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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 01–06, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_001
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
GIS BASED LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
FOR PETROL STATIONS
Shabir Hussain Khahro
Lecturer, Department of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Zubair Ahmed Memon
Professor, Department of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Developers are facing problems to obtain sustainable solutions for development
activities. It has been observed that new development activities meeting the needs of
the society have potential to damage environment. The cities are expanding rapidly
and have created a greater demand for vehicles and in result, require more fuel for
consumption. A petrol station is the place meeting this fuel needs. A petrol station is
important, but in the meantime, it is a dangerous installation so special attention is
required for site selection of such development projects. The adequacy of existing
approaches to land does not meet all the environmental consequences. Therefore, this
study presents the concept of ground-based suitability analysis using Geographic
Information System (GIS) for find the suitable land to install petrol station. This would
be an effective approach to site selection, which will incorporate all the key
environmental selection factors suggested by different codes to take into account in
site selection for petrol station practice. This ground-based aptitude can also be
extended to other development projects in the future.
Keywords: Petrol Station, GIS, Land Suitability
Cite this Article: Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon, Gis Based Land
Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 01–06.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10
1. INTRODUCTION
Business location plays major role in profitability and survival of any business. A poorly
selected location will lead to ineffective usage of resources which may lead to business
failure. There are numerous factors involved in site selection of any business facility. The
factors may be quantitative and qualitative. Few possible quantitative factors are
transportation costs, labor, principal investment and operational costs. Whereas, few possible
Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 2 [email protected]
qualitative factors which are rather more challenging to describe and they include climate,
quality and cost of living, public services, distance from other facilities and property values
[1]. It has been emerging anxiety that development activities have the potential to cause
serious damage to the environment. Development activities like Industries, plants, high speed
rail projects and petrol filling stations have high tendency to deteriorate the natural resources
[2].
The vehicle production technology has improved progressively and provided many
opportunity and offers for people to buy various vehicles of different scales at reasonable
prices. This increase in vehicle number resulted in greater consumption of fuel and this fuel
need is facilitated by fuel distribution units normally called as Petrol Station or Gas Station. It
has been reported that petrol stations caused fire and resulted in huge human, assets and
financial loses. Therefore, safety of petrol stations becomes a major concern since these
facilities serve millions of people every day [3]. GIS based multi-criteria decision making
techniques have been found useful to resolve such land suitability problems [4]. Therefore, it
became essential to carry out scientific land evaluations to reduce the human influence on
natural resources and identification of an appropriate land use parcel. Such kind of automated
land suitability approaches accommodates various factors normally considered for land
suitability of any facility [5]. GIS-based MCDA land suitability modeling techniques have
witnessed to be an effective tool for determining suitable land parcels for such hazardous
facilities [6]. Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) is a GIS-based process applied to determine the
suitability of a specific area for considered use and distribution of future land uses. Petrol
station site selection problem should be considered a complex multi-attribute decision
problem. Petrol industry has been currently experiencing very intense competition.
Alternative places for petrol stations are usually limited by some laws and regulations.
Therefore, this paper focuses of land suitability modeling for petrol filling station using GIS
and local laws, rules and standards are been considered for site selection of petrol station in
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. Table 1 shows the municipal guidelines for local area for site selection
of petrol stations.
Table 1 Criteria Combined List of the Spatial Data Buffering with Values
S.No Criteria Sub Criteria City Municipal
Code
1
Land Use Protection
Residential Zone
20 feet
2 Educational Zone
3 Health Care Zone
4 Commercial Zone
5 Industrial one
6 Religious Zone
7 Historic Zone
8 Parks & Play Grounds
9
Accessibility
Dual Highway
20 feet
10 Primary Roads
11 Secondary Roads
12 Railway Line
13 Airport
14 Hydrological Conditions
Rivers 20 feet
15 Lakes
16 Natural Environment Vacant Land Preferable Land
Gis Based Land Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations
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17 Forest 20 feet
18 Topography Slope < 30 %
19 Utility Services
High Voltage Transmission Line 20 feet
20 Water Pipes
2. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The data has been collected from GEOMATE. It is a governmental agency which manages
GIS data for Malaysia. The data has been processed and refined as per limitations of the
model and buffers were added to the different data layers as per guidelines of local municipal
agency which controls and permits such facilities in Malaysia. The priority performance of
the main criteria’s and sub criteria’s which are normally considered for petrol stations have
been collected by various experts through AHP based questionnaire. The questionnaire data
has been analyzed using expert choice.
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
There are six main criteria’s to be considered important for installing a new petrol station.
Apparently, these criteria’s are further classified into sub criteria’s as shown in table 1. Every
criteria and sub criteria have got its importance, few are important to an environmental expert
whereas others are important to a businessman. Therefore, the aggregated weights are
analyzed earlier. All these criteria’s and sub criteria’s data layers are merged together in the
model to find suitable land parcel for installing a new petrol station referring to the code
suggested by the City Planning Department, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.
4. FINAL LAND SUITABILITY MAP GENERATION FOR PETROL
STATION
This is the final phase of the analysis. All the data layers are prepared to get the final land
suitability map. This is done by overlaying all the data layers using the weighted sum tool of
the ArcGIS. Figure 1 shows the final land suitability map for new petrol stations according to
the code suggested by the City Planning Department, Ipoh.
Figure 1 Final Land Suitability Map for Petrol Stations
Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon
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To validate the above new land suitability map for petrol stations, the overlaying
technique has been adopted. The data layer of existing petrol stations has been generated since
their coordinates were collected from online available course provided by the Malaysian
Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MyGDI). These coordinates were validated manually using
the hand Global Positioning System (GPS). The coordinates of different random existing
petrol stations have been collected using garmins hand GPSMAP76CX. This is done to check
the validity of the data collected from MyGDI. The new map shows the details of the existing
petrol stations having approval from the City Planning Department, Ipoh. These petrol
stations are supposed to pass the preliminary site suitability analysis and environmentally safe
and feasible. The validation of the newly generated land suitability map of petrol stations has
been done on the basis of these already assessed petrol stations. Therefore, the map of existing
petrol stations is overlaid with the new land suitability map as shown in the Figure 2.
Figure 2 Land Suitability Map rendering to CPD Code, Ipoh with Existing Petrol Stations
There are total 62 existing petrol stations in the study area and the locations can be
analyzed graphically from the above figure. The results of the above figure are presented in
the following Table 2.
Table 2 Land Suitability Index rendering to Existing Petrol Stations
Gis Based Land Suitability Analysis for Petrol Stations
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The results show that there are 26 petrol stations located in the most suitable zone, 20 in
the moderately suitable zone, 11 in the less suitable zone and 5 in the not suitable zone. The
percentage change can be clearly evident in the pie chart shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3 Land Suitability Index rendering to CPD Code, Ipoh
It has been observed that there is a sufficient percentage of the existing petrol stations
situated in the suitable zone. It evidences the performance and control of the City planning
Department, Ipoh but still there are few petrol stations located in the non-suitable and less
suitable zone. There are still 24% of the existing petrol stations located in non-satisfactory
zone, which have the potential to cause the damage to our resources. This should be avoided
in the developed Malaysia vision 2020.
5. CONCLUSION
A sustainable approach to the natural environment protection remains the topic of interest for
the developers. There has been a growing concern that development activities have the
potential to cause severe damage to the environment which including soil contamination,
environmental pollution, water pollution. The fast development of cities offered an ample
demand for vehicles resulting in more fuel consumption. A petrol station is the place, which
caters this fuel need. It is no doubt a very important facility but it has high potential of
hazards, resulting the degradation and contamination of the natural resources like
environmental, hydrological, geological and socioeconomic hazards.
The results show that some existing locations of petrol stations are not in the suitable
zone. Yet, there is a gap in the existing approach, which should be improved. This study has
highlighted this gap clearly and provided a sustainable solution to deal with such land
suitability problems in future. The results of this case study show that in Ipoh, they are 74%
of the total existing petrol stations in the satisfactory zone but still there are 26% of the total
existing petrol stations, which are not located in the satisfactory zone.
The land suitability analysis became complex because there are a number of factors
involved in land selection process. The location of petrol stations could influence human life
tremendously, and even minor biases in selecting the location could lead to remediable losses.
Therefore, site selection is one of the most important aspects of success for any business
project. The petrol retail industry and the relevant authority have become increasingly aware
of the environmental issues and its impact on the global environment. Environmental
protection agencies are seeking to incorporate sound environmental policies.
Shabir Hussain Khahro and Zubair Ahmed Memon
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