <
to1 n p- »• in
in p- c> •«r n <t
ku tr P* MJ ITn P n
n P- c
p- cr ^ n
I© c o -»©in ©if(VJ<-i<->C
_ >o co © (V; * •* •» in if
U « o in o>n n w H-O CO © (V•r « m u
kc o- •" cf ifkc (vi >c cu i-i|
cc (vi m cc (veo a- p- - £
^ m in inr- n IT u
o n m r- cl ( v
n n (vj (\i — - . o cr-
) IT; inOIV I -T
- (VI (VI [VI
-» in ~ a- r-" o rn
o n p- ^a- a <r r- f-
t 4• - • " (V/ (V (V,
> IT © I f .i
i<r>c(viincDinp-p-cr-© cr cc i
i iv m p- _ ,a-p'xtinin^r^oj^^
p- c "•• tr* n n IM <-
a o (vi <a*
cr —i r; iri cr cr X- P-
p- cr «-! r i
kt a cr <— (VJ: in •» •» c
p- cr "-<
C p- 0" " f.*o ir -* 'J (n* a © rv, •*
IT © IT © If
if- « a cr cIM ••» © C cr<c or o ~ nn m * ^ *
c r' CVi >» P- ©
kv n in P-h, p- <c in -Iu- p- cr •"\ -t tv
If o IT'iw in in >
I IP ~-
c j - cc!cr o coInm p-[in in in
ai © •»If) CU On p" (vjMOO
« cojifi in in
if» <o e»m •» nr- in
(VJ (VJ •-«- I XJ «1
in in
OffP)in o t-- . in ccj n ivj•9- <c a
I in m m
« o •»•» p- o
m co (VJin * *
M © u:o -3- a
p- cr —<c a:
sT « a
(VI CC
cr o
—> a-«» (Vj
>£: a— oP- crm u'
a •»cr —(V. (Vp- ain m
- 1 1 2 -
aITlCM
el
C
gto
CO
c00
inNO
inIT
COCM33
hiO
tg
3CO
d<sEdu2CL,
s5COCO
g• A*
in•
in
-a-
or
o
«* cr a p-. - p- p- >-O IT (VI CMt\jp> m p-
00 (VI CVitVI• I I I
4as * CM —i P Ia. o rvi jCVI CVJ i— O ON
CVJ OJ l \ l CVJ
i • I i
P- (f <O •»*-< .? CD »-4 CV
jcvi <vj cvi cviI I I I
P I o ou cr cvcvi •» m P-
<v, — i o o- ccvj CVJ cvi •-> i i i
cc fn n cp- — •» IT ncr p- « p» ooc o oj *
CVi CVi CVJ • -
I I I I
H. -> UI I - ~Tin .» >-> >o cc
O CV CT* CT1 CVJ
o a? cr ©t\j n ui aj •
r\j cvI I
0 o cr a*i v cvj ••* »^1 I I I
vf cc (>• cvi m
cc r ct p- in
c o a a r-cv » - »™ »-» p™I I I I I
»— a; r a1 t\.ir »-«if t to »^O O »-* T 0 s
» Ti If Ml© u* a;cvi — •-•i i i
^ r. o ȣ cvct a r- o cr
• o tr c cr onj cvi n n j
•jcmth,c
ON oo p - NO
• i i i
O. * O> "t(r r> cvt
tc — m <c croo <o ui in p- o •» cr in"" - " I M in c cvi mf -
\w oo i*- *o in
cv © in o« uia> CVJ c o tnKc cvj oo r- «Im or e n «
[ cr f) * r!••« p- oo cvi c»
"•• OD p- ccvj in P- © P )
| f >0 O- *'T O p- i1
cr cv; -jj p- o[P- P- NJL1 IT IT
I I I I
O/ «/ (/" ^*in p- p i ncv a so i/i m
|p- NO NO in •
I I I
er j ) •* ino u» "H inonnn
i/i u> «j
i I i
© u, tr p/ p,4
.» in cc• •-> *in oo >•* m oc
m •* •» *^i-^ »^ #M »-i i i i i
|in •* r? o cvj|
I I I i I
oo cr r> p- m in (vi r-• 'in « c m "
oincvi « CVJ r- cr cvj»o •-<]a* cvi •u cr m
co cr cvi in ccp- cr n P-Nc cr n *
n cricv-cvj)
i i t i i
<7
D r-o n p-
* cv )«j CVJ cr i rcvj a* * incvi m tr M
I rM O O
• I I
r> r»- cvi *I n CVJ -< oo
CVI O 00cr n p- o
>- « © o c
i n <o < o m tv' (M -» —
-j- co cv
> * r- p> •->• n •» co
i r» #-« m cr
•-'OiOO--> i
t i i
cr o in cc ncc cvi in « scir r- in •» 'tfo ^ cr cvi -
\o- f-< a•) cr »•• « ou
lin *v cr cvj ifl ^ on r
HOCMJ CC
1 «/ u T trltPa, n cr <o cvilcc
<r n cvj cvj »H!C3 O cr au orj
* e i>J1IVOOOcr cvi in x ~*
CNLU'NJ
I I I I i I I I t
p i n o i ntr c tvj rin:inui n a
vj>£'-'P-;'»cvit— oj p' •-• -* a cv M: o
I I I
>t i— c •-rvj - . — tvu a •- ^
oc r- x —in j j•- » p- c
irjrrr
i i i i
IT. O1 -I C N
itr cr a a P-l i i l
n * cr cvi in p. cc a: in •—j r- — r- r~ o a r r- ap- c. . i p- • - if a CVJ >t o
i «ooia a a p-p-
i i 1
© cr © ©
ec c\j ><;• CVJ
PI p- o j p-<c cc c\j i i cvj ff kr
cr »-* cc »c cv.•-.i 'OP-
|rv — — o a
i i i i
i© ire in o ir o v o i rip- p- a cc tr
a p- p- N£I I I I
I? O O x M
CO P- CVI r -fVj P*) (VI CCin oo o~in cr •»ct- co P- r-t t I I
a j i00 O CVI -Tec n r- •-<
in \C(VJ-H
cr pirn *T in P- oi p- •-> *
oo r- <ci i
O id O • - COP- o pi <;
vi NO CVJ © NO
U) O I
^ *u •it ui m
in ~ P. csj,. cr cv Ntm cr -» cc
pi o p- ~IT f\j IP U?
a u>^<7< CVP- <t*H ^ P- •—cr P p- rv.
O P- CV, Jpi « r - crp- o n i»
Lfl IT P1
l i t !
ITOI/.C(V PI P1 •»
OC IM CC • }cvi P- •- -c<c in in •»•i i t i
l a cvi cvi P I|"-« cr P) P ICVJ >c cvi oop •» cr P I
k> in •»• •»
loo •-• oo P-kn •* to cri
|cvj -< P- aj <i'"1 oj .J *^
^ cr p> co
[co in •* cvi o
4- <J P) c\j cv
nn ry a
pi p- • - cv<£ in • - cv
* c p-•jora
P C\ C\ • -I I I I
a cc >c —(vr> c p« •» •-> ap cv r- •-cv cv. - « —I I i
cr © NIV. » *
p- m PIin © in
pi pi cviI i t
CVJ <•-« cr cvicvj cr coP) P- CVi
P> CVJ CVI
I I
m p- in,cr r- «in P) cvjO H I O
ON N(J U lr- cvi r»
CV.CVl —
* I I
\ l -M I -I
CVI CC•-* cco or
P- IT•» >C- I <t•- p:
- 1 1 3 -
CM
u-lCM
G
!xQ
33
CO
HCO
ICOCO
in(VI
o(VJ
o
(VJ
o
n r- IV .» r
>o in * m ft1M (VI (VI <V1 (V• • i I
cti r- m a*n n r) crr» to co OJcc cr o (vi .»in •» •» D (v(VI (VI (VI (VI (VI I I I
(vi r> o m (\tr r- •*• * (vi00 CD ••* tO »Jfi n vc oo cp •••
U I 4<vj i\j <v
r> ** *£> co(VI eg —i a-o o <r crr> c if> <o ou
(VI 00 *•« CT »-»rvi (vi " in *
o < cr -o^
IT •» IT (Vi —(VI CV] (VI (VI (VII I I I
p» o ao p- ir>(vi * in cr m•-* (VJ vu (VI ••*o « rj j - >c
U) O 0* (J1 ^•* *c r» in(VI «T ou -T oc o (V I T oc
u> 'S1 r> (vi ^(VI (VJ (Vt (V. (Vj
IVJ 1* MJ C3 »LO O «C \O £IV ^ CC IT i^ cc cr -*
oj IVJ u i r-ujr o->
L n cr
>* n (vi rvi -•CVi (VI (V; nI I I •
f |(vj (v (vi rvj cv.• I i i
OIL i (V(\- ui « cr^ (vj in
(VI (\J IV) IVJ (\JI I I I I
1" 0" (Vj r
(VJ \0 (VI O *-*
(V ( \ ( \ (Vj (VI I I I I
•» o cr ac•-• »£> (V *M (
r: oj •— oIVJ (VI (VI ojl I I I
c o- a r*— r- i^ — jo m (V; (\j r)(v. (r IT i-. crr: (v »- o o-(Vl (V; (V, (V. - <i i i i i
ou*<oir ot\j(\i n n
a v ^ r- a.ncaivn4 in r~ (vi ocoo o (Vj in ^
O(VI (VI (VJ «I I I I
[vj in *o •&o o n oo -a*in co o cvi in
— © o cr> oo(VI (VI (VI «-* i-t
I I I !
(vi r- •» c> ~( M H O C( M H
run cr -I orim f» © nF<ou< v OJ
(VI C1 (V (V*o e in CMvo in in r~
oo iv vo in if
M (Vi (vi j roc <-> 4 r~
•ioon— h- >o h-cr co t r « inin oo *•• in CD
o o cr a i-
cr cr co i
I I I
cr o oc e x(vj vc r
» o (v cr —
r- cr —in c in I
cr rIT. >icr in rvi *-<* cr OJ ir
^ . - . O ITo (v. cc r-— r- » r-<r <i cr (vi
a, r- >
O U ' C ITIT' IT, * . *
\? (vi in cro cr o n
r- <C IT' If •
T i T
^ c t> o
i «j vc n •"•*cr r- in (vt
i a1 in r i cvip< o <a> cc (VJ vc o
oo - « <r oo «-•
vo in sr
77 T
(v «r crnin * ncr — .» aP: p- © n
<)> OL © U'» vt — vC (Vf-> (V I/' CC r
4 I €ir oc — >c0C — IT 0C
IT • o If &r- a oc cr
ot r i (Vi cr (Vi#-« n in »© cc•» cr i n (vi>c o> r ) r- i-«
m «• IT nec r~ .* o
cr o (vi•* oo n r-
v r ) m (vi (vj
r* n »H <r- -» in
«c « •» • *-j- cr * cr ncr j -« co r-M in cr rvi «c
<socI I
r•» ncr
oo ao cr o~ c o m
•» cr %o « rm «
i p- r> ini — oo • » O1
I (VJ CD vC
IT rxv. (VII«-
* in •» • - n^ r? n
« rvi r> in ao•a- a
i I I I i
VJ OJ o j •— crcr i r (v o <r
0b (VJ \ D CT
(VI (VJ O
I I I I
* — co >c in
> r- n if•» vC r- *•» •» in r-~ M <O O l f
cio cr a c
-i ui ui n) < i n
» OHI
c cr ac ODi I
* <o x >c a
cr — -I »tvj r- o ru- . a t>-
i «-• a— tr crr o
(V r: r(v cr u- ocr <£ ir inu- cr n r-
© If ©IT© ©•-* ~
cr in a p- a'" I-I p- •— (V.
p- CC *• -3
cr ir a r- r-I I I I
r © cr o© © a (Vi in
cc r- rv ~. •-<(VJ n (v. a »-" c a © ^
o a. p- p- u;I I I I
*-* cr ^J © OL#— v£ a ' ui»'ine "
in c -i cr
oo oo r- u3 <cI I I i I
m • * cr (vi *vo o - i •pi cc (v r- .
o M3 (Vj cr r-
I I i i •
(Mr cr cr(VI (VI CC i-l rH/) <7> D CM/1
n O-9 (Toj r- r- vci u>i l l i i
in aj r- cr<c <o r> r- r-r ofcr n cc (vi p-
<f \C Ifi i I
oc oj n © cr•r <i) - er o>
** vc o in cr
> vC O• ao >cI CO <C
cvi in *o-T M5 • *
- U'M MJ • "
© o p-oa.
ou * n• I cr
•» -» n
J IVI VLJ r i <M uu (oinp-ira
ccriccncf "en
cr -j <\J —m p- in cr(V r- r> CT(V vt' r~ IS
>- a »«cr <• vc
p- a (v. vcp- c ©(V a P- — vC —
If UI I
cirII) Ul
.1 -JI I
n r- r-at' IVJ (M
— cr
vC — (VI© a. <•n p- (Vj
p pI I
© v£•J vC
^ ir r-cr ir
n rI
-114-
a
C/JCM CO
se FH
o w
COCO
S3
ep-
in
uiUI
P- oc oc r-m in in in
(V* o <r cr or- P> (viin •»
o <r in in ccp- in a- o> m
cr o o cr OPH P) *}"
ui ui m (iii •» * in •o p-
•» »« eu u>CO CD P*
in ui in u>
ccinoj-jir. crccir-cc-tr-CT-picr—•- - - -- -ipipicrw
IVJ cvi iv o v•t •» tn m in
>O UI P- P- O CO
>D CO CL a^ i\jtii ni
p- »c «T (v cr
< •» 4 •» >»
IVJ ~* i/i *c cc» ( V C 3
ro co in tnco oo <f as o* co
HI- o a; nO O " -> (M
eo n r- (vi(vi n n
i in m ji ui In in in in in lui
» n in m• c* in r- u
«f D *o n r-ivi c> ui
(VI — p - -I' (V I (V CU
>o r ) o> in of in u> >c r~
a} pi ai r— tv.- rvi r-. ttin IT in in
a « •» -o *(v- in n *ir r ui IU ITa? r a a- on n n n ri
pi a.1 >t> IVJ ar- •»• r- >t o
^ o* in iv. co
fvi cr u •— P-u u * p- r<A ( V (V. (V (V.
i iv ou p* a! Ir* a* i
(VJ OJ '^" <\J « 1
iv. n. n n •* :« IT if ? if - «.
IV c in acc r- r> r-
<-« <o « mr1>- eo co
O ?V IV *•*CO O
cr in o inin o- - i o
1 cr © p»' (v (vi cr
IVJ \D o n* • * IT. If" in in in if
to ui P* >o PI cr u' P;. PI aooMiiinm*"'
cc (vi «o* o © o •—•» IT in in in
. y - U' aj
o- (vi in a.*c P r- r-
v i v ( v . ( v p r r r
i <? *j- o IT' fc- u"- a- n r- H in a <~ •• •— IS. P'< P I hT ^J U ' U ' ,tJJV >t. t/J p- I«<u (v- iu iv v IVJ iv iv iv nj iv <v (vi i
a a ir o irh- If C* (V O
» a •»a a o-
o m c> in o(v rv p; pi *
nomoiroinoinoinoinoin
* -T c m crc pi b • f-a. u. a a
IVJ (Vj t \ j IVJ I V
IP- ~ ft. P)a (v.
iv- in r- o" - ! P", * *
(V. (V. (V. (VI (V,
« i n P) inco -# (vIT PI <t> O•» in in <cfi OJ4 I4 )
M >O * CO* CC —• (VI
n cu (Vi uio u *** *^D
~ O <£>IO •-< (VI •-«
O <T P- OC T <C P-n in in tn
- i-<(Vi O
* (MVI •»« »- C\J (Vi
n m ir
>o a> o»• f~ a. ^
ry c\j ri PI pi-T -T j -
- n in a oau a. a. a:
(V >y
r r<
tr v tr i( V 1VJ IVJ I
<c cc (V ccIT ^ PItCICM•J -» IT U~IV, (Vi IV. ft
moiro(V.P) PI .»
*p O1 A> <T P- t> rvjCO CO
* * Itl
c ftj pi mCO U 1 O 4
(-• pi to tr «PI UI CUPI PI ri<O <4J MJ
cr p- in M itU (VI P- •-* '
CO P - 00111 <V •V
j o n up p- cc a a . . .mininmi/iinmir
PI \D O» Pi
« m cu o (vo(v » p- crPI pi pi PI piir. ui in in in
& o in »p; * a o- cr
l\l XJ -« p- Uln c p- > in
r, p. ir cc -j-n / fv o
co o(VI (M PIr» p- p-
-j cr tnco - < . »
<c cr rvi!>• cr - •
••* P I if i
in in tn
cr cr•T •» -»
in op: o>
r- >o p(VI O P- .»
C U U U'P1 p p r
pi a- m a )cc cr oc o
1 PI PI
p- — CO OPI (T PI CC
tr * a crtr. ir ir in(V. ( V (Vj (VJ
O W O UIin ui <. >c
cc cr •»cr j cr
(V, P)
(v. iv
in op- cc
- 115
o(VI
COcsX
I<
COCO
a a a. n uI i • njir
> 1954
i i m © i"-
nc r mu» o< tr
a o: CTH ©I i r- o M3
ay ri p-
au ou®
cr a: - " « -o1 i MI a.—
oc <c a
a a -» r- o
cc « -J-C *••« (VIr- oc oo
a a D — <rI i n (vj rj
X tT T I N vX"1 cr X 1 (V
^ - ;vj m -3
t ij t 4 ' —« CT
• ; ~ - iv, «'i
JL cr •— ni IT »-* c- c*.
r- a a r-* p- a. cr
O UI O ijl Oo* o: r> P1*' "
cc a~ *-* •» •-cr in •* in c
n r- o t\t<co cr <-• OJ r*a>oooc^ * i-< OJ CM O.
in in ao n
r- o oj uisj- <c r-. ao c
x ^ i r DOJN- OJ cr o m
LJS (Jl (Jl & (A
NvXffOHcc ao oo cr cr
*c r- cc cc co
a. cc cc cc cc
f*> tn (*• n IT
* *3 ^ o\i m
x oc* o> in
* r j is. t» a.
•L -3 Od CT vC
n o in o in^ IP m jr• ^
h'finffi
o o o o c0J OJ OJOJ O.
r- vo cr co oj
m i/i n ojOH(\|D ^o o o o o(M OJ OJ OJ OJ
so r- o co N»^- co co oj r>
su u) - ^ n «
cr co <r U) Oa
o r- M cc
r- in n cc
a cc cr cr cr
%o c*i cr ui u
•r i n <X) r- •**•
r< Lf - H LT
IT U" 'VJ IT U
IT l\i J' «
"i tr u »« J?
o in o in or* a a cr
crcr o -H f\
oj OJ oj OJ n
Oi CO *-4 O \£
99
?050,
2fl
2057,
22
2065,
83
2072.
13
?07fl-
cu vu D tr vu
oo o o aOJ OJ OJ OJ OJ
CM CO * • * OJ -4-
il tf *-* • *
sc i^ cc cc cr
it; o IM in cr
in OJ co *j ©
cr cr cr cr cr
x 3* cr o o
j . j^ r*. — P-,
VJ h X 1 If:
** Oj r* ivj r^
•H v( l« J C
n o ui © utj- © © I-I •-»
o 4 r> in Ain eo co m c
CM OJCM OJ O,
cr cr *o >-* <*i
sj- o * oj r-ao cr cr © oOJ OJ OJ OJ OJ
• * co * cr o
ivi f* r i cu r
OJ OJOJ OJ OJ
CD vO © © X
t-N «JD cr cr s
cr © © © o
r- o o> r- n
cr cr cr u1 cr
© cc - I cr <1912
1917
1922
1927
1531
V vT 3 4 X
<r a r- x 4
*s Is- - u' a
rv, 0- r: n
in « in <r
10 O iO N
04 OJ OJ OJ
OJ P" *~* ^) 'r^ ^-t (M OJ 1
OJ OJ OJ OJ O.
aiojr- «u
0 © 0 0 0
OJ OJ (M <M OJ
OJ vO Ct QJ f -Oj OJ f j f ) »00000[M OJ 0J Oj OJ
© cc a1 »-• cr
© ^ 00 oj m
cr cr o* o* c
^ cr 0 0 •*>
m n sj - ji0* 0* cr O1 cr
0 X1 u"> cr n
VJ r~- x cr so
*. •£ <T 'X, S-
•*• tr 0 0 LT
r~ r* c- 0
© U1 © l/lIT IT. < vC
oj ro OJ
0* n ^*r- co coOJ OJ OJ
^ n 0
^ CO OJ
n n -3"OJ O J O U
cr r» MJ
0 © ©CM OJ OJ
cr D nn cr 0
2\
2044
E9
2047
84 2051
2002.
E005.
CM -J -JCT * - * t\j
in in «f
j"* J I mCL- <— -T
O (VJ OJ
tr —
' * IV.• IV. IV
a a
• iv r-
a r-
r- x
— 1 1 6 —
o00(VI
o©in
«
COCM
f-4 tdb CM
8 3O COco co
i s
iOo
oo
o©
ooc
w
uo
a a a a a
I i i i
t e * . or Ki i i i
a ix ac a a• i i i i
a a a a ai i i i i
a a or a ai I i I I
ct a a. a 0;i i i i i
i i i i p-
(Vi
O ** (V 'C ITJ* f^ 1 UO 0^CC IT - » • - . *or o> cvi p- pi\r p~ ft. © o*
© © © e o© o o o oo o o o o>c I T vf n (Vi
a ct oc ct ct
a: a a tt oci i i i
1 1 1 1 (1
ro
Hasan
M
oIT
a (xa p- eci e i PI c
P- Uin OL
o- r-
i i aj-)'"© pi cr
OOO M>
or pi (vj tc
(VI — — —
PI ©in P» •*.
© PI vt> U* P-
© cr P* <© in
j - PI in & m
. (vu in r-cc (vjm >c
-.cr a ir ©i cr c o (VJ
<irif>t
o o © ©ooo oo © o o
~(V, PI
u. ir p- ui ii
tf) - . - . c o -•-. p- CO (VI ci-i oo <c in j
C- CD O P - CO1") O (VI VO .? o cr in (viu) MJ cr * un
0> CD PI (VI p-vo p- cr o c•JijJP O (ri MJ ivi --> ©co so in •»• P I
in in (M in —in t r (vi —
M 0Q \O >T MJ)
*• w •& PJ rvi
.» ^ P I «< »«•tf t © -T •<— p- o i r •->* « — •-> p-4, UI P) (VI
n PI © «j (vi* p- in r- p-* U' <t r- cr
n >» p) (vi *-
C IM l/~ P- \D
- - - - -
^ ir a it p-
<T PI (V (V( ^^
• O CC (VJ »-
cr in — —». o 4 r ^
p- o •» ec(V. (V.1 — C
© © o © <© © © © c© o o o <I T >C 1 - OC C
a r- ©cr p-
r> o c> cc •;0- o *« *t ffOJ(\J .-HO a
r-f O t/l O ff»y. •> - •-^ o* 4. r- fw/I « O* Pd *
T P* %C *C f*-^ 0 or- 0M« fCU
v^ 000*
* OJ n r tf>11 l ~" IV V *—'* «r ot a ifK - • * OU PI
- . —©cr cr
vj in #- (vi 0j cc r- — 0
n oc (vj p- rvi~ o ©cr cr
n »c ox; * p»- • 0" (VI P-
NiOII'O
(V (vj cc ec (vi
- - " • " • " •
r» (V 0- j p-
r- (v* © pi CL
0 © o> o- or
(VI PI O >C0 in 0 * •
oc r- <c P)(•! r- •» •»0: pi cr ui0* cr a a
3 0 © 0 05 © © © ©3 © O © ©)> O -<(VJ PI
UI «VJO< —
p- in eo in(VIP- (VI CO
cr co co h-
tO CO CD O (71
MVOtflM Pi CC vD 1^ * « - P« PI
r- co co -> <o7> vD (VI r> 1U * * CD CU —•JMI1OUJI
CD CO CD P- P^
in ©cr j - a.•- U) P» (VI -j r i o ocicc.
CD -3* CT «£> (VI
00 ai r- p- p-
<o © cr oc p-© Mn PI p-1 o> cr (vj p-
p- (vi a- m -«cu ay P* P- P-
O CO P- P) ©a (vi <c p- (\ivo — a -
00 a p- p- p-
cr cr (v p- <
IT a - • IVI ->
r- cr pi 0 a.
OP r- r- p. »r
£ O IT (VJ (VjV 1 M J M C T
^ ir (vi in r~j a iron; 0 r- *1 oc •* — a.
E P- p- p- sC
3 O O O O0 © © © O3 O O O O
» in <c i> co
u i r - - j a
o~ in •* in0 p - j - I - I
i> * «ve
3 P I O I 4
•) 0 cr ~*opriw
0 in * PI-1 (vj in 00- ui ui r~J> W H O* * V0 *
VI (VJ PJ tVl
J> M3 P I O
c <o * ve
cr pi © «*» P) — v01 ui p- ©cmnio* * * *
•0 cr .» meo j - cr ©•- U (VIC
ci <u 0 in
74
3T
45
73
1R
P4
93
52
— .» ©«*j -T — cr
. . . .
3«rf.pi . - • a.
0 p- rcr a •-•
: -1 <c P Ipi © cc•C vC IT
O O O0 0 0
0 0 0O — (Vj
(VJ (VJ (VI
- 1 1 7 -
oo
»«evc(VI ©>•* (VI P-
<-> n * <c c>
co © ©o> into(vi i-"0" «-m
o n«o n © p-o co CO PI r> co!•< n in IMT
OJ «-< (VI « OU
M M M C i»- (vi co r- in niko r> cvi.»in
|-> in o f- in !•»•|M N m nj n
*JJ IP (VI O
- . OJ-r in <cH in o iO 4LH M «j (vi ro
> " cr ir> in •-•ui r- no a (vi in inO IP tf* CD *C O
r- xi co « incc r* © cr in
© o f*© •* <o|o u< <l r* < P-
~ ivir>in r-
U 0r> oiir ir ©;^ nm (vi in
i o©
(VI
in >c 0s o* r-« ct <*• I* »tc o o m innw-»o ivil•-> (vi n in r-
o- o i>- f- ©(VI *-• <VJ 0L O
« —. c\jn -
r< m >c r* &© n « n co >c© (vi © ^ *c p-
• • • • • •o ^. (vi n * *o
oo00000
0 © o o of* >o IT .» n1 1 1 1 1
m u* c r, o *m M n © coII) CD t M
ivi i\i 4t
lin 0 *0 MI
U<«(v i (vi r>
, \iv ^ ^ CD okn
\r-it\ 00 « nk -» •« n «
r o> * r-i• - • p- mui c nj ni CDICO
u ai «r ivi ©,* • > *• •
wui Min" au au •»IT m i " ~•» -4 •«• In ~m oi^kn
In in c co (vjkx>w m <o 001-<
r i cc © cc cf© o>(^ © »
9 (Pf1
L-« «o * rn CD]»-i n co crk
« ^ I T in r\
«4p- ui n(viu"
o «trmni^4 ^^ 4 (VI f >
> W *> If© 01 d
< CD m r*
U-« ^- ^ (vi n
• - * * n ct
no- *
© noon o#1 ^ (vi n
— M O I M 4»r (vi n cr *o00 n o* n CD
MMMOIn co oin,r* n on n
O ©COo 000
« o> * * H
4 r i r> col©11 « ivi lu * (vi
HVJ n P- *> <* in * os i
fo co n co —*
I© co<-0'kn i/i •» v —
^ n i\ j 1/1 -o co
<r crIvi © r> ivi •»
« (v ©
on •-_ «>(?• * •«;n P- co o
o> o n © **in ^
SO © ** (VI ©,in «•* c o 0s
|M n IV n 4© (T (VI
cu cr • " OD cr
CMfl (VI ^<(C M O O i*C «? (VI •*CO IP •*
00000
- 118-
r> p- <r a r»I T <t> m in ••—
<0 O1 CM •_ _•9 CM -> C> P- Ifl I
nnx^evooiH
•«c«piflnxcM>
#* it) C* * COO *H * * If)CD OCD CMC* CT
0* C7* <7* CD CDO) <O CO P -p -
(MMMIM*in i ou r CD O D P I O DUU)
» r oin r> *H O co
0D O «C <C OJ
oo
as
o
to
5
om cr «r»9 e i n 4
r flu ^ <*i wiuinnoa
r5"> •» oat' ou <•> r}
* o* oj in
m r, w c e
— in in •"""
(TDOO 00cnr- r- •» *
~OJ « CD *
- ! > • « * X) Ifl
r- o in r> •»
•» in •» (vi tr
cu an a a i>-C M O r- / i cvi tj>
cr "» <c r» -«« " • m co oo
4) O 0* i~ M IT I\J I
. - * ^ F^
o CM e CD ri n <ou CL en ou r-
ac cy cc r»
w ou a r-
cr ec jcc oo oc OJ r-
»* cr o* o* 0s cu tot & cc OLM
" * p- o rulC * c O
ao ooooo
o o oo oi>- <e in •» ni i i i i
o oo o
ooCVJ I I
I I
C\i IT f- * »Of- • * <C <C
CO * O<0 iO *
CD [»• <V• I »" CD If) »"
f
(M « OCM O
J T J O> If) - -
p- r- in * r»r tn t o cr
r> r> r>>0 CM p-<a ii ui
cr cu rj o <\itv joab innop-D
* p- a P-p- p- aj
p- p- p- \o -o
<c — — ru -t n>c if CD i>- P-• • • • •
*t CD C71 P- O>c r> o p -
p- p> >c
CD r> (VI CM M»« CV) OD >MP-
p. « <M • -•C •* r* CO p- r- P- >o <i
oooooooooo
n •» m <. r-
- 119-
C> * CI CU
* * — a, ep- cc <c *e oc<7> i n * <c CM
(vnin
.» p- -<ir- -r o o<u
r- <vj <vi i nno OPKVp- o r> p- «v
#•4 V * P«* (V
"• O(Uin «
©in (vno " •
i sr «&* «pi •» CM n
••» cu e>CO «* (VI l») 0* J* • * « • * * *
* «O> tVI « " "
iOO
CMVIOU1IT> O> !*• P -
-< p- nj o <p- •»
COCM
IS
n n m o o*C\j -» tfl r*
~ r~ -t a.noiHin^ rvj n *r
uo
io -^ co ao CDo m \c cc co
ui U' a. F - « -f~ (V) IT O-T
» IU >H o o
•~i p- r> o p- p» n
>- «(v
o>co m m o>IV Of « »* (\l Ft Wo II) OK OJ O*-U O
« no <r o M mn44ChCD
i OD OD <o o> o in• * U l J 1 'Sr * f <
mm n o>r-
n <*7 -a* o r-
n OD n c on
•» *» 'O jm <-« m cr
I D UI UI IT
O 0 1^^ry^i^a.' *- ir
ICM ** p-« I
mcunr-uiinuinr-m
ooO — ~ <
ooooo
c o oo o= o o o
oo ooo
n P I cu ou *^oc oc oc
in <vi>-* -a*«C r- - : "r- •» 1M —nj m -j in
• <c r* (VI <u c*" • p -
• oo
CO « 4) •»OD (vi m •» o
IM CM r> » m « p- oo
o* CP
r- co
0- <Vi O C t l <V
j r oc *» .IT O C O> <C UI Id
#-» C\J r~ *•*(VI U1 O C D
iC #- LTI O «
co cc cr IVI p-n
a — — oc in
»j- ^^ o n p-
MT ^ -t P- rtxn
i O", 0U
MnU"<
- 1 2 0 -
gMH
OSO UP-i O
O g
S3 8
H
9
©o
• oo
oo
oo
oo
o
* - " J UP acr 4 a cr irin o in cr c
r- ma in cco oo o p- p-
O (VI * O Ocvi cr r- in crCD o o r - cp- -* o m ~*OD a. COP- r-
(vito a* 4 <too p- ** r* CM
— 4* * •=* in
0D OD CO P- P-
c» o 4 «-• or> >c o •» inin OD cr io o00 4 O (VJoc oc coo- r»
up cr ci cvi 4a. r> —' a (\icc rvi n o mou a: p- (viCC CD CD P** P^
5SaS?c> — i i > cr(V ^) p* m crtr m «-" P* cvioc cc cc p- r-
a cr (Viui -c
U1 tl1 IMP Ooc oc OD r- r-
»-* cr o <i. ino ^ rvi <r r-f*) ^|.i ( ^ q_f | ^
jninoo'o> vt (vice r )a oc cc p- p-
•-• u o «* rvj(*) cr CVJ cc
o «© cvi ct *rcr a OL P- p-
cr. 4- o o 0n >c m » inix CT — (1 4<c o n (Vi ccc> r- r* cr 4cr 0, OL P- p-
ooooooooooooooo«- to m 4 n1 1 1 1 1
cr 4" 4 4 rn r> •-* 4 am r* 4 p. -in ~ (vi cc 1in 0 4 r- '>c *o m 4 *
OOldhC<c <o cr iii 4p- p- 4 n 40 >o 00 m ••« <o m 4 <
(vi 4 or ) -0
in (vi 4 —r>
« « in 41 4
p» *o «o n ruuai x>^^0 co in 4 r»«r- 0 00 c- rt iC(P 1**o *o in 4 4
cr 00 in incr«-• rj 4 cc p-D r> * 4 P-•• (\i * 0 n«<c inm<t
(V) a riru r->-« CO (VI r* <
D CM p- ~ -a<c « in in 4
rviCM -<in«o
a D p- --• ui•e <c \n in <t
0 rvi in ct> p-cr 4" cr 0 4*^ m (j\ gj U1
n cr rj rj cor r) co rvim* * in ui 4
O1 O (VI O O
•£> 4 a 0 m3< 4 arj rut't >t U' IT -J
M cr i n (M (vi- p- * oc p-
— (VI 4 CVI 0" O IT lO CMsin cr n N!»• iC IT m 4
00 0 00D O O O 0OOOOO\ l <••• •-» (VI1 1
-rotf-rcvj 4 cr rvi cv
nocr * (v(VI 4? O* C*r ) 4' 4 cvj an cvj — 0 cc
cvim •-< 4 p.cr r» •-•(Vi crrx-xo 4 «o i n p- cvj cr4 inui •» o>nAiiHoa
cr CD 0 0 covu co in * co
at •» 00 * in
n«v4 — ocr
P- D CM Cl CMlil CU (M 4 V\
CM 0 r> cvTcviu n cu r* "n P- r- « nr> CM -•• 0 cr
a n 4 CT r-m « n eu inooc 4 cvi n4 ••« oc cr >oLJ CL' CO P- 4
r) (vi *-* 0 cr
CAJHIMOp- n cr cr crr» ui n 0 0*••* O 0D ^^
r>cvj<-oa
4 o-« 4^ (j* p-
r> (M cvi •-< c
»«<*«
cr u1 aj 0 4: p- p- 4 cr) 0 t H ao
ri n CM ~ cr
" M J O - OIT 0 a (VJ «c
4 in r- w r>1 -"(VICU C
!T C (VI i-i 0
* r) 0 00 ooJ1<CCC O f )
s x p - cvj in
? cvi n n «» n CM •-< 0
3 O O O Oooooo
1 4 U" N! p-
0
m0a
CDO
On0p-
CO00
CO
inCM
<D
n
00n
CD«•*
cr_VI
cp .
cc
IT4
O
a;
\OT
4/or4a
n»rv:<:4;X
n
1 2 1 -
o•
o
a.
7.0C
•
o«
©
3.0(
oo.
CVl
o
o
«
•J
<? IT >0€C 1
-2082,
-1791.
-1514.
-1254.
p* © <O C CD
m © <-m> p-•"« (V) - IP- PI(VI ** « ~ p-,1 1 1 1 1
a> in P I P - - ,<© p- r- tvi —
cvi cu «u i i ) »•*
< I I I I
IT) MD PI O CDp- If) ©CU If
p- P- (7> P) CO
•-> co in P> o
1 1 1 1 1
(VI *H © *H P-cr in m m cvCVl >O P I <O CD
© © mm o(V| _. , * » - .1 1 1 I 1
(vi in « * •-<
-2233.
-1935,
-1651,
-1382,
-1132,
0* O C © CL'U) 0L IT U' (VI
P> •«• CO tt' iC>c <c P- © mIV) U* MJ ^H
M —c ~ r-i —( ( I I I
o - a ~ *)
O> O- © P I CO
rvj cr p- -r r-
I I i i I
* * CT(v!ii
(VJ (VJ PI *O ©P I ^ p* <r evi(VI (VJ •- «H XI I I I I
n3 O p- P) p.P) CVl »-CC 00
m p> pip- o»in in <c cc (vjP) © P- -41 (vj(CrwnHn1 1 1 1 1
o © ©o ©o o o o o
© ©oo op- <c in ^ nI I i I I
o p> «nji
?!??=o >4 i n )O •>pi * oo cr cv
• I I I
in in P-co v
tr cvj ^Pi j - p - * <
T * f i i
dMvionCVl O< (VI CVl «
• • • • • • •
CO *O <* PI (V1 1 1 1 1
(VI CD ©CP U
1 1 1 1 1
n >o © i n "«CVl sC d1 O CD
PI CL f— * OU© C P IVIP- 1)
^ sij m P I evi• I I I I
»n-(t<j© U* (VI CU CL'
-925
-717,
-538.
-389
-277
r*- p* ^* P- »-«r>4 ^ QJ i-N IV|
-947
-737
-554
-403
-287
D CD CC CVJ *»J1 (VJ p- 0. ©
. («. _ « p.
' P- Ul 'T CVl1 1 1 1
C *C P) CVJ CD3DOCDIMVJ p- CP ©P-^ p- cc P I ©• p- in 'J P>
• i i i
o © ooo3 © © © O9 O O O OVj « -.(V,1 1
4 4 m ff n^ m iv cv iv
-190.
-208.
-301.
-496.
no«Mi
sinpoi
• I I I
mm to op-
4 IP III P- O
-»»«(vi * r -• t i i
M (*• *e © PI
.. ^ .. ..
r a- -c evi (vj»<•« m •» p-i I i I i
p* * CP «VI P)
i I i i I
o <c o —<nij> PI m in evi
n ^* *a" n p*
[VI ~* (VI PI *i I I I I
^ NT *O (VI ©nj ir -7 a uia' C in •» PI© a P) »c -1vj >— (VJ P I %u
1 1 1 1
at m in a <*© •-< U) (VI *
F- a> rvj » CDrvi ^H CVJ pi m
1 1 1 1
o a .» p- •»STC4CU)i a, o o~-^ a cvi PI in\j »« (vi p>m
I I • I
u> •» in P IVj CO r * - (VIvj m P I in
I i i I
9© o ©e3 O O O O3© O OO
»— o•- PI
•» •»o ©I/) ^*-«in1 1
—• ai<o cr
2. In• i
P) >C
-133?.
-3147.
P) CO(VI O
•. •)8S2-
© CO« -a-
-1185
-2322
O COec P I
-212P!
PI (VIpj m
-1058
-1968
• - (VJ
-1000
-183!
in ^*p- pi
>o or *-<
D> P*•-*
T> O
n cv' OI <£
1
O O9 O
9 O
- 1 2 2 -
§
3to
& I2CM W
O £•*
Cdi r i « w n
p- t> V fl p:cc n ID p-nj \o CP (vi In•— c. o- o- cc(V (VI ~ ~ —I I I I I
*- o o tr a(VI (VJ (VJ »~t «M
I I I I I
o •* p- nP- cc •$• i n ^
iC (Vi j - - • ^— •£ o- -•• ~^ p- o * p-HOO»IC(V (V (V. ^H
1 1 ) 1
oo
o o © © o© © © © ©
• • • « t
0 o o © oP- >c IT •» n1 I I i i
( *ct ^ o ^ a1
p- p- .o m J-
CC * © «.• p . I-
1 1U) nj
o m o p*cr o n —
co in p- j - a
[n o n r) p-ao ^ CP (v
o (v in p- oloo P- -o in in !•»
I I I i
© o a o ©
- 123 —
© -1 » ** .© p- © r> -^
U1M0»<O>D<G«P-P-P-P-P-P-
nj •»• op ic u1-4 r> o oec —V c
n o> <vi to * osCt G *v CO ^ 7 iD v**
i l l iG CU
Ifl <0 (VI Ul >0p- ~ p - o>
Ul «O0» Oo ^ p
on«on•T (T CM P"
,© i - .»•.» n CP© r> .ocp .-•*"
ui ui p» CMOD© <r in p- .r(\II <v co a f-"-< cr « *
in * p- CP oc o o (*
CO
aMJ3O1
H
OH
33CJM
MUWPUCO
CJ0
IHa1wH
OoUl
oo•
*
N«OIMOn«
M m cu o onin — i
SO '
» •-* IU r i -r* r- r»
o * n 00 D O CD h-O C7 * CT CP
Ul * P- 00 <T
Ul © CVI t*
CP CM Ul p- 00
•T *j p- cu t r
a »* n <r ccr i >u »r D oa i^ n r cr
IT f* (VJ C •»tvi <\J ir .» irIP, CC O IT. OC
oo
n oc (\jr- in" oc in » coir oo " * in
in r- oo o>* * * >c
o o o o oo © © © o
0 o © o oop- <c u~. >» nI I I I I
n cc ir * in
ootoor-
© a; iCM © r-1
• oo ao o <r n <vi •-• t— > c v i - « © o < r > *
« « * m p-
•» no oo o> p- u i
•* n h- © in n 5uv r» oo OD <7> r
o \C co w co
ui r- o U) ivi 4.'MDSCCI
l\l CM O> p- 00 •»ai m •» r>co ">
N r» r- r- r-
- n in *p- ui a- -3 ouin o* in nCC *G «» CVJ #^
>C — 0L' Ul •»p- <t> n ~« ©
(M © »-4 O<ti cr n r-n o p- <rirnov
r- P- r- P-
~-< p- onP i O f l ^ilOfl^occ in n a uim •* (vi CP ec
© . .© © o o
© © © o o
C © <\J ti. Cfa © © oc<v*«r f
•COD IVI p- *p- r» oo co c
•j n or- —•oin * CM P»cs cc •]- o p
CM Ul n CMFIPOx4x
*U1O
p- p- oo cc a o
ui •» ui —IV-T H T I
P- p- OC p- Ulf « C P
U P I/ ^p- p- p- ec cr o
in au au pi rm ui ui \t> na
p- P- p- oo ec
occ o p -p- n *£. p- co * p- r>© p- cvj •-«
>o a p- p- ©n c >c n c•c IT -t «a:
tfl C1 iC (*)
-t <C a Cvj COrw p. p. oo *
o © o o ©o © o ©
o o o o<•> • » U l <C P-
1.30 1.35
TABLE A-13 VISCOSITY OF H2S GAS (xnPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
20.
3oT4o!45.50.S5.60.65.70.75.80.85.90.95.100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.165.170.175.180.
.012786
.012993
.013201
.013409
.013617
.013826
.014034
.014243
.014452
.014660
.014869
.015078
.015287
.015496
.015704
.015913
.016122
.016330
.016539
.016747
.016955
.017163
.017371
.017579
.017786
.017994
.01R201
.01840ft
.018614
.018821
.019027,019?3?,019438
.012798
.013005
.017213
.013421
.013629
.013837
.014045
.014253
.014462
.014671
.014879
.015088
.015297
.015505
.015714
.015922
.016131
.016339•01654P.016756.016964.017172.017380.017587.017795.019002.018209.018416.018622•01P828.019034.019240.019446
.012811
.013018
.013225
.013432
.013640
.013848
.014056
.014264
.014473
.014681
.014889
.015098
.015306
.015515
.015723
.015932
.016140
.016348
.016557
.016765
.016973
.017180
.017388
.017596
.017803
.018010•01P217.01P424.018630.01«836.019042.019248.019453
.012824
.013030
.013237
.013444
.013652
.013859
.014067
.01427":
.014483
.014691
.014900
.015108
.015316
.01552=
.015733
.015941
.016149
.01635P
.016566
.016774
.016981
.017189
.017397
.017604
.017811
.01801P
.01822=
.018432
.018638
.018844
.019050
.019255
.019461
.012837
.013043
.013249
.013456
.013663
.013871
.014078
.0142e6
.014494
.014702
.014910
.015118
.015326
.015534
.015743
.015951
.016159
.016367
.016575
.016783
.016990
.01719a
.017405
.017613
.017820
.61802?
.0ie233
.018440
.016646
.018852
.019058
.019263
.019468
.012850
.013056
.013262
.013469
.01367=
.013882
.014090
.014297
.014505
.014713
.014920
.015126
.015336
.015544
.01575?
.015960
.016166
.01637C
.016584
.01679?
.01699?
.017207
.017414
.017621
.017826
.016035
.018241
.018446
.018654
.018860
.019066
.019271
.019476
.012864
.013069
.013275
.013461
.013687
.013894
.014101
.014308
.014516
.014723
.014931
.015139
.015346
.015554
.015762
.015970
.016178
.016385
.016S93
.016801•017008.017215.017423.017630.017837.018043.018250.018456.018662.018868.019074.019279.019484
.012878
.613082•61328"•Q13494•013700•013906•014113.014320.014527.014734.014942.615149.015357.015564.015772•015980.gl6187.016395.016602.016810
" .617017.617224.617431.017638.617845
• .018052 ••Q18258•018464•018670.018876•019082.619287.619492
.012892
.013096
.013301
.013506
.013712
.013918
.014125
.014331
.014538
.014745
.014952
.015160
.015367
.015575
.015782
.015990
.016197
.016404
.016612
.016819
.017026
.017233
.017440
.017647
.017854
.018060
.018267
.018473
.018679
.018884
.019090
.019295
.019500
•012906.013110•013314.013519.013725.013931.014137.014343.014550.014756.014963.015170•01537e.015585.015792.015999.016207.016414.016621.016828.017035.01724?.017449.017656.01786?.018069.018275.018481.018687.018892.019096.019303.019508
.012921
.013124
.013326
.013533
.01373P
.013943
.014149
.014355
.014561
.014766
.014974
.015181
.015386 |
.015595 -
.01580? £
.016009 |
.016217
.0164?4
.016631
.016836
.017045
.01~*251
.01. »5P
.017665
.017871
.018077
.0182R4
.0184P9
.018695
.018901
.019106
.019311
.019516
TABLE A - 1 3 VISCOSITY OF H 2 S GAS (mP,
PRESSURE MPa
1.8)
l . B O 1.85 1.90 1.95 £.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
?6*25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60*65.70.75.80.85.90.95.
100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.165.170.175.180.
.012921
.013124
.013328
.013533
.013738
.013943
.014149
.014355
.014561
.014763
.014974
.015181
.015388
.015595
.01580?
.016009
.016217
.016424
.016631
.016838
.017045
.017251
.017458
.017665
.017871
.018077
.018284
.01*489
.018695
.018901
.019106
.019311
.019516
.012936
.013139
.013342
.0H546
.013751
.013956
.014161
.014367
.014573
.014779
.014986
.015192
.015399
.015606
.015813
.016020
.016227
.016433
.016640
.016847
.017054
.017261
.017467
.017674
.017880
.01*086
.018292
.01*498
.018703
.01*909
.019114
.019319
.019523
.012951
.013153
.013356
.013560
.013764
.013968
.014173
.014379
.014585
.014791
.014997
.015203
.015410
.615616
.015823
.016030
.016237
.016443
.016650
.016857
.017063
.017270
.017476
.017683
.017889
.018095
.018301
.01*506
.018712
.018917
.019122
.019327
.019532
.012967
.013168
.013370
.013574
.013777
.013981
.014186
.014391
.014597
.014802
.01500B
.015214
.015421
.015627
.015833
.016040
.016247
.016453
.016660
.016866
.017073
.017279
.017486
.017692•017P9P.616164.018309.018515.018720.018925.019130.019335.019540
.012983
.013183
.013385
.013Se8
.013791
.013995
.014199
.014404
.014609
.014814•015020.015226.015432.015630.015844.016050.016257.016463.016670.016876.017082.017289.017495.017701.017907.018113.018318.018524.018729.018934.014139 -.019343.019548
•012999.013199.013400.013602.013805.014006.014212.014416.014621.014826.015031.015237.015443.015649.015855.016061.016267.016473.016680.016886.017092.017298.017504.017710.017916.818121 ".018327.018532.018737.018942.019147.919352.019556
.013016
.013215
.013415
.013617
.013819
.014022
.014225
.014429
.014633
.014838
.015043
.015249
.015454
.015660
.015866
.016071
.016277
.016483
.016690
.016896
.017102
.017308
.017513
.017719
.017925
.619130
.018336
.018541
.018746
.018951
.019155
.019360
.019564
.613033
.Q13231
.013431
.613631
.613833
.014035
.614238
.614442
.614646
.614850,Q1^05b.015260.615465.615671.615876.016082.616288.(J16494.$16700.016905•017111•017317.617523.017728.617934.018139.018345.618550.618755.618959.019164•Q19368•019572
•013050.013248.013447.013647.013848.014049.014252.014455.014659.014863.015067.015272.015477.015682.015887•016093.016298.016504.016710.016915.017121.017327.017532.017738.017943.616143.018354.018559.018763.018968.019172.019377.019581
.01306*
.013265
.013463
.013662
.013862
.014064
.014266
.01446e
.014672
.014875
.015079
.015284
.015489
.015693
.015899
.016104
.016309
.016515
.016720
.016926
.017131
.017336
.01754?
.017747
.01795?
.618156
.018363
.018567
.018772
.018977
.019181
.019385
.019569
.0130*6• .01328?
.013479
.013678
.013878
.014078
.014280
.0144*?
.014665
.0148*0
.01509?
.015296 |
.015500 -
.015705 ^
.015910 |
.016115
.0163?0
.016525
.016730
.016936
.017141
.017346
.01755?
.017757,0179fi?.018167.01837?.018576.018781.0189*5.0191*5.019393.019597
- 126
oCO O
CM
out/1
-3-r-l
<
_
vi r> o H i\>*+ •-» o o* i
o >o * in<* iLO CD tf> ** >D• •-» « ••« © C
•^ c\t rvi IVJ <\j t \
m r- m *> c^ *e in IVHO OC tT" & © f
o o)U)Hr»«-• I-H .- i «-* O C*T (VI fVI CVI (VI (VI
woHin»N*o ~* oinr*
» e *") < UMui u* * i« r* «-•* «=4»-l^4OO
C5 OJ (VI CM (VJ fV)
<o n M J<O (V *C 0C<O"lo cr io ivt co r• f-H H Fl O O
n oi ivi tvi cvi OJ
en W3 cu fo ** o cvi in *•in cr <c DCD r• ** « * o o
o r* exj in oC\l vD 00 C *-•
O ^) I\J O t^-
• - - oo
OL \V CL tl* GL1
O r- Lfl O U~l (V
^- (Vl OJ (Vj IVHVl
© tn «t evj * j
• „ „ „ „ oM (VI (VI (VI (VI (VI
O* Ul (V) P) 0s
Ul <-• N * O >
if. o S 5 o inO (V- (VI (Vj (VI (VI
p> M oc iC <*N (>• •* P) *
o <i PI (v o oo o oc in "\i• (Vj M M M CO (VI (V, (Vl (VJ (V. (
o oo oo <o o o o o e <
o m om s ii i i i i
O.CT l» *•» p) a cr iDCOC^ r^ 4 *^
J I »•* 1 ^ Oi <
n CD ^ «r ij . oo op t - ic
S4oooToo r- o iII (VI * U! iJl (T IVI II) «l* 0D0DI- «
j -n O M M> Ul « o ^
^ ^ 1 ' (Vll D 0> P) IO C
j> co oo r- >JJ
inffffnin> M >r o r-> iC GD 0^ fl>OF1«Cj> a cc r- ic
VI 00 PI O f-^ Aj tfl U
o> o> oo r» r-
•.» (vi o a1 C* (VI P) (V
O> 0C !» I '
OCM-IO,*
o oo r r-
(VI J Ul Oui oc c cr
P) So- (£a o: r r~
CO€ CMFM 0> »V| PI P1.DP) onD O ec oc r-
3O O OOSO O OO
no ui omi i i i t
it o !->inUl >» « Ul •O M P)f»o pi oi* ui » PI
PI n> (\ir-n (vi n o^ 0D O ^D P) > O«in * •*
•-i * •» MPI
•fi ul •* •* P
O (VI 0DI«- Oiri o r* « ^#« (VI PV 1 *'vi ui oo M i
>c ui >» * PI
o (u •» m «fUMDM3 0C O P ) <il Ul Oi (VI I
U3 in •»• * P I
M * M IC1 00 P) PI (Vi in " o iT ID CT PI W
* ui <r -r P)
i r- M c- KVl (Vl J i£ F«• r- O P ) r>-
iC Ul Ul •» P)
•O ul Ul * P)
iC 1^ (VI IT
a M i n ocin IT * tr
o> in <vi ini in m a o
PI .» •C —• o> (vi in o-
IT m 4 PI
o oo oo oo ein ou) o1 M
-T (\j (VOL«>«oriM (vj m or- - . ino .(VI (VI M M
(VI l>" (VIP)w (^ ^
» r- oin
OCD (VIM ,TPI «Mm ivi iC »
CVKVl M M o
i r- cu u) io (Vi h- M i
(VI (VI M M O
M ^ f» * !»•M ic ui tr i>ui r^M (
(VI (VI M M O
OD 00 f-0> 00VI Ul (VIP) (j M D r- c3 •» 0L (VI r-
Cl (VI M M O
ui o* a- ci r- oc (Vi o• •» oc P I r»
P)(VIMMO
? f) (*) *C
(VIMMO
U^ "- (T •*' If; Ul 0L ^>
IT O sj 0C(VI (VI M O
cc o i r inui PI -4 oin vc a tr(V|(V|MO
o o o oo o o oo ui o in(Vl (Vl P) P)
U) «-• O<f ^ MK M I£o> ui coo o
IVI J- O*) Ifl•) l/l OO 0> CJi••o o
MO> (VIVI PI CfU O -TaoigiMOO
- o n•) in c
* iC PI>r- oo; 0> P)
-< lO (VI
SIMF
VI 0C (VI3 •» P)•) .» OCi r- ivi
— n PI• (VI CL
0" (VI1 f^ P»
o 0- cr
o n
cr ao o
cr (vi1- Ca jcr cro o
M O•C UlP! iJT^* ^
o o
o oo oUl o
— 1 2 7 —
&
00
o
coCM
SB
oo00
3a,
inin
inn
o> D i n <e i•* CO <-«<r 1-» •» in m if
o o o o c
«t> p- o ui ncr (win <o P-•» CO ~* * P -•* •» mininOOOOO
(M * P-(M 0>cr IVI •» <o -.
14489
4820
15143
5458
5765
lOlOlO'OiO
14485
4817
15140
5454
5762
ooooo
•co I H D m in•» oo —• •» p-44ininmooooo
00 O (V P- p- •-• r> •»• in•cr oo >•« * p-
ooooo
p- o (v •» in* oc ••» >» p-•a- * in in in
(v D in o p-P- O (V •» •»•»(0-4P-•s .» m m IT
e c o o o
.» p- .-«.» p-•cr *» u" in i/i
in vc cc (v o*^ cr — D Dj p- ~ .» p-•» <r IT in IT
© I T oir o(V (V D D
•*• p- in •»••-on«D>i
o o o o e
DP- in r- p«</)ri<"o D 4) er IVI•0 <O <O iO P-
ooooo
D16069
,016363
916651
916933
917210
6066
6359
6647
.6929
.7206
OlOlOlOO
16062
6355
6643
6925
7202
OOOOO
in in o OJ cri£7 4J 4J I"**
OOOOO
•* co IT r- n
ooooo
51605<
51634/
316631
)i69i:
31718*
6 047
16340
6627
6909
7185
c o o o o
1 D (V O CO
'• <L. *£ * t°~
1 D - " O P-1 n <£ Q *•*
• in in * *
O 111 (Vl Dcrmtvic <* p - eiup. p . CD CD
OOOO
*P- O(Vp- P- OC CO
o o o o c
(vo-j- in^ P-O(VIIP- P - CD CO CD
- » <•« p-1» p- ocv mp- P- CD CD CD
OOOIO.C
- » 0<0(VIfponiuip- p- COCO CD
ooooo
^ P- O (VI I•* p- CO 00 CO
boooo
/i D P - co inj f p - c (vi m•» p- P- OU OUooooo
31746]
31772'
51799:
51825:
318511
r- in oc tr P-fl (VJ CC -T O* p C M v i i np- p- p- a o;
o o c o o
n (v co <cr op- cr (vi inp- p- ou a
>0 O O 00M CD «*f 0*p- cr (vi ^p- p- cc a
sin oir op- ec coc
879 P
9052
9305
9557
anno
oooo
18793
.9047
19300
9552
,
oooo
018789
.919043
019296
919547
D19799
8784
9038
9291
9543
9794
OOIO.O.
p- o (vim I
ooooo
P- (\l CD D CDp- o mm p-
o ooo o
•-« m p- (r op- orvinp-uvvvvooooo
31876"
319021
319Z7:
31952'
31977(
P762
9016
926B
9520
9771
ooooo
; ••• •» in »t>
- o w in p-i cr cr cr cr
n p- cr o i iO l f l ' - ^o (vi in p-
O IT. O ITo o^> —
O D in CDooooninj cunioooo
mp- •-inoDin <ooooom m iv moooo
=>nin ooo o o o —ni m ni i\i n
>0298
•0551
!0806
.>1062
OOiOO
* cr •«!; o momuiajoo ooo>»IM (VI CM (V (V|ooooo
1CCJ-CMTo cum p- o0000>HIV (V (VI (V 1ooooo
M D 13 •"•<>
0206'
0202c
0205:
0207<
0210'
IVIP- D CC o (V in P- oo o o o ~«v (VJ rv (v rv
020022
020274
020527
0207B1
021037
)Z0017 ,
)20269 ,
J20522
J20776 ,
121032
320264 .(
320517 .(
)?P771 .(
321027 .1
in o in o
p» cr in -t
(U (VI (VI (VIoooo
rv -i cr c rD cr m rvir) m co * -IVI (VI (V (VIoo o oo
M com ivi
(V (VI (VI (VI
-••cr cr cr (M(vi co » — crD Ul CO " - Dp* ** w* (V (VIM(VI (V (V(VOIOIOIO
i—r- •» "«oonmiDxn
(VI (VI (VI (VI (MOOOOO
02131
02157
021831
02210
02238
<C 00 • * D P-
0213(
0215j
0218:
022K
0223"
321301
J2156:
321P2*
32209*
922371
021296
021558
021823
022092
.022366
121553
)21filP
J22087
!22361
cc D (v in» «cc min ec O D»" — (VI (VI(V (V (V (VI
o m o i rin in *> <c
.022687
.022972
.023262
9S2E20
996220'
2S9220
p- w* wp- <cm(VI CUD(V (VI (VJOOO
— in inp- in •»<o er (VrvruDrvifurvO I C H O
02266(
0229S(
.023241
OZ2660
022944
023234
022655 ,
022939
023229
522650
322934 ,
523223
CD 001 cr (V
(vcv! r.(VI ( V CVI
o o c
D (V,(VI —
u wr(VJ CV
p- p-— ocr rv.rvi r.(V (VJ
IT Op. a
l.flO 1.95
TABLE A-15 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H2S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
1.90 1.95 .2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 ?.25 2.30
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.
.014499
.014*31
.015154
.015469
.015777
.016077
.016371
.016659
.016941
.017218
.014502
.014034
.015:157
.015473
.0157B0
.016081
.016375
.016663
.016945•017222
.014506
.014838
.015161
.015476
.015784
.016379
.016667
.016949
.017226
.014509
.014841
.01516=
.015480
.015788
.016383
.016671
.016953
.017230
.014513
.014845
.015168
.015484
.015792•01S092.016386.016675.0169=7.017234
.014516
.014848
.015172
.015487
.015795
.016096
.016390
.016678
.016961
.017238
.014520
.014P52
.615175
.015491
.015799
.016100
.016394
.016682
.016965•017242
•014523.614855.615179.015495.015803.Q16104.016398•616686•016969•617246
.014526
.014859
.015183
.015498
.015806•016108.016402.016690•016973.017250
.014530
.014862
.015186
.015502
.015810
.016111
.016406
.016694
.016977
.017254
.014533
.014866
.015190
.015506•015814.016115.016410.016698.016981.017259
70.75.80.85.9Q.
.017490
.01775S
.018022
.018283
.011542
.017494
.017762•01P027•01P288•01P546
.017498
.017767
.018031
.018292
.018551
.017502
.017771
.018&35
.018296
.018555
.01750T
.017775
.018039
.018301
.0185=9
.017511
.017779
.018044
.018305
.018564
.017515
.017783•018048.018309.018568
.017519
.617788•018052• 0.18314•Q18572
.017523
.017792•018057.018318.018577
.017527
.017796
.018061
.018322
.018581
.617531
.017800
.018065
.018327
.018586 to00
95.100.105.110.115.
.01B79P
.019052
.019305
.019557
.019808
.018602
.019056
.019309
.019561•019E13
.018807
.019061• 019314.019566.019818.020070.020322.020575.020830.021087.021347.021609.021P75.022145.022419.022698.022982.02?273
.018811
.019065
.01931P
.019571
.019822
.018816
.019070
.019323
.019575
.019827
.020079
.020331
.020585
.020840
.021097
.021357
.021619
.021885
.022155
.022430
.022709
.022993
.023284
•UT8820.019074.019328.019580.019832.020084.020336.020590.020845.021102.021362.021624.621890.62216C.622435
•018B24.619079.019332.019585.019836.020088.020341.020595.020850.021107.021367.021630.021896.022166.022440
•518829.019083.619337•619589•019841
•018833•019088•019341.019594•019846
.018838
.019093
.019346
.019598
.01.9851
.01884?
.019097
.019350
.019603
.019855120.125.130.135.140.
.020060•02C312.020566.020820.021077
.020065
.020217
.020570
.020825
.021082
.021342"
.021604
.021870
.022140
.022414
.022693
.022977
.023267
.020074
.020327
.0205RO
.020835
.021092
.021352
.021614
.021880
.022150
.022424
.022703•02298P.02327P
,020346.020600.g20855.Q2U12.021372.021635•Q21901.022171.022445.022725.623010.623300
.020098
.020351
.020664
.020860
.021117
.021377
.021640
.021906
.022176
.022451
.022730
.023015
.023306
.020103
.020356
.626609
.620865
.021122
.021382
.021645
.021911
.022181
.022456
.022736
.02302)
.023311
.020107
.020360
.020614
.026870
.021127145.150.155.160.165.
.021337
.021599
.021865
.022134_t02240fl
.021650
.021916
.022187
.022461170.175.180.
.02?(SB7
.022972
.02326?
.022714
.022995
.623285
.022720
.023004
.023295
.022741<,0?3026.023317
TABLE A-16 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID H2S (W/(m.K))
°c-70.0*-60.00-50.00-40.00-30.00-20.00-10.00
0.00
io.oo20.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.00
ao.oo
0.00
.236879
.236216
.235244
.233706
.231421
.228303
.224366
.219716
.214541
.209098
.203697
.198696
.194495
.191552
.19047?
.192417
1.00
.236811
.236137
.235119
.233514
.231147
.227945
.223930
.219218
.214004•20P550•203173.198233.194135.191348.190501.192882
?.00
.236758
.236055
.234989
.233313
.zsoees
.227579
.223488
.2ie715
.213464
.208004
.202653
.197778
.1937P9
.191163
.190560
.193421
3.00
.236696
.235970
.234852
.233105
.330575
.227205
.223038
.21P2C»
.212923
.20745*"•20213P.197332.193456.190998.190650•194045
TEMPERATURE
4.00
.236633
.235fleO
.234769
.232889
.230275
.226823
.222582
.217696
.212380
.206914•201628.196896.193138.190854.190775.194770
°C
5.00
.236568
.235786
.234559
.232665
.229968
.226432
.222120
.217179
.211835
.206371
.201123
.196469
.192834
.190730
.190937
.195613
6.00
.236502
.235688
.234403
.232433
.229(^2• 2260..".221651.216*59.211288.205831.200624.196052.192545.190*30.191138.196603
7.00
.236434
.235585
.234240
.232192
.229327
.225628
.221176
.216134
.210141
.205293
.200132
.195645
.192271
.19CS52
.191382
.197773
8.00
.236364
.235476
.234069
.231944
.228994
.225215
.220695
.215606
.210194
.204758
.199646
.195250
.192014
.190500
.191673
.199175
9.00
..23629].235363.233891.231687.228653.224794.220208.215075.209646.204226.199168.194866.191775.190473.1920)6.200455
0.00
TABLE A-17 SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID H2S (N/m)
TEMPERATURE °C
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.OQ
?0.00?5.0030.0035.0040.00
.012P47
.011323
.010413
.009517
.00R636
•01P154.011231.010322•0094PP.0OP549
.ClEOfcl
.011)40
.01023?
.00S339•00P461
.C1196B
.01104S
.010142
.009251
.00*375
.011875
.010957
.010052
.009162•00P288
.011783
.010866
.009963
.009074
.008201
.011691
.010775
.009ft73
.00H966
.008)15
3.50 4.00 4.50
01159901068400916400*8980OCQ29
.011S06
.010594
.009695
.008811
.007943
.011415
.010503
.009606
.008733
.007857
oI
TABLE A-18 MOLE FRACTION OF H2O VAPOUR IN H2S AND H2O
PRESSURE MPa
1.3P 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 i.eo 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
?0.25.30.35.«0.4S.
50.55.60.65.70.75.SO.85.•30.<55.
100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.165.170.17-;.180.
-D,O0?P0f>
.003739
.004929
.00643?• 00P313•01P647• 013MP.0170??•0?l?67• 0263M.032467.039690.04H??*!.05P217.06985P.08334P,09P«9f,•ll*7?ft.137073
.I«ft31«
.?lci74?
.?4«733•?P5575.3?6=;5<J
.3719*?
.4??143
.47734S
.537BP9
.60407*,676?03.7=4560
-P,0O?71?
• ne-«6?i.004773•0062?7.O0"046.010303
• cno7«>,0164rf-.0205ft«•02c^Ol.03)39(1,(nP37fr•04661?.056?f?.067504.PP.0 = ?9. 09==39.II??1:!.13239?.154690.179919.?0P314.P401/.7.?7=69C
.359057
.407447
.46069*
.51O0Q6
.cfl?9->7
,*c;5Cn =.72O0P0
-R-R
• nn-3Si3.P046?H.006037.007799• 00<59fl4.(11?67?.015950•C19921,n?ii(S93
.C30391•C37150.ft4Cllf,.0S444S,06c319.077912.092A?4.10«061,l?P047.149fiC6•17T9P0.?0141P.?3?17P.P66S23
.•>91803
.445239
.=01649
.C6?311
.630502,7f|->493
-K-R
.00341?
.00449*4,OO5»60• 00756<;.0096PP.012293.015471.019310.023S41.02946?,O3600<;.0437?!.052760.0632R6.07547P.0P9526.105630.124003.J44P67.16P.45?.195001.224760.2579P;
.335P90
.38110.-'
.43005?
.4P5407
.=45041
.610011:• 6P.ce 04
-R-R
.002318
.004369
.005696
.00735S
.00^412
.011940
.016024
.0167=7
.022243
.02P597
.034945
.042425
.051157•0613S0.072208.0O6P22.102429.120232.140446.163296,1PCO13.217840.250022.2P^612.32C469.3692=3.417426.4702=2•5279T1.5S09C4.6=C243
-fi-E
.003230
.004252
.005543
.00715=
.009154
.011611
.014607
.018232•02258?•0277P7.033951.041212.049716.0SSS1P•071085.0P4295.059435.11670=.136312.15P474.1P3415.21136F.242=74.277276.315724.3=8171.404P70.456077.51204=.57302=•639?62
-R-R
.00314ft
.004143
.005399
.006969
.00*913
.011303•014216.017741•021977.027030.033020.040076.04833P.•05795«.069097• 0P.1927.096631.113401•13?439.153S55•17P168.205304.235=94.269275.306590.3477*4.393102.442791•49709P.556266.620533
-R-R
.(J03071
.004041
.005265
.006793•608687•011014•013P50•017281.021402.026319•032146•Q39009.047045.0^6400.067230•679704.693998.110299•1ZB803.149713.173242.199609.?29039•?61762.?58013.338029Oe2049.430314.AP3060.540526.A02941
-R-R
.002999
.003946
.005139
.006629
.0Ce475
.010742
.013506
.016848•020862. 025650.031325.038007.045829.054934.065475.077614.051522.107381.125382.145722.168608.154252.222873.254694.289943•328851.371650.418573.469851.525714.=£6387
-R-R
.002932
.003856
.005020
.006474
.008275
.010487
.013182
.016441
.020354
.025021
.030551
.037062
.044684
.053554
.063822
.075644
.089189
.104632
.122159
.141962
.164241
.169204
.217061
.240032
.282337
.320201
.361848
.407506
.457400
.511752
.570782
-R-R
• 002P.6P.003771.004908.006329.008087•010?4f•012876.016057.019875•02442P•0298?!.036172.043603.052252.062261.0737P5.0B69P7.102037.119117.138412.160119•184438.211575.241743.275157.312033.352594.397057.445643.498569.556047
l.BO
TABLE A-18 MOLE FRACTION OF H2O VAPOUR IN H2S AND H2O
PRESSURE MPa
l.P= 1.95 -.00 2.05 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20.?.=!.30.35.40.4*.
50.?«;.
f 6**«;.to.75.PÔ.es.9=:.
100.10e;.
iiô.11e;.120.1?S.130.135.140.145.
15*.160.1*5.170.175.1PÔ.
-P-p
.003771,no4<>o«
. 0 0 p 0 "
.mw>.01?P7fv
.016057
.Ol^P"? ',0?.44?P..0?9P?l.03M7?•04360T.05??5;»,o*??6i.073785.OR69R7•10?037.119)17
. 1 f i Î •=»
.1P443R,
.?ÎJ575,?41743.?751=.7,-»l?n3T,1Ç?S94.TQ70S7
,4qpSftC).^••^047
-B-P
.004PCT
.ro^ioi
.«07910
.oioni<5
.01 c^Qi,
.0144??,C?'»Sft7.o?<;i-»?
.n42=p3
."S10?)• 0f)7P7,P750?°.()P4<;(i^
.oqoçpc• 11*-?*!.13c0c;7
.17Q<3->2
•?3C7Q7
.?04->)(l
,4P*icn• C4?n 1
-R-C
,no?7^a
.«04704
.00774?• .nn<3P04,ri?ii(s• OICT;I.rlp<594• nj^'îs?.r?B4«o.pii, 34
#fl41ftl7,<<4<:P^7
#csq3<5i,'1703f'ft.rR?O36,flq7?f:3
.llT^lP• niPflo.1C?S3?.17=^6=;• ?-'!]476
.?3P16S,?M^37.•=qf t,q7
.'13 = '=l;4,''77fll7,4?-iQ94,474?q?.c?o<))l
-c-c
,CPT=4=.004ftlC.or";c;3<;,no7ǻ1.noq^oi
.n?csp,ni5n?7
•0?2P3c
,r?7pc?.033775•04r70i.n^P7ST.rsppftp.n^.p7Qr
• CSICf'P
. l ^ ^ 3 7
.l?P.Pf.7
.14903"
.i^ftpi1;
.??4P?C
.2S5P3Ç
.PQOOft)
.1?7f-Q4
.3^P.1;42
.414C07
.4^3091•S16391
-P-P
.0C364fl
.003477•0C4S21.C1=P?3.TC7433.OtÇ4flP,.011813.01471<5
.0223=9
.027277
.C330<:4
.C?";P33
.04770f.,C=fR13• C^72<;4.0792Ç5• r<;297?• lreAPfi.12600».14=711.U7779.1Ç23Ç6.2197ÇS.2=0049.283474.320229.3^5512.404S2?.4=2454, cf45C0
-C-c
.002601
.003414
.004437
.00"5713
.007?90
.009??f•OllSfll.014427.Ô17P40.021906.026720.032384.039007.046710• 0C.5620.065P7J.077611.0";098f•1Û6157•I23?e?•142=S3.164127•1PP)9?• 214<!34.244=4?•277?11.313131.3=2497• 39=.<?02.44233?.493192
-P-R
.002556
.003353
.004357
.00560*•007155•009052.011361.014149.0174«3.021476.026191.031737.03*223.045764.054486.064520•07600P•0P9096.103941.120702.139548.160651•1P4190.210345.239303.271249.306374.344P67.386915.432706,4P?42C
-R-R
•Ô02513.003296•Ô04281•005509•Ô07027•Ô0P887
.ÔU151
.013885
.017163•Ô21067•Ô25688•Ô31122.037475.044862•Ô53405.063232.074481•Ô?7296
~ .101829•Ï18237.Î36684.157339•Î80376.?05972•?34308.?65567.?99934.337594.37P736•4tJ526.472161
-R-R
•002472.003241.004209•005414.006904•00P731.010952.013634.016849.020677.025208.030535.036763.044003.052374.CC2004.073025•0P5579
".099815.115886•1339S3•154180•176738.201800•229543.260146.293789.330654.370920.414766.462367
-R-R-R
.003190
.004140
.005325
.0067PP
.008581
.010762
.013394
.016S4<3
.020306
.02475C
.029975
.036084
.043183
.051391
.060831
.071635
.083940
.097892
.113641
.131344
.151163
.173264
.197816
.224992
.2S496P
.287920
.324025
.3é3459
.406397
.453011
-P-R-P
.003141
.004075,005239.006677.008*39.0105P1
t013165,016?63.019951.024313,029441.035435,042400.05045?,059711,070307,082374,096054.111496.128851.148279.16994?,194007.220641.25001P.282309.3176P7,3563?6,398396.4440*5
TABLE A-19 MOLE FRACTION OF H2S DISSOLVED IN H2O AND
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.5C 1.55 l.eo 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.S0
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.7=;.PO.85.90."9?.100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.165.170.175.IPO.
-P.0218*6.019P01.01799P,.016440.1)1509*..013937.01293?,01?057.011289.010610.010005.0094*1.00P967.00P514.6flflO<34.007700.007328.006970.00*6?4.006285.005949.00561?.005271.004923.004565.004193.003R05.00739P.002970.002517.00203".001531
-P.02263?,020COP.01«650.01704?,<nc*=4.0144=*.on4i7.01?51->=011719•01101P.010393•009P31•0093?l,P0OP=4.flfl94?l.0OP017.007634•0072*P.00*914
.006"=*7•00«??4.00CP°2.005535.0051P?.004H?0.004444.0040=2.107641.CC>209,(!027 = 4.00227?.0017*?
-R-P
.021210
.01^299
.017641
.01*210
.014971
.017901
.0129*7
.(11214fl•P11424.010779.010200.009*74.009193
.00^749
.00*333
.007940
.007565
.007203,06*P49.00*500.00*151.00=799.00=441.00=074.004694.004?9fl.007PP4.003449•00?990•00?5Q5.r.01992
-K-R
•02190P•P19943.01P.23P.016763•0154R5•0143R3.013420.01257=• OUP?5.01116=.01056H.010027.00953?.00907=•0OP645• 00fl?4f..0O7P6?.00749?
.007130
.006774•00642P.006063.005700•00572».004544.004=44.004127•00368P.01322*.00273P.00222?
• P-P
.022601
.0^0585
.01P831
.617314
.016002
.014864
.012872
.013002
.012234
.0115=0
.010936
.010379
.005871
.60?4"62
.00P964
.OOc5=l
.OOP1=9•0077PO
" .00/412.007049•0C66P8.006326.00=9=8.0C55PJ.00=154•00475O.004369.003927.003462.002971.0024=2
-K-P
,023?P?.021222.019422,017fl63.016514.015343.014323.01342P.012637.01K>34.011102.010731.010205.069727.009275.008P5*,0Ce45=.00P06P.007*93.007324.006957.006585.006217.005036.005444.005037.004612.004161.00369P.003204.002682
-«-R
.023973
.021856
.020010
.618409
.017024
.015821
.01477?
.013652
.013040
.012317
.011669
.011082
.010546
.010053
.009593
.009161
.00"751
.00P356• 007<Jn.007598.007225.006852.006475.006690.005693•0052R3.004854.004406.003534.003437.002913
-R-R
.624651
.622486
.620594
.51H<3S3
.017531
.016296•615219.614275.Q13441.012699.012034.Q11432.010883.610378'.609907.009465•Q09046.008644.§0H2S4 "•007P72•007494• 6.07115•006733.666343.605943.005528.605097.604645.004176.603670.603143
-R-R
.025325
.023112
.021176
.C19495
.018037
.016770•C15666.014697.013841.013081.012399.CH782.011220.010702•C10221.009769.009341.008931.608534.008146.007762•007378.006991.006597•006192•005774.005339•004884.004406.003903.003373
-P-R
.025994
.023734
.021754
.020033
.018540
.017242
.016110
.015117
.014241
.013461
.012762
.012131
.011555
.011026
.010534
.010073
.009636
.009218•"" .068814
.008419•0C8029.007640.00724P.006850.006442.006020.005581.005123.004642.004136.003603
-P-R
.026657
.024352
.022330
.020570
.019042
.01T713
.016554
.015S17
.014639
.013841
.013125
.012479
.011890
.011349
.010847
.010376
.009931
.009505
.009094
.008692
.008297
.007903
.007506
.007103
.00669]
.006265
.005823
.005362
.004878
.004369
.003832
TABLE A-19 MOLE FRACTION OF H2S DISSOLVED IN H2O AND H 2
PRESSURE MPa
1.9C 1.91; r.00 .OS 2.10 2.15 Z.20 2.25 2.30
20.2*.30.3*.40.«•;.50.55.60.6S.70.75.PO.p*.90.95.
100.105.110.115.120.I?*.130.135.140.145.150.15S.160.16S.
no. '175.IPO.
-P-R
• O ? * * ^.024IS?• o??no•02o?7o.01904?.017711.01*554.015537.014639•011P41• Ol.li?^.01?4 79.011 ««50.011349.010P47.01037ft.00993].009505.009094,00«69?.00P?97.00790.1,00750ft.007101.00**91•006?65•005P?l.00^.16?.004R7R.004369.003P3?
-P-P
•0?731*•C?4967.0??90?•0?1104.019541•O1°1P?.01^<;9f:.01c9cc,nic03»1
.014219• 01->4fiP.01?P?7.-M22?c
.011*7?
.0!H"
.010679•OlOPPS.P0979].06*373,nop9*c;.00°5ft4.nopl*?.0077f-».no73Sf.00*940.00*511.00*06*.noc*Ol.00^114.00460?.00406?
-p-p
.T2797C,f?=S77.023471.021*35,r?003P.01P649.017416.01*372•P1543?•H14C97.m«49.flni74.IM2SS9.<!1 1994
.011471•C109P1•01P?19.510077
.flO923B
.00PH31,nOP4?7.00P021.007609.0071R9.fO*756•fl0*30H,OOCP4O.00=349.004R34.004?9?
-G-K
.O2«*1P
.02613?
.n?4037
.02216?
.02053""
.019114
.017P7?•0167P7•015P27,Q14q74.014210.013520•012B9?.012316•0117P?•0112P?•010P1?.01036?.0099T!.009511.00909P,00fi6«P.00P27P.C07P62.00743?.007002.006550.0P607P,001?5R =.005067.004=??
-R-R
.029262
.026785
.0245S9
.0226P9
.021036
.019577
.C1P312
.01720?
.016221
.015350
.014570
.013R*6
.013225
.012637
.012053
.011584
.01110?
.01064P.
.010209
.00S7P3
.009365
.OOP950
.00P534
.00P115
.0076P7
.007247
.006791
.00*317
.ftO5S2l
.005300
.0047=2
-C-F
.029900
.027382
.02515?
.023212
.021516
.020039
.01P74P
.017*15,016ftl4.015725.01492?.Ol4?10.013557;01295F.012403.011PP5.01139P.010933.-010413?.01005=.009631.009211.O0P791.O0P.367.007936.007492.007033.00655*.006056.005532•0049PJ
-P-P
.030533
.027977
.025714
.02373?
.022004
.020498
.0191S2
.018026
.017006
.016099
.015287
.014554•013PP8
•••.013JW ".012713.0121P6.011690•01121P.010766.010327.009897.00947?•00904P.008620.0081P4.007737.007275.006794.006292.005765.005211
-R-R
.031160
.028566
.626266•024250.Q22490.020956.619614• 61P.436
•017396•616472.615644•614898•614219
" .§13597.013022.612486.011982.611503.511043.010598.010163.009733.009304.008872.608432.007982.007517.007033.(J06527.005997.005440
-n-R.0317B2.C29151.026815.024764.022974•021411.020045.018845•017785.016843.016000.015240.014549.013916.013331•012766.012273.011787
'"• .C1132O.010869.010429.009994.009560.009124.008681.008227.007758.007271.006763.006230.005670
-R-R-R
.029732
.027360
.025276
.023455
.021865
.020474
.019252
.018173
.017214
.016356
.015582
.014879
.014234
.013639
.013085
.012564
.012070
.61159?
.011140
.010694
.010254
.009816
.009376
.008929
.008471
.008000
.007510
.00699P
.00646?
.005899
-r-P-R
.030309
.027902
.025785
.023934
.022317
.020902
.01965e
.018560
.0175P4
.016711
.015923
.015207
.014552
.013947
.0133P4
.012855
.012354
.011874
.011411
.010959
.010514
.010072
.009627
.009177
.008716
.008241•00774P.007233.006695• 0061?<5
- 135 —
»as o n - <Cr- awCD CG CO
CVKMT
f. co CDcocoeDooocrcrcr
I (vi o nCD CO CCD CD CD
a a n j- oji I >o >* <o
a> a- o»CO CD CD
Ocu «r a-CD 00 CD IT
inin
iceo«U CO 0"
E-i
w
1Mo
1
spa
O i n «O> a o o eCD OD IT IT 0*
!»• (VI IT **cncO> ( T O O <•"
» CD <-<in coF « •-< <VI (VI (VI
•1;<-l,«nj<V
r- —ntua- m o> «-• IM ••»
r - o o c o m D» njr> n<-«e in ffivi « ^ n <o O>IMO O O ^ njninjn
• 1^- O> (VI <n n PI » ^
0*
ci !>-••« in oO *«*»*«cr cr IT (T
r* r- ui *— u»* O ^ C BO^CB
^4 * * » * rvj(r c 0s o»
r> in in » (viM m co •-• *[> j (vi n p>0* cr o* c o>
ODO OD •-•eo""* .r» r> •»•»•<
^ GU CU * f IVJ
rvi (Vi n r> r>»• o- a- a> tr>
cc -« r> IT cor * * *
O C3 Oo* 0s a*
Aisoomso T og in r- >— -<MrVI
cr IT IT
o-I
a a in m ooi i n I* »«
o o •-<r-nr-oooccj-o-j
(T O> 0> O> O> <
a in c o oi (vG
IMUKMMJU?
On
oo
a "• m n •«
mm am •*
^H(vi(vi(vir>nrin
CD <t a (VI ITcy> « .» «n » * .»
(T CD Ul.ct.—
O> » 0> 0> th 0»
(T r- n CD r>on«o0- g.
iocr<-<(viD in co o» * •» If) IT
C* Cf 0*
« <J> - < 1*1 IT
*4nKiir
n o so so in~* •& *O QUO(Vi*TsO
r •J-m ui in mIT QN IT
nu>t-ITIMTU1
l
C* o-«•* <t in<r o> a~ o>
CO O* (T CD0D O (VI .»» i n in inc cr o> o-
»» N * mO(V| 4 <Cin in in in0» O 0> Cf
O IT O tflO Oi^^it^
o ri * r-<e oc
- - " OS
•» sr -»in i in in in « «a>o> IT <r o>
o> f» <o •»«- oo o (v <in in « « «o> o CM7
•» (V) OCD «
in « « « ivcrcrciao
vi •» * r-in m m incr c cr> a-
M11F1QUc « nm «in * * « «c
<-r- somn an v
n in in in m
* n oj o r-in r- IT
n in in in <o0s 0 s IT IT
IT f » ~SO CD O (VIin i n * *IT <r tr o-
in <o <o <oo» cr o>
0" cr tr CJS(VI «st SO # 3mintnm
P>P| (VI M•» so CO O (Vin in in <o
•-• IV •» O•o >c «c «
£ i tT IT IT IT IT
*> sOf>- c o> o> cr
~ f - n cc03 cr (vjsC >i> h- cr cf1 *r IT
r- * mI\J -T soSO so sOIT cr cr
SO so soIT cr o>
oo-h-c
• IT
r- •» —ys »4 rj* r» r-IT U> IT
CD mt t sO
r- r-
ir or- co
- 1 3 6 -
o j
COiVi coir
•tin<o cc
I I I NOfO«rtin incc CD
* a <o -»coi i cs in «
•* in <ooo cc cc
CO L _ _p- o co •»
ocotQp-crco.f'p-p-.?I MOD *in in *CD CD CO
a a: <* cr oI i in -» co
in * *CD a CD
inc
I OD i n ~in * p-cu co a.
g
M
IOCM
5
a ox n in ni i
CCOD CO 0 0 CO OD OC
* P- p- co ooOD CO COCO 0 0
"-in r- a.<-<in cr r> r-
co mr- ojin cr•cr-p-oDcoccr-oooooooaooDoDoooocrcrcr
cr ** oj © P- ru *o co oo ao cp. p- oo oo croo aa oo aj
co m .» r> crr> cr c o> P II*, p. cu ai <rcc eo eo cc oo
r- oo a o> o>00 00 CO CO
© c - t / i c — O O P N * C O| | > ^ ^ QJ
p* oo cb cr crCU QJ OJ QJ CU
ITIf
•-< p- m p- oj p- «-ft) cu cr c*
co oc a
ct or < \ j o vo . _i icrinoinoino'P)
vcp-cococrcrcroa a oc.
a a >o n p-i i rv a. n
r- r- coa a a
a a o <c ocI I « - C
r- cc cca. a a
cjo
o i ro IT oo<>ririr
r- Co in r-«c n p. »- ifxo>voo
cc o> o>
r oODOD <x> cr cr
*a4rt »> « m mcr o* cr> O"
o o o —cr cr cr cr
in co »- •» r-^ « oj CM cucf* cf cr cr c
o> m in co -•^- c\i oj O
cc o> o> o oa; a a cr cr
4-" •D O Ul 00a c ooocc a. c cr cr
uio*
BBO »• — — IM
n cr -j co cro n r~ o n* 4 « oj ry
cr a c* cr cr
p- n p- c o- O O> Oj *
a cr cr cr cr
oif or oP- P- CO OU O»
n cr C) i> oucr «v - t cr (V
I-l -4 M (Vj0s cr- 0s c* ct-
r i co ~« 4*
co in
NNWI.or cr cr o- a- cr
n cr LO o "4"^ m m m I\ICKO1 Cf C Ocr cr cr "
» oj m " coM m r\i p-
j ry oj ncr c o> cr
«cc o n *
vi CIJ r> n ocr cr cr cr
a p- n cro> m IT p-ninnn
ec in ~ ic— •» P- O>n ri n ricr cr cr cr
o u o iro o -< —
X P - U> O J CTcc *-« •» «c(vnnn!C..(vinnn
0> C tf C 0>
tr>o>n in co o rv* » in m
* p- C" ri» » ui in- r » » » u inc a B> cr o a a
pio* cr cr cr-
* » in m mcp a» cr- cr cr
n — m cr oj
- cr OJ •» •n <[ <cr cr cr i
oj in co o^N n in cc* » » •»cr cr cr c
p- o n inrvi m P" cr•T •» -T •»cr cr cr cr
P) * P- Cf4 >c co o» » •* incr- cr cr- a*
iro ir oOJ P) PI «»
cr
PI P-
a cr
• in CD — •»
n P- cr o r-O> • " • !
j - j - in in in
u- cs •-> OJ ncc i-i ro in p->a* in in m in* o> cr cr o>
n * •» »OJ -T *o atin in in incr cr cr cr
in in in ino> cr cr cr
44Cin in ir ccr cr cr o>
o in o vmm «<u
u>- n ITin in incr cr cr
in in incr cr cr
nin p-in in in
cr c
* in
if..op- ct
— 137-
cco
a a ci •» •-i i a
• I m -< i^« cvt iCD I
CD /i njco * o m oCO CD CC CD CD CO CD
« * a- «cI i 0 0 *
<c o — cr)|pp-e>co *
COODQOQDCOCDCOODQDCOQDODOD
oCM
S3
COCM
S3
OCM
O
E-"
WMCJM
WOCJ
CJ
I[14
Ed• J
or a cvi.i i •» — i
COCO in
inI I * ** CO
n .» *oo at a;
oca~corvjtMCM\jn #-<ll i o * n IT •» o m o.
^ ^ n n * o cOU CU OJ (OU QU QU CD CL> '
r> ~ n, p- «»
r)«ininODcccooDco
co co co oo oc
oo n»4p-p)aor>oocvip->»*» in i n * <oCO O GD IS ft) CD CD CO CD GD CO © CO
e c r peoeoecoca
- ai ic cvii m o
< O P - P - O D oo
o> a> coin — vmen
o> co c o oco co cr cr
M pp- r- co ai cr
- I CD .» CO<\/> : ". _" r(Mr e o oco co c ~
* u « c r o c u a aGOCCCOCCCOjCCCCaDCCCO
cococucoiouaucoccco
- » • » CO «-< •»o o o «-« «
ai in — co
•r in inco co
cb oocococcccjoQcoabcoco
Omina, co aH' a, a a ft
o•Tin * *a OL ct o
0: ^ D ^ cI in •" r- (\i
IT * >c r-x a a ou
oo
p-p-oDcocrcoooo<-ia a oc a a
cc p- 4- co o o cc^ ftio- « ifl o np. ccccco ca, cc cc cc a;
oiroir cir oir oi/ioif'Oir o
cr o e oa a u* cr cr
1 OC ftI N O ^
P M *IT a n p-cc OD o aCC CC CO CO 0 "
co co «cv i r -cu (Vi \o oao o>o>©oc oo co o - o
r* o en *o oo•M CM (M (M rvjo> cr cr cr cr
> n -t -f* au --* »» P-
» p- OfVI<t —I (\I(VJC C7» O* Cn
^" M OP-p- o PI in^ cvi CVJ evicr cr o- <r
(vi •-> cc ino m in cc(VI (VI (Vl (Vtco o> o* o"
<r p- c •* p-o ©••* •-« •-<o> o> o o o
OP>_ ft • • *
co co co cr cr
r - a c ODa (vim OD
e
*+ -4 (\i (VI
vi(vi(vicvim n n n
in co o r>(vi (vi n P Id* co cr co
c r- •» oo> fv> in cc*~ (VI CVl (Vi
« o <ccvi
MCVI r u n
cr •* co n p-*-« P I «c co
Oh CO CO CO CO
-rim•3- •»
ft CO O CVI •»PI •» •» *CO CO CO CO
n co n p-cc o pi in
vj cvi PI r -a co co co
cr r i p-o PT in ccpi pi p> P I
r « p- a.O (VI •» * CC-T -» -T >I »
co cr <x o>
in a -> -nincc
nri
orvi * <c p-co o cvi •* o
» > » • » • »o- cr cr eo co
•* m >c p- co oc
CO CO CO CO CO
tr>o m<o mi« in m i i «<
CVl p - • -r. T *n n (OCO CO CO
/ i p- onn<rcr co co
— in ooP-CO-H
o -»p-cr —• r>p> •» •»
m r»* •* >r
cr — PI•» p- v-I -I -»
>o co "
CO CO
CO CO Oson
in in
cr crCVl . *in incr o*
cc cc* <cIT IT.CO CO
IT'OP- OC
- 138-
n(VI
(VI
o(VI
a a. ix u> -»• I I IT IT
«C P-
«r K e r- r>l I I o
p-p- r-
co « nc o —
p- p- ec cc
* • : r- co (M• i in in in, _
p- p- p-
— «* noo•? (VI Op-
3o
CM
COCM
O
Ix,o
Ix,Ix,txloCJ
Mo<up[X,
P3
a. a. — a- —I i ^eo
P- 0U Cr- p- p-
a a •» o a-p- eo cr- P- p-
p- u> a. mn •— crcoo
p. p. cc co
c <o c, <o •» «to* o ••» ivr** 00 S) Q
•T •» o- o cc
— « cr Ice ifi !•) <a, a* c H o P-I tvi (P-P>P-QDCUCOCD0U
Q. a „ „I I h 4 J f
S C O |— nj <\j m •»«u cu ct au cu
ur tr •» ivi uI i <vi " o
croot» cc a1
a a f" r> •»i i r \o .tr o «|
I*- cu a
4 inC *C (\J QU
CVJ CVJ f~l ^ ^
a a. a. a. a
uo
oir oir-cimcvrin*
r* r* r>-» — a
-< m mmCO 00 CD OC CD
- ri io
— W <t O •P) P> •• If! La a a a* a
IT o if, o if.» in in *1
o r- o o* op- n<VJ 1*1 1*5 ^CO CO CO CD
-r >oin CJ ifm »«p- n e o
•» -» in u-CD CD ai a' ~ p o
OD TO 00 00 0D GO
P) <TII1||1cc a' ec co
to in ~k > " » o <»* f P- P- OD 00
CD CC CO CD
n OD j - c in•» >r if> i *GL a' cu co ou
t\i a; r> ouin in -o aj cu cu ou
If T * * P-cc ec cc co
CC » > - • CO
m <& P- p*
p- (V «£)•»<iCP- p- OCaid
•» O* <*o>i n i r <c 10oo co coco
nop- I\I
l « <op>KC fO CD CO
5co r-|0D CO C CM0 00 CO CD
caj c cr o>ICC CO CO CC
J* wt © (vj r." •»• O> r i p -•CP- p- a a«c a/ ouaico
P- CO 0 D CCL' CU CU CL>
VI « . a , u< a ." O » CC (VJ>• a; oc a,1 o*~ CO CU CC CD
hNi/iCC CO C C
a' a a cc
P" P- st) (\J
CO C C Ca a a a
P- <C •» oc r ip . —ec c a oct or a. c
, , (VJIVJ •-»cc <VJ<C c
V^ CC CD CCD COCO CO
(p. COP- If)» CO (VI
to co co cto <r ce a>
(T COCO CO <7> CT
U1 O •» P-I p-1— -I p-
C O (au «r «r u*
» ifi a oo P) *c oc» o o *-•c a* c a*
^ o ru n(vi * c rvio © o —cr o* (r cr
(Vi Ul >C P-(/) CC «-< 7O O *•• FM(TCO-C"
p. c o op- O .» P-o ~ —• -*c o> o> o
ITiO UVOi(vi r> r> »
u» cr ("> ui P-,• IN O •» p- o|«* o oolao o> o> »
b- r) « tr CMto* o o o •-»Ice cr cr c
p- *llfl CO •-*
cic* c c
to (vi JT c pk-< If) CD •-• <tb00H«to* c o» o> 0s
kr P- o n '"N (VI (VJo> c a-
> (vi in cu
* c c
****** CVlCVJ (VI (VJ
C C COD *U CT (VIpx FH ** (VJO > l f O - t f
o a »•0s •-• <*
fV
o> c o-
•> <0 •»p- on•x (VI (VI0» C (T
(VJ (VI (VI
c cr o-
« CD) CU O
VI (VI P)• « r
|P- O(VJVI P) P)J. O> C
r> i— <r >o n c ina; « n* - t (VI (VJ n P)
c* cr IT
m PI o >u«v, cu PI
P- •» o(Vj If) CD(V (vi M nC 0s C O*
pi in co0*0*0*
I
op- OL
o oo o
r\> Mo o1J1 LJ
IM ft)O OLfi LJ
ro ro r>o o cin (
IM M rvlo o oj l *• ro
iv ro f\o o cu i * • rv
* • o a>
M -si41 -g o>
f\J PO CV)o o o* *• u
*• * !\)LJ LJ X-
ro ro roo o ooh in LJ
l/l inm o
JD O J3 -OJ3 -si Ul ro
J3 -J LJ -JJl *• LJ —
O NO .0 tO- j in ru
o ^ oa> ui LJ
LJ ru ns rv* *•
Ul f O Ul -si-j LJ to ro *•
O OD ON CJ —
<0 tO >0 <B•n ih * • « -
0 «•a - j * »-
30 -J. -gLJ -O in
-J *» Ao> o
•- TO ro t>O M* -J X
X X 00 -J ->-si * • O ,T>
UUIU -4 U
n> on no M -,
3D 00 00 -si •%0 5 * • > - •«•
CD a> <» - J •>in >- m *•
JIUIHIMCD
(BOD - J ^ J
in M « »
00 05 ^1 -Jin mm *•oo «• -«i o>»* ro OD <o
LO o ui o in
OOOOOQOOO
o> a* ui in-«i ro -J ro
*• LJ "0 roM in o ul
ro a» -g in I-I
o> > in in *•J LJ TO LJ -J
oo » ro o ro
-» in ^i » uru in * - r\> •*!
3> ui in **•• O ** 3D
oi o> in "M O l
o ro •* oo£ i\) ro •->
*. LJ Ljro«-
(T* no -«jO> ro * •
* LJ LJ ro •-LJ ID •— i n •£
aooahOhoo-siLjos
* u l %o ao i
ox o*1 i nmo LP, ir *• CJ uroivD U O O
£• » t> *•K OD >O *•
ON » in in *>
o> o> in ui»ro -j
CUUN£• 0D f\> QN ^
LJ in in LJ \D-J sO >0» *
«• -J oo oru,0 ^ » n» «•
. « uoON o & oo »i/i uih- inao
_.*•* • urororo o> o uiao ro
** ( j nj TO (J
o » J I in ,.in o in o ut
o o o o o
OOiOOB 9O U T- J) M
t> —> t\) ro • --J *> " • O -s)
o ul > 3 ro
OD >0 X
• o vo <o oo1 ** *i O U' ui r> ON in in in
"^ 'H no M ™j
* o o "• rs
U LJ r\> PO
o o oo o
ao <o oso j > • -
0 * J) O U O)CD LH O - J f LJ
in o> •«»»LJ -J <O M
M4300-sl-slOhJIUI •
N- *• ao i— ui• • • • o
a» ON - j o *•UIO -si
>oin oh i
O O \0-JO U
03 -g •«) o> in uiON J3 ro in 00 ro
O O <OI00 ** & •
OO JJ<oro in OD» * Ul Jl>a in * o
•-J -*J Oh Ul UlJ ^ J
UUM>Ul Ul *• •»! •»
>u-i>-*»«irjf o>
ao -JON ON ino LJ ah o u>
o°
— « - LJ •>) LJ
1 0» 5» J l * •in oo ro <n CD
in 30 LJ 9 LJ
Ul LH •OUff O Ul
^oosCODao^Ohiniti •
ah ui —f o
_ - j ON ON u i— t- -g o *• Ul
o
gMPO
-6ei -
- 140-
oCC
i r- e •n (vi -o» cr
a a * r- ITi i o* o nin
cr a c
aM
toCM
ei-
NO
tt C O> 1/1 I"-
* n»Ma \j IVIIVKKIc o> o> o> o> a* <r
a at •? (vi NO m o n o
cr a> a>
cr a cr o inI I n * - .
* n ncr cr a
tilt <7lbVi i in r- r>
(MTC
n rjiuui •"** o o o *-«nonrri
( M T CT CT
a a •-.i i f«
ITu MJ j - -jt tr ~ r-
•» * ria - o > c r
<x o r « ( V nI i ono
in .» n(Mfff
it n r* oI n .-« in •-•
i * <•> <c c>
uo iroir oMV n n
i oo o oW tVI P-4 (M R
o> car
nwonaocrivjkooj. . _ finNCeoo""
N (VI (VI (VI (V r - - - -
O D O[M (vim CM (vi
cr- cr CTN cr
M n •-< •» *«co joc cr
XI 1\1 C- IM (VIo- o- c tr
ivi CM IVI rr>r> n no» I T vr
ui •» I* r•i •» •» innnnn
<om<s IT.NO *O <J f*n m n nif aif <r
r- >c cr *a oo a- cr
n
* ~ " ( V i N ^ m ^ c r o ( V i(V ivi i v i iv (vj ~ —
a, I T ivi NC (Vn >T NU r» ONIVI (VI (VI (V (VI
• *> r» o> o (viIT r- >c r- ai
oo «c m mIVI Sf >£>« O— nn a(vi(vi(viivin * > n n n ^cr cr cr cr ONCr
<j o «\j * ™i o< o — n
oo >c * •»•
o ** (vi n uii n n n n> cr c o
vi n •» in i>-
> n r n n
••< rw •» r-l
VI (Vt < I*" IVIr- (c 01 i -
coin ttOCU O (VI
n •»• -i -r(T o> ON cr
U) n tvi cO(VI NO
n •» •» NJ »cr cr cr
IV r» -» yv 0Ua: o (vi >t NO•» ui in in u
trcr cr cr
(VI J - NtlOU
.*• io a.- cr- * NT ^ >
Cr cr cr cr
n in ec (vi r- r;cr o »-• nn N» •» N»cr cr cr cr
4 « 4 « mcr cr cr cr cr
<T NC Ob (VJ^^ ( v i n t o
» » J 4
nocur-NO CC O *— n» •* in to ui
cr cr cr cr cr
n .»•» • *
cr cr
r n h t oco o oj n I T•* I T in in tr.cr cr cr cr cr
ir>ou* o ITcr OOII-KX
~ ri ui wtf ~ nmn ^ » »n ^ »Cr CT CT
mCT CT1
cr •-• n NCo n m r»
cr cr cr cr
in £> oo •—co o (vi m*r ui in icr cr cr cr
-» cr en n •*** cr IVI m w
i D VC71
CT* cr cr cr
•-" (VI •» NCI V NT \ U auin in in m
r cr cr u1 cr
o- o •- r ir* n NO co om in iri uiJN cr cr cr cr
r- oc cr >-•> in r- cr rvi
in in incr cr cr cr
* <u r- crp- cr *« nui in >o Ocr cr cr cr
( P I I HIT <C NC sCcr cr cr cr
» O M |o n in tt-
n i*. « (viIVI » r- oin in in NOcr cr cr cr
4<9|T«.n m in « N
n IDr-r» i-
cr cr cr cr
vi in r- o n* * r- r»cr cr cr cr
NO cr (vi m<c NC P- r-cr cr cr cr
- a i m.« c >o
n oc NJ;o (v in aor- t- r-cr cr cr cr
o IT o ITm in \t)
nIT tr nCNCt-0- cr cr
au NO•o o
•*(VJ *CO (VI NC
or- r-
r- t"- »
o co a'cr cr
•- o(VI •£>cc cccr cr
n r-a- a'
4 (Vin crat cccr cr
in or» a.
- 141-
OJ
CVI
CVI
ofVJ
a tt f-
t c i t ni i i »
cr er erlcr cr cr cr cr
aHS3O"
COCM
X
oCM
X
a. a o-» »t i or
cvi— »«cr o» o*
I
££
CM
6JJ
cr. a n —• —I i c cr r>
ojCr O> O>
CO10
DMcr cr cr
( I H4Sm ojcr cr o>
a a o%o ni i miro
D CVJ OJ
cr cr c
ITCO
a a i i jI I * r - cvi
n oj rvt<r v <r
O of>- <r •n (vi
c
Ooir o ire(vi tvinn *
— o o —oo o
cr cr cr cr
r> a. r> *(VI (VI CVIooo
n r- CM j - oiiMSOoo excr cr cr cr
in o ci oa; aj cu coo o o oo> <r cr V
na> wooCVI ^ CVJ 1V(
ri v cvi a,>» n •» •»•
tvi a> cvi as* in t
CVJ CJ1 O J CCoo r- oo OD
(Vj C1 f\J Co a ooM — cv cvc tr » CT1
O VI O 1/1u>in « *
(i * co o o oO* Cf C^ 0 s
e cv> « c v* •«; cu
n w r» o (v
HHH (M(\l
cc o •«- cr \O
C O> 0 s C^
c ivi r- <<c eo o> i—
CP (vi r- mo cvj n I TCVI (VI (V) (VI
CffUff
0* (VI t© (VIcvi .* ui r»(VI (Vj (Vj (VIer tr o- c
o o (vi u< crO (Vj J f HCfO-CA CMT
nr-nr U' W -Tui r~ o
rvi«vj c u nCf » sr
(V) M0 O * 00
r- cr ** m «o co^H «-4 OJ cvj rvj
(VI (V (VI CVI(T tj* 0s
oj r>^^ ri uiM (VI (VJ OJ OJ
(J> IT
( Ui/i r>- o1 -«(vi cvi OJ r>(T (T 0" (7>
a. cvj r-n ^ oc
rvi (vi rvi rvi0" 0s O* O
oj *
« J^OJ-
o o •— n in (CO4r-o>r<r)ini>orviOJ oj n r> ei n •» •» o-o-crcrcrcro-o-cr
Ia <r a «a o oj incr 01 cr a>
r> in a; — •»r» cr " -7 <cnn *a- cr cr cr
cc co oc cro (vi •$ <c _n n 1*1 (*i fo cr cr cr cr cr ~
«-«r) in cc rv,~ cnir oo
o- cr- o- cr
oif.oiro
m CI aO( M M M M
n e w * <0< •> (T (T 0>
i» o> tvi in con P * *
l» OJO* 00 Oo r x o
o> >o mcviin co •><
.» sT <r -r ino> cr a> cr o>
•» •» m in<r w cr tr
r- o cr oo on t i aj <-< ui# •* •» in in
to m oj ncr oj in co•r in in incr a cr a-
a cr *rw r-
, in incr cr cr
•# in OJ* cr
in in in
r> n cri cr n> in »u
cr cr cr
4) •Vcr cr
in o>c r»cr a-
nooca n •» r-»-* »* >o o m r* »-«m in in to >o « r*cr cr cr cr cr cr cr
o t~ in <cm in oo w*in in in *cr cr cr cr
o IT o i r < _m in * i! r- f» cc
inc n« < c rcr cr
- 1 4 2 -
occ
a ct o r*j r-• • •»
cr P- •• (Moo eo
0 s CT CT 0 * CT CT CT
a a — mt i •»
o-otonct _ . . _ . _ . .. _*«in(*>crrip-oocroD«n o> .» p- o ~
cr p- •» (M crtrcrcraDcooooDp>
S
00
o
OCO
CO
<
OL cc OJ in >-«M p- p» (vi <•
Ito
iAH
ui n •«
cr O1 cr
CO
z
a
cr I T trcr cr 0>
0: Qc .» co IT
U) f l «•"•
cr cr cr
u u ui trI I •» >o r*
._ D c m O P » . .eop-p-p-p->o>o»oifi
B> !«• * (M O>• oa au OD
trtrtroucucooup>cr cr
1*1 00 O> •» *n) <*i o> •* r-
<r rvj cr d n o P-
0> (^ * M O>CD t ^
IMMflMJQ* cr OD oo CD <
i« 4J (t•o •» o •»o> r- in c\j trou QJ a; oj r»-HMJf
in m »-i(KPO1
ctitinocci'i i *• P- i
0- tr o-<r cr cr
r* O (M CO CT U p-p- co p- o ir a
r- u' icr crir v
a (vi r- n ~
r-o- <cr
o
r tr cr cr cr
a. -» ui — r
o i>- ir c\jx cc *» ccr (r (r tr
O N IT I\J O-oo co cc r-(MT IT C"
» o — o•- in ** ir> a
a N ir (\. cau ou a co r-cr a- » a a
IT O IT e IT.* in in «c >t
i t * n o1 rtr-oCO O*
>o m o r - .»0> 0> 0> V C 0> C
OP-• p- p- vo -o
» « ui in ui •»»»%r w cr T
CVI CO O »* Ooo in ~»t^ (\-I oo o
. r
o r •»- MJ \o
j . cr> o> cr cr
•# t~ oo P-o cr r- r
J> tr cr cr cr
P- IT O ITo o> a •»
o p- n oin incr cr
n«un m ui
CM ao cr u
in ui ui ra a a cr[\J CD *»» r> n (vi excr cr a o-
j cr •*M WO CD - I
p- n o o« in in in cr cr cr cr cr
tr ui ^ oo ^i
p- n o <uui ui u i 70i cr cr cr*
•-I p~ n eoui a. rt IM
c .i oc ~ n
<r o p -p- P- * >ccrcrtrircrcro-cro1
cr (vi cu «OOIDIT
cr ui *»r- cvjou 1 cr -* n
»• r- •»p- •£ <cc cr cr
""r- n o *•c in ITi IT <tu c c c ff
p »p- P- \C >0cr cr cr cr
* — P- »P- P- * *cr cr cr a
Ma n v nM ui cr i-4 r i
— p- n o **£• Ul Ul Ul •»cr cr cr cr ir
riscp-icrnoui«-i
— r- n o >cvc u- u- ui •»a cr cr tr cr
ucr o o.i-« ^^
(VI P- CVi P-( '— O P-
(Vi OD * cr* o n <Mcr cr cr cr
M co * cr» n n (vi- - cr cr
n o in oM <«o co
-> in cr ruo * p- o-<*<-< P- cvM *•« « Oo- cc cr cr
O40EOX
<c .» cr \r* n n <VHcr cr c cr cr
** <c ~ r-rvj~ - . ocr cr cr cr
-a* flu * •«• *
M oc « cr uior cr cr cr
P- M P- —(\J *^ CU
M cu •$• v u
3* cr cr o* cr
CC .» C Uln n iv, IMcr cr cr cr
> Ul o >»n —c cr Ui
n ci (vi IMcr o- cr IT
n p- -> «n »• cr ir
a 4 cr U<*1 1*1 (VI <\J
cr cr tr ir
cr <*> r»« cr ir
a * cr ITn n OJ (v.cr ct cr ff
p- m ui cr <\> f* aun > « P C * c
O <Ot-p-^« «M Ocr cr cr
o * CD —o * p-ol-< * • " p-(VI •« -> O
n cr n ui p-
f tr cr cr cr
~ «» *i a
>O • • P> IM~ — o otr tr w cr
IM ui p> crui a o pi
—I r* O Ocr o- cr ,-r
* ** P- «M— — O Oo> cr cr tr
• P- e* _• co O < M
O O
einoirIT Ul <C <C
P- (M <Dcr cr ooocoo co
(ML"-» Op-P- CM >Ccr cr ODOD COCO
P- (M •&cr t r ou•U «l *
•9 noMOOP> (M <O
cr cuoc cc a
P- (M -0crj.eecc ou cc
p- IM <ou> t r au
cc OD
(M <Ccr ccou a
p- no a'
cr oca a
r- nocccv, icr aa CL
cr aca a
- 143 -
o
(VI
3coCO
tvi
IM
ina-
oCO
i i i m i
993
a a* <r i• t i in in
993
991
• : acp-incoi i in in in
CPCPtr
i inini/<
inn —
CP 0- CP
Ct Dt P- P- OI i nuio
IX (H CU P" *•*
cr tr cr
a oc oo CD cvi1 i nui*
u> rt ••«tr tr tr
a tr cr cr nI i n ID s£>
cr cr cr
1 | D iO i£l
CP CP CPcr cr cr
1 1 * \C * .
m r- »•«
cr CP CP
a a o(V r-
CP cr o
o IT o in o(vi (vi r> D •»
(Vi * (V p-
0> p- * (VIco oo co coo»c CPCP
* * * 0U CP» »1p» •« -f
0> p- •» (VJ CP00 CU 00 00 P-9> CP CPCP CP
inco«o »H
mn« C P oo (vi r>•» »«r» (vi in
CP P- * (V CP
o> cr CP cr CP
cc o m* cu co cvi in
CP P- * (VI CPco co oo eo p-CP CP CP CP CP
ip ri —i \u p-* (vj com m
CP 1 - «» (VI CP
CP CP CP CP CP
— •» nco CPin r\i cu cvi U)
P P- -T (VI CP
T CP CP CP CP
0 (VI CO (*) *
987
984
982
979.
» CDP- (Vi nn ^ j J f^ 0
ir r- .» (vi CPX CO 0C CO P-T cr cr cr c
n cp CP mn (Vj cc n *
7 P- •» (VI CPD cc cc ec p-T cr CP a CP
** ** ** * CD
C CO CC 00 p -* cr CP CP cr
r oiro ir• m m « <o
*?•<.<OP1 OP-p- p- p- «<
p- (vi in in in
tnopP- P- P- f> •CJ. CP CPCPCP
CP «p.cor-
* (n o p» -
— * C P OCP*• P- «innon op- *
CP c CP a a
n oo •-« cvi *• P- r- m (vi
* n o p- -*P- ^ p- «C <O
iorw Jr- co p-in (vi- e n op- <r
CP CP CP CP
ni m «mcu p- ui ;vi
n op- ^
j> CP CP CP CP
-» p- au r-cc p» m (vi
m op- j -p- p- * *CP CP CP CP
p- O- O OCC P- * dn o p- rP- P- * >0cr a cr cr
CP (VI (VI (VJCC CC * D
riop ijP- P- >C <Ocr CP CP CP
m o p- -jp- p- <o *a CP CP CP
iroir oP- CC CO CP
p- <->m ec
o p - n CP in* m m •» •
D O P- DO^ (vim co oO P - n CP >
cr CPCP CP <
- ivjin cc o
•t> ui in •» >U* tP CP CP CP
•• * -« p- nV ( V I * CO Oop-ncp*
CPO-CPCPff
CP p-n CP in>- (VJ>O COOO P - D CP ** m m •« »CP cr CP cr CP
HtriiiHp
oprnpc
CPCPCPCP
r i * CP o
p- r i CP *i ui in -T -4*
OtPUl"n * CP —p» n CP *mm •* •*CP CP CP CP
in r~ r^ i*)n r- CP *-*p- n CP *m m •» •»cr cr cr cr
p- n cr mDP- CP «prune
> m m •» •*
CPIP «-•£r>p- o -<
p- a o >ci m m m •»
oir om' O O **.«
* CP m i "O CP CC *(Vip- n c P* n PKVJCP CP CP CP
m • " P- P>CUo o co * (v i
(vi co r> CP in* n n (vi (vi3 . CP CP CP CP
p- in » * 0eoa«ncu co m CP in* tn ricvi «v)CP IP IT (P tP
CP in 0 tom0 0 CP * P I
ivi co r> CP in
CP CP cr CP CP
» * (vj co n-* O CP * I"[vi co n cp m^ n r> ivi (vjcr cp CP CP CP
r» co • * CP u>-" O C- sC f livi co n CP m
p CP CP CP CP
<r 0 in -» *^ M ir N f i
cu r i cp u>ri ri m nCP CP CP cp
IVI p- (VI CU« <?• P- n
cc n CP m**> n (vi (viCP CP CP CP
n CP « CPin c* Mn
n n (vj (ucr cr cr cr
in 0 <c «•» 0 p- •«-
n rioj IVICP cr cp cp
r- (V P- iv»« 0 p- *
938.
934.
929.
925.
ir oir 0
n a. n r-CC (VI * CC
0 * »•* *
CP C CP CP
» CP •» COCD (VJ * CD O
(VJ f - " > OO» CPCP CPCP
c p-xooO'
0 * ^* * 1nixxei
P- (V lP -< - *
O * M * CVJ
CP CP CP CP 1
cc n co (vi mw n * CP 0
O *->*(VIfliH^oeCP CP CP CP CP
0 u> CP r i sciCP PI * CP O
CP CP CPCP CP
" * 0 » p-CP ri p- CP 0
u « ^ 0CP CP CP CP CP
p rip- CP 0
916.
911.
906.
902.
CP n * crn p- CP 0
c c cr cr
0.» p- 0^ l>- CP r»
•-. ** O OCP CP CP CP
' » P- CP ~
* ^- *C (U- . — 0 0cr CP cr CP
0 m 0 irm m <c *
n ri cvjocr p-p- ~ *CP C P C 000 CO CO
» >T n0 CPP-
> • • - < *CPCP COCO CO OD
m m 1*1O CPP-
p-« *CP CPCU•1 mm
no •*OCPP-» " *
cc oc a
* * mOCPP-
CP CP a>OC CD CO
p- r- uiO CP P-«. r* *LP CP CUX) CO CO
CO CO *OCP r-
CP CUCU CO CC
CPP-
p CP a;a< a
OP-0 p-(VI >CCP COa a
O CO0 p-(VJ <(.CP 0 0a1 a.'
0 p-
(V •Ccr cca a
m 0P- CO
- 144 -
§
oCO
§ow
Q
fc,
o
o
o
a
a
COCO
§Cu Ul
IT
IT.
a a ui — aI I •» •» r
CD COCO
«t a <r op-i i « « n
CC CO CC
0: cc P> o *©I I •» P I P I
CD CD CD
OEIMStfli i « n n
CD 00 00
a a •" r- -»I i » pi PI
CD CC 00
au CD co
a ox ao in CMl l P) P> r»
OU OU CU
a ar •»«i i onn
CD ac oo
i I pi PI PiCL a CD
a o; IT CMC1 PIPI PI CM
a r~ j ~ or1 P ) P ) PI CM
CD 0C CC CC
o u\e> if oCM CVl PI P I .»
ui r>—i <rr. PI p; IMco oo oo co
4* CVIO CC <t• ) P I P ) CM CVl
OC CC OD CC
r > P ) CM «vi cw
co co GO oo ac
noa)«m1*1 P ) CM CVl (M
OD CO 00 CD CO
N O> N <C ^1 CVJ CM CM CM
00 0C CO 00 0D
c cc a . cc co
O CO <C • * PI1 CM IVI 1M (Vi
ou cu au cu au
1^ Ul -41 (MM (M CM (M CM
OD CO CO CC
<t> • * P> <iCM (M CM (M
cc cc OD a
U1 . » CM >-«CV, CM CM CM
CM CM CM (M
a.- cc cc ao
• em o vUl Ul -C O
Ul <3* PI CVJ fCM CVl CM CM C
cc cc CD co a
n * c v ~ *•M C M ( V I M CVl
OO CC CD CD CC
* P ) C M - < OMCM (MCM (VI
00 OD CO OD CD
^ (VI ** O I T
GO 00 CD CD OD
n (VI « o c
COCO CC OD CC
DD CO CD CO OD
njo o » co
cu au ou cc- au
«O(TCU h
1 CO CD CO 00
OCT* C 5 N r-
cc a> cu a
o cr oo r J
CO f <C «£
cc co ac co
If O IT'O
O9ir ib
CO CD CD CO
o c» a a.' r-
co cc co oo a
O 00CD f^ \C
CD 0D CD Ol CD
o> oo r- r> <o
CD CD CD 00 CD
UNMCUl
CC CO CD CD CC
CO CO CD CD CO
r- o «o \fl v
ou cu ou ou cu
r- it ui ui •«•
co co oc ac oc
o in in j -
a a. cc a a
«D Ul >» -O1 PI
f •» * PI PI
x a cc oc oc
r om o IT
p- a. ui ui
OD CD CD CC
«<t m *
cc cc «c co
* in •» * P I
oo co as oc GO
tn in * P» P )
oo ao ai eo CD
n •» •» P I cvi
oc ao cc oc eo
DD oc ou cc a
J- PI PI CM (M
v ou cu ay ay
PI (VI IM !••
) CO 00 OD OC
p) r y « " <-
a' a a a'
(M CM »•* O
a. a a. a.
CM — m o
oc cc cu oc
IT oir. o(M PIPI *
PI PI (M ~
CC CC CO CC
P) (V IM •-•
00 CD CO CO 0
P1(M<-«»«O
CO CD CD CD
NMXOC
00 00 CD CO OD
njrtooir
cc cc ac co oo
CC CC 00 CD CU
M O O C CC
ay cu au ou au
^ o c V a'
OL 00 00 00 CO
O O O1 CD CD
a oo OL a.
c a> cc c-oo oo
<r oc• r- foo o oa CD a ac
ouicirin ui >o *
cca>-< o o
ac ac cc
0* cr cc
oo oo on
O> OD oooo oCO CD CD
U* oa t -oooOD CD CO
OD oc r-
ac oo cc
ao co cu
00 l>- <C
DU au a i
1^ HJ O-1
o o oi 00 00
« mo occ a
*> ino o
a a
in ino oCO CL-
IP O»- OC
— 145 —
cm I
o
oCO
g<y<
CM
c
03
3CO
oHBCO
V]CO
gPL,
mo
i n
o
inCO
ooc
i i i in •»CO CO
c a a © ii
•00 «D
« «t mo-in1 1 Kl<4
00 CO CO
or or CM GO •»• i in •» •»
CO CO CO
a a -< r- nI i in •* *r
CO 00 00
CO QD 0D
a or o i n CM
flu ou ou
Lt IX 8/ •? ^1 • « <* «
OD or or
at a r- n oi i •» •» *
CO Cb CO
I I •» •» n
a a a
DC OC I T " C Oi i •» * n
cc a- oc
o in o m<o[\j I\J ci i*) ^
n o t » «
0C 00 00 0D 00
CC 00 CO 00 CD
M O - «C •»• OJ* r> r>ri r>CO 00 CO CO 00
.» r> n r> rCO CO CD CO 0 0
o h IT n •**
CC CO OC CO CC
CO 00 00 CC CO
O* »© «T ~* Oi r> r» n r»
cu cu cu OL au
i n r j — «T>
00 CC OC CO CC
cc co a ou ou
"> f i n cv (\J
a a a a'
I O D (VI 0Jx cc oc cc oc
m>© m<o in>» m in >c <c
n Dftjcv t\jCO CD CO CO CO
r> D (\l IVI (\J
0C 00 CC 00 00
rXMAIIMIV
00 CD 0D 00 CD
o co r- « inrXMCMCVICM
00 0D CO OD 00
OD 00 OD 00 00
CO 00 CO CU CO
co r- i n •* <•>nj f\j f\j t\j t\4
ou ou ou a i au
P- * U> >» D(\J (VI (VI CM <\l
co co or CD cc
^ in fi (vitVI CM (VI CVI (VI
a cc ccco tt
M(M (VI CVI (V
cc a a a a
M CM CM IMCM
OO W CC X CC
o mom eP- P- CO OD O>
Ul * <*J Cltocvi<v (v. n. ivCO CC CO CC CD
CO CC 0 0 00 OC
OD CO CO CD OD
•» n CM ** oCVJ CM CM (M (VI
00 00 00 CO CO
CO CD CO CC 0
XJ CD 00 CC CD
. . . . .
au au au au cu
iv ^* o tr v
ao co co co OD
cc a cc cc w
cc cc a a a
o a o- oc p-
oc a co oc oc
IT © iriiomITOOMH
CO CC OC CC CD
•-• O (T CC CO
CC 00 OC CO CD
O CT 0- CO P-
CO CO CO CC CO
ocMseop-
CO CO 00 OD CO
OL cc oo co ec
00 CO 00 00 CO
CC 00 p- >O <C
au au ou au au
Ct P" P» \V U l
CO CO 00 CO 00
cc P- \o <D in
cu a a a cc
p~ ^ <o i n • *
a a a a a
p- <c in i n ^
oo ec ac oc oc
©in oir.oIM (vi n n <T
00 OD OC OC CO
^ * 1/ U) •»
CO CC CC CO CO
«. o i r • * •»
00 CO 00 OD CO
c in in •» »*i
DO «o co co a
CO CC 00 00 0
n*co" co* a* oo
p ^ ^ d CVFH ^ * ^ « 1-4 ^ 4
JJ au a i cu cu
I) <T n IM IM
-. CO CO OP CO
oj a a- oc oo
l a a c c
•> r. cv,»- —
ao oc « a
in IT <o *
« n CMi" f" •«
00 00 OC
r> DCM
00 CO CO
fO CM —
CO CO 00
n CM —
00 CO CD
CO CO CO
X> CO OC
— - o
ou au cu
-» © cr
DO CC CO
-«© o
CC CU CU
oca— o oa a
o c a
r cc a
DITOP- OC
- 1 4 6 -
B Pll\l OlOL Ulr- ^{\JI C O O I M M M C C*4*nnnnnoeionnnmm
m c n> HI r- i© O CN &• CT QD CD
a a rxvi©p» * — <o —•© o> o> o* a> eg
nnnnn•T n n n r> r>
13IS
IT
L/ cu cr o-p* »© 4P •» (
n r> tnnnnnnnnnnpinnnnn
* r- oo f»r -c \n •*
•» O IP O>&• O* QD p-
IP IP ^ ©»• <O IP •* c
w u1
nnrn
u u. (*i ^ crI I OOC-
n n n nnnnn
ct a n * u»I i o e o>
m »' n<r oc «o ^>
a a <\j»eoinfvicc<vcI i o o cr la a- a: a r--* rijri n m n rinmnnmom
r>|r r r- r r-> r>jn n n r> r>
oIPOIPOIT oiroipivnn^^tpipvc
p- C iO II) fr (V-
nnnnn r i «n IVJIVIIV
onr)p-«o(vj © oc >o n
nnnnnnniunnv
o © p- p-i ©co ip m
-too or- o« r>co •»
r- r- rio- (- l/i (
xvy (vi rumpinnn n n n n n
^ r» cr auOD IP »"«•-•
r> ri r> ri n »•) n
-CVI (VI© M3*U III -4"
r* -< « O O
innn n
(T CO iC Xip -» r> CM
n n on <\io ao »o n o
at (C r i cuir. <» n <-
<C * >x IP\r\ •* ri —
U" © IT'©!P- CO CC Cfl
'1 t\t i\t (\J IV
i CMC M l 'MdMC
f\J OJ OJ ^>ri n n r
C\J PH #<« ««l <
ot» notr0» oj o *^ oo •* <o p»r>
o> o> eo oo r-ir)Dr)M(vi(vi(vi(v
CD o ui ip r- ruoc
p ~ CM a o
cr o> co p- <o _IMtMCMCMCJCMCMtVI
vi >c • * oo p»«OII)O
-< M ix o O
p- u> r-r i c •»—i o o CT-BBIIIM
CMP iT(vj oc r> cc
cr n c\j uip- p- rvj >o
o <c e •»
occasn (u (u ru (v
O C CC 00 P"n rv I\J rvj (vi
•» » <oIP \0 <C
0> c fru (\J ni ni f\f
o> ao r-M (vi (vi rvi (vi
c I/) m OD n
vi ivi IVI rvi m
vj ru (\i (vi (vi
pi >o n n n ip ccp" IP P- O> O C - "
M (Vj (VJ (VI (VI
(VI ^ CO I P
n IP <c p-
cc p- <c IP(VI (V) (V! (Vj
o IP © ITIPI/> O <C
CVJP- •»O p-
* «tl <—" 0D O>
>c IP -»(VI CVl (VI
p ^ r>[VI (Vt (VJ
(VI vC(VIC
n p-(Vj (VI
- 1 4 7 -
noj
ITnj
©fti
a a a n cvi • i <
, t *t p> pi PI PIPI p> P> PI PI PI m
at a a P>*>i i i ~o o o> c a a>
p> n
tern * p>.-«i i ooo
C M * oIKTfflTCC
CO
aM
sCO
a
|H<cCO
to
°HSO
a)
COCO
u>•
O
•
ino•
a a -» n«I I O O O
n PI rt PI PI
cr r- * oc* o> cr o«
a a * PI •-<
n ~ ~
I I•» •» *
ri n PI
I I O O O
err- <r » XJ
nnnnnpinnnn
?°
. - _ P1P1PIP) P)PI PI PI P7 PI PI PI I
« n o in
r- n n n n
4« r> ir uW COD CO
* P)C •*tf» I T ou au
U L t ' » O j ^ « _ _ _I l O O O C T O - O - C C C C
D P) P) PI PInnnnn
ct at -I i jMffi
OOOIMMTI O)
PI PI P? PI I1 PI PI I
I O O- OU Ul OJ to PIocc-ccoa
P) P) P) PI P) P)
or P> M o «c IT
•»•»•»
PI P) pi
PI PI PI P: P.P) PI
a o> o- ai oo
p> p pP) P) PI Pi P-
«C I - «C >C IT
P) P) PI P) PI P) P)
D> IC O P) P)
p>np)PipiriPiPiP)P>P)p)P)P>Pi
oor- «in.» n ojo o> r-) p ) ) p i
p> PI pi pi p>
p> p) p> pi PI
o « >c r- r-
!">P!PlP!P>mPlPlPlP!
Pi P I pi mrt fl r> PI PI
nnnnnnn P I P> P I p>
i •* in i«- r- >u ui
i P I PI PI pii PI PI P I PI
au *- PI •» PI^ r* * if) •»
PI p> PI PI pin PI PI PI PI
— fy n —r* \o ID
P- C\J Ul *ev.-t-i a r
Pl P) P) tVl l\p) P)
'I PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI
I CO
Pl PI OJPI PI PI PI
HO(D
PI PI f\J OJi PI PI r
p> PI p> PI p>PI PI PI PI p>
• O *C O OJ OJ OCI ^ OJ r* 0- r*- f
pi P> pi pi pi Pi
o- oooc<O « Ul P)PI PI P"l p1.PI pi PI
eo P I in ui OJoj — o> r- ui
4COC4
P"; P) OJ Oj OJPI PI PI PI PI PI
uioinoirouioircr o o ^-^H
OJ OJ OJ ~PI P) P) p>
0D«JP)O • •
oocr o-PI PI oj oj o.
r» OJ OJ « <op~ P I oo oj <o
p- OJ r- u"
t\l tu »* ** —Ipi n pi PI pi
«r- 4- orvi o j * N «•« »^i PI pi PI PI
\i nj •— i-t(*i pi P I pi
vi c >o oj ao
— r- o- r-o< ui •- r
~ — •-. oPI PI PI PI
p « p u(Mr otr
PIP) PIW
oo •» O>P> r-
000PI PI OJ OJ I
O3 ? 0P1P1OJ0JOJ
o o cr cr »P I P I cvi rg OJ
ri r- P) •» C
l~ r» OJ Oj
Pl OJ OJ CVI OJ
ru ni nj oj
i». cr * >oh- i t ui ooo- o- a. r-oj OJ oj oj
*0 P- Oj ^*« o * r»
o. tr oc »~OJ OJ Oj OJ
oo r- M>oj OJ OJ
i eo tr> OJ
<C 03M •» in
oj pi
- 148 -
a. a oo xfi i cr <c
in *oc oc
inr-
• * - < r -
00 CC
a • : to tvi r>I I eui
<o P- co00 CD
N (vip->-<in o> P>
cc a o n (v• i P> cr in
r» p- ooOJ CO CO
"- P - * CO 00
©|»- OU OUCO CD CO
1enCO
u iz w <I I-MVI
00 CO C0C 00 Of
a a oo •» >oI I Uli«J
CO O1 rcu au au
i o inocr cr00 CO C
a. aI I 4 0 4
cr o ©a1 a. cr
oi o n ivi cocrir o oa. a. cr cr
»» inM\JN M0> O © »»cc cr o» o"
o
* ClM(Mr e IT* ooca> otc CCOD oo co
ri ou flu m cr cr p-oo aocr t r oeo ocoo cc
« * ro- o- cr
OD * f- oo t*~ T> c o(vi
oo co oo cr cr
cro o ocu cr cr o*
or occr cr cr
* a> #-«•»© © #-« ^«o> cr cr c
« ix >H (vi (vJ» cr cr cr cr
«o cr o cr *o.r- cr (vi«"> in
(V O Cl O
f- CO P-ou w <r p-rt (\J (VI (VIcr cr cr cr
EO • - * rF > CVI (VI (VJ (
^4©,£ crocrmoui © *a* r-IT O1
© «T *D ITIVJ (vi (vi (Vi r>
u> tr I T y>
o -< ~i tvicr cr cr
n«on«^>(V/<VIcr cr cr cr
O C I43 cr fn %o•~r*W (VIcr cr cr cr
r-> tr <r r- acr •-< j - vo
n a © -«cr (vi -c cr~ (V. (v. (V in r,C O1 cr cr cr cr
IVI (VJ (VI (^
cr cr cr cr
i (V P) p> ncr cr cr cr
. <o cr ~r, pin 4• C cr cr
© i r o i r oir->©ir omm « * >- (- CL a. cr
cr u> OL © on ui « "
r- n r*- OL. a.i- IT « ir. *fon(*)(*>o
cr cr C cr cr
" • O C Cm m p- © —•(vi (v (v o ncr cr cr cr or
_ © r> mn in * h*niortocr cr cr cr cr
m r- © © a>
crcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr
co © o cr mcr (vj in r-wnnnn
f o n ( ) >crcrcrcrcr
(vi in p» r- mr- co cr o —
cr cr cr cr cr
*t <••/ r- © ©r- ot, a cr cr
cr cr a cr cr
•-• r- »< r i P;
. . 1 -» •» •»•or 0h cr or cr
** « cr © c r<v(Vcrcrcrcrcrcrtrcr
crcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr
VI <?PI n PI n PIcr cr cr
fw (V * co ro* * co IT —
P) Pi r i •»cr cr cr- cr
- I •— r- •->cc © »H mPI -3- * *cr cr cr cr
4 I H• I -t >T •» •»cr cr cr cr c
in ** r~ o© (VI P)•r ^ j - •»c cr cr cr
4> ( I 4J C(VI - I ID vC•»•>»• >T *cr cr c c
ic (vj in r.» >c r>- as•»•»•*•»
Cr cr O1 O
I PI n ui in in m m
cr cr cr cr cr
<o r- r- in (vi(VI C I <7 L/l MJ•» ^ * •» 'tr v tr tr l/»
>- •» >» J —oc a cc oc ocr -T * .» ^
cr cr cr cr Cr
ry (vi © r- (vi- x cu cr
.».»•»•*">•r cr cr cr Cf
© a- P- P> cccc a cr © ©
n
t r o u•» m IT m mcr cr cr cr cr
o IT © IT OVI (VI P) PI • *
•C cr <~ © oo
-» -» J •»1 tr tr IT o*
cr * —a a ap) pi piO> cr cr
•» <>• J-cr cr cr
cr in ccpi pi cvi
cr cr cr
ID U> U>
« c c r i0s cr cr cr Cr
in in ui in inCT CT (T Cr
>c >G P I crVI (VI (Vj (VI —• _
" in in ir in m in
o IT oir _ _1/1 U1 « til r MEJ
o cr ain *
- 149-
a a.
a a u * r-i i i i - *
oCVI
m a o M o*I I Od <VJ O
fn t
sCO
tn•
cr a: -T r
(X.
o:=>COCO
ai OJ o* cr
r» ^ *cc cc cc
tr CVJ cr>k- a *c a tr* *t in 4>oc ao GO ac
d h CO CO CCGCCOCCD
<r in in %c poo eo cc co a:
m <o * r-I CC CC CO CO
•c r- GOOD v a
> >o fy coin co
ice cc oj cvi r-r> o * »-• * r* r* ou
ec or cc co co
04O
CJ
03
toCO
I
w,4
uno a; a- ou OJ oc aj a% a-
©in © -d ccco OD cr crco co oo CD
ninn r* •-*a a> cr- cr oCD 0 0 0C 0 0 CP
;oo IT c*-'t(J m Ulco cr cr o o lco cc cc Q> cr
-T CC (Vir coo
CL cu aj y> cr
a ct NO ai i <-« t r
j - j - inou au ou
^ U i <4J
a cc oo
a. a co in <<oI I C? CO IT.
IT IP *a. a a.
a a: ri r- »ti i IT OJ cr
IT sC >O
a a a
a o: cc a IPi i a *c n;IT. *c r*a x cc
f^ r* cc coOL ou ou QJ a j
a cr ©O ©cu tr tr LT
cca cccccrcr<rcrc^|
C C T O O Oa a1 a a OLCJ-ITCTCT
* io o o -H H)
ro in *t ff1
in © IT. aI** ac c- aOL ac a a
. N* c »o* © © i • - H
t cr tr ra ~* * t- ©a © o © OHco & cr a-
m IT r- <r •-*ft
C cc o© n r -o o o < p- cr —•
cr C1 (T cr cr
_ _ _ OH © p- oj in in © ITcviocroj*» jp-croMOj* i ' | in<x>p- cccc
W •-» OJ OJ OiKM 04 04 CJ CV
0 <\J O> eo « _o © <— — —
[cc cr co - j co© ru •* in
j o - OJ OJ CM OJ|
p- © n sc- CD
cr <r cr cr cr
N MT OOJ - « r-
|oj cy OJ oj OJi cr cr cr cr
^ — OJ OJ
tr IT u» tr
^H o- rv oj0> o cr (T11
x[fs. co te o> o*OJ OJ OJ OJ O
r CJ* cr
ojincoooj^^oNoj OJ OJ OJ oj n i
OJ a* n in
cj CJ
a cr t * 0s
jcr pn in ^ * P-oj ru cvj OJ oja cr cr cr cr-
)0<\) nj n n nk cf P cr <r
M w w I\J nh n n n n
,-VJ © vt.1 U^c cc cr © OJOJ oj oj n r)CT- cr- o> cr cr
OH <\j CVJ CVJ
cr c IT cr
| OH co n * r-_ c OH f\j n
(\j (\j n rn nu1 cr tr cr
«-* OJ OJ C\) (VIc ^ inC\J n D n ncr c a tr tr
in a © ©n if) ec ©
Vl O J CVJ O J C",cr cr cr <r
|r n r- cc cc'o< n ^ inocr cr cr <r cr
OH CT U I I T OH
n ncr cr
n a OJ^ in in *cnnnnncr cr cr a cr
[n m n n ma- o" cr tr tr
^ r, r> o o|p- a cc <r crci r, d d ncr cr cr cr cr
oiroir oir © tn © in
cccOJ OJ OJcr cr cr
OJ OJ OJ
cr cr cr
p- ec p»co co ccOJ CM CM
cr cr cr
cr p- ^
OJ CCso inn ncr cr
cc a
cr cr
- 150-
CO
IE-iX
M
COQW
CO•z,uQ
W
03
H
COCO
o00
i n
pi ic © *y OD PI r* i
m•a
© in
i n
* ) r > ( v i i(\ic\j(\i(\j(\j(vinj<vicxi(\i
: a: in (vi>-
ojoor-•» (VI f -
vo o in omo<c
rvicViMcvjrvjrurvirvitvicvj
i in r-HOC)in cr PI
or a. a> (vj »••I I Cr © O
•» •» 1*1(\i (VI OJ
I n (v/i»-P! OC ITrr> n ivi(Vi (VI (VI
a a c*i n r-I I r I\J (M
in o mm n a;
o p t * - rf - © . c <> c • - > i n '
* in <r m o— <y
to sr r- •"i id « 4 a
* a « ( 7 i c r o ( v i * < i * v t * c
in o* *^ c* -^h- o in r» hKtvr r>
••* in (7s tn( V I « 0 \ D * C Oc u u i i n p -« • ( v i r -
« m in (vi in« « ou (vio> -» o> in
D 4 9in o in o «
OOIMTIO(VI <VI «H .
_ . <D so inK r- r- in »
( v j c o [ * > c r » * o >o
r»f- r- r-D (VP -> o trnj oo 4- o m
I CC • * *O 'o cr i00 P I I
n (vi o oiso 0 s cvi r> <
9> O <• i C C - J '
( \ I I \ l O O ((VI (VI (VI (VI {VI|(VI (VI
^ 0 U •-• I T U -»• oc a> m
r<•« <C ••• <C (VJ I*-
o (vi <r t r cu* F - > n
« » r > ( v i ( v ocr> u< <-• r -
>- <o © r- i[l ct tr i1 cr in PI I
•TtTtt) -ICO D 00 — O
• j - r» m ©i «vi ou o *i pi r*- cr
UL u ~ o <ri i o — m
ffO* P-0>40
o • » • » e c - »V J o c r ©-* f ~ ( v i c r
s> cr cr a.1
cc cc OD oo i nI I - M O
PI IP ©r-* yt, (VJ
r- co cr iN * in r- i
n cr in <
j - (vj r- Pi Pin n ot• OD ©
r © m a, -i ~ r-
- » ( V j i n o ;• * (VI (VJ (VIirunor - ( V i a . »
o c r « ( v i o >» ( V i ( v i # • *
c r i n ( V i a
oojir(VI IVI ^
a o MO- -<i <c - • r-
oc —• o
o iro in o(v (vi r> o •»
u a: a> r- *•-
n oc •»-• n NIVI a
r o mom« in m >o <c
IVI a. a. * uim D (v
*• >u *o *c m
>- c in a in© cr PI cr r-^ © cc in PI
b i r o i n u _r r a, OD O» cr o
«. © -» n cr m_ © ( v i n * "~
t » P I 0 0 P I 0 0» - < I * - ( V I C D P I
o r- — r>o > « v i o u o(vi tr in (vi
r ^ | i n P I • » « v i
© * C D
M I I « PI co cr ini
0D •» © iC "a
r> P I CD « o> in
cr a oc a: r-
no-wt-o> r> m (vi ooin •-• r* P I OD
OC 0D f
h - ^ O J i n MPI © eo r- m
i i-t au (vi (viMin r» e
a- ui »
H in aj r(vi © in *©pi P"- o n
vi.» » r- crin in - (vi
n vg av <-ir- ^- (vj o •—p) o * oj r-
fl III « 4 <>
in es o oo Pl -« PI0> »0 PI cr.» »» a 4
P ) p i
r inI O ^t «-«
m <r r- » r-Pi h- •-< < C
* ©in
j- cr Pi Pi *ou •» P- j - j -PI •» PI i-< r-
C T • » O 1 • » C T
(vi *•• cr u• r < t ( v i c
n i n - » • » P >
in r i ou ur - i n ( v j o cr- ot ouJ O * W
n P>
n (vi in ** r-^ p^ OC (VI
et •— Pi P) P>VI cr in « r-
n cr »*J PI c-<c (vi a in OD
in r* cr o»Pl C U: —
(Vi (vi (vi
<£ <C PI PIP I a >t *(MMi«
M r- •» © *
P I cvi (vi (vi •—
m o m<VJ (VJ P I P) •
r- in «vi r-in o m © -*
>oin in •*
i «O P» PI
i o m o •*
• — © « min PI -T ctsit oo au
— n o u ( v_ cr — r- .»
cr * rK P I c r • » o -
VI (VI »•* »^ O
4oo PI « r-a c cr
v *• — o o
4- r* u: •* PI1 »-4 (VI) ( V <O OC
• cr » cr
sC O (VI» r- pi (vi >-c •* **<cM oc * cr
*- o o cr o>
• m © m
~ ( V i ( V ,a PI r-
-<P1 •*•» 0C M
© 0 0 ( V I
(vi in inC PI r»
(VI <O P-- t 00 (VI
in o <oPI a.' o
* r v i r »« » c r r i
cr ocin in.» cr
in >c<c croc -J* cr
m ©r- r- a>
- 151 -
B
oo
MSco
DWH
H
CO
faO
ooCN
03
mCM
O(VI
O
(VI
CD
gCOCOw
inocv
oa
oo
CE a. a ~ <-•I I I OD IT
a a nI I i cr o>
o —i• •
<C IT
<O O i-iIS CVI CM
er o o p» o er
in..* nn n n
CVI»-<OIO O-n r>n n CM
a a: o n $I i n o aj
p- m eoO X <\J«» m cvin n n
at a >u *>
r- cro ** n
n cvi ••»m. r> n
I IC
a> n tr
«n in
n ."i cr o »i \o cc> • •
i -t n (M **« o tr tr" rj (vi oj
r> •» •» * ui
CM nm r- o
cr COP- .in cr CMcoin^ (CM "f ^> C1
94a> in m « a-r- «-• m o>
^ in or- t-o> «c •» *r* ^ w o ui^ r- o» n «
rvj r r T r»o r- (vi o r-CT* m * oin aj ^» ui CD
tr cr oo r-n CM c\i cvi <\i
r* •» •-•i- c m
c\J (V tC ^^- « • * r- —•
pi ic o n
0 0 1 o* con cvi cvi <vi
art COP- OO~ C V I *
r- a> PJ n oco « n o «o * eo n oo
crn co (v
n rvitr o> o o
ni» rj tr «ou cvi r* ^ \o
oc cc r- >ccvi cvi C V I M cv
cvii-* cvimo <r cc cvi r-
cvi * cvi n
r» -c * m incvi cvi cvi cvi nj
o <£ oc cop- p- (vi crn co in cvi
~ r* D cvin or~ o->c cvi o —<~* in o* n
in i/i <T rVI (VI CVI CVI CVi
1 >O J P- Oi o p* m m
or a m o cvii i w n
m oc in
p- tn n cvi ODr- o o n
p- CM f cv
a a o- <-• o>i • cvioo in
P f «C i ' UCVI CVI CVI CV CVI
cvi -4-1£> n« a * cyiMirono-> -i o- n r-
c co r-<Vi CM CVI
a a oo 4 <cI I 4- n M
• o in o ir <cvj CM n n •
r- <o i n in(VJ CVI CVI (VI CVI
oco <rp- o
cvi * >"
cc r- * * IT in * .CVj(VICVCVICVI(VI(VICVI(V,(Vl
cvi n r-oc cvi r- cvi
>c in a t -cvi P- cvi r-
r i r i cvi cviC\J CVJ CVJ CVI CVJ
0- n vt o ccCVI ~ CVI *n -t <c & rtm o in o
<f n n CM cvi >-<CVI (VI CVj
oir omor- P- oc cc CP
cr r- —oo o n* T
p-r- <o « i r(VI (VI CVI (VI (V
cr (vi « in r-
cvi cvi cvi cvi cv^ n n CM CMcvi cvi CM cv
cvi a (VIM nn * *n oo nr- »Hp- -< * om cr
ci ui w •»ru (vi cvi cvi cv
r i r i cvi ivi -"cu cu (VI (U cvj
in in •»•-» ncvi cvi cvi cvi cv
n ooin o c -^IPHIXI 4) 4
<ono
CVI CVI CVI (VJ (VI
H a* *" n crin c •» cr n
r *CVI (VI CVJ CVI CV
nr» <cr •» cf> -»
- j - r > n cvi CVJcvi CVJ cvi cvi (Vi
n oco * f->« o aj o n-« — o « «-
VI (VJ CVI CVJ (VI
VJ O CVJ p - CVIm -o P- OD o— * —• * CVI
CVJ CVJ —< -~
p- r- •» 0>n cr p-
o cr o crp- o m ODn cr •»
— o o crCVJ CVJ CVI ^ *
o-» n o>o cvi in MJn oo n oot-ry or n
o o c- cr(VlM — w>
ou*' o ino o « ->
• UI (VI f - •-«4CMC
_i oo >- n inc n co (M o <*
p nha uicvi » j - >
m o <cm nco cvi
.•*nn(Mcvi-<oocf(M(U(M(MCVI(M(MCVI(VI>-<
i we njnri
<a>(ocMincoo»^*-«oco
p- p- p- n co. «<vi M4-r-co co- n r - •-<
•» r- CVJni *_~ — otr cvi *
p- r- <M ft r* CM
i o o cr crI CM CVI »
<o n co (vi
cr <r cc cc(VI •-* ** ~* >•*
vr CM cr cui p- r- n ini CM p- M m
cr cr oo cc r-
[>cr^«(vjcvicr <r co — cvi
b l p
«ocfp!4e>uiau r» r- i\j)r— cvj *
coco r-
•r cu -*<t r» ~*
m m p-P- P- 00cvi cc cvi* p- —
•O p - <t>••* 0> COcvi a; ocr CVJ
* in
o— cr «
p- -«
«np-rt
'ou
NO P- CM ** cviin n o n -H
CM 3 « O'CO O CM CO *rvixcocricrcrin^cM•^ in 'C *'in rn o m cr
p - G o m n ^ o o c v j c v jc r ^ o P < iin co o x>^4 C9 co <r coo ix #M so:* * o in cr
cr a1 co p-:r- <v «c m
*^ cr •* (Vi'»c - t ^ cffr-or-p- —• 4 \C-3- o in o
. —• 4 vc p- P-
* CV|p- •» oo p- crp- p- in (M p-in oin o .»
<c m in •»
iromoinoinoin- — «inn
p- UI Cl•— n m
o-c oo» o crr-* p * CCcr r i sc
r:
U—i« O
a CM
4onPlan~ CVI CVJcr n p-
- 1 5 2 -
I I <Cttl —
© <C <•» «*• PI OC. , J CO <0 >O !*•
(M - I P* O CM in CO
inp-
: e «.• © -»i — •» PI
n * on i_.cr m o co if
»-i CM o r- CP
a c* * ~I IP If) <C
• * oo i n <o a>i- ri.»
o
Io
CMre
HM
sQwE-i
(XCCG0C0COQDO3C01
I
P I co P>oj *<; CMP) in cc
tr a a OJ coI 1 0 0 4
cc nj coIf) O If)pi « ct
1P-. OJ p- p>
irno-pi o co
•4" P> 0D »CCD 0D «•« CP
oj oj p> pi
© P I pir\ •» <M ifi cv
O> CVlPlf- —tMPir- ifi CP« o -r er -i
Pi <*
^ 0b CM (M <llK J O U I O U)
CP CP © P> cvif) P I <
-T If) (^ 1/1f r- CP -i> PI <c » n>" — . i C
co r* ODajajn
r i i T ' O «[VJ PI P) "3" «tf
—i OJ O> 00 CP
- . — ^ (VI (V
^ c CP inP- 00 * If) —•
pi P) •;
M oo r j o in-9 U) OL n•» r* o j --< •-< ( M « M
^ - w w
i oO>:CM ui ou ~ in
or a • * oo r- in ri i i f r u r c M i f )
; o•a- r cr'o. u* o. (v. w.
<-• ^^ CM OJ
c oj r pi © o *-» *o(M Ul P- O P ) <C O> CM *)
• - " - " • " CM CM
a O u JIOJI O O ••* Ol^<
X PI © ~IOC -T PI o OC<M » "< P-'» * >O — tlpi in cc O I P I •c <r pi >c
! p ,v
oirCM CM
Olf) Ollf O |fl O IflP) PI * l »rl •* in I/) <C <C
^ Pl Pl Pi >^CM P" <
n in M3 r
fi r- in ~ CP
s j Ou
*T Oi CM »" O P* O OU
P)P- P) Otvi n n •» 4
in P- "«inM >o •» ou p-
nmncp
oo- cr •» otvi ~ vo P-^ <r •»
vin PI * m
IT IT OJOJ0^ 0 If) P»«» CP in »-"pi n ^ m
c oj
* p * plf) © >t OJp> » •» in
1/MOIfl ©P" 00 00 CP
in ii) CM a>—• ct — ->
OJ C\i <~i • *
in in * r»
Olf (VI Oin OJ st *
© OJ P I •-<to P i u n nOP*N
IM Ifl O <T in« <M « r-•" * U> PI 1n in « (^ CD
M CM P- O OCO —* 00 ©
>• in o o> (»•V U I 4 K 1
in <o co«. CO N O O O
'CMC* » 00i © p- « m
* 0» O>IMP- •» » OB
cu n n <f—• C let) -» Ul (M
"• in * -rI PI ~« OL'
p* pi n ui ou
T 3" PI IM/) CM O CP CPn -c p- p- co
M ^* •-• (M >
") O CO CD CPp. co a- ©PI ~* © f*
«c inIM *CCM >
a <toccCT* PI p- C•» r ; cv, P\C p- a. cr
P- * «—
•4 •* P> #-•p» o* in *v* •» -I mMi r- ou CP
© in p- ©p- «c cc p-
CP PI CP 00p- <O •« »p C
U) If) © ©OJ P) OJ
in o o P-m © p- • *o- © — • *DOHN
CP PI « CDM P- O I M
tr in (MP-© OJ p- p»— •-< PI «IT O <-<IM
00 —• FH CP f
n- p- oi —tM r t v i <#»»• © « m
t M n r
p-o*-
U£ * 0fl P" <J> "-"PI
co n in * i
CM <C — IflP-•- >~ <O PI «D
O> (T PI HC* CMo OJ PI in
M CP oo o r-
<M <u -r oOj Lf> O 0~ CM • * in
o> ^ a mec CM >-< *
in •-» o-p- in <c •»•join•-< IM •» *>
© 00 00 P-p- in co ~o in p> CP,» in ~ np- -> p- •»-« PI •» *
p- in PI a,o> PI * •-«
©•TOO.'(M PI If) <C
PI PI © *CD O «O CP
p. x (VOJ PI CP (VIP) CC •» P>OJ PI IT I*-
•-> * © r-^ r i ©
•» •» P- •»00 >O <T CPnoonf\ t- oo ©
•U © OJ 00O •— CP CO If
OJ •-• P» OJ00 © P- OJ« * CMPI
• I l f l <Olfl(VI © ""•>
tc co o OJ *r
* m in p- -<
au HJ IVI c\•j- in -£ if
J) U I P© CP © P1P-
<c -< P I m
PI -«0U (M «i> M
M IT a> PI•7 CU (M
j -T in aj .»CP •-• P I <C
• CM CM (VJ
O P I P- OJp- P- CM >»
o p- in m-» <c «<o OJ in P"oj oj OJ CM
oo in
o- n r'Piin ©*mCP PI CC >UO PI Ul OJCM OJ OJ OJ
PI J ©p- P- CC CP
P! * PI 00in P- (M ©in a ic m
pi CCP
o in ©in
ui in tc *
o o in—i« OJ<»PIfl •>• o(M IVI PI
in p trCMflPt
Ul IM««OCM
CU 4P— CC CD
00 — #(M PI PI
00 I O O JU) MJ ^^
cr «p- <M
n i>-pi pi
in >coj in
p- o>p- PICP in
Oj CPPI 00
m PI©p->CCPPI PI
in>©r- co
- 153 —
in
o(VI
cvi —in —
mm P-OOP-i s * ~ "co-no©
n p- to* »o -r« -
era o o-r-
— o-fm o^ * tvi ui • •
a;r>o
Io(S
33
XH
w
<
CO
CO
CU
p- r> —(M1M0O1 f t
a a in in (viI I CO tOtO
COCO
cc <c inin —tvjin
u m. cu ui uI I p- to©
a a D top.i i •» •» n
o oo •*•CO (VJ CUo m
tt tx nj o OJI I co — <c
in moo— to —— n «
• — © in P- s oo in in"1 D * tfp-
-m » r>ucvj <vin
tO 0* (VI m CO
tO P- D — (VI 5 .»p — .r op-
ciivi p-
m © m c co ec <vi •*coin _ _ .p-m •» inp-« c aim co
-ao co (Vi o>y in o> * •u n j n i n <n
Iftl P- p- .co n to
•C (VI 4 —> CC
— cr o* to nco in *r m cop- © r i <o cr
II (VI F l < •
Pi — PI © (V
r» r- •" oM >£»oinVIM n n
— o p- r- o»(vi —r- in
t- o m * nlo <D o * <rtvi ««i.» -» co co •-•ir i\i|r«> ui * ~ *« o n I - «•« « »«
l
I\J • • IVI Ul "" « < • " ! » • «
^ o» co ~ir» tr- (
rvi » in com (VJ •» •» &•c ui <c CM/i J >c (v) (vii— •» p- o • * co (vi r- (vj
S3IS oa
inCO
©cc
CJ
o
Q: Q: >O oo —i i o> in oo
CD CD O* r> (VI'O C (VI f* dO f < \ o n
OP- (VI
mema f r > r p c o »-« o> o> o n c co — co o>Ic » a •••.»o.c>f-(\i
o x a o c *i i co cr crto oo p- p- r»p- — « cvj «
co r> co n n (vi
a a ru - » jI i >c (vi —
o ic —(VI * (V | T(v « r
I H too p> o in in P- ini n (vi p j * n vo r> in(vi in co Hm c p n a n*^ ^ — (\i(vi cvj n rt ^
— t£ O p- tCIO
p- n eo.c <c p-(v m co iv in o>
> ru co n m<in r> —
« (VIcc oc — c (vi
; * oo (*>
omoi fou io i r on i n c p c c o c r
D I/) «0«VI»
(n o> i«VI»o> in —
•» • * in -o
p- — co IMP-o> — p- co
o « in in iv— p- cr p- <v•4* (T in (VIT «» in * p-
<£ (M OCO«m — noeop
4inin«
•» * Miro o> co «o (v
CO »O (VI — O(VI O .Tini — P--i m in
ii m o H n00 00 O —(V
— *c o u"— in — n m to to o* •-« ©
ffinc0C P- (VI (VIin — eti m n•T in in <o p-
p- o m —« — •» or «v— -« — (VI ITK C O — (V
in>O (VJ C « »
in in <c p-
VI CU >T Ul IVI
t/i -T p-au •» a1 i[VI (VI (VI p-co cr o — (vi
— — CO — (VJ(*
ivi * p* uO1 r* ac (vi
p noaj *^ m «
r> <c n (vj —c o n (y
•» >r <r m an P- in — >»
•» —u- p-•a* in *o *c p-
p- n (vi —vi in in w p-
m (vi o oin MI r* p*
in (VJ CD Or* CO *^ — C
vj w — j - o•r in no*C (*) TC ( ) ^H CTin « P - p-
• » • * * (VI© *O Ob *©
— «C tO CD•* (vie inp- « m voP- OB o* o
co P - — o> <c
* -TCVI O COo p- p- co trPOJO<OH
— in p- r> —n (vi 4- (vi
«o> O P - p-•r in « i n ui <•> «r in •» r-
rt •» >O«D o>
CO -T (VIP- M3
ooo n o- p-r> m * co
ui cu — MI(VJCO P- P-M vC p- (V (V
r- n 4j <cu ui-» o -» *0 O — (VJ
n o>(vj (vj (vi nin *o oc —
— « o r)3 cc cr (Vi to
* p- © n0" © (vi n
(vi © n m•c oo p- (V)
— a a. o^ p- fti ©ot o> rvi «cr © IVJ
o o r>-t (u co
c o P- co©p- * ^© — •» CO© — (vi n
in <o co o>oo so so cro^cin
eo — — —P- © PJO0
p P o«(VJ « (VI COn -4" to r*
m © (vj oin P- ««•-•
(VI © tO P» COiO cr p- t vj
©m onivi i-4 n
tCl— p- • * •— ui * co
•» (VI — CO Cto n m co CV
— in (vj m nIVJ co n p- r i
Mliaipd co in r> ri•» in p- a —
n — O) p- p.i r- cr i~
* — j (vj in- j <jt OP-
) CC O (VJ—(VJ (VJ
co (vj in cc.* in P- n
ui » toao o (vj— (VI (VI
tC ©— n•» p- <o c c *o cc oc op- cc o— — (VI (VI
© in © inui ui to to
ocvj r\coin coevi n in— r> in(VI M (VJ
to •» P -— (VI Ot*p»^* rj ui(Vi (VJ (Vj
•r o cvj00 00 —(VI ^^ OJr im oc(vj * to(VI (VI (VI
(vi * p-(VI (VI (VI
o o to
r to coo» •»— n coDUl P-C\l (VJ (VJ
h (vi cr1 — to
IT CCVI (VI (VI
vi cvj (vjto ^ —
to aVI (VI (VI
p- inin coa -jtc cr(VI (VJ
tC Op- •»oc cro co
c cocr uito rviC7> P -r - ©(vi n
p- cc
- 1 5 4 -
OS
o5!
pa
rs
I C1MTr
P> <\J <VJvC vO >CI I I
in -r mw ic i- p- co p- r-
UlU1
p> (vj»«
I i -o oo inPI (VJ ©(VI P) •»P I (vj o <c cc
<\i « cr- M P>o m c* n «
-»•»•»•» (v
or a: 1/1 in ru *1 1 o> cvic ""
o or-C* OO
(VJ —
1x1 ouirr- * •»i r ^1 Is-
J (V U- — p -C (V.I— >c
i * in in 1/i i i
>o I P m m u
_ i — •» o>ru •» -» o o>nuinOHH-Off
o o a N ir>c m in in in
in cc -j•T CO P-r*i CO © Ulco p- p- ir
a* CL- P- <v in1 in ir in m
1 • •
cc r» inp" •cu ir <
: ic r ui in m ini i i i i i
•— a . u: — m— a u —
^ *JJ uii t i
o: a <• cr aI i rvj in in r ir tr 1- r-
1 1 1
a c ~ n n1 — <v >r "
•cr- * n
t M ui u'l i l t
a a OITMI SQO4
sea. r» r.o. r; -a u— o a a
O IT © IT oc\j c\j n n <T
r- *L u ru u u u
I I I I I
II U'I I
< K » nr IT IT. IT IT
© u" © IT
e ~-1- a.•ir oc a a r.
» oirai •» P ) - < .i in m m <»i i
r- a" 1*- uiin * m n n o
n n m j
c i f _
cvj >o (Vi cr co<t> r ~ t
O1 p- P>
» o •— cra a •» cf(p * 9 s
cr «r-o 00 •>-
n co j - >c -H
_ o co o •»•H _< p* oj r>
•M l-l <O (VI^ in co <
f
O (VI Pl-« PI
cr Uicr ~*
m o *
M in j oc in
r in in •i i
M. r: SL- ( T I J— p- a —p- —<»
— y P- ^IT -I •! CI I I I
© cr p- ui
I I I I
(V O p - -<ir —cr o
IT 4 •»•
1 1 • 1
ir oir ciP - CCOB CM
c •-• o c(Vi 4 Off)(VJ O
~ o >c tr CP* *j- »- a- in
1 1 1 1 1
l ^* IVI UIp- ^<ncr (Vi »N
in n o oc in
1- Pi Ui ft(v o c r- niC RiiM<— (V.* OJ •» n
n (vi (vi in P*o p o> ui
ui n p- -a-CC (VJ C (V* ir ©• a-o 0 cc oc
cc p- cr p-«c i/i P) p> _m •-«cc wo*
P- (VIP- (VIo (Vi o p -ou ui (Vi ^r) p- p- (vj (v
n c im —m j ru (vi «
p- (VI .» • - p-_ P)in -<
O VC •«• © i ^ * -
» Um (vj (vi (vj •-«
in «* (Vjo a; n o p-p- CU »(J CP »O
r i (vj (vi * -
P- cr» n ^P- au *T *J
• UJ (VI P - ('rvj rvi —• —I i I I
ac * r- <f —
CC P- CVj (VJ P-
p- c (vi a inr n a
a o o u
1c f n•JOCI J" oc -c a- m
C (V. C U~
0 p- <r o1 I i i
IVJ © © m t—
• " OC P- - • If.
a .» a * —ui - . — sc in
* a r- — 1/1
©IT O IT O(vj (vi n n
4 C (vi n-< I I1
in in cvj ©n o> P- 00* j ; n ui
- (vj m in<c & & ri' « rvi P- f
« (VI (VI PI
IVI MJ
UI P) ^ 0>P» (VJ PI O
UI (VJ p-CO p- O> (VI
o j - p- cr
„ r-o (vi r-oc ui '^P! «P- (VI U
vC LT: -rvi Pi
a, ivj PIp- a. uiivjnor- p- p-
cr Pi pi — cr
a p- o cc 4(VI CU cu [VI U>o j - •» cr -3-
(V a- i", (© p- cr ©p- © 1—1(vj ec — (VJ
P) (VJ — H OC
<t .T n Pip-* ivi n
iv f- >£• <cp- p- (Vi ap- •» a oca rv. . j >£
a p- >t *— (Vi PI
LI' Ui(Vj OC U''c r- (v
PI —IT- 00 00> i CVi P>
© © ©-I to —CD «T P-inr- r-
-« o oPI -a-
m m «o»• i n C JCVJ Ul P-ai (vjin
I PI
©>-•-»rvi cr ui
cc a; cr
p- o- *PV cr
vj r- ^*n -aiC LT
© n^ p-
u- op- tc
- 155 —
a:o
oeg
33
H
QU
2
enCM
>PL,
§EH
COen
in
in
IVI
ino
occ
uo
a a ai» • —
i©
c a or *I I I Ul -T
p>c
a u. <c —I I — •©
O« (\(VI (VI
PI (VI — O CPso « * su IT
f Ul <7
a or -o — in• i ni
rue in
an oI I •» so P>
•? — aso f- p-
ui •» P>|
u (I aj u)i i ciriv
irrnoln ^ in
in •» PI
a a -t PI -j
l i — o —I
TsD sO sliI I I
i i a. © PI
^ p' ru|sU *d silI I I
o: a (vi in colI ( — in c
a sc m>j in sr
sO siI
I CC UI © Ir- so -T
*r ri IVsu sC' sLi i •
a a. sc m mi i © I T m
n (Vi (\iSO SO *• i i
oiroir o(\i ru PI PI •»
| O 0L CT (V! (Vknacr aC T * (VJ s£
Qs C^ O CO
vC so sC so IT1 ( 1 1
» o> o rsTNOOsOOsO sO sC sO sO
»» IT — -I
! (vi o so •«
oo (vi in o r),m in — • *
(VI M
Iso P- in PI'•* r~ so in iJO © (VI •» • _(VI © I- P! 00
'» IVI •-• O ITst) sO sD *D 1/1
P> — •? so OI - sOlT ""
— •*• m (vi
T (V-l*-i© O1
sO sC sG sO in
PI •» o* IT<? (vi <u *
uoc cc ec cc P-
sc sc so in in
so PI or-c* o r- ccin so m
vi — o o > oosO sO sL in IT
^ — — cc
— O C OLso st ui ini i i i
- ~» so^ * o'•*•r- in PI c
00 f- sO •» P>IT in in in u-i i i i
CD r- sD •» P)in I I I in in
I i i i
p- PI PI uiI CD P* P> CI — (VI PI —
p> © p> r-|r- (•- p» in oo"so in so r«. iroo © © co -^
N sO U" •* (Vnmininin in
[— o a — inso PJ O P) (VI|P1 IVI (VI —
r — P- — I
o (vi sc oin so o
I— r* m to'in so so » o-
r- so ir PI (vin in in in in
i l l
n cc P- pi— IT PI •V IT
^- ui -o* Pm IT in ini i i i
o c t r oc r- -» ^ sc —
— • - © a' p-sU siJ UI I I
p- •» (vi (\j© O sD sOn PI cc aP- P- st IT
c si/ st aO1 sC p- ©I(vi (vi r- r*-•I -I P. (VI
© o> a p-
<t sT (Vi O(Vi m — p-fvi — * •»— — © o>
© o- a
• (VI —I) U) UI I
*-4 f i © c Dp ^ ^^ O1 ^— sC — PI P!
— a P/ P-
O Cl Mi l— sr in sc«c r ' t v MCC — (VI —
— O 00 sOtn in •* >ti i i •
( — — >c aIMP- — (V)in OD in (vi p- bsifi r- «c p-
** os p~ inUl •» •» *I I I I
m •»• (vi o (\4- p-m -os£
(vio o to tv(vi -» •« PIO>
I P- * ©s*PI PI PI (\
I I I I
sO — C D (VI (VlO" P) O PI Ca; 4 O1
fc>- oo in o ©I
OO- P- o < P : © SCIn ri PI PI (\
I I I
O P> O (\\o- © r- —Vi so •» cr irru f\j cr (V (\
© CC so •» —
n -» -» -t -»
00 •» P- O1 UIO UI P- -» ~p- sc (vi in
© 00 sO PI —n -r •» sr ^
I I I
• ui P I •
I I
I— (\j a «3-CC sC IP-iCltstca ^
P- *J IV cr-T -T -» PI I I I
u aIMMfOOS (V U' P- Pi
a .* <r
©UI sC •* P-0- — P- a' P)IT cc tr 1p* -* © in O1
P I —so in ir ui m u-. w in •»
p* P* cc OD cH
cr p- (Vi (V o>O P- — ©IsO P- UI sO
lir u P' cO sf — (T
•» -T •» -T I'll
i n f i— cc co <t a— o> sc o ^— © a PI
ec < P: — a
i i i
O IT © IT © IT © IT o \ft0> © © — H
(V. si; p- rsjP* C (\l (Vr r - oc ai(Vi •* P ) O>
— oo m —* pi pi PIi i i i
in p- p- p- p-, •*•©•»P- CJ1 0C PI IT
0 p- sr — p-a* PI PI PI1 I i I
p> — PI ©— in ©oc a© o — ooPI ^ (VI sC
,C so (V Qs U"P) PI PI (VI C
CD UI (VI 00 •»"' PI PI (V (V
p n t cPI (VI W P- P-
PI PI PI (Vii i i
SJ p- Pi O-r su in *
r PI cc O1 so
CC- O> P- P-(vi •* incc c ivi P Isi © f p-
P' O sL —PI P (VJ (V.I I I I
(VI IT UI OPI (VI IVI IVII I I
pi in (v ©© © p- pi(v r- — (vi(V) -J PI P-
(V, a. •* o-P) (VI (V. —]
in ©in(VI PI PI •»
PI © © si,sc a in o(V1- O IT (V— so so oj
-» O- •» (T(VI — —• II I I
PI 00 PI 00 (VOJ — —
I I
p- eo in (vi *OC so P- •»pt •» (rinin co so ©
O UI (VIIr- P I soCC (VI (VI
so o so so a>IT* — ui cr osO O* sO Ct
CD CC UI PI •»isTOMT— PI P* cu U"CO C UI o p
(VI — — II I
PI in ui PI PI© — P) (VI sDO- O- -T -» —
— — II
— p- sO ^^ O1
r* © a; o p-
X' PI a; (vi
i
O1 P- O P- — i
^ (Vi p-— II
in oj (vp- — rvi cc>c © ^u1 p* P- a
— u
I
o •» (v o-— I
p ^M © (Vi sO,in o «• —© a1 a
c (Vi pi —I I —
Ipj c p-GC W-t
I— (Vi O>
p- -T P!— (VI
a> so ir— (VI
so P I (VI(VI CL
*•" sCCU —
o a.'— (\i rvj
u- o-\T- (VIPi (VI
u u-cc wP- (V,P) —
- 1 5 b •
inr-
in
C/l (KN a m
W o-i mt/j •
fc W *•*
o S
oC/l
a
eo inom-a - r - -© . *o toinco <vi tvt
tt a cvj ~ <oI i ^ 1/1 *
_ CVJ i n n j — . -* f"- CVI CV •-< O Oin -
.— a> ino <\i cvj
i I •
K wo>r» m
m co ro evi *•»
ct a. — -c _1 1 cr cum
_ * o * —>c voin in 00
in •-«r.t— r-co new
nnooivi
i i O CVI .
I I I )
1 1 £ •* °!
in tr cr-j — r-n n evi
T i 7
a? evj i*) 0s to
eo co CVJ r- cv
ui r>- vuin OJ CO
aj in oj ir ajco co co r» CMN O O
a cc <v/cnr»t 1 »f •» •»
•» •*! •»*> cocrnri
0D * —•» -t ~r- -<T or> r> r>I )
a ex in in •»1 1 r~ o -»
r- r- n•t rucc
1 vna>«
r» a. o irOD 4 " i n
a * ir. © r-1 ^ n .» *
— in <y CM<\> o <t t\i^ •» n fo
t 1 1
o tno iT'O
wmnru
_ mtn
ouioui
r- ~ o *^* O D H
r> <c <o m
00 •» * ~ r-o< o> in r-in «i no>o 1 o> «o CD r*
I I I
o not- M
r-itvi r- n cjo- o> aj a) r-
1 1 1 1
" r~ •* I \* CT1 r> a. r:N--00
CD "
^ rvi m nh- n o p*
VI-I-.OO
l i l t
f co *c AJ no n o c in
\t C\J * O
I I I I
r o rH4CCII «
o a
omc
I 1 I
in D c\j n uit» » o n c\j
VJ © •» <c •*aifO4ifO4 «
#•• m © inOJ ** ©
III 4 U) «#~ CVJ s© CC
DCVL •-< «3 CM _t> O> CO co r>-I I I *
• — r» co CM in
<c •-> <c evi coV O» CU CO P-I • I I
co n * *n ©m *
n r- r- ,»• in<c o « nvirff
r-©cucv. 'cr»'C'Oin« _ — CVJin . - r - co c» f- <£> •*> inI i i I
in * •»• a> «oWO C(T «i>- n co n ocr- cr co co p-1 1 1 1
© cc- cr <r cr a> ~ © r - #>*
o- a. cc r1 1 < 1
« at — vD IM
I I I I
vj cr »0 co ccn o o .0 o
j - <• o cvj^ cvj in ©
C C U' Ocr a a.' a1 1 1 I
cr » j r00 r* cr a- a;
in <c o» n oj> » o> in ©
IT CO CO COI I I I
r> ~* © M* a « •»
<c © IVJ cco en r- cvj
rmoira o cc cc• 1 1 1
in ©ITr- r. co co cr
© <-c .» ifOOOIU4« O <C (VI 00f. » it> \o mI I I )
© coin co <r
* © *o cvj
i i < «
i> CO 40 sO CV
siunnn nco-coocrr^r-
n n 5r *i t i i
^ rvj *^ _pro~S-cvjcocoinino|Ln
to n * f- <cco ou cu cr ••*
C^G
a co © o r>-
-• * in » >»r ** <a nj
iri— a 4 ~n m - * •» ~
I I « 1
- -O CVICO CVI
in <->r~ n o>i>- r- <c >o tn1 I 1 1 t
*•* r* r> orr- -o * in1 1 1 1
Off 01 O1 1"rr- r* >t>
I I
^* .» CVJ I-* ©^ CVJ CM
^ j cvj rv cvj ITn CVJ~ cvj n
cva <>r~ r- * * *
1 1 1 1
aj «« o- r*in -» >» cvj
•a © • » r- 01
•o m •» •» in<o CVJCL <r
n ir cvi crm ^ a
co I T «•> fvi evir» f~ cc
>m © in)OHM
o a & n M -o <r in a< » •» r~
in in •J »- * — «D l/>
in-J-J^iococotvicvii i i • i i i i t i
CO (VIIV ©I vD
©tvincouiocrm m i * i>- ©Ccr r> r- CVJ^ t * ©in in -r •*• «»
* coin co- - j -"•<» intn r> r» CVJ <vjI I I > I
<o n nm in« c •*•© n
•orSncvjcMWcM*'I I
n in :til
^ co co >o m^^ UI © MJ
n in •»>»••*i I • i
CVI »< « •— ©
» n o»CVJ - fVjcti *> r*-
) * - »f*- © D l> CO
!«• -i * ini». r-cu «
• ^ i » — CC <C
» x* t." © r
* CM co t r• <r cr © CVJ
cr in co M r- - •" " "" - « CVI
n o» •» * «-
i< cvj co in *"n 1/1 sr -» -r
1 1 1
LJI 0 cvj n u*ito in cvjcr
t cvj <r m cvn ui •» *r >j
I I I I
t to i v f ^ co« CO CO CO CO
X3 IT CO © 4>n co evi t~ evi
cv; t r U ' cv.ir •»•»-»1 1 1
co * m -j-tO >C >O CVJ
.j o -cj if jIT1 in m
i ^ -1 -r1 1
CVJ I - . » . .© a cr .»
co cr *c cviin •» * •»i i i
•>corocvjcviMcvj~
-™cvjin©c7> n o -t
j rrv» cv> rvj CVJ **
r- n in >- >«- in •»• in p»i; in CM cr» n n cv fu
I I I I I
co « cvim n<r » « * coHIIMHCO CO CO CVJ CVI
I I I I I
o cr in *«-« o «£ cr in
tvjcr r- cc coco h- »> cr
cr m I\J cr *t>D D D CVI CVJ
1 1 1 1
CVJ CO •» f - — >a cvj cc m r-cc *» © cr ©CVJ o cr co ©co co cocvi cv;
1 1 1
ir o in © in<? in m \o >c
CVJ *
U l CM
CVJ —I I I
* CC COi n CVJ
•» " <r
N © in>o in in
[VJ CVJ ^ *
I I
vi ir nV >c CVJ
— crrvjevi >«
1 1
f - COCVJ
co in«r
evi «1 •
in of - CO
- 157 —
©
rvj
inCM
CM
OCM
in©
COCM
S
o
o toH £h-) P J
CO
I
a a a oI I I t>
ix a. tx •» oi I I
|\J **
I
a or co -T oI i r> -
oj oj cr-in s
ox a: in rvj coI i n ao ^
CJO
n (v. aoj nj «
cr a: in cr* ccI I a: «
O. OJ (VJ
I I
© f\j IPHI IVJ -«in -r —IVJ IVJ iVj
I i
a. a: sC ~ p-1 I o n r
(VJ VJ .V
i i T
P- UP IVJ
a a f° j
IV l"~ IPIT A -t
I I MT iv
ivi a uIT st. Oj
a a. a a. rv.I I — P - p-
IT' U" Oc a ITm rvj ru
oircinooj OJ n ro
V <o » -»r- J- o> nm a* •* o~ o o ©
GO r» <c co•» >o « «
-T oin co <\^ o in o *£^ ^ o
OJ CO O < Co r- n in o>
H cc co OU *T OJ 1\J CV
CO cu p .
I I I I
n * r- .* r-
-• -H O O 1/
I I I
-1MMO1Pcr- o in
i r — <& — r-«HOOC»
rvj t v <
i n © ru .—<<T OJ 'T<-* f»- OJ— O C CP— — — II I I
ui r- ur •—ry ( ru a;— c o o-
1; js 7- -'ri a r*
— ~~ _~ il l l -
x -» a co
st ui in mir o i r o^- « o o
O IT. O ITin in i -c
r r- « >on o c » c o^ r* OJ coa* co co r-• i I I
oo in rn oj p*•r oj in o
o ^ « ivr - co OJ OJ
in in r* «rviin cop D cp c
r o •c in iri i i
r- p. « « H-H IVJ (j. n oj
in co in in ucu «o m ir
CU CU II I
- " P - CO CO
j o o co in
CP oc co r-I I I
CP o -j- CPO -t OJ r<a, a a p-I I i
cr i > a.' ~O f ^ Ul J0" •» O •Ccc a' xI . I I
a X a.I i I
n 'vj —
i i i
cr cc a. p-i I I i
in n >c in con in »*- o en
M co r- coin in oj o*
© OJ os «aioni
a. -t o <c~o & <c in
CP f \J C
in -T avj n in p- ©
co -»• c~- sO sC s£l IT
I I I I
o CP m co n"DN-i
CP O CU J - CP
cp so rvj
I I I
CO OJ COCP ^ O J
-* n in o rv
n o ivj CP
H)s1«sO >£ >o mI i i I
<-« u i >u (')U^ O (>J l i0L' 111 — P-
4- in r~ J-
ii' v"' I']-a- cr si>
— i • 4 1
o c tv •
h- <c <c i rI i i I
O O r-4 ^
rvj sti Doj m r- ©<]- co a> r>in o"s s* ooj co in njin -» •» .»
i i i
tn oo co inp- ~ « njoj en in oj
» si; ri ip
I I I I
a sU i>sC n j j
a c\j in
P- O l\jinn
J" -3 -J -Jl l l l
i l Ul vti sj-MV1CU-
* Jm * in con o j CP MD!»>(») OJ OJi i i i
t *> IT in£> CO f** vD
0 (^ cpn o j o> -o
f t IVJ IVJ
1 I I
n rtj (\iI I I
>C O. OnnivnI I
j — o j %r apvL n o T
n rv. ni I
(\J sJJ CL- CU
ri ri u) VP
n n IVJI I I
•e ± x vin JP in
u- * u 1 >-
r •$ •— sic-. ~:> t v u"^ .— a u
— o
< •-« a 1/r nivi\i I i i
O IT o ITin IT -Li si'
in vc —•cc OJ • !
* mCP CP —M IT CO
a- n o>co in in
rvj o cot\j IVJ ^I I I
OJ CP OJOJ ~« CO
! O CCOJ - «
I I
in uij oa-vj oj —
I i
fVj —
i i
IVJ ~I (
c a.IVJ *^I I
CP CP0 aO J —1 I
u of- a
— 158 -
QUH en
en
3en
oCM
a:o>>(JH
2;
W
a a. r- ni i
. O l l / l CO P- CV _a o IT In" •»>•-<« p-
P- (M « t CM— CM CVJ CVJ
. ~m » P>« w <MIPI PI m < 4
t t « n CM CM «u «\i« <i i ew CM p» c D * a> *
in vo<co> o »«co PI p-
neehnCM N CM (M a•-« Ift G* PI p-
or-
a: iI
CMsaw
oenen
invO
•
a n o n .•«i i in o ng>
** CM r> eo •»n
•-• (VI CM PI P) n
a a. p- vo a> «•• r- cc a P-f • •» vo *y vo i n r> C\J *
H in CB m <ofcn m in « vo
in in inleo <o * in . ,co in n i n r> ~>» —>\
» w~ CM P I P> P I P ) CV
i «(vj m PI n *
tn n n c•» p- ©co unmet) CMO"OOVIV
•»• r> m•- in c I NPI P)
. - • i n C M *«n in m -o vc
co p- r i p -•j- * co cvj
c P I r- *« m O1 m p-i-< CM CM m PI " *
D (M (M O C CD^* i n o^ CVJ «cn in IT « *
ma, ^
U IK U) IVI ,t i in * M«"> «D •« in in
I ^J © CM CM CO CVII C?||P U) l i l <T
• ** m o- m p-
o n oo ri o co in ia a.t ( ou r i ^N|
coI N •-< ou co n
r- cr r- ri r*-u< ui m -rdffn
ex ex IM r* a» cu CM «3 II I CMCi M.-I » h- CM CM
r) CM CT11-* in o c> CM-T m tn'o >o * in intr r> .i«-i ui c n r-
\
o: a. o> m PII I p- m m CM cr vo m CM
in *ca- r, f* * CM CVJ
a n « * _I o in oc o
r- >o >o m»* u cr r,n n n »
* r- n CMin •* m o tM|
(M O a ITm * <o r-
on
oo
a r> * •* *I o DCM ec
_ _ .»" •« ft. cv, n
a, cc u- o cvjlI*" »^ f^ vO
-« in o> n r-D n n - •»
O vD O (Min o in in CM
»«tr P- (vi in m »" in P-vl> VC P- CC CD CC CO P- VO
i« in ? n
in o IT o in^ in in ic >c
a ou o p- IMI
- m cvjlo1 P- * (MC' oo P-lm •* P) (M ©
in« iv <o lo » so nj cUn tn in <o «c r- f -1» « oo
[« ac <c r* inH O C t CD p> <C IT) n CU P4
H D O p* «C
- • N CM o oo
i i r (V .) in vD vo
I CM © P- -3* CVlICP, * ip n njO - I CO <M vO
C'XMCXM'OCMMr-*
« n or-ui •» N •"* M
•*|CM O 0» CQ CPlO CM *
vo o" « r> * co r>
cr vo CM cr P»vo i n •» CM ^*
cToc *i» p- r- cc co
-» •» CM
* •» mCM CO I T CVJ 0 *p» m * •^• - i
, e » cc cvi vo| p . p . p . CD CO
TPm-o e p-r <o in •» ira «)p- * iro> n p» « ITCOCMTO ~
et r» <o r-Cf CQ p* to Ifo» n p it
, . > © in <vm vc o> •» © ~
Un * nno
cvico
•»«n r- n CM inco a> o \<c M i i o n
- cr co r uo n > - ir
C7* vT CT O O
KM * CO CVJ CD
kn <r c o n cv
l o -< — cvj cv
i r f n:O CT CO P- vC[0 n r- - • _
V? (T1 O O
I T o« n <om in vo «£
in cc in CMr- * ^ n CM© •» 00 (VI vOP» P- P- CC "
co in •» p- <tco r- r i o
aj P- ~i - .CM «ui o>
HXf ^ ^ Pvtt U) C l CM•»• 00 CM '
(p. p- p. oc a
CVJ O vu (/>CT CM IT CM
CM cu in o p-vo p- o> r i o>
CM co tnnmoo1
m o*> r> vo
M00 >o in •* cyO *» CO CVJ C
CM CJ> p - mf O p- m cvj a,r> CM 1^ I Tu a o *U' IT <C <C
in cv' cr in•* D aelm » DP-IT IT vC vC
I T O I A Op* cc CD cr
In (vj 00 — m
o> n p- co 00
o vo cvi f ' m •* CM•s- p- a a;
M D C 0> D n O CVJ VC vOD o> p- o|o> P- m in o>
p- n t r IT "co P- in «» r i
r co CM vo|p- r- p- co co
i8> P- CM O vCvo r i (M •*
_ o (V CO »o> r- vo •» nO ^ CD CM VO
p- p- p- ec co
ir<'O IT o in0-00 — —
in p- o vo inkr o> in
• m ©CM i
CT CO P- P-V" CU P* VOn p- —. mo> o» o o
IMfo t> P- \0.» p- ~ in
vo m * CM
on«vo •» cvj — ~
0 0 co p-lo •» r- — ukrecoo
,;n r) n en incc n in in *
a »c j - n r>oo> co p--» p* in
n -< »• n p-ru vc p- * ^« ec «c in inIM oo> eo p-[o ^ r- »« m(MMTOO
o in o m-o
;«\i ri r i ri^ vo ci
vD <T (M P-» n newor r> p- •-<O - H — CVJ
co m CM <r r- vc © «-<in i n —>
co — J cr ir•» r> IM cvnr- «-nn** ^« (u (V
. _ 0D CO ** *vo cs CM e» eo
* IT * p «
in •» -T n no r> p~ « in
IV
r- cvj (Ma or>
ki> r> p- m
^ in eo n CM
,_ (Min ovo in •» •» PIcr n p- —* in
in co cr P-Y o o
M •» r- «M ccin •» •» nr"> p- « u
vO VO •» (MFIUIOC
vc cr •» am » •» nn p ir
00 — in -<m m •» •»n p- ->in
(V<V
VC CM
o o- oIM x(M(Vi PI n
(VIMIMCVJ CVJ CMo< PIP-CM ri n
* r> riCM CM N
m mCM CM CMa PIP-CM PI n
CO P - p -CM CM CVJ
,0> P I P -CM C! P)
CO VO 1/1
•i ri rio> m r »M PI P>
vO vO PI
cvj r>ri nr> p-
M r>) r i
CD CCp> P:PI P-r> PI
IT. OP- CO
- 159-
C/JCsl
SS
Q
CO
en
H
QWH
oCM
33
ft.O
HSW
en
inIM
CM
rvj
coCO
uo
i i • c CM cr <c o n•» P-n .»(M <CCM CM
CD P- n in •* m M3 p- p. p-
(M iC O * I
a a ai i i
r*in co o>p- *0 IT •*O * GO IMm m m <c
«J •» !•• tfl- - cocoIM p-
C r p r- P-o <? ao CM *£
* in CJ r- p-1IM o rm CM
p- « <o m -»O * CD CM <Cu> u i i n vo
• : • : «J> P- CM CM CM * i n PI
•T « CO <T CD CM «
« IV 16 O -9 if (\jM CVICMIP) PI P) *
m o> r» in « •*>in *
a: Q:i I
o CM v im PI p- o» p-
ce CM >ci<I
a 0: r-i I r- o*> n p- co p. cu
Ol ^ - CC CM PI *m
^ co CM *cu r- I M eo
a; a> r- <C ino -j a. (V *i rm in <: *
CM O ~\mm - 0 3 J ^NOrt
PI Ul PMr-lr- •» r- a! cr o> (r cr
0CCM<0O«aDC« evi CM'D r> n
I I (U« D O >LI O l
^* niri tr rj r> oaa CM >o!o * c n r-*-* oj CMin c*> n
ac u u1 r- •TiI I •£ OJ r-I
o cc CT»ICT- in CD a? m« r- cc|0* o o o oa CM «jo m o> n r»
a o: >o ui M ' O < ii i in o CMIM C .
a a mi i «c
o " evico a* oa IM r-" IM 4M
a a r- ii i i i
i>- crcc c oa CM i -
oiroiro
i »o ct *y coi *c r- co • -
• *c a »*• •»• IP (T p i r^
. ocMv,in •» ~* ec
CM •* ct a> M CM IV CM M• >-m & n r-
© CJ C> •»d CC IT C
a. in a1 m i"-<v ui o «v n
') CM "" O IPD ^ a ( V IT- t - p- co oo
o1 PI ui -a- P-
tr ai r- * tn_ ^ eo CM *n in in *
p- CM CM o~Ul V O
-» in •» •»
CM n n CMa. x P- e^ co CVJ
p. M « CMC ) CM CO •£>
o> co P- xa
cc ic n0 CO p- <OCM * ^ O <rO » CO <~
p- p- CO
r> p- » ct a.'
CMP- P- CMp- J-C •»
OO«CDIMp- n «
^ D * " O 0>o •* a' c\j I
r n \ i c•7 oo CM in
p- p. p. co au
D if) CC CCCD p- «
P- Ul D ^ IT
*T CU CVJ UP- P- CO Cb
in o> •*i n r-i CC M3
n i-i nj 1 o> ^
.» n «sr aj (\i
CM • * CM CVI
P- < CV C7-vtniuo«XCUvCp- p- cc ec
in in tn un tr
•o in m mp « i n •»
P>P
o o CM in a*
co » p- eo o>p- « ui •$/ rt• n p H H
oo r- in in •»i i M - ir
co IT- cr o
CM i n C71 <vT OPI CM ** ** " «
<r o m -r i
m CM CM CM nCD p- * in -»c* ri p M IP
oo P- CM n M
PI p- — in
M tfiUt * CMn CM in i r CM
eo cc o>3< p- -c in •»
i P- — m
••"BOU1UI P- M3 CM
M »- O O - "co P- <c m
a co coM p- CO •£ CM
M » p- oOOND
* in * ina; r- »c inn p tfi
IT 4 ri o io> o m *
CM IM •
O — M |- i n »> PI P-CM fM [M PI PI
p- CM CDP)IM » M
S r i p» «— w eCM c« IM n r>
CM r u n (7> •»9 O ( * ) ( V J
n p. o>co
>•««
o o& n P-IM n n
* p- — o CMn CM CM •«<-<
O •-< i-t CM CM
CO 1/1 — 0- O
<c o- n p-I tVJ (VJ M Mn p. M
> *— M IVj CM
n n P- s- p-
cc m c p- p-
i >o •-> p-
p- •-« m
tr p- o
0> n («.CM ! - ! <-)
m •*) noc « o
P) p-
^iCCIO O CM cc in * o> a •»
PIIM CM~
M* #- CM IV
M Ul iO >Ctvj p <t 4
p- O IT •-"n n CM CMn p- —
(T cy hc*i en CM CMr> p. - i r- • • -< CM CM
in P- •»eo p- na;p a
r> p-
~ j- np- * CM
C1 0" OCVJ M CVJ
cr n p-cunn
- 160 —
uo
ao
gco
g
u> r- r-w cii n ^ if *cj - . . •o •-* c\j n < if
• (VJ <Vl (VI CM (V
ooo
O ^^ (VI D ^ IT• I\J M (Vl(M <V
in o ~(•-« c\j r j »»• u
M l r t <M
^^ ^ T (\l OD
o o (vi r? «r in• (VI (\J <\J (VI (VJ
n n n rim
o o~njn* fo ry ru AJ nj
1 o U1 <cr- r- ain
(VJ (VJ (VJ CM (V)
O O — IOJ (V) OJ OJ OJ
n xt cc co irOJ fO * IT O
OJ (Vi <V) Pd OJ
(VI (VJ (VJM fO
(OMDtcvi <vi cvtCJri
i*- co croj OJ OJ n
OJ OJ OJ(V* «-4
* r- cc c oOJ O4 OJOJ D
>— «*• ^ nOOQOO
r* co C of\i OJ OJ n
H n c n o m
vi oj oj OJ OJ
o n ^ nooo oo a oc a.
m %o r- co OT1
rvi OJ OJOJ OJ
fV> OJ OJOJ OJ
#-*,-i»>««-irvJ(Vt<VJA;fUAJfVJ
TABLE A-3A HYDRATE FORMATION TEMPERATURE (°C)
PRESSURE MPa
MPa 0.000 .005 .010 .016 .020 .025 .010 .035 .040 .045
1.80 27.45 27.47 27.50 27. = 3 27.55 27.58 27,601.P5 27.71 27.73 27.76 P7.7P 27.81 27.83 27 f861.90 27.96 27.9f> 21?.01 2P.03 2S.05 2P.08 28,101.95 28.20 28.22 ?/?.2S ?fl.?7 2P.30 2P.32 28,34?.00 28.44 28.46 2P.49 28.51 2P. 53 28.56 28,582.05 28.67 28.69 28.72 28.74 2P.76 28.78 28,812.10 28.90 28.92 2P.94 28.96 2P.99 29.01 29.032.15 29.12 29.14 2-5.16 29. IP 29.21 29.23 29,252.20 29.33 29.36 25.3P 29.40 29,42 29.44 29,462.25 ?9.55 29.57 25.59 29.61 29.63 29.65 29,672.30 29.75 29.77 29.79 29.81 29.S3 29.85 29,87 25.89 29.91 29.93
27.6327.8828.132S.372«.6021.8325.052S.272S.482?.69
27.6527.9128.1528.3928.6228.8529.0729.2929.5029.71
27.6P27.9328.IP28.4?2fi.f>528.8729.1029.3129.5229.73
- 162 -
H
8uCO
bJ• J
Ct tt to d u,i i CM d d
— p- <•) O
n IT p-c H n in Mf F<
•C K — <O M CO l/>t I O O — ~
CO
GA
S
CO
K
vTE
D
1CO
OS
I?
SS
UR
E 1
in
-
.60
—
.55
a a: oc « oi i ece
cvj -a- p- a-
a a ui — P -i i r- OD oo
CM •» *
m n ^
I I U IM U1 UlI I « >C P-
d d d
a a a <c dI I -T Ul «
CM •» *Ori n CM
r x r u> —•» •» in «o» — d in
o o o o o
— (vi (vi n— d i/i p-c — n in P-
<r in in in u*iO O C I C I O
— cc «c dO O M I M
6J — d UI r-
o o o o o
\j c p- u) rt-\ o» o —
aomu
CO • * CMp» ou <r oOCM •» P-
45
UC IX P- >» IMI I ~
<VI - I vOn n i»i n •*
IT P- Ul r! —p- CD
CX' C3 CM <T «
O C3 O O O
a. a. m (v oI I (M n •«
(M »» ^i
c o o o o
O — (M (MO (VI -J •&r piffpi
I cr o o —CMVJ <t <C
oo
IOIT'OITO
n < 4 •» •»
ooooooooo
o o o o o
If. O If O If* i/i in >o \o
-I — a. ui IM- cere
•* in in in uio o o > . o o o o o o
> O CD in (M CTo p* r- CD <r
» in IT. IP tn ui *
OiOChOO
n -tf in o— r>m r-
•* IT in in in
QJ 4J IVIM CM n in
a* p- — oj<C OD
Ul Oj C71 ->C IV
oooooooooo
o p- in CM ojp- * — OD inCD CD 0* O — — CM CO rn 4*
— n * co
jp- ^ <— CM I
| O CM •n in O P - p-o CM •» * ooao oo co ao co
O.C"O O'OiOiOOiO
ooc in n —p- P- aj o> oO" — c> in «utf^ D D ^D D
eo in r> o•""• (Vj (*1
O (M -» *P- P- p-
o o o o oo o o o o
'COt l < ? C M C P P » - ^ - U J* O — CM CM
o- — n m p-it! p- p- p- p-
n * * in >oOCM •*- <0 OCCD 00 00 00 00
o o o o o
— CM r> »r ui m >JJ— dtnp-cr* — n i nU) U> U) If I jl/l *J * <il ^J
OOOOO^OC9^
cc in tn ocr cr o — i1
— -t -o ooMV P- r- p- p-
i
QJ <u u> o | — o« a. ijj •»o — (vjn^^in-cp-•"•nmp-o*^«nuip-inintninm>cso4>«cOOO O|O O O O O
co%Dinnj(V'ocop-ino n m p-ia — n in P-
O O O O O C 7 0 0 0
cop-in.»fM — croo>cco cr- o — 'CM n n 4
/ o i n
ooo o.o ooooooooo
p- oc a o'— (MPI n .o(vj^p-ic ^«rriinitninmLnlin «£*£<£'
CJ" C? O •-« —
— tr p- -r —cc cc <r o —o* — n *u au
o o o o o
cc co cr oo» — n m co>c p- p- p- p-
o o © o o
cvj o p- m• p- oo au &
K. p- p- p- p-
_ n — o> <cin *o p- p- ac
— nm r-•c P- p- p- p-
o o o o o
Ifi.OlT11
CM CM n d •
p- * » Ulp- oc oc OO CM •» >C00 CO CO CC
v in — P-p- 0U CD
O CVI •» *0C 0D OC 0D
o oo o o
O O CM CC•JU1UI«1*
CC OD CC CO 0D
CM rj -» •» uO (VI »• >D 00cu ou cu cc cu
u» fvi au •»— CM d r io rvi »» >c aj
ao co ao oo
o o o o
p- J- c— M d dCVI -» « 00co co a
o o o o
V >O CM CCO — (M CM
— 00 .» —O O — (MCM <t <c aa co cc cco o o o
o i r o i nin in <t< *
* — *— d ino> cr o-
o o o
f*> OCJ>OO
dina a <r
p. p. a,o CM •»
i ^.i <t><vj • *vr IT
ui —in <cCM C7- (T
o o
CO d<r in(M -Jv a-
o o
m *cr cr
(M COd dCVi J-
o o
TABLE A-35 VISCOSITY OF WATER SATURATED H2S GAS (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 3.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20.?S.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.75.80.85.90.95.100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.16S.170.175.180.
-R-R
.013328
.013533
.013738
.013943
.014149
.014355
.014561
.014768
.014974
.015181
.015388
.015595
.015802
.016009
.016217
.016424
.016631
.016838
.017045
.017251
.017458
.017665
.017871
.018077
.018284"
.018489
.018695
.018901
.019106
.019311
.019516
-R-R
.011342
.013546
.013751
.013956
.014161
.014367
.014573
.014779
.014986
.015192
.015399
.015606
.015813
.016020
.0U227
.016433
.016640
.016847
.017054
.017261
.01746?
.017674
.017880•01P086.018292.018498.018703.018969.019114.019319.019523
-R-R
.013356
.013560
.013764
.011968
.014173
.014379
.014585
.014791
.014997
.015203
.015410
.C15616
.015823
.016030
.016237
.016443
.016650
.016857
.017063
.017270
.017476
.017683
.017889•OleO95.018301.018506.01871?.01*917.019122.019327.019532
-R-fi
.013370
.013574
.013777
.013981
.014186
.014391
.014597
.014802
.015008
.015214
.015421
.015627
.015833
.016040
.016247
.016453
.016660
.016866
.017073
.01727?
.017486
.017692
.017898
.018104
.018309
.018515•01872C.01892=.019130.0)9335.019540
-R-R
.013385
.013588
.013791
.013995
.014199
.014404
.014609
.014814
.015020
.015226
.015432
.015638
.01E844
.016050
.016257
.016463
.016670
.016876
.017062
.017289
.017455
.017701
.017907
.018113
.01831R
.018524
.018729
.018934
.019139
.019343
.019548
-K-R
.013400
.013602
.013805
.014008
.01421c
.014416
.014621
.014826" .015031 '.015237.015443.015649.015855.016061.016267.016473•01668C.016886.01709?.017298.017504.017710.017916.01812).018327.018532.0ie737.018942.019147.019352.019556
-R-R
.013415
.013617
.013819
.014022 ~
.014225
.014429
.014633
.014838
.015043
.015249
.015454
.015660
.015866
.016071
.016277
.016481
.016690
.016896
.01710?
.017308
.017511
.017719
.017925
.018130
.018336
.018541
.018746
.018951
.019155
.019360
.019564
-R-R
.013431
.613631
.613833
.014035
.614238
.614442
.614646
.614850•015055.015260.615465.015671.615876.016082.616288•616494•Q16700•016905.(117111•617317•Q17S23•017728•617934•01P139.018345.618550.018755•618959.019164.619368.619572
-P• ft
.013447
.013647
.013848
.014049
.014252
.014455
.014659•014863.015667•015272.015477.015682.015887.016093.016298.016504.016710.016915.017121.017327.017532.017738.017943.018148.018354.018559.016763.018968.019172.019377.019581
-R-R-R
.013662
.013862
.014064
.014266
.014468
.014672
.014875:i615679 '.015284.015489.015693.015899:0l6l04.016309.0165)5.016720.016926.017131.017336.017542.017747.017952.018158.018363.018567.018772.018977.019iei.019385.019589
-R-P-R
.013678
.013878
.014078
.014280
.014492
.014685
.014888• OJ'5092.015296•015500.01570=.015910.016115.016320.016525.016730.016936.0171'!.017346.017552.017757.017962.018167.018372.018576.0187PI.018985.019189.019393.019597
1.30
TABLE A-36 VISCOSITY OF H2O SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED H2S (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.35 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.
-P•902020•flQ0934.717310.647266.587954.537245
-P.902017,e00933.717311.647269.587958.537250
-D
-P.P0C33.717312.647271.=87962.=37255
-R-R
•800S32.717-313.647274.587966•S37J60
-R-R
.800921
.717314
.647277
. = (?7970
.537265
-R-R
.800930,717315•64727S•5P7974.537?70
-R-R
.800930
.717316
.647282
.587978
.537274
-R-R
,800929.?17318•f47285,5<=7982.537279
»P-K
.(00928
.717319
.647287
.cg79£6
.537284
-R-P
.800928
.717320
.647290
.S879S0
.537289
-R-R
•8009?7.717321•647?93.587993.537294
1.80
TABLE A-36 VISCOSITY OF H2O SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED H2S (mPa.s)
PRESSURE MPa
1.85 1.90 .00 2.05 2.10 Z.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20.25.30.3 "5.
40.45.50.
-R-R
• »00<327.717321.647293.SP7993.537294
-P-P
.800926
.717322
.647295
.587997
.537299
-R-P
•P00925.717323.^47298•cRP001•c37304
-s-p
.P00925
.717324
.'•47301
.c»S00=
.53730<5
-9-R
.800924
.717326
.647303
.5PF009
.537314
-c-K
.800923
.717327
.647306
.588013
.53731?
-R-R
.800523•7173?R.647308.588017.537324
-R-R
.800922
.717329
.647311
.588021
.537329
-R-R
.800921
.717330
.647314
.5*>B025
.537334
-f?-R-K
.717331
.647311s
.588029
.537339
— R-P-R
.717332,64731<;,5RflO33.337344
TABLE A-37 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER-SATURATED H2S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.B0
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.75.80.85.90.95.100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.150.155.160.165.170.175.180.
-R.014796.015118.015432.015739.016039.01633?.016619.016901.017177.017449.017716.O17«»fiO.018240•01P498.018753.019007•019?59.019510.019761.020013,020?64.020517.020771.021027.021286.021548.021B13.022082.022355,0??*34.022917.023207
-R.014799.015123.015436.015743.016043.016336.016623.016905.017181.017453.017720.017984.01«245.018502.01P75P.019011.019264.019515.019766.020017.020269.020522.020776•021032.021291.021553•02181P.0220P7.022361.022639.022523.023212
-R-R
.015125
.015440
.015747
.016047
.016340
.016627
.016909
.017185
.01745-
.017725
.017988
.018249
.018507
.018762
.019016
.019268
.019520
.019771
.020022
.020274
.020527
.020781
.021037
.021296
.021558
.021823
.022092
.022366
.022644
.02292R
.023218
-fi-c
• 01512<i.015443.015750.01605C.016344.016631.016913.01718?.017461.01772";.01799.1.018253.018511.018767.019020.019273.019524•019776.020027•02027S•020532•020786.021042.021301.021563.021P.2P•022098.022371.022650.022934.023223
-f?-R
.015132
.015447
.01S7S4
.016054
.016348
.016635
.016917
.017153
.01T465""
.017733
.017997
.01P2E8
.016515
.018771
.019025
.015277
.019529
.019780
.026032•0202P3.030536.0207S1.031047.031306.021568.021834.032103.032377.0226=5.022939.023229
-P-B
.015136
.015451
.015756
.016056
.016352
.01663?
.016921
.01719770T746? ~.017737.01800).01826?.01852C.016776.01902?•01928?.019534.019785.030036•02028e.020541.030796.021053.021311.031572•031P3?.022108.032382.022660.022944.023234
-R-R
.015140
.015454
.015762
.016062
.016355
.016643
.016925•017202.017474.017741.018005.018266.018524.018780•019034.019287.019538.019790.020041•02029T.020546.020801.021057.021316.021578.021844.022113.022387.022666.022950.023240
-R-R
.015143
.Q15458
.015765
.016066
.01*359
.016647
.016929
.017206•017476•017746•oieoio.018271.618529•012784.019038•619291.619543.019794.020046.620298.020551.6.20806.021062.021321.621584.021849•022119•622392•022671.022955.623245
-It-*
.015147
.015462
.015769
.016069
.016363
.016651
.016933
.017210
.017482
.017750
.018014
.018275
.018533
.018789
.019043
.019296
.019547
.019799
.030051
.020303
.020556
.020811
.021067
.021326•031589.021854.022124.032398.032677.022961.033251
-R-R
.015150
.015465
.015773
.016073
.016367
.016655
.016937
.017214•017486.017754.016018.018279.018537•018793.019047.019300.01955?.019804.020055.020307.020561.020815.021072.021332.021594.021859.022129.022403.022682.022966.023256
•P-P
.015154
.015469
.015777
.016077
.016371
.016655
.016941
.017218
.017490
.017758
.0180?2
.018283
.018542•01879P.01905?.019305.019557.01980P.020060.020312.020566.020fl?0.021077.021317.021599.02186=.022134•02240P.0226P7.02297?.02326?
TABLE A-37 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER-SATURATED H2S GAS (W/(m.K))
PRESSURE MPa
l .f iO 1.P5 1 .«90 1.95 .00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.3H
?0.25.30.35.40."45.50.55.60.6«5.70.75.
eo.85.•5Q.95.100.105.110.115.120.125.130.135.140.145.ISO.155.160.16S.170.175.180.
-P-R
.015154
.0154*9
.015777
.016077
.016371
.016659
.016941
.017218
.017490
.01775R
.01802?•01P?P3.01*542.01H79H.019052.019305.019557.019808.020060.02031?.020566,0208?0.021077.021337.021599.021865.022134•0?240«.02?687.02207?.02326?
-P-R
.015157
.015473
.015780
.016001
.016375
.016663
.016945
.017222
.017494
.017762
.01P027•01P28P.01*546.01PS0?.019056.019309.019561.019813.020065.020317.020570.0208?5•0210»2.021342.021604.021870.022140.022414.022693.022977.023267
-P-R
.015161
.015476
.015784
.016085
.016379
.016667
.016949
.017226
.017498•017767• 01P.031•01P292.018551.01P807• 01<5061.019314.019566.019H1B.020070.020322.020575.020830•0210P7.021347.021609.021875.022145.022419.022698.(!2?9fl2.023273
-c-R
.015165
.0154RC
.01578P•01608S.016383.016671.016953.017230.017502.017771.018035.018296.018555.018P11•019065•01931P.019571.019P22.020074.020327.020580.020P35.021092.021352.021614.021880.022150.022424.022703.02298P•02327P
-P-R
.015168
.0154P4
.015792
.016092
.016366
.016675
.016957
.017234
.017507
.017775•01P039.016301.018559•OieP16.019070.019323.019575.019827.020079.020331.020585.020840.021097.021357.021619.021885.022155.022430.022709.022993•0232P4
-R-R
.015172
.015487
.01579=
.016096
.016390•01667E.016961.01723F..017511.017779.018044.018305.018564,oi8P20.019074.019326.019580•019P32.020084•020336.020590•030P4C
.021102•0Z136Z.021624.021S90.022160.02243=.022714.022999.023289
-R-R
.015175
.015491
.015799
.016100
.016394
.016682
.016965
.C17242
.017515
.017763•01R048.018309.018568•01«824.019079•0J9332.019585.019836.020088.020341.020595.020850.021107-02136^,.021630.021896.022166.022440.022720.023004.023295
-R-R
.615179•Q15495.015803.016104.016398.016686.016969•017246•Q17519•517788•018052•018314.018572.018829.619083.619337.619589•619841•020093•020346•620600.620855.621112.021372.021635.621901.622171.622445.622725•623010•023300
-R-B
.015183
.015498
.015806
.016108
.016402
.016690
.016973
.017250
.017523
.01779?
.018057
.018318
.018577•018633.019088.019341.019594.019846.020098.020351.020604.020860•021117•021377• 0216'0.021906.022176.022451.022730.023015.023306
-P-R-P
.015502
.015810
.016111
.01640*
.016694
.016977
.017254
.017527
.017796
.018061
.01832?
.018581
.018838
.019093
.019346•01959e.019851.020103.020356.020609.020865.021122.021382.021645.021911.022181.022456.022736.023021.023311
-p-R-R
.015506
.015P14
.016115
.016410
.01669P
.O169S1•017259.017531.017800.018065•0183?7.018586.018842.019097.019350.019603.019855.020107.020360.020614.020870.021127.021387.021650.021916.022187.022461.022741.023026.023317
TABLE A-38 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HjO SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED
°c
20.2S.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.75.80.85.90.
1.30
-R.014796
' .015118.01543?.015739.016039.016332• 016M9.016901.017177.017449.017716.017980.018240.018498
1.35
-R.014799.01=122.01c436.015743.01*043•01*336.01*623.016905.017181.017453.017720.017984.018245.01"502
1.40
-R-R
.015125
.015440
.015747
.01*047
.01*340
.016627
.016909
.017185
.017457
.017725
.017988
.01P249
.01P507
1.45
-c-p
.015129
.015443
.015750
.016050
.016344
.016631
.016913,017189.017461.017729.017993.018253.018511
1.50
-P-R
.015132
.015447
.015754
.016054
.016348
.016635
.016917
.017193
.017465
.017733
.017997
.018258
.018515
1.55
-K-B
.01513*
.015451
.01575?
.01605?
.016352
.016639
.016921
.017197
.017469
.017737
.018001
.01826c
.018520
H2S (W/(m.K);
PRESSURE MPa
1.60
-R-R
.015140
.015454
.015762
.016062
.016355
.016643
.016925
.017202
.017474
.017741
.018005
.018266
.018524
1.65
-R-R
.615143
.615458
.615765
.016066
.Q16359
.(J16647
.016929
.017206
.Q17478
.017746
.618010•018271.018529
1.70
-H-R
•015147.015462.015769.016069.016363.016651.016933.017210.017482.017750.018014.018275.018533
1.75
-R-R
.015150
.015465
.015773
.016073
.016367
.016655
.016937
.017214
.01748*
.017754
.018018
.018279
.018537
1.80
-R-R
.015154
.015469
.015777
.016077
.016371
.01665?
.016941
.01721P
.017490•01775P.018022.018283.01854?
I
001
l.PO
TABLE A-38 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF H20 SATURATED WITH DISSOLVED
1.8S 1.95 .00 2.05
PRESSURE MPa
2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.3"
20.2S.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70".75.R0.p.s.90.
-P-P
.015154
.015469
.015777
.016077
.016371
.01*659
.016941• 017P1R.017490•01775«.018022•01P2P3.01*54?
-P-R
.015157
.01^473
.015780
.0.6081
.016375
.016663
.016945
.017222
.017494
.017762
.01*027•01*2RP.01*546
-P-R
.015161
.015476
.0157*4
.01*085
.016379
.016667
.016949
.017226
.017498
.017767
.01*031•01P292.01P551
-P-C
.01516=
.015480•01578P.0160P-"5• 016.183.016671.016953.017230.017502.017771.01803"?.018296.018555
-R-P
.015168
.015484
.015792
.016092
.0H3P6
.016675
.016957
.017234
.017507
.017775
.016039
.018301
.01P559
-P-K
.015172
.015487
.015795
.016096
.016390
.C16676
.016961
.017238
.017511
.017779
.018044•01P305.018564
-R-P
.015175
.015491
.015799
.016100
.016394
.016682
.016965
.017242
.017515
.017783
.018048
.018309
.018568
-R-R
.615179•615495.015803.016104•016398.016686.616969•017246.017519 ~~.017788.618052.618314.618572
-R-R
.015183•015498.015806.016108•016402.016690.016973.C17250•017523•017792.018057.018318.018577
-p-P-R
.015502
.015810".0T6Tlt.016406.016694.016977.017254.017527.017796.018061.018322.018581
-R-P-P
.015506
.015814
.01611=
.016410
.0166^
.0169M• 0172«;<3.017531.017800.018065.018327.018586
- 170 —
CO
oCO
CM
oINill
o gtoCOCO
wou
§
E*1
oa 4ec!\. IT a.i~oc o- a- CJ> o
ifi IT o - . p-•T <o o> ojin—i •» p- ri *o>tr p o o
er r- o a •-T n c (v <c•» oci — ir ao o — — —
© -a- c> p-» ©p- .»(V. >£ O- IT:cvj CM M n
3j* n p- *H **» in in
tvojaoocc <»"n r c u
— ~ in © \o
UI*PI oj oc in cvi o
o p- *i > t\j
r*- (*) a- u) ^-n c\j « ^o j a.— ~ — fk. fy
— •-> a —oori n ri ir r-•j a iv >o o*- »- (v C\J r/
* '.- — O U.ir *t cy <v trtt' <\l * "" IT
© -><?-•» r»* - vr I* r\, r-n t» — •c on. « n r, j
oo
oir oiroif oir cir
*'^ n o rt a" -«• ur» in in
ac <\t
cr n r- rv:j f n a (\.r n -f -j ir
t- ir o (v *•n o oc * inir o -» (7- -*
IT IT IT *
cr ^ © <« * — u
IT
r» o •-•n o oo >r
p. c •-
a (v p-. « *•» ir >c tc oo ^ cr » o
p- cc a
oir oiro
c cr cr
j ru in >c P.
cp
I\J rv; a »-oeic<r
a
o u i r c
n a, n crucrco
O v£ 0-r~ M r- -4o c ~< I-a o — —
. ft. ft.
O If O IPo o ~«•-<
rp. j rir c ci cc
in cr j - oa n* >o r r- eo
o> o> *in o> *
r- r- r- OJ a>
>•» r> t> i/> p-»n P- •r^r'SffttOO^GOCC
UHMUMM
*> r*> & jt a«c <• r\j
™ in o ui oc tc a c o
ac n- r-tTOO
fti r* r- n
cc r> ac n
a c- -i •*n p- ft; r-oc cc » cr
cunconoo
(t n " n- r* — M Pn o in o in
in oo ^-
>» cc r> af\j p- n cc~ <— (v r\j
^- p- o u' >r
a- in cc f-- i»-CC vC ITO l f . ^ Nj •» u- if
n ir' ooc >c in inac .* o -
— o o- o- o
PI n c p<C p- o ma •* »- p-ir c r~ r
ft ft. ft. <\. ft,
IT o if o in
tr 4 •»cc if a-•t o- -tO O i-<CVJ (M fti
/- in m
in oF ~ fti
r\j o ftin m P»
(V U
v. rv. tv
^- IT
a ir
cr irr- a
a- a
IT op- a'
- 175 -
or.
incvi
©CM
x f a- **in © -a © mo>tv.. •*•*•• tr* rr~ r- r- cc cc cc o> o»
.» o* cc -«<cr» rvi oo ui • " _oj m f- © ran
4 © sD O^ p~ cr cvi inr~ p~ r- oo cu
— i - co -r •» tr c- m -» .»cvi cc in co c~ jcr cu a CL ecl o a ^ - f r* c cvi i/i cu —r- r- cc cp cc cc c a c ©
cr> o> -7 cvj inb> * •» cvih 41 O1 ftl UICC CC CO 0 * O*
* •» r>(MCO -« •» l»S 7 9 7
oo oj o r> o - " r-o n »
o r>o> r- >o in •»
r> >o crcr- cr cr
r- cvi - * w CM•» in -o p. c|ru t/i oo - 'o o o « «
t— n o - %
Io ao i/i c tvi& o n c OM IT a -r- ot ou co cu o> tr cr o o
— -H — cvi r )
O CU 4J iTt U'o nj in cc ~<a> a.1 a ou cr
1^ -ff '4. C) Uo a1 cc or cc(Vi .3- p^ o n,x cc a o tr
n p- h- rv rvifcvj * - r-t I\J n^ r~ o na o cr C
^- m •-• •»IT IT * M M* tr ivi 10 cca a tr f
cjo
o IT o m iiv i\i r> n
•» i-- o n >cr o ^
|^- n o • - f*CT O CVJ t ^
o n 4i ifo o o o o
• «c o IVJ in• CM if. cr CM
-J X >4J O~ .» P- -> •£cvi I T ar rvi m
C O — >-"
r, r CVi cc-» a: . in cc
>t ft *fc r:tC IT
cr^ooo
ao p>- r* cu© n *o o>
a © o o o
in CJ •» - . .pi »H i cvj I . , , _o n >o c cvi in coo o o © ~*
o in oo in r~* O CC ~ J
»" 11 CO|>H « CVI CM CV
4 <OD4•T r» -« ui
o- a. — aii< •» in IN- er,c r- * o (v<M ^ri 4 (V
c •— p- t*- -"u r i o
^ CVt ITCVI CV
-< j - r- © Tcu »-4 «j ao «-•!^4 cvi cvi cvj n
n >o "-I uo •a r- — •*cvj cvj cvi n m
n c ncoir- © >(VI n n n
Ui f- *—f~ (VI
H •"" <- cvi ru
— © I T^ C71 0" CVi «40 ©
X' cvi " inr> <-• c? r*
In N ^- >j a
n (vi r-- it>t (v a. inCVJ >u c r icv) rvirvi r-
© r» j rv.€ O"P1
it' *: o C »(vj x in cvi cr«© n p* »
• - i •* CC CVJ
»•»•«• I/1
!— ir. cc cvi r-<r <r !/"• m
tr •* n * r l r i oj >u cr u
<. o-fvjDr' j'.r* <t a r. >tv K •* •» m in
o- »- a a' <vcc cvi in o^ •»CO CVJ 1/1 CD CVCM n n n ^
CVI CVI «£ .*• >Oco Cvi <£ «-H «c• - • i n co cvju:n n n -j- ^>
cvi rvi r- i/i cocvi co • * • < - • «
|C^ CVI **0 © CO•r in in o ^
CT> o co -» incc n co * o•r CD *- in cr
p CO " C DKO CO iHCO «Jcvi <3 o nin in *o «o
c . •o •& — ©*-• *O CVI O* CCCJ ~* i n a . cvien .» <r in
— co in n• m cc oj *•» •» ui in
-t cvi in nr* ui r> ivj
Ji co rg *o
r- ina(\j <
r- in aj ^in in IT >o>£ o .» cc
CC T O(\j© •» c
VI T- t- IT« CVi .» |v or1 ir ff o cc•C >C >C P~ P"
IT ©irohroinoir c ir © ir ©( v r p
— n cr cr P)|«-« n trb <r o u i cvijo «*> nin o- ru * "~ —
* in in •
n © cvi «• cc•— o~ r- >o
t © n r* ^i n ^ »*o >c r*~
ui tr r-i n a *© rvr-
* •» 0>ho >* cvir- — inko i«- r»
C O 0;in cr nr~ r» oc
© cr ccI© ^ r~ — ir-
* CC CVI >O ©CU
u- p- .T icr >-> -»<C ^ I f
- p- in o.© ^ a
C •» •»p. cvj p~o — in ©<x c cr c
O IT © ITin m so •*•'
4- oc rvia. a, ir
— -T p-cr r: p*cc a o-
ir a in
o- <t •»_ L0 (V•» » -ac- c i—
CV. (V
TABLE A-40 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 0. H2S IN H20 LIQUID (nm2/s)
°c
?0.?5.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.75.RO.85.90.95.
100.105.110.115.l?0.1?5.130.135.140.145.ISO.155.160.165.170.175.l«0.
0.000
.001636
.001871
.002121
.002388
.002669
.002965
.003?75
.00359R
.003934
.004281
.004640
.005010
.005390
.005779
.006177
.006583
.006997
.007417
.007844
.008277
.008715
.009159
.009606,01005ft.010514.010972.011434.011898.012364.012833.013303.013775•014?48
.500
.001650
.001895
.002147
.002415
.00269R
.002995
.003306
.003631
.003968
.004317
.004677•00504P.005428•005«18•006?17,0066?4.007038.007460.007887.00P321.008759.009203.009651.010103.010559.CU01P.0114PO.011945.012411•0128PO.013350.013822.014295
1.000
.001682
.001920
.002173
.002443
.002727•003G?6.003338.003664.00400?.004 352.004713.0050P5.00=467.005P5P.006257.006665.007080.007502.007930•00P364•O0P804.005248.005656.010149.010605.011064.Oil1-?*.011951.O124'5«.01?9?7.013397.ni1P70.014343
1.500
.001705
.001944•00220&.00247 0.002756.003056.003371,.003657.004017.0043P8.0 04750.00512:*.005506.005857.006258.00*70*.007122.007545.007973.0OP4C?.P0Pfl4P•009?5?.009741.010154
.011110
.011573
.012038
.012505
.012974
.013445
.C13917
.01435'.
TEMPERATURE UC
2.000
.001728
.001969
.002226
.002498
.002786
.66308?
.003402
.003731
.004071
.004424
.004787• O0M61,OOt.i544.005937.00633e.00*748.007164.007587.00801?.008452• oe^r-.-?.01 'IT
.010240
.010697
.011157•011619.012084.012552.013021.013492.013964.014438
2.500
.001751
.001994•002253.002526.002815.063118.003435.003764.004106.004459.004824.005199.005583.005977.006379.006789.007206.007630.008060.008496.008936.009382.009832.010285.010742.011203.011666.012131.012598.013068.013539.014011•0144P5
3.000
.001775
.002019
.002279
.002555
.002845
.003149 "
.003467
.003798
.004141
.004495
.004*61
.005237
.005622
.006617
.006420
.006P.30
.007?48
.007*73
.008103
.008539
.008981
.009*27
.009«77
.010-531
.010788
.011?49
.011712
.012178
.012645
.013115
.013se6
.014059
.014533
3.500
.001799
.002044
.002306
.002583
.002875
.003180
.003499
.003831
.004176
.004531
.004898
.005275
.005661
.006057
.006460
.00(872
.007290
.007715
.00ei47
.008583
.009025
.009472
.009922
.010377
.010834
.611295
.011758
.012224
.012692
.013162•013633.014106.014580
4.000
.001823
.002070 '
.002333
.002611
.002905
.003212 -
.003532
.003865
.004211
.004568
.004935
.005313
.005700
.006097
.006501
.006913
.007332
.007758
.008190
.008627
.009070
.009516
.009967
.010422
.010880
.611341
.011805
.012271
.012739
.013209
.013681
.014153
.014627
4.S00
.001R47
.002096
.002360
.002640
.002935
.003243
.003565
.003899
.004?4f
.004*04
.004973
.005351
.005740
.006137
.006542
.006955
.007375•007S01•006?33.008671.009114.009561.010013.010468.010926.011388•011851•01231P.012786.013256.013728.014?01.014*75
TABLE A-41 SURFACE TENSION OF H2O AGAINST H2S VAPOUR (N/m)
PRESSURE MPa
1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.T5 1.80
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60.65.70.75.f>6.85.90.95.
100.105.110.il5.120.125.130.
-R.047796.049487.050981.052260.053339•0S41R9.054813.055212.055391.055357.05512?.054703.054123.053410.052598.051727.050846.050009.049279.048730.048442.048508.
-R.046850.04S615.050180.051533.05*667.053575.054254.054704.054930.054938.054742.054359,05-»810•05T124.052335.051484.050618.049792.049070.040524.048236.048297
-a
.047743,o49378.050798.051995.052961.05-'95. 05<.i<56.054469.054520.054363.054015.053497.052838.052073.051240.050389.049575.048R60.048318.048029.048085
-R-fi
.046871
.048577
.0500£'«
.051323
.052348,05313f.053688.054008.054102.053984.053671.053184.05255?.051810.05C5V7.050161.049358.048651.048112.047822.047874
-R-R
.045999
.047775
.049329
.050650
.051734
.0=2578
.053180
.0=3546
.053684
.053605
.053326
.052871
.052266
.051547
.650753
.049933
.049141
.048441
.047906
.047616
.047663
-K-K
.045127
.046974
.048594
.64997?
.051121
.052019
.052672
.0=3085
.053266
.053226
.0S29P2•0S255e.0=1980.051284.0=0510.049704.048924.048231.047699.047409.047452
-R-R
.044255
.046172
.047659
.049306
.050507
.051460
.052164
.052624
.052847
.052846
.052638
.052245
.051694
.051021
.050266
.049476
.048707
.048022
.047493
.047203
.047241
-R-R
.Q433B3
.045371
.0^7124
.048634
.649894
.650901•551657.052163• 052429.«52467• 05229'.051.0?,e a8".• vO22•049248.048490.047812.047287.046996.647030
-R-P»
.042511
.044569
.046389
.047961
.049280
.060343•051149• OS 1702.052011.052088.051950051618£1122
.050496
.049779
.049019
.048273
.047603
.047081
.C46789
.046819
-ft-P
.041639
.043768
.045654
.647284
.048667
.049784
.050641
.051241
.051593
.051709
.051605
.051305
.050836
.050233,049S3'5.04879!.048056• 0«i7393.046875.046583.046608
-R•R
.040767
.04296*
.044919
.646617
.048053
.049225
.050133
.050780
.051175
.051329
.051261
.05099?
.050550
.049970
.04929?
.048563
.047839
.047184
.046669
.046376
.046397
TABLE A-41 SURFACE TENSION OF H2O AGAINST H.,S VAPOUR (N/m)
PRESSURE MPa
1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 £.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55.60*65.70.75.80.85.90.95.100.105.
110.H«5.120.125.130.
-R-R
.040767
.042966
.044919
.046617
.048053
.049225
.050133
.050780
.051175
.051329
.051261
.05099?
.050550
.049970
.04929?
.048563
.047839
.047184
.046669
.046376
.046397
-R-R
.039895
.042165•0441P5.045945.047440•04P666.049625.050319.050757.050950.050917.050679.050264.049707.04904P•04P334.047622.046974.046463.046169.046186
-R-R
.039023
.041363
.043450
.045273
.046826
.04P107
.049117
.049858
.050338
.050571
.050573
.050366
.049978
.049444
.04P804
.048106
.047405
.046764
.046256
.045963
.045975
-K-C
.038151
.040562• 042711;.044600.046213.047549.048609.049397.049920.050192.05022P.050053.049692.049182.048561.04787P.0471RP.046555.046050.045756.045763
-R-R
.037279
.039761
.041980
.043928
.045599
.046990
.0481C1
.048935
.049502
.049813
.0498P4
.045740
.049406
.048919
.048317
.047650
.046971
.046345
.045844
.045549
.045552
-G-C
.036407
.038955
.04124=
.043256
.044986
.046431
.047593
.048474
.049084
.045433
.049540
.049426
.049120
.048656
.048074•047421.046754.046136.045638.045343.045341
-R-R
.035535
.038158
.040510
.042584
.044372
.045872
.047085
.048013
.048666
.049054
.049196
.049113•048834.048393.047P30.047193.046537.045926.045432.045136.045130
-P.-R
.634663
.637356
.639775
.041911
.643759
.645314•646577.047552.048247—•048675.648852.048800.(J48548.048130.Q47S86•046965•646320•645716
•645226•644930•644919
-R-R
.033791
.036555
.039040
.041239
.043145
.044755
.046069
.047091
.647829
.048296
.048507•048487.048262.047867.047343.046736.046103.045507.045620.044723.044708
-R-R '-R
.035753
.038305
.040567
.042531
.044196
.045561
.046630
.047411
.047916
.048163
.048174
.047976
.047605
.047099
.04G50P
.045886
.045297
.044614
.044516
.044497
-P-R-P
.034952
.03757?
.039895
.04191P
.043637
.045053
.046165
.04699?
.047537
.047819
.047861
.047690
.047342
.046856•046?80.045669.04508P
" .044667.044310.044286
- 1 7 5 -
oo
wCO
3CO
o
g£_,
ST
i
C_"0
E-'
w
oO
•in
©
oo
©©
uo
u. n co <t cc n cc
(VI (VI <VI OJ ftj
r>.» in P- tnr>cc I T in >c
«rucn nj ^* ~ ©(VI (VI (VI (VI (VI (VI
(Vi * « ecC4ITIOM(vi in I rft IVI •— «•* O
(VI (VI (VJ (VI (VI
» ( f CD ~ ©P>- O O Ml Ml(Vi <£ O * 0*D (VI (VI — O
(VI (VI (VI (VI (VI
~ cvi Mi r> CD.» r- >r ~ on«omon (vi (vi ^
(VI (VI (VI IVi (Vi
(VltC <f vO O^- n (vi vc in
V X- •»M IT (^ — C7-O O> in (VI OCOIKMf
» a- * (vi co tr cr tr
»O 00 GO m ( i • * oo m•T D « (VI IT
M (VI •
oirjo
^ im •-« r«- n o
ec « nm * c m" r* r> o
r> ^ (Vi oa o a (Vi< 0C « vC —C) (VI (VI » i«
•) If.r- in
D (VI IVI ~- •-<
(VI (VI IV (VI (VI
cc (V) «M ac mi\jnol\:on (vi (vi •— -^
(vi (Vi (M rvi (Vi
(Vi 0C (Vi C. IT© & «£ « ITlMTDMVn OJ (vi <— *~
(V (VI (V, (V (Vj
oooooooooo
o cr a- IToyi\j CL(V h- »t oo cr a* cr
n<t a. «or cr cc ^>in (vi o (>•oc oo OP h-
HAIU1O«nocOJ CO 00 M
n (Vi o in^ in oc (vi
O P* Omom
M! n i » - cc M00 00 00 (
© o n r-r- «* • - cooo oc a r
r»- o o %on >o o i n
>c (*- in oMI a (vi a.» ^- c >coo cc P- p-
(vi a r © ITr- (vi cc if • ~~© © cr cr cr
—• rv. p- •"« i
p- r, a- ir —© © a- CT- a-
O- <- U' O
(M (VI - f P- (VJco IT. <vi a ra. a. co r
m oo n <r (v: (\j- in m MI © m
oc m (v. © r~cc oc cc x r
© © © © ©
f P- O> CVI .»f— © cr (vj »
•-• o- P' inr- p- tc vo <c
CK 00 01) O —in rvi »n n a P-
p-(vi •» >c o> n p- r>
I 00 CO 00 Oi * •» in r»i F- cr p- ui
«. >ti n a~ >c •-
n cvi © <r•c * xr in
a p- r>p-• i o> -r
-J (VI O C« 41 sVUI
r i CP r>- p~CD M> Ml P- U
•; — tr p- ITp 3
3 p- m •»o cr a? c» « o> p- MI
p- r- MI Mi
r- -> r- *VI — Or*T (VI O CC Ml^ p- p*
(Vi r o crn (vi(V. © or Mip- r» Mi *
M, -> j - in( ^ in or n p- ©
* Mi M) M;
-» p- — If.r - M; p* x(VI O cc M:r» P- MI sc
p- © ncc o> o© or p-p* M) M"
© o © ©
(VI Ml O M-* (VII— cr
c <oin
(vi cr n MIp» cvi p-(VI ~" CTMl M LH
<• cc. ©menu•» M •» cr
' M> U
n ^ -»« < cc- n
o © aVI IT o •»•
d M ©Ml M~ M
- 1 7 6 -
o
O
QWX
a! oo
5 y
eg w
S3
• J
oo
oo
oo
IO
•o
o©
oo
uo
•3 u* ci r*•» in I T cvor co r > *cin .» pi w
C* o o \O or>.» n o>in ^ n oj
-» <or- P» *r> m e «pgr> ui p-in -* * i OJ
oj OJ oj rvi o.
n .» inin <r rr
m ^ «r <v
so oc- x ^W O ^ ^ 00 COIT in r*- <r cjir * n (OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ
•c P- m •» iroj p- oj ui in
* as *i aOJ *• o oj OJ
OJ oj oj oj OJ
cc a cc moOJ IT CO O 0>co cc cr oj ^m -* n n oj
OJ l\j OJ Oj OJ
^"~ .^>p - CC
ir •» .» n oj
0. C\J <\. OJ
o o o o o
r<fIHCU<vi M3in p-
r- ui r- io1 c iooo-
o in <o
•-* 1-4 d OJarm «o —
p- p-" O © U*
VJ OJ OJ I\J
>t Oj C-n cs *- in
air ui <•T O Oojr- OJ
N n coin in co
>K O P
r- n .» wc CJ r- •»
r w on in o co© * no>c CD CD r-
in in OJ ojt o »o * n op-«r « • m ^
o> co co co r-
in « -> r- *^H p- ^- o
o -j-oCC » i-< P-a. a OD p-
cc ^ ~ aap ec a? r-
OJ * ^ tr-ou •- r-- inoc in — a.CU CU (U
© * - p-OJ IT O CCcr in OJ a.ot oc oc p-
CC P- •-« P-m ec j - —c IT OJ acc co co P-
oooooo*?©©>£ p- a crioi •" "i •»
o. <r tin a'ir a e-o © co in nr- p- « <c
«£) in * * ^* u iCO ^* tO PJ Q»n<-< oc <c PIP P- C
•»PJ >C U1P-~ * CO •» —•T — » * -»P P «
M co ~ <o o< P) oo
p- cr PJ CP *o^ ^ U1 »O «3"
j> nj »- >c ^71 OJ * ^ CO•» oj a P- •»
P t
t c a«— o- p- m•cm in in
— to <o mCO P- CO O— a p- >c>o in in in
<M CO * " "
CON
J © 00<t< * u
OJ 0s P- Ip- I t
<*, nj Dr — * ojoj © p* ui
P) O P- I^ fw )l} <
© n OJ inPI NO ** p -n o cc inp- p- >o c
a a o i\© cr p-
•JJ •i) U' Ui
^"0> p-in
<-i o> a coin n n ^
ooo©
- 1 7 7 -
a. m. ci #- r>
CO
*-« OJ 10 cc ~to ro (v O
•— a e. r- ©C «-• F- u- tr10 o m o•- « o c
<\JOd(\J0>J<\JAJ(\j(\JPJ*-<
ooo
>O flD €C vG #Hn j n 4T «o OJin -r D f\i tvj
CO © > £ } < - • •
*-" it O O ;-'
-J Lfl >3" <0 CO
HCJ
REA
wC/J
aMc• J
p i
o
Hto
o
IBR
Il
i - i
u
uo
aai
OS
CL,
g
i C•
oo
10
oo©»
,000
0
nu cvj at (\J CM
oo o etci»'ir t^'oin ^ nn
r> <o » -«n p* «t> tr
nj (M m m (
( \ j (VJ (VJ (VJ (VJ
ry •£> o* o(vi tr •* (*-r~ cc -^ *y
(VJ (VJ (VJ tVJ (VJ
r* <r I T o tf1
pi o MVp- CC CT1 rv; I TLP » n (
cru oc m <VJ oc
oo or oc r-
IVJ « t n « o>v- o in n (vj
i i n * - p- oo <"> oo— m oo * inn cr Ki c
rir«*<
cvi c m r-cr CVJ r i crp- (vi r~ M r-
(v rvj rv; rvj <
m co * co noc (V; h- (vj oo
o ou r(7- in
cr tr a a a
<VJ IVJ
in a c rvjr> cr ui cr occ a~ o (v
o n n »t Ir* cr »u r~ <cr r aj r
rv rvi (vj rvj rv
0- o- •-IT. •»
m P- >o o>n r- — n
o o o o o
nj cvj (vj rvj •—
© cc n cr (VJ
O CC .» C! Cd c — (V •£
cc <c o ain o inn
p- -» <vj o"p- p- p- *
* (vj m (vi r>in cc cvj a, inP- •» (Vj O- p-p- r- p-
ci <r in ca1 (vj cr r~o p- n ocr a cc a
a. o cr n a(VJ IT (VJ C
x cc st in occ in a in n
— p- -» —cr a. a a
• - •* »o © m" Of PH© in a- <* ©" : • - < © © ©(v (v t\i rvj (v
O O O © ©ir <c r- a. tr
r> <c o cc o>x a e> cc <cIT Hit 4Mcr a cc cc cc
o o © o o
rg .» -< tvip-POKIMO)
* (VJ O CC*o <c *o in
m (virviin « CD
* rvj © cr
* fy «cp- p- oc cr•T (V OOP
i © in <o o>• r ) p- m o•••a-i"- a P-
m o ir w o —r tv— cr> >o «c in
© u op-in M © P-p- P- r* »u
i n » »i >c * m
p- rvj p- mnnnirin m »«o>
a (vi >t —u u uir n >- o--t vc * in
IVJ ir crh- p- cuD ^ cr
n « ^ —>t CU- IMin n o ccp- P- P- >L
© so co mc rvj p..»icnoetp- p- p- >c
0©©0©©O©
(VJ (VJ .» •£rvj -< — (\j»C >* M ©C C %C XT
- 178 —
oo
ooo
>c ir a ci u
co i\j ~ r- cl00 \D PI CT ml*-• <v r> r> •*]0 s CT O* CT CT|
*> w v v ir|
oCM
33
oo > co ao <? r- *D
• <M r> r>
o
o
H
3o
3
3O
oo©
oo
a> r> -* « »IT n o r> n
- nj n nIT c o1 w
i/i rj tr»-* CM fV (
(\j a o a <\il
n »- oc IT H•-* (\j (\J m si( M M M f ff!
•— ru <\. n »Iffff Off
uo
o o o o ol
meM r» n t- Rn o i
P l M I ,tfl tfl * »O I*" f- CCa« o« cr cr cr
- -- © o r»l(vi « >- . ^) (M I - —I»»»,
in- I T vo * r-
O if. C! M) Olui IT ^ c r
c ip o id o|in ic >o r i
cu u1 o* o a.«u ^ t r ui o-
IT' IT >C >C
» if c >7— I T o- r*cc cc cc ao> o> cr a
o •-< occ oc c
cr <r - - •
V » r v» «•
c o o o o
n oo « OJ tvr> * cr
a O o ooc tf o oo
© -4- ^ 0* cr>* c r oj in oocveeel
a <4 n iv oV cc ec a o-
j r- cr <o *m u> n r^ • -
^ M « e»cr o* 0s cr 0s
n in in n•» a- r> r~ ~r- p- ec cc <rfff ffcur
a D r* o|r» h- cc cc o-c- c cr c CT1
n h H n nm co M in cuIccoooo» a* © © o
•» co *" vn cca- o- © o okr v © © ©
^ a; ff r01 O- O O ©Icr c © © ©
jr- n <u ^ colI mir >ocr cr cr o cr
cc co m •*M CO <") CO]l 'O t
CM r- >- n rr- — -j r-cr © ©
* O (M O «n a (M c ol" f - CO CC O>cr o- o- o> o-
4n r» o » r-cr cr o © ocr cr © c
p »-• m crr- cc ec cccr cr » cr
oeooooo c©o
—• vc cc cr co I I T o ^ r- oclc cr o o ©Icr a © © ©
o o o © oin >c r- ec trt
j c\j cr uiCM IT- f- ©^ - IM »-4 CM© © © ©
(M Of- Dcvi in r- ©» « ~ (V© © © ©
cr r- -.t o— * I* aM M »- «\J
sob
vo <r — oo(»-*«» r* cr© © © a
n »• cr if.^ *» »c cr
\c m on >t/ u>
booo
n IT cco o ©
- r- in (Mcr (vi in co
coo:*- (M r
- 1 7 9 - .
ooo
oM
COcvj
as
ICO
o^ s OCO O
* s^ w
i iH(-1• J
w
<
o00
oo
oo
in
oo
oo
oo
Oo
U IT vC P- Cto o o o eo c o o c
.0049
1.0058
1.0068
1.0076
1.0084
1
0048
1
0067
i0075
10084
1
•* ir> * r- ao o o o o
.0044
1.0055
1.0064
1• 0073
1.0081
1
.0043
1.0054
1.0063
1.0072
I.008C
1
(V n rvj •-• o
SoSSS
•* u> ic >o r-o o o o oo o o o o
o o o o o
c> © r** r> cr0* C O i— i—o o oo c
o o o © o
0091
10099
10105
I0112
10118
I
#-« a L'> • - r-
)90 l.<
)97
l.(
04
l.(
11
l.(
17
l.(
c o oo o
T >D P) O *D
o o o o o
a u- o o r-o o oo cs
CL IT <\J CT IT
30P7
13094
131
01
13108
13114
1
cc a o o —
o o o o o
o o o o ou" •£ p- a c
UlOtflCUiv ri r' ^ o o o o c
f c in o i/i
o o o o o
0124
10129
10134
10139
10144
1n cc (*i cc ci(vi (vi n H *o o o o o
rvj cc m oo nrvi(vi m n
o o o o o
»-• p- fVi p- (VI(vi rvi P) n ^
o o o o o
« « rvi p- PJ
O O C9 O O
3120
131
?6
131
31
I3136
131
41
1
oin ~<c **VIIVJ O (*) 4"o o o o o
o o o o oO l f x (VI P*V •$
CT 'T OL (\l U-» IT, ir <t <o o o o c
-» in in o \
o o o o o
0149
10153
10157
10161
10165
1
CO (VI p» ~ •»
ec <vi <c o *^ I T m ^ «c>
o o o o o
P" (\J * O J-< m ir» *o *O O O C5 O
h <" Ifl (Mr•» 1/1 IT l/i *.
o o o o o
* >-< !/• r (T
oS"So
IT O CC (VI•» tfl ITl XT *
o o o o o
o o o o oir <c P- cc a
Cr r i tfl (T* p- p- r-coco
& (vim o>
o o o c
cc (vi in co«i> p- p-
co <•* in co
co » - i n <c* p- p- f-
o o o <>
p- ^ •* P*«© p- p- P-
o o o ©
p- O ^ P-«t; p- p- P-
o o o o
t^ O -T p-
c» o o «
H66
131
70
13173
13176
1
o o o c
o c o oOl»- (V, (T\l (VI (Vl PJ
- 180 -
a. e •— <\;<c <c if, <00 <C OD 00
ooo
n m e> n
iv * a i d —«
OD 0D 00 CO QD
(*> d n n
o cvi r— n «vonin < ^* - M> IT . » «*>
oo'O
d d d d o
r- o « d cvion
«tr •*CD ac ao co QD
oQ
d d d d d d nnnn
4 a IT n nr- >e in •» nac a: oc a> caCO OD 0C P~ P**
EH
m
g
OSCOH-l• JM
cw
oo
w
ooo
oo
I-- * m •*a cc a a a
n n n n n
(J1 ^ (\j cvj nI\J U) r- aj our- -c IT •» rCD CC CC 00 00
*0 OJ - i-* nn * a.- cr c
oo
n o o* o j•» r- a. o o|1^ <O IT, l/l <a co o. oo ou
nnnnn
o N r o *•* r- a <-r- >c IT IT *cc a: co OD ocl
n n ml
o o o o o o(V m
coicnien ©a> occo oo r- «--
~o> <rco eo r-r- r-r> r> n n n
WUlCUl-Jn -<cctfi <\j * - «r «t P-
h» p- «oo «
r>-ojcr ooIVIOV
v.<->ooc r-ao oo co r- f -
rinnnn
00 oITKVICT U1—occ rou OL p*
nnnnn
f n o o i!*• * -T >i I\i — © a i
OD oc oo r-1
4a. ^ if (\i cu
*o in r* ©. CD *£- O ©\j — * © & ao
OL 00 f^
nnnn
C ! ITM O O CCoc oc r- r-
3 OOO O
v. •a t~r" I-- c
(\J •-"
r- r-|i- to m « a
* * if
in (\j *•* **m » OJ •»^ (Vj #M o
oc oc ©© nn - .
r*- in in ODcc oj in r•r n f* o"
<\i ( n >c© •» r- cin m •« »r r 3
00 00 © -.in c ~in ci • - ©f- r- r~ r-
n n n r>
a w — *IT in U: d'«-» (V; ©«o «o <o >c
r~ t r n ooK r- r- in
t» o> •* ©J. <J> CO I f
hnnn
,« o> » (\i «:
3 >C * If• • • I
Id d d d d
cr * uim m -jin n ~*
•- IT d - ."' <o >o in
a> o» ou r-lIf) d »-<
d d d d
ccoco.il<*i d d H<C ^ (VI ,
d d d rt
n it* *~a >» <r ui d © ocin in in •»
n — ain in in •»
Cf - < * (VI(VI 0s « C1
* n - - «uU> UI U> -7r> d d
n in in •»• • • •
\m d d d
in ^r- d cr •»
n in in *
d o o>« (VI >C
>0 •» (VI Oi in in <
d d r: d
vi cu *r trJ- (vi cmm •*
— o o^ p- OJm nj oU' U\ Uld n d
in * md O1 ^in (vi oin in IT
CO CC » •
in d ©IT, in m
^(Vl d(VI (VI (VJ
- 181 -
I - O t- Ctv. CP -» 0> *.» •* in tfl vOa o> a o- »
oo
© C CM •» CVj|j-CM CO •» CP . , _<r -»• in m voKpCP CP CP CP CP
r> r> n
r) co \0 CP N|M
•T * i#i in «vvvvir
MUJfl••» IT" IT
CO
egoI
CO
a
ooo•
inCVJ
ra
o
CO
§
CJ
o
2
©©
CO
.J-1• <
u
oooCM
oo
CJ
o
r*i r> n n f*)|ri
CP I T I T CP CDCP * M P C V Jm •* m in vo[
n n n r>
o> in — c»n * in in >ocr c «• ir cr
n n n n n
ui n >» cO; U) *-* *" 1n » IT ir a:
CT
Ct M, © © CLCC CM «C CP «-<<c r» p- p-
pnnnn
ru vu r> in loCM in oo —ip- h- p- ccCP cp CP t r k r CP CP
, •» inin -i•» <C CO O <VI|kc cc cc cr c«
o CP r v .» (cc »x in co •
i|r> >o og O ( Mhu au «o I T cr
K •" V ~
— OkC CP — — OPimwoni'cc a cc CP CP
P CP CP CP
ri n n or
«\J ""!>- cc r-r- ~ •a P- ©>o r» p- p- cc
r* cr cj» coir r- sr -<|
CO CO CC OC O>to -. cr o> o>
cc r- n m •»>c i» r-1» cc01 <r tr tr cr
>c p- r- r- cc
IP O D sO C>£) r r* r- rtr tr tr v* v
r- ^ o m o|n .» ir IT «'o» a c c* c*i
n » m o'cr o- o- o- ao< i v <oit P- r-c o c
oooooo ooootv r 4ir * p c
* r r MV* "C a c «v
CD CC 0^ O*
a c <r cr
ri r; rt
inr m p- CPco cc a ab
to M ^ ir inVJ U1 P- t P > "
CC CC CC CPCP CP CP CP
<c o CM n r>OL- a.1 co a r
tr tr tr ir
n
!n cc o i r*M * P- CP »"
CO CO CC CO CP
cr CP cp CP CPn n n n nh n n m n
_ m ec cp CP\J * <C CO O
CO CC CC CO CPCP CP CP CP CP
o o o o o
u -j rj n u-* >c a o cvCP o> o>CP CP CP o o
* <O CO © CMCP CP CP © ©
ICP CP CP G
<-> CO vP* p - CP <M
© o o
H O W ok") co m^ * r- otr ir tr c
CP co r- P - cobutp tP ^,
c a cp.oa cr c cr o
\ n D m &
n in r*> cr ^CP CP CP CP oCP tr ir cp
n »-* CM
•« r- © n
>O O> CVI
H in n r>
mo©I « CP CMVO O © "
* a• »«© © •-«
o o
f > U ' P* CP »••CP CP CP CP ©CP CP CP cr o
Ml jn\rt u> a: —ko © © «o © o o
\l O CP CP CPm »u coCP CP CP Otr tr tr o
•» -T •» -I
t-> in •- oi in a• ~
|n n n n
© CP P- p- p-» 4 a on » 4* a
CP CP cr CPcr CP CP CP o
CP n CPCVJ in P-
cc p» >o i r in\ 4 >C to o
CP CP CP oCP CP CP CP ©
© o o © oin vc P- or Q
CJ in p oo © o Ho © o ©
- 182 -
HCOa8oH
PQ
TR
I
CJJMQ
, J
si>o
COa.
1COCOaCu
oCO
inp-
o
mso
inm
in
Oo
a. ci (vi (Vi u— «C lu f f P-sOfti crin (Mr> D evifvi (V
(vi (vi (vi nj cv
cr n o o <v(vi p- n o CLso (vi cr so OJn ci (\j (vi (v
(VI (VI (VI (VI (V
l*« OC CP (VI m0> * P) -" 00
(VJ(VI(Vl(VI(V>(VI(VI<VI(VI(\j
c>s n
sO (VI _n m (vi (vi (vi
cr co o (V) sc >-i >-s <c CD © ( V I so
~ ' - — CD
onmor-in t r •» —< crso OJ cp so (vtn r> (vi ry tvi
CP (VI p- (VI p-oo cr © n socr so «•« cuP^^«^4M o o o o c r c r
(Vi IV-(V (Vi'IV
— (vi p- in •»so o m PJ ©so r> cr *o nm m (vi (vi ru(VI (VI (\l (VI (VI
« r> o* «n n *\i c\»
(VJ CM OJ (Vi OJ
OJ OJ <\l OJ O J
U J v ro* r oc -l nj»o n o> * nro rr ry oj A/
r- o- - as 4) f ) F<
© sc nj tr r-o n •-• co *o
<\J (V 4\J IU
\j OJ OJ OJ f\j
\i oj OJ OJ oj
ou r> r- crCMT •- Qt
^ oc
'} fk _ fr,o ui cvj o1
^ n •-• CDo o © <r
OJ OJ ru •
n •-« o* *oo a a
p* m o <n ^ cro o c
r- »o r* o
cr cr oo CD
^ ^ N *H kr, cc © -N
\J OJ OJOj OJ OJ
m •» in cc ^-(\j nj n mo r - -J — acOJ •- - » -
oo«n«isTtff> - J i— CO
rv A I (v> ru nj
o>r>(vi-*crr-scp-co©(Visc^Nph<^r>c^*^sco
n r, n rvi (V
O U O 1 /(vi (Vi nr> •*
•» so OD 00 I -nifiHirO o O O1 O1
ino tTO4 in in si> .
(via * . - cso n - sT sOO O O C 0s
CC © F* (M or) o71 in rvi osO (1 O> (s.
© o 0s C
n ^ IT. in n>* a in (v; ©* f i -« IT r>-OOOCMI
oin o IT o" OB CO OS
Ou -j r- a.in in I T >c* (vi o oo0 s 17* 0 s 0C
r- o oso in * r* co4- (VI O CO socr c c a cc
in© nsC>£> so P-COj m o 00 so
o> or cr co oo
«- in in »«— * r- —in n > o ooCD 00 CD 00 I*-
co m <o inso so sp r-j (vi o a socr cr cr co oo
sO Os CC •»p- so so r- cr« (VI © CO socr cr cr ec co
in o © in~ -t 00 (VI so
^ C9 00cc oc co co r-
r (vi j m cr(VI © 0C sE
p- cc ©^ ru o cu
cr cc co
cc o cr *f*- cc co o(VI O CC P-cr cr a a.
^ n ^ p-co co cr ©(VI O CD P-<r cr a a
r*- so *— f—o n p- «in n •— ©op co cc a
canniT•-• m r- -• i
CC CC CO CC P-
- . sOso o c r-«so (vi cr in>» in •* (vi «p- p- p- P- p-
oc co ou ao r-
n CO QD (Vi O« so (vi cr sop- in •* (vi P-I
p r
-• p- n o> *** in <st (vi ^«i» p- r- P- p-
•sT CC ( V >Dn ^ © ctco ou
- . p - <•) Cr soP IT <* (VI ~
in cc (vi r-
co a co r*
in cr com oo (vin ~o a
m cr o P-n ^ © coa a OL P-
or CD cr o(VI O K P-CT CT CD CD
c i\i pTi cr r> p-
ir ei >•« o co~ c& a. cc p-
OICO IT. o IT ©in oIV (v n n »
r- tv (vi P- u© st/tvi oc inp- in •» (Vi «p- P-P- r *
opv in •»• (vi "p p p r p
o> crO COos r»
"" so *
«• i n •» (Vi —
r- n s> soin »r «\J *-p- r- P- r-
co P- « crp» n © soin » f" ~r- p- p- r
a. <r -»(V <E CC© C P-P- « sC
sjj sow~ crcr r*-sC sD
CC p -—> crcr r-sC sC
© cr mcc n © P-m -sT rn !>• P- P" P-
(VI **cc J © P -m >* n —p- p- P- p-
o IT o in © ir<©
n cr cr-» •-• cr
Os p -
IT n in ~ '•<•* (Vi ©
cc!"- sC so
- 183-
o(V
E5
Hcn
ou
sHta1-1
cri
CO
Q
u
CO
g3COCO
(X,
in
(V)
o
°,(VI
ITo-
uo
— » n • -in — a inn n CM CM CM
CM CM CM CM CM
pc .- n *
<c r. o
«. c *.< •>ry oc •» ru —m -« oo inf*l C* CM CVJ tVJ
vj ( V (M CM
n or I T r> >•«in -< co in <\jn D cvj <\J cvj
(VI IVI CXI (VI IVJ
CMCMCMCMCMCMfMCVJ
r rn o a)-H ^ O
CVJ ( \ J CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVI
•p-ccifn* m o a> o O O- O-
i p- n aIxCCITr't
ccoca
o irut i"-• M * f>- ~*>C <VJ OC *
* f*) o co>u> m o <o -4t O j O O C> C C
[Vj (Vj tvi (Vj (VI (Vj (V; (vi
in — a; u> «vj|o> « n o g i
ocoui-uCM-O CM CT -4
m n o co vtjo o o o- o-
j fV' CV.|CV Oo CVj-(v, C\
(VJ CVI CVi (VJ CVJ
*+ P- in •»(\J cc i/i c\pn cvj (vj v
cvj cvj cvj cvj rvi
*c cc *—cvj ou *u -
I cvj CD in f
CM CM CVJ CVJ ( V
(^ I / 1 »tJ Lfcc n (7 * inin CM OL in cvjn n cvj CM CM
in in r
cvi i
» -» •» r "
IT CM 0> m CMn r; CVJ CM CVJ
-J n um ^- a. c
? CVJ 0 * t/1 CMtr CM (M CM
a n CM c\' inri <C CM O1 f>»nr <M ©• IT CMn n CM C\J (V
CV. CM (V. CMCV
,o tr-'O tr o
(M (M CM CVJ CV
ooolfir
«o (M c sc nIT iC 1^ O »
>on « oc
>c i> c « in
CM CV. CV. CV. ( M
LT o in o trj IT in *
CV IV Oul •
CM »M CV — >-
K- .» O I>- >n ^ a. s
o o o a1 C
m o* CM noo ^ o cu »cT n — a <cO O O CJ- <7
^- cr n *4J r
in n «- a- *o o o tr tr
i p- o- o! —I CC f~
P U: O — o-CM cv r i .»- t CVl O CCo- a tr cc cc
o a CM MCM n •* so
•JWOCOcr o- cj- a cc
^t CM o cci oC7 O C7* CO OP
AJO" O OJ CD
o in MD CMo- CM in o> • *^ n in c? caco ou cu r
n cvj a" a • *CM m o1 3
a n ^ cr ccco cc «r
-»•» in r-CM o to >c
co a; a1 ct r-
.T -T -T Uj rvj o cc <c
I/1 W Oj CL
» -j ^ -c i
VJ CO CM CV' C.» in >c r-(
~ u. m (vjin IT <t cc(\OCD
.» r- ff ^in tr * oc-CV O CO >C
cr cr a <r
rt n u oa ~ •» o-^ r i -> O"cc cc a P-
u ui •-< cvco —< in o^
Jcc a cc r- p-
eo oo n vj-oc ~ m o>
co oc co »>* r-
m r- r- •cr in - " P- -r* ui •»• CM —
p- p- p- p-
n w o co
o CM -c o inm ci ^ o a
M ~* *c P- rMsc o in
n n i-t o tta. a a a- p-
p-. ^> — - < p-n p- -H IT.n e c
rj -3 CL fa -I c * r-\c in -t CM i->p- p p*
a » o p- r>»o i n -3" ru <-*
^ p- p-
<-< P- P- (M »"•» o iv *
•o in •» (vi ^r
cr CT* - j n^ oi> jin .T CM «
o p-a <
o ec
CO <CO CC p -p - >O >C
WO- p-CC p-
P-N r^ ccCM tp r-
oo f^
o m -« co m
r» -c *
o- cr- n CMIT w cc inT 4 M
o o in>c ivi cc inin **• <\i **r- p- r~ p-
«V CV' P- IT*c CM cc min •» CM ~r p- p» r
in in >c >c p- o cc
p- •»• •»•P-H CT> P-
a.1 p*
rvj c a.o- r
(M OCM o aO CPP-
o; -» -»MOI
C N
- 184 —
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
psx atm torr
pressure
1 pascal (Pa)1 lbf/in. (psi)1 atmosphere (atm)1 torr (=1 mm Hg)
6.89476x103
1.01325xl05
1.33322xl02
1. 4504x10"*1
14.6961.93368x10"
9.86923x10"6
6.8046x10"2
11.31579x10"s
7.50062x10"51.7149
7601
1 bar = 100 kPa = 10s Newton/m2
m3/mol
molar volume 1 m3/mol1 ft3/Ik mol
ftVlbf mol16.0185
1= 0.0624280
1 litre/mol = 1 dm3/mol
SpecificEnthalpy
1 kJ/kg1 kcal/kg1 Btu/lb1 pcu/lb
kJ/kg
14.18682.32604.1868
kcal/kg
0.238845
0.5555561
Btu/lb
0.4299231.811.8
pcu/lb
0.2388451
0.5555561
1 pcu (pound-centigrade unit) « 9/5 Btu
I00
MolarEnthalpy
1 J/mol1 cal/mol1 Btu/lb mol1 pcu/lb mol
J/mol
14.18682.32604.1868
cal/mol
0.2388451
0.5555561
Btu/lb mol
0.4299231.811.8
pcu/lb mol
0.2388451
0.5555561
SpecificEntropy orSpecific HeatCapacity
1 kJ/(kg.K)1 kcal/(kg.K)1 Btu/(lb.°F)1 pcu/(lb.°C)
kJ/(kg.K)
14.18684.18684.1868
kcal/(kg.K) Btu/(lb.°F)
0.238846111
0.238846111
pcu/(lb.°C)
0.238846111
Molar Entropyor MolarHeat
Capacity
1 J/(mol.K)1 cal/(mol.K)1 Btu/(lb-mol.1 pcu/(lb-mol,
F)3
K/(mol.K)
14.18684.18684.1868
cal/(mol.K)
0.238846111
Btu/(lb-mol.°F) pcu/(lb-mol. C)
0.238846111
0.238846111
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)
DynamicViscosity
1 kg/(m.s)1 poise1 lbf/(ft.s)1 mPa.s
kg/(m.s)
10.1
1.488160.001
poise101
14.88160.01
lbf/(ft.s)
0.6719690.0671969
0.000671969
mPa. s1000100
1488.161
ThermalConductivity
Diffusivity
SurfaceTension
1 W/(m.K)1 kcal/(m.h.X)1 Btu/(ft.h.OF)
1 cm2/s1 ft2/h
1 N/m1 dyne/cm1 lbf/ft
W/(m.K)
1= 1.1630= 1.73073
1 pcu/(ft.1
cm2 / s
1= 0.258064
N/m1
0.001= 14.5939
kcal/(m.h.K)
0.859841
1.48816
i.°C) = 1 Btu/(ft
ft2/h
3.875011
dyne/cm
10001
14593.9
Btu/(ft.h.°F)
0.5777890.671969
1
.h.°F)
lbf/ft
6.85218xl0"2
6.85218x10"5
1
Values of the Universal Gas Constant R in Various Units
R = 8.3143 J/(mol.K) or dm3.kPa/(mol.K)= 0.082055 dm3, atm/(mol.K)= 62.361 mm Hg.dm3/(mol.K)= 1.9858 cal/(mol.K)= 1.9858 Btu/(lb-mol.°F)= 21.85 in Hg.ft3/(lb-mol.°R)
The International Standard Serial Number
ISSN 0067-0367
has been assigned to this series of reports.
To identify individual documents in the series\ we have assigned an AECL—number.
Please refer to the AECL-number whenrequesting additional copies of this document
from
Scientific Document Distribution OfficeAtomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
KOJ 1J0
Price $9.00 per copy
989-77