gis for applied economics · gis for applied economics juan carlos muñoz-mora univeristat pompeu...
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GISforAppliedEconomicsJuanCarlosMuñoz-MoraUniveristatPompeuFabra
Nov2016
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Overview
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Learningbydoingapproach(½theory/applications-½practice)
Wewillreplicatepublishedpapers,yetwecanconsideruseyourownresearchaspractice
PracticeOption1:AsingleproblemsetattheendOption2:Smalltaskaftereachsession
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WhyshouldwecareaboutGISinEconomics?
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ItisnotnewconceptinEconomicthought!
[...]ifeconomicsprofessionhasnotablyneglectedit[geography],thisisnotbecauseeconomistshavebeen
uninterestedinthesubject,butbecausetheyhaveregardeditasintractable.
Source: .
So,what'snew?Fujita,M;Krugman,PandVenables,A.,1999
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[1]NewamazingGISdatasetsavailableout
thereprovidesaoriginalsourceofvariation
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Remotelysensedinformation.(DonaldsonandStoreygard,2016)
accesstoinformationdifficulttoobtainbyothermeansunusuallyhighspatialresolutionwidegeographiccoverage
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Otherexamples: , , ,Michalopoulos&Papaioannou( , ), ,amongothers.
(VernonHenderson,J.;Storeygard,A.andWeil,D2012)
Hendersonetal(2012) Pinkovskiy&Sala-i-Martin(2016) Hodler&Raschky(2014)2013 2014 Alesinaetal(2016)
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HistoricalMapsrecoveryold(persistent)
characteristics
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Digitizedby .Hefoundanegativerelationshipbetweenthenumberofslavesexportedfromacountryandcurrenteconomicperformance.
Thenuseby ,Michalopoulos&Papaioannou( , , ), ,,etc.
Nunn(2008)
Nunn&Wantchekon(2011) 2013 2014 2015 Alsan(2015) Alesinaetal.(2016)
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Geo-Codedindividual-leveldatasets
exploringgeographyandlocationasanimportantdimension
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→locationpatternsofindustriesinUKOthersexamplesofgeo-codeddatasets:.
(Duranton,D.andOverman,H2005)
LSMS-ISA(WorldBank)->geo-codedhouseholdlevel6Africancountries
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[2]GISmayimproveempiricalstrategystronger
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reducingtheomitted-variablebias(I)
gatheringmoreinformationfromneighborhood
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↑transport→↑housepricesOtherniceexamplesare:(i) sociallearninginthediffusionGhana;(ii)
directandspillovereffectsoflocalstatecapacityinColombia
Gibbons,S.andMachin,S(2005)
Conley&Udry(2010) Acemoglu,D;Garcia-Jimeno,C.andRobinson(2014)
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reducingtheomitted-variablebias(II)
buildinginstruments
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CurrentAfricanCountries&SlaveTradesInstrumentSlaveExport→distancesfromeachAfricancountrytothelocationswhereslavesweredemanded
Nunn(2008)
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NewidentificationstrategiesSpatialRegressionDiscontinuity
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CurrentAfricanCountries&SlaveTradesColonialInstitutions(Mita)→currentoutcomes
Dell(2010)
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Exogenousunitofanalysis
MontalvoandReynal-Querol(2016)
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[3]Providesanewdimensionstogatheringmicro-leveldata
ImproveyourdatacollectionMostcollectiondatasoftwareallowstogatherGPSlocation(e.g.ODKSurvey,
SurveyCTO,CAPI)
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CrackingGeo-SpatialDatasets"Geo-spatial"data
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Theterms"geo-spatial"referstoinformationthatislocatedontheearth'ssurfaceusingcoordinates.
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"Geo-spatial"dataType(e.g.line,area)
Attributes(e.g.temperature,...)HowcanIrepresentthosepoints,lines,andareasonthe
surfaceoftheearth?
Location(e.g.coordinates)
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GeodeticLocation
Latitude→north-southdirection,relativetotheequatorLongitude→east-westdirection,relativetoanarbitrarypoint(typicallythelocationoftheRoyalObservatoryinGreenwich-
England)
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...yetearthisnotaperfectsphere,itismorelikeanoblatespheroid.
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ThemathematicianCarlGausseprovedthatitismathematicallyimpossibletoproject shape(e.g.sphere),ontoaflatplanewithoutintroducingsomesortofdistortion.
R3
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Whatshouldwedo?cylindricalconicalazimuthal
...weneedtochooseadistortionthatfitsyourneeds
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CylindricalProjections
ItincludetheMercatorProjection,theEqual-AreaCylindricalProjection,andtheUniversalTransverseMercatorProjection.
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ConicalProjections
ItincludestheAlbersEqual-Area,theLambertConformalConicProjection,andtheEquidistantProjection.
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AzimuthalProjections
ItincludestheGnomonicProjection,theLambertEqual-AreaAzimuthalProjection,andtheOrthographicProjection.
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CoordinateSystem(pointdirectlyontheearth'ssurface)
NotProjections
(pointonatwo-dimensionalmapthatrepresentsthesurfaceoftheearth)
UseProjections
UnprojectedCoordinateSystem
→ ( , )x0 y0
ProjectedCoordinateSystem
→ ( , )x0̂ y0̂
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..stillsomethingmissingyet,wesaidthattheearthisnotaperfectsphere
Datumisamathematicalmodeloftheearthusedtodescribelocationsontheearth'ssurface.Adatumconsistsofasetofreferencepoints,oftencombinedwithamodeloftheshapeof
theearth.
Mostcommondatum:NAD27,NAD83andWGS84
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"Geo-spatial"dataLocation(e.g.coordinates)
Attributes(e.g.temperature,...)HowcanIrepresentthosepoints,lines,andareasonthe
surfaceoftheearth?
Type(e.g.line,area)
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VectorData
Point(lat, lon)Linestring Polygons Polygons
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Rasterdata(imagesasdata)Geo-locatedmapset
Pixelcharacteristicsasmainattribute
Classified(Remotesensitivedata)
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RasterData
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RasterData
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Polygons
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Polygons
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Linestring
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Point
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"Geo-spatial"dataGISdataformat
Gettinggeo-spatialdatasetintoafile(s)
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ManyformatsavailableRasterData
DEM,geo-tiff,bandbasedfilesVectorData
Shapelife,Simplefeatures,TIGER/Line,...micro-format(WKT,GeoJSON,...)
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Shapefile.shpitcontainsthegeometry(type).shx fixedsize.dbf attributes(database)
Otherfilessuchas:.prj(projections)...Samefilename,yetdifferentextensions
developedbyESRI
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GIStools
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C,C++andPythonbasedsolutions(objected-oriented
syntaxis)
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Source:Lawhead,2013
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PointArcGIS
CommercialSoftware
Pre-definedpythonpackage-ArcPy(+Model
Builder)
Memorydemanding;Windowsonly
QGISOpensourcesoftware;easytocreatemapimages;
Pre-definedpythonpackage-PyQGIScompatiblewithanyOS(evenandroid)
Moredifferences
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StandalonesolutionsCompletecontroloftheunderlyingalgorithms,data,andexecution(no
blackbox)
Integrationwitotherspythonpackages
Solutionno-softwaredepending(replicationandcollaborations)
GISanalysisbeyondthebottoms
Integrationwithnewhigh-performanceenvironment(i.e.cluster,cloud)