Gj;jUk; mtUila rkaj;jpd; vjpHfhyKk;

MrphpaHNghjprj;jh lhf;lH. gp. MH. mk;Ngl;fH

jphpuj;d fpue;jkhyhehf;)H

The Buddha and the future of his religion.

Bodhisatta Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Tamil Translation (2009)

Published by Thriratna GrandhamalaNagpur

kfhNghjp vd;w rQ;rpif> kfhNghjp rq;fj;jpd; ,jo;> fy;fj;jh> itrhf ,jo;> njhFjp 58> Nk> 1950 - y; ntspahdJ. NkYk; ghgrhNfg; lhf;lH. gp. MH. mk;Ngl;fH Ngr;Rk; vOj;Jk; E}y;njhFg;G njhFjp 36 - y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Printed for free distribution by

The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation11F, 55 Hang chang South Road Sec 1, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: 886-2-23951198, Fax: 886-2-23913415Email: overseas@budaedu.orgWebsite: http://www.budaedu.orgThis book is strictly for free distributiion, it is not for sale.

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Nghjprj;jh lhf;lH. B. R. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; guk;)[;a

cUNfd; rq;fuf;\pjh mtHfSf;F vOjpa fbjk;.

gPk;uht; R. mk;Ngl;fH M.A, Ph.d, D.Sc , Barrister-at-Law.

`hHrq; mtd;A+> epA+nly;yp.

md;Gs;s )[;a gpf;F. rq;fuf;\pjh>

[{d; 23 md;W jhq;fs; vOjpa fbjj;jpw;F kpf;f ed;wp.

'Gj;jUk; mtUila rkaj;jpd; vjpHfhyKk'; vd;w vd;Dila

fl;Liu cq;fSf;Fs; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajpy; vdf;F kfpo;r;rp.

ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; ve;j nkhopfspy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; me;j

fl;Liuia nkhopngaHg;G nra;J ntspapl cq;fSf;F vd;Dila

mDkjp cz;L.

Ntjhe;j Nfrhpapy; me;j fl;Liuia fhzg;ngw;Nwd;.

cz;ikapy; mjDila mr;rplg;glhj gpujpia mtHfs;

mDg;gpdhHfs>; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jitfis jtW vd

ep&gpg;gJ nghpa rpf;fyhf ,Uf;fhJ. JujpH\;ltrkhf ehd;

mjw;fhf Neuk; xJf;fKbahj mstpw;F gzpfspy; %o;fp

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,Uf;fpNwd;. vd;Dila Gjpa Gj;jfj;jpy; gTj;jk; Fwpj;j

midj;J tpkh;rdq;fSf;Fk; KOikahd gjpy; nfhLg;gjw;F

cj;Njrpj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mNj Neuj;jpy; rpy gpf;Ffs; mf;fiu

vLj;J gjpy; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; ek; nfhbia njhlh;e;J gwff; r ;

nraA; k ; ehs ; tUk.; xU rpyH mjwf; hf gjpyspjJ; nfhzb; Uff; pwhHfs ;

vdg; jpy ; ehd ; kfpor; r; p milfpNwd.;

gTj;j kWkyHrpf;fhd Kaw;rp ntw;wpailtjw;fhd

Kf;fpakhd nghWg;G gpf;Ffspd; Njhs;fspy; tpOe;jpUf;fpwJ.

mtHfs; ,g;nghOJ ,Ug;gij fhl;bYk; mjpf <Lghl;Lld;

nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; jq;fSila $lhuq;fspypUe;J

ntspapy; te;J Nghuhl;lf;fsj;jpy; Kd;dpiyapy; epw;f Ntz;Lk;.

ePq;fs; Y.M.B.A - it fnsk;Nghq;-,y; Muk;gpj;jpUg;gjpy; ehd;

kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. ePq;fs; ,ijtpl mjpf <Lghl;Lld;

nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

md;Gld;>cq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

B. R. mk;Ngl;fH

8

Gj;jUk; mtUila rkaj;jpd; vjpHfhyKk;

I

rkaq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;j gyhpy; ehy;th; epWtpa kjq;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpy; cyfj;ij mirj;Js;sd vd;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> ,d;Wk; gue;j kf;fs; jpuspd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ. me;j ehy;th; Gj;jH> [P]]; (,NaR fpwp];j;J), KfkJ egp kw;Wk; fpU\;zH. ,e;j ehy;thpd; MSikfisAk;> jkJ kjq;fisg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjpy; mth;fs; filgpbj;j epiyfisAk; xg;gpl;Lg;ghHj;jhy;> xU Gwj;jpy; Gj;jUf;Fk; kWGwj;jpy; kw;wtHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rpy NtWgl;l mk;rq;fs; ,Ug;gJ ntspahfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mth;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yhjtHfs; my;y.

Gj;jiu kw;wth;fsplkpUe;J gphpj;Jf; fhl;Lk; KjyhtJ mk;rk; mtUila jd;dy kWg;Gf;

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nfhs;ifahFk;. iggps; KOtjpYk; ,NaR> jhd; flTspd; ike;jd; vd;Wk;> jd;idf; flTspd; ike;jd; vd;W mq;fPfhpf;fhtpl;lhy;> flTspd; rhk;uh[;aj;jpDs; gpuNtrpf;f tpUk;Ggth;fs; Njhy;tpailthh;fs; vd;Wk; typAWj;Jfpwhh;. KfkJ egp NkYk; xUgb NkNy nrd;Ws;;shh;. ,NaRit Nghd;W mtUk; jhd;> ,e;j cyfpy; flTspd; J}jh; vd;W chpik nfhz;lhbdhh;. Mdhy; mth;> NkYk; mg;ghy; nrd;W jhd; flTspd; filrp J}jh; vd;W typAWj;jpdhh;. me;j mbg;gilapy; Kf;jp mila tpUk;Gfpwth;fs;> jd;idf; flTspd; J}jh; vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp> jhd; flTspd; filrp J}jh; vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH. fpU\;zh;> ,NaR kw;Wk; KfkJ egpf;F mg;ghy; nrd;whh;. mth; flTspd; ike;jd; vd;Nwh my;yJ flTspd; J}jh; vd;Nwh ,Ug;gNjhL jpUg;jpaila kWj;jhh;. flTspd; filr p J } j h ; vd ; g N j hL $l mth ; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. jd;idNa “flTs;”; vd;W $wpf;nfhs;tNjhL $l mth; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. jhd; 'guNk];tud;' vd;Wk;> mtiug; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; mtiu Njthjp Njth;' vd;W miog;gJ Nghd;W> jhk; flTs;fSf;nfy;yhk; flTs; vd;Wk; chpik nfhz;lhbdhh;. Mdhy; 'Gj;jh'; xUNghJk;> mj;jifa me;j];J (jFjp) vijAk; jdf;Fj;jhNd RtPfhpj;Jf; nfhs;;stpy;iy (tPk;Ghpikf; nfhz;lhltpy;iy). mth; xU kdpjdpd; kfdhfg;gpwe;J> xU rhjhuz

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kdpjdhfj; jd;Dila ed;ndwpia Nghjpj;jhh;. ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l gpwg;GilatuhfNth my;yJ nja;tPf rf;jp cilatuhfNth mth; chpik nfhz;lhltpy;iy my;yJ jdJ nja;tPf rf;jpia ep&gpg;gjw;F mw;Gjq;fs; vijAk; mth; nra;atpy;iy. xU khh;f;fjj;jhTf;Fk; xU Nkhl;rjj;jhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s xU njspthd NtWghl;il mth; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhh;. ,NaRTk;> KfkJ egpAk;> fpU\;zUk; Nkhl;rjj;jhf;fs; vd;W jq;fSf;F jhq;fNs chpik nfhz;lhbf;nfhz;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; Gj;jh; khh;f;fjj;jhtpd; ghj;jpuj;ij Mw;WtNjhL jpUg;jpaile;jhh;.

,e;j ehd;F rka Nghjidahsh;fspilapy;

kw;nwhU NtWghLk; cz;L> ,NaRTk;> KfkJ egpAk;

jhq;fs; Nghjpg;gJ 'flTspd; nrhy'; vd;Wk;> vdNt

flTspd; nrhy; vd;w tifapy; jhq;fs; Nghjpg;gJ

gpioaw;wJ vd;Wk;> Nfs;tpf;F mg;ghw;gl;;lnjd;Wk;

chpik nfhz;lhbdhHfs;. fpU\;zh; jdJ nrhe;j

mDkhdj;jpd;gb flTs;fSf;nfy;yhk; flTs;. vdNt> mth; Nghjpg;gJ flTspd; nrhy; vd;Wk;>

flTshy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;w tifapYk; mit

cz;ikahdJk; ,WjpahdJkhFk;. vdNt

jd;ikAilajh vd;w Nfs;tpNa Njhd;wtpy;iy.

Mdhy; Gj;jh;> jhd; Nghjpg;gJ

gpioaw;w

gpioaw;w jd;ik

n f hz ; lJ vd ; W vj ; jifa c h p ikAk ;

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nfhz;lhltpy;iy. jdJ k`hghpepg;ghz Rj;jh

Nghjidapy; mth;> Mde;jhtplk;> jdJ rkak;

fhuzj;ijAk; mDgtj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lnjd;Wk;> jd;id gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; jdJ

Nghjidia jhd; $wpajhNyNa gpioaw;;wnjd;Wk;

fl ;Lg ;gLj ;Jgit vd ;Wk ; Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;sf ;

$lhnjd;Wk; $wpdhh;. fhuzj;ijAk;> mDgtj;ijAk;

mit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhy; mit

jpUj;jg;gLtjw;F KO ,lKz;L my;yJ jdJ

Nghjidfs; VjhtJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpYk;

Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyapYk; mit nghUe;jhjit vd;W

fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; iftplg;gLtjw;Fk; chpikAz;L.

mtUila rkak; fle;j fhy jj;Jtq;fis

khw;Wtjw;F jilahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;W mth;

t pUk ;g pdhH . mJ vd;Wk ; gRikaha pUf ;f

Ntz;Lnkd ;Wk ; vf ;fhyj ;j pYk ; gad ; glf ;

$bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mth; tpUk;gpdhh;.

Mjyhy;jhd;> mth; Fwpg;gpl;l epiyikapd;

Njitfspd; mtrpaij czHe;J gadw;witfis

mfw;w jd;id gpd;gw;WNthUf;F KORje;jpuk;

nfhLj;jhH. ,g;gb NtW ve;j rka NghjidahsUk;

,j;jifa Jzpitf; fhl;bajpy;iy. nrg;gdpLtjw;F

mspf;Fk; chpik> jhq;fs; Ngzp tsh;j;j fl;Lkhdj;ij

mopg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd;W mth;fs;

mQ;rpdh;. Gj;jUf;F mj;jifa mr;rk; VJk;

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,Uf;ftpy;iy. jdJ mbj;jsk; Fwpj;J mtUf;F

ek;gpf;ifapUe;jJ. kpfTk; cf;fpukhd cUt

topghl;lhsh;fshYk; $l jdJ rkaj;jpd;

mbj;jsj;ij xopj;Jtpl ,ayhJ vd;W mth;

mwpe;jpUe;jhh;.

Kjypy; ehk; gTj;jj;ijAk;> ,e;Jj;Jtj;ijAk; xg;gpLNthk;. FWfpa ,ilntspapd; fhuzkhf ,uz;L nray;ghLfSf;fhd rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis xg;gpl;L ghHf;fyhk;.

,e;J kjkhdJ xOf;fj;jpd; Nghpy; epWtg;gl;l kjky;y. ,e;J kjj;jpy; xOf;fk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mJ me;j kjj;jpDila xUq;fpize;j ghfky;y. mJ kjj;jpy; Mokhf gjpe;jjy;y. mJ xU jdprf;jp> r%fj; Njitfshy; mJ epiyj;J epw;fr; nraa; gg; lb; Uff; pwNjadw; p> ,eJ; kjjj; pd; fl;lisapd;gb my;y. Mdhy; xOf;fNk Gj;jUila kjkhFk;. mJ kjj;jpy; Mog;gjpe;Js;sJ. xOf;fk; ,y;iynad;why; Gj;j kjk; xd;Wkpy;yhjjhFk;. Gj;jkjj;jpy; flTs;

II

,Jjhd; Gj;jhpd; jd;dpfuw;w epiyahFk;. mtUila kjj;jpd; epiy vd;d? mtUila Nghl;bahsh;fs;> vjpuhdth;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j kjq;fSld; mij vt;thW xg;gpLtJ?

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,y;iy vd;gJ cz;ikNa. flTSf;F gjpyhf mq;F xOf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. gpwkjq;fSf;F flTs; vg;gbNah> mJNghd;W Gj;j kjj;jpw;F xOf;fNk MFk;.

“jk;kk;” vd;w nrhy;ypd; xU Gjpa Gul;rpfukhd nghUis mth; tpsf;fpdhh; vd;gJ mhpjhfNt mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. “jk;kk;” vd;w nghUs; Ntjj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; xOf;fj;Jld; ve;jtifapYk; njhlHgw;wit. gpuhkzh;fshy; tpsf;fg;gLfpw tifapYk; jh;kkhdJ rpy fh;kq;fis nra;tJ jtpu> my ;yJ Nuhkhd pa kj nray ; g hLfs pd ; nrhw;gpuNahfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ jtpu NtW vJTky;y. gpuhkzh;fSf;F jh;kk; vd;why; rlq;Ffis> mjhtJ ahfq;fis elj;JtJk; flTs;fSf;F gypapLtJk; jtpu NtW vJTky;y. gpuhkzpaj;jpd; my;yJ Ntj rkaj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; ,JNt. xOf;fj;jpw;Fk; gpuhkzpajpw;Fk; vt;tpj rk;ge;jKkpy;iy.

Gj;jh; gad;gLj;jpa ‘jk;kk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yld; rlq;Ffs; my;yJ kuGfSf;F vt;tpj rk;ge;jKk; ,y;iy. ahfq;fs; kjj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; vd;W $wg;gLtij mth; epuhfhpj;jhh;. 'fh;kk;' vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtjw;F gjpyhf> xOf;fj;ijNa jk;kj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; vd;W $wpdhh;. jk;kk; vd;w nrhy;iy gpuhkzpa Mrhd;fSk;> Gj;jUk; gad;gLj;jpa NghjpYk;> ,Uthpd; $w;Wf;fspd; cs;slf;fk; jPtpukhfTk>;

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mbg;gilahfTk; NtWgl;ljhFk;. cz;ikapy; xOf;fk; kjj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; kw;Wk; mbj;jsk; vd;W $wpa cyfpd; Kjy; Nghjidahsh; Gj;jNu Mthh;. gftjf; iP japypUeJ; ehk ; ghHfpdw; nghOJ> fpU\;zUk;$l kjk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; kuGfSf;Fk; rkkhdJ vd;w gioa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy (gftj; fPijapy; fpU\;zuhy;

Nghjpf;fg;gl;l). ep\;fhkpa fh;kk; my;yJ mdhrf;jp Nahfk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bdhy; gyh; <Hf;fg;gl;ljhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rhuz ,af;f czHtpy; ,jd; nghUs; ntFkjp vjpHghuhky; ey;yJ nra;tJ vd vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ep\;fhkpa fHkk; vd;gjd; ,e;j tpsf;fk;> cz;ikapy; mjd; nghUspdpd;Wk; Kw;wpYk; jtwhd GhpjyhFk;. fHkh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F nray; vd;W kugpapay; hPjpahf nghUs; juf;$ba ‘tpid’ vd;gJ ep\;fhkpafHkhtpy; tUk; fHkh vd;w nrhy;Yf;fhd mHj;jk; fpilahJ. mJ> gpuhkzh;fshYk;> [kpdpahYk; mjDila %y mh;j;jj;jpy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nray; mk;rj;jpy;> [kpdpf;Fk; gftj; fPijf;Fk; ,ilapy; xNuxU NtWghl;L mk;rk; kl;LNk cz;L. g p u hkzHfshy ; Gh pag ; gl ;l kuG ,uz ;L tifg;gl;ljhFk;.

i. epj;jpa fh;kq;fs; kw;Wk;ii. iekpj;jpf fh;kq;fs;

epj;jpafHkq;fs; vdg;gLgit> Kiwahf md;whlk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nray;ghLfs; MFk;.

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,e;jf; fhuzq;fspdhy; mit epj;jpa vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kjk; rhh;e;j flikahfTk; ,it fUjg;gLfpd ;wd. ,jw;F ve ;j ntFkjpAk ; vjph;ghh;f;fg;glf; $lhJ. me;jf; fhuzj;jpdhNyNa mit ep\;fhk fh;kq;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fh;kq;fspd; kw;nwhU ,dk; iekpj;jpfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vg;nghOjhtJ re;jHg;gq;fs; Vw;gLk; nghOJ ,itfs; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd mjhtJ mtHfSf;F vg;nghOjhtJ epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lhy; kw;Wk; fhk;afh;kq;fs; vd;Wk; mit miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> Vnddpy; mit epfo;j;Jk; nghOJ r py mD$yk ; Vw ; gLk ; vd ;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. fpU\;zH> gftj; fPijapy; fhk;afh;kq;fisf; fz;ldk; nra;jhh;. ep\;fhk fh;kq;fis mth; fz;ldk; nra;atpy;iy. mjw;F khwhf mtw;iw mth; ghuhl;bdhh;. ,q;F kdjpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba mk;rk; vd;dntdpy;> fpU\;zUf;Fk; $l kjk; xOf;fj;jhy; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. mit fh;kq;fs; tifiar; Nrh;e;jitahf ,Ue;jJ mjhtJ ep\;fhk fHkhit rhHe;j af;idfs; kw;Wk; ahfq;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,e;J kjj;jpw;Fk; Gj;j kjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,J xU NtWgl;l mk;rkhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ NtWghl;L mk;rk; vd;dntdpy;> ,e;Jkjj;jpd; mjpfhuG+Htkhd Nfhl;ghL rkj;Jtkpd;ik MFk;. rJHtHzk; (ehd;F gphpTfs;) vd;w jj;JtkhdJ ,e;J rkj;Jtkpd;ik Nfhl;ghl;bd; ];J}ykhd cUtkhFk;. Mdhy; kWGwj;jpy; Gj;jH rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhf epd;whH.

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mtH rJHtHzj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa vjphpahf ,Ue;jhH. mjw;F vjpuhf mtH Nghjid nra;jhH vd;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> mjw;F vjpuhf NghuhlTk; nra;jhH. mNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp> mij NtNuhL fistjw;F kpfTk; ghLgl;lhH. ,e;J kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfspd;gb xU #j ;j p uNdh my ;yJ xU ngz ;Ndh kj Nghjidahsuhf Mf KbahJ. NkYk;> mtHfs; re;epahrk; ngwNth> flTis milaNth KbahJ. Mdhy; mjw;F khwhf Gj;jH> #j;jpuHfis gpf;Ffspd; rq;fj;jpy; mDkjpj;jhh;. mtH Vd; mt;thW nra;jhH? ,e;j eltbf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gyuhy; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,jw;Fhpa gjpy; vd;dntdpy;> rkj;Jtkpd;ik Nfhl;ghl;il xopg;gjw;F mtH Kiwahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tpUk;gpdhH. Gj;jH elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspd; tpisthf> ,e;J kjk; jdJ Nfhl;ghLfspy; gy khw;wq;fis nra;a Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ mJ capHtijia iftpl ;lJ Ntjq;fs; g pioaw ;wit vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilf; iftplTk; jahuhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; rJHtHzq;fs; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fj; jdJ vjpHg;ig tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gjw;F Gj;jH jahuhf ,y;iy. mjdhy;jhd;> gpuhkzpakhdJ i[d kjj;jpw;F fhl;ba vjpHig fhl;bYk; Gj;j kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf kpfTk; $Ljyhd ntWg;igAk>; gifikiaAk; fhl;baJ. rJHtHzj;jpw;F XU Gjpa jj;Jtj;ij> epahaj;ij mJ tsHj;jJ. ,e;jg; Gjpa jj;JthHj;j epahaj;ij gftj; fPijapy; fhzyhk;. gftj; fPij vd;d Nghjpf;fpwJ vd;gij ahUk; jpl;ltl;lkhf nrhy;y Kbtjpy;iy.

17

gftj; fPij ,ij vt;thW epahag;gLj;JfpwJ? fpU\;zH flTs; vd;w Kiwapy;jhd; (mth;;) rJHtHz Kiwia (mikg;ig) cUthf;fpajhfTk; $WfpwhH. mjhtJ xUtUila cs;shHe;j Fzq;fSf;F (my;yJ gz;GfSf;F) Vw;g xt;nthUthpd; jFjpiaAk;> njhopiyAk; mtH epHzapf;fpwhH vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ,jpypUe;J ,uz;L tp\aq;fs; njspthfpd;wd. xd;W> ,e;jj; jj;Jtk; GjpaJ. gioa jj;Jtk; Ntwhf ,Ue;jJ> gioa jj;Jtj;jpd;gb> rJHtHzj;jpd; m];jpthukhdJ Ntjq;fspd; Mizapd; Nghpy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhFk;. Ntjq;fs; gpioatw;wit Mjyhy;> mjd; kPJ rhh;e;Js;s rJHtHz mikg;Gk; gpioaw;wjhFk;. Ntjq;fs; gpioaw;w jd;ik cilaJ vd;gij Gj;jH jhf;fpaNjhL> rJHtHzj;jpd; ,e;jg; goikahd mbj;jsj;jpd; kjpg;igAk; nehWf;fptpl;lhH. ,e;J kjk; rJh;th;zj;ijf; iftpLtjw;F jahuhf ,y;iy. mijj; jdJ Md;kh vd;W fUjpaJ. vdNt mjw;F xU Nkk;gl;l mbj;jsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;F Kad;wJk; ,aw;ifNa. ,ij nra;tjw;F gftj;fPij Kd;tUfpwJ. Mdhy; gftj; fPijapy; fpU\;zh; toq;fpAs;s ,e;jg; Gjpa mbj;jsk; (epahak;) vt;tifapy; ey;yJ? ngUk;ghyhd ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,J kpfTk; ek;gpf;if Vw;gLj;Jtjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J kWf;fg;gl KbahjJ vd;W fUJk; mstpw;F ek;gpf;if Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;Jf;fsy;yhj gyUf;Fk; $l ,J k p f T k ; r h j ; j p a g ; g h L cil a j h f T k ; , fth;e;jpOg;gjhfTk; Njhd;WfpwJ. rJHtHzkhdJ

18

Ntjq;fspd; mjpfhu Mizapd; kPJ kl;LNk rhHe;jpUe;jhy;, ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mJ kiwe;J NghapUf;Fk; vd;Wk; ehd; epr;rakhff; fUJfpNwd;. gftj; fPijapd; tp\kj;jdkhd kw;Wk; ngha;ahd Nfhl;ghLjhd;, [hjp mikg;gpd; ngw;Nwhuhfpa rJHtHzj;jpw;F epue;jukhd, epiyahd tho;it mspj;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,e;jg; Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahd fUj;jikT rhq;fpaj; jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; %y mk;rk; vJTk; ,y;iy. rJHtHzj;ij epahag;gLj;Jtjw;F mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jhd; fpU\;zUila Ra&gk; (Originality) mlq;fpAs;sJ. mij gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; jhd; mjDila Nghypj;jd;ik mlq;fpAs;sJ. rhq;fpa Kiwapd; Mrhdhfpa fgpyh;, flTs; vd;W xUth; fpilahJ vd;W $wpdhh;. gUg;nghUs; (Matter) capuw;wjhff; fUjg;gl;ljhy; jhd; flTs; Njitg;gl;lJ. gUg;nghUs; capuw;wjy;y, mJ nraY}f;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ; gUg;nghUs; %d;W Fzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. uh[;, jk]; kw;Wk; rj;tk; vd;w ,e;j %d;W Fzq;fSk; rhprkepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; gpufpUjp kuzj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Njhd;WfpwJ. xU Fzk; kw;w ,uz;L Fzq;fis tplTk; NkNyhq;Fk; epiyik Vw;gl;L rkepiyik ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;, gpufpUjp nraY}f;fk; ngWfpwJ. r hq ; f p ajj ;Jtj ; j pd ; r h u h k ; r k ; ,JNt . ,e;jf;Nfhl;ghl;NlhL vt;tpj rh;r;irAk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. xUNtis ,J cz;ikahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

19

vdNt> xt;nthU jdpegUk; gpufpUjpapd; xU tbtk; vd;w tifapy; %d;W Fzq;fspy; xd;W kw;nwhd;wpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fg; Nghl;bapUf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; $l xg;Gf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;, xU Fwpg;gpl;l eghplKs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l - mJ xU rkaj;jpy; - cjhuzkhf mtUila gpwg;gpd;NghJ mtUila ,ju Fzq;fspd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyikapUe;jhy;, vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; - mtUila kuzk; tiuapYk; mt;thNw njhlHe;J Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp tUk; vd;W vt;thW xg;Gf;nfhs;s KbAk;? rhq;fpa jj;Jtj;jpNyh my;yJ eilKiw mDgtjj; pNyh ,ej; mDkhdjj; pwF; MjhuNkapyi; y. Jujp\;ltrkhf fpU\;zH ,e;jj; jj;Jtj;ij Kd;itj ;jNghJ `pl ;yNuh , KNrhypd pNah gpwf;ftpy;iy. xU tpsk;gu Nghh;L vOJk; XtpaUk; nrq;fw;fis mLf;fpitj;J tPL fl;Lk; njhopyhspAk;, cyfj ;j pd ; k PJ Mjpf ;fk ; nrYj ;jty ;y rh;thjpfhhpfshf Kbe;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F fpU\;zh; ngUksT rpukg;gl;bUg;ghh;. tp\ak; vd;dntdpy;, xU jdpeghpd; gpufpUjp vg;NghJk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;LtUk;, Vnddpy; Fzq;fspd; gu];gu e piy vg ;nghOJk; khw ;wkile ;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Fzq;fs; mtw;wpd; gu];gu Mjpf;f epiyapy; vg;nghOJk; khw;wkile;J tUfpwnjdpy;, kf;fis tHzq;fspy; epue;jukhd kw;Wk; epiyahd ghFghL nra;Ak; Kiw ,Uf;f KbahJ vdNt gftj;fPijapd; jj;Jtk; KOikAk; nehWq;fp tPo;fpwJ.

20

Mdhy; ehd; $wpaJ Nghd;W ,e;Jf;fs; ek;Gtjw;Fwpa jd;ikapdhYk;> 'ey;y Njhw;wj;jpdhYk;' <h;f;fg;gl;L mjw;F mbikfshfptpl;ldh.; ,jd; tpisthf ,e;Jkjk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikia Ntjthf;fhf nfhz;l tHzg; ghFghL Kiwiaj; njhlHe;J caHj;jpg; gpbj;J tUfpwJ. ,it ,e;J kjj;jpd; ,uz;L jPikfshFk;. ,e;jj; jPikfs; gTj;jj;jpy; ,y;iy.

III

gTj;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk ,e;Jf;fisf; fhg;ghw;w KbAk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;w. rpyH, Jauj;jpy; Mo;e;Js;sdh;, Vnddpy;, ,e;jpahtpy; gTj;jk; jpUk;gTk; te;J NrUk; my;yJ Gj;Japh; ngWk; vd;gjpy; mth;fSf;F mt;tsthf ek;gpf;if ,y;iy. ,e ;j ek ;g pf ;ifa pd ;ikia ehd ; gf p h ; e ;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

,e;Jf;fs;, mth;fsJ kjk; rk;ge;jkhd

mth;fSila fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;, ,d;W ,U gphptpduhf cs;sdh;. xU gphptpdh;, vy;yh kjq;fSk;-,e;J kjk; cs;spl;L cz;ikahditNa vd;W fUJfpd;wdh;. gpw kjq;fspd; jiyth;fSk;, ,e;jf; Nfh\j;jpy; mth;fSld; xd;Wgl;L epw;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. vy;yh kjq;fSk; cz;ikahdit vd;W $Wk; Ma;Tiuia tplf; $Ljy; ngha;ahd Ma;Tiu ,Uf;f KbahJ. MapDk; ,e;j Nfh\j;ij

21

vOg;gpAs;s ,e;Jf;fSf;F gpw kjq;fisf; filg;gpbg;gth;fspd; MjuTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W fUJk; epiyf;F rpy ,e;Jf;fs; te;Js;sdh;. Mdhy; mij gfpuq;fkhff; fz;ldk; nra;Ak; epiyf;F mth;fs; jahuhf ,y;iy. ,e;jf; fz;Nzhl;lk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sj;jf;fNj. kjk; xUtUila r%f kugpd; xU ghfkhFk;. xUtUila tho;f;ifAk; kjpg;Gk; ngUkpjKk; mjDld; ,ize;Js;sd. xUth; jdJ kjj;ijf; iftpLtJ vspjhdjy;y. “vdJ ehL'' rhpNah, jtNwh-vd;gjpy; Njrgf;jp tUfpwJ. mJ Nghd;Nw “vdJ kjk;'' rhpNah, jtNwh-vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mijf; iftpLtjw;F gjpyhf ,e;Jf;fs; NtWtopfspy; jg;gpf;Fk; khh;f;fk; NjLfpd;wdh;. vy;yh kjq;fspYk; jtW cs;sJ; vdNt Vd; kjj;ijg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W rpyh; jhq;fNs Njw;wpf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mNj Njrgf;jp czh;T, mth;fis ntspg;gilahf gTj;jj;ijj; jOTtijj; jLf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa fz;Nzhl;lk; xNu xU tpisitj;jhd; Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. ,e;Jkjk; kiwe;J, tho;f;ifia Kiwg;gLj;Jk; xU rf;jpahf ,y;yhkw; Ngha;tpLk;; ntw;wplk; Vw;gLk;; mjd; gydhf ,e;J rKjhak; rPuopAk; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;. mg;nghOJ ,e ;Jf ;fs ; xU $Ljy ; Mf ;fg ; ) Htkhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb epHge;jpf;fg; gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; mt;thW nra;Ak; NghJ, gTj;jj;ij jtpu Ntnwq;F mth;fs; Nghf KbAk;.

22

,J kl;LNk ek;gpf;ifapDila xU fjpH my;y, gpw tl;lhuq;fspypUe;Jk; ek;gpf;iffs; tUfpd;wd.

xt;nthU kjKk; gjpy; nrhy;yNtz;ba xU Nfs;tp ,Uf;fpwJ. xLf;fg;gl;l, mbkl;lj;jpYs;s kf;fSf;F vd;d kdhPjpahd kw;Wk; nray;hPjpahd epthuzj;ij (epk;kjpia) mJ mspf;fpwJ? mt;thW mspf;fhtpl;lhy; mJ moptJ cWjp. Nfhbf;fzf;fhd gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; gl;baypd [hjpapdh;fSf;Fk; ,e;j kjk; VjhtJ kd hPjpahd kw;Wk; nray; hPjpahd epk;kjpiaf; nfhLf;fpwjh? mJ nfhLg;gjpy;iy.

kd kw;Wk; nray;hPjpahd epk;kjpiaf; nfhLf;fg; Nghtjhf ve;j thf;FWjpAk; (ek;g pf ;ifAk;) mth;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fhj epiyapy; ,e;jg; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fSk; n\l;A+y;L rhjpapdUk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; fPo; tho Ntz;Lnkd;W ,e;Jf;fs; vjpHghHf;fpwhHfsh? mj;jifa vjpHghHg;G Kw;wpYk; gadw;wjhFk;. ,e;J kjk; Xh; vhpkiyapd; cr;rpapy; kpje;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,d;W mJ ,y;yhjJ Nghy; Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ. Mdhy; mJ cz;ikay;y. ,e;j typik kpf;f Nfhbf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jq;fSila ,opepiyia czHe;J ,J ngUk;ghYk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; r%fj;jj;Jtj;jpd; fhuzkhfNt Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpAk;NghJ mJ nghq;fpnaOk;. Nuhk; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy; ghfdprj;ij (gynja;t topghl;il) fpwp];Jt kjk;

23

J}f;fpnawpe;jJ epidTf;FtUfpwJ. ghfdprk; jq;fSf;F vt;tpj kdepk;kjpiaAk;, xOf;f epk;kjpiaAk; ju ,ayhJ vd;gij kf;fs;jpus; czh;e;j NghJ, mth;fs; mijf; iftpl;L, fpU];Jt kjj;ijj; jOtpdh;. NuhkhGhpapy; Vw;gl;lJ ,e;jpahtpYk; Vw;gLtJ epr;rak;. ,e;J kf;fs;jpus;, nka;Qhdk; ngWk;NghJ gTj;jj;jpd;ghy; epr;rak; jpUk;Gthh;fs;.

IV

,e;J kjj;jpw;Fk;, gTj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s NtWghl;ilg; gw;wp ,Jtiu xg;gpl;Lf; $wpNdd;. ,dp ,e;J kjky;yhj gpw kjq;fSf;Fk; gTj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL vd;d? ,e;J kjky;yhj ,e;j gpw kjq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; gTj;jj;NjhL tphpthf xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ mrhj;jpak;. vd;Dila KbTfis xU RUf;fkhd fUj;Jiuahf vLj;Jf; $WtJ kl;LNk vd;dhy; nra;a KbAk;. vdNt ehd; $Wtnjd;dntdpy;, I. rKjhak; xd;whf ,Ug;gjw;F rl;l cj;juthjk;

my;yJ xOf;f e pajpa pd ; cj;juthjk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;j ,uz;by; vJTk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; rKjhak; epr;rakhf rpjWz;L NghFk;. vy;yh rKjhaq;fspYk; rl;lk; xU kpfr; rpwpa

gq;ifNa Mw;WfpwJ. mJ ,r;rpWghd;ikNahiu

24

r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;L tPr;rpDs; mlf;fp itg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikg; gFjpahdJ jdJ r%f tho;f;ifia xOf;f epajpapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mDkjpapdhy; epiyepWj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs ;tjw ;F t pl ;Ltplg ;gLf pwJ> mt;thW tpl;Ltplg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt kjkhdJ “xOf;f epajp” vd;w nghUspy; xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpYk; Ml;rp nra;Ak; Nfhl;ghlhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ii. Kjyhtjhff; $wg;gl;ljpy; tpsf;fg;gl;lgb kjkhdJ tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F ,irtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk. ; vdNt kjk;, tpQ;Qhdj;jpw ;F ,irthdjhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;, mJ epr;rak; jdJ khpahijia ,oe;JtpLk;, vdNt mJ Vydj;jpw;F cwpajhfptpLk;. mjd; %yk; mJ, tho;f;ifia eph;tfpf;Fk; xU Nfhl;ghL vd;w jdJ rf;jpia ,of;fpwJ; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; mJ rPuope;J, kiwe;J tpLk;. NtW nrhw;fspy; $Wtnjdpy;, kjk;, mJ njhlh;e;J nray;gl Ntz;Lnkd;why;, fhuzj;jpw;F ,irthdjhf> mjhtJ tpQ;Qhdj;jpw ;F ,irthdjhf ,Uff; NtzL; k

iii. kjkhdJ r%f xOf;fj;jpd; xU rl;lnkd;w tifapy; kw;nwhU NrhjidapYk; NjwNtz;Lk;. kjkhdJ xh; xOf;f rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ, mjDila xOf;f rl;lk; Rje;juk;, rkj;Jtk;, rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa mbg;gilahd epajpfisAk; mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

25

xU kjkhdJ, r%f tho;f;ifapd; ,e;j %d;W mbg;gilahd Nfhl;ghLfis mq;fPfhpj;jhyd;wp kjk; mope;JtpLk;.

iv. kjkhdJ tWikia Gdpjg;gLj;jNth my;yJ Nkk;gLj;jNth $lhJ. nry;tk; giljj; thf; s ;mijf ; iftpLtJ kfpo;r;rpailaj;jf;f epiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tWik xU NghJk; m g ; g b a p U f ; f K b a h J . t W i k i a kfpo;r;rpailaj;jf;f xU epiyahf mwptpg;gJ kjj;ijj; jtwhd ghijapy; nry;yr; nra;tJ. jPikiaAk;, Fw;wj;ijAk; ePbj;jpUf;fr; nra;tJk; )Tyfj;ij xU thOk; eufkhff;Ftjw;F rk;kjpg;gJkhFk;.

ve;j kjk; ,e;jj; Njitfisnay;yhk; )h;j;jp nra;fpwJ? ,e;jf; Nfs;tpfisg; ghpr Pyid nra;Ak;NghJ, kfhj;khf;fspd; fhyk; kiyNawpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;gijAk; cyfj;jpw;F xU Gjpa kjk; Njitapy;iy vd;gijAk; epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Vw;fdNt ,Ug;gtw;wpypUe;Nj mJ NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,e;jf; Nfs;tp jw;NghJ ,Ue;J tUk; kjq;fs; rk;ge;jgl;ljhf kl;LNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Vw;fdNt ,Ue;JtUk; kjq;fspy; xd;W ,e;j Nrhjidfspy; xd;wpy; Njwyhk;. rpy kjq;fs; ,uz;by; Njwyhk;. Mdhy;, ,j;jifa vy;yh Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;l kjk; VjhtJ ,Uf;fpwjh?

26

,e;j vy;yh NrhjidfspAk; Njwf;$ba xNu kjk; vdf;Fj; njhpe;jtiu Gj;j kjk;jhd;. NtW tpjkhff; $wpdhy; cyfk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba xNu kjk; Gj;j kjk;jhd;. gioa cyfpypUe;J nghpJk; NtWgl;l xU Gjpa cyfk; cjakhdhy; gioa cyiftpl mjw;F xU kjk; mtrpak; Njit. mg;NghJ Gj;jhpd; kjk;jhd; ,e;jj; Njitiag; )Hj;jp nra;af;$baJ.

,t;tpjk; $WtJ kpfTk; tpe;ijahfj; Njhd;wf;$Lk;. mfpk;iriag; Nghjpj;jJ jhd; Gj;jH nra;j xU fhhpak; vd;W Gj;jiug; gw;wp vOjpatHfspy; ngUk;ghNyhH Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;. ,J kpfg; nghpa jtwhFk;. Gj;jh; mfpk;iriag; Nghjpj;jhh; vd;gJ cz;ik. ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; $w ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. Vndd;why; ,J xU khngUk; rpj;jhe;jkhFk;. ,e;j rpj;jhe;jj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpdhyd;wp cyfj;ijf; fhg;ghw;w KbahJ. mfpk;iriaj; jtpu NtW gy tp\aq;fisAk; Gj;jH Nghjpj;jhH vd;gij ,q;F typAWj;jpf; $w tpUk;GfpNwd;. mtH jkJ rka gpurhuj;jpd; xU gFjpahf r%f tpLjiy> mwpTj;Jiw tpLjiy> murpay; tpLjiy> Kjypatw;iwAk; Nghjpj;jhH. mth; kdpjDf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fkpilapyhd rkj;Jtj;ijAk;, MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk ; ,ilapyhd rkj ;Jtj;ijAk ; typAWj;jpdhH. Gj;jUld; xg;gplj;jf;f rka NghjfHfis fz;Lgpbg;gJ ,ayhjfhhpak;. mtuJ Nghjidfs; kf;fsJ r%f tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; vLj;Jiug;gitahf ,Ue;jd. mtuJ

27

rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kpfTk; etPdkakhditahf ,Ue;jd. kdpjd; ,we;j gpwF mtDf;F nrhHf;fk; fpilf;f nra;tjhf mtH cWjp$wtpy;iy, khwhf ,e;jg; )Tyf tho;ifapNyNa mtd; caHT ngw top nra;tNj mtuJ Nghjidapd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf ,Ue;jJ.

V

Gj;j kjj;jpd; ,e;j yl;rpaj;ij vt;thW epiw Ntw ;WtJ? ,jw;F %d;W eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mit tUkhW:

KjyhtJ: gTj;j iggps; xd;iwj; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,uz;lhtJ: gpf;F rq;fj;jpd; mikg;G, Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.

%d;wtJ: XH cyf gTj;j mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gTj;j iggpisj; jahhpg;gJ KjyhtJk; ,d;wpaikahjJkhd NjitahFk;. gTj;j ,yf;fpak; kpfTk; gue;j ,yf;fpakhFk;. khflnyd gutpapUf;Fk; ,yf;fpa E}y;fis fle;J te;J xUtH Gj;jj;Jtj;jpd; rhuk;rj;ij njhpe;J nfhs;thH vd vjpHghHg;gJ

28

rhj;jpakw;wJ. gTj;jj;jpw;F ,y;yhj kpfg; nghpa mD$yk; kw;w kjq;fSf;F ,Uf;fpwJ, ,e;j kjq;fs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; jdp E}y; ,Uf;fpwJ, vtUk; ,jidj; jk;Kld; vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W gbf;fyhk;;. ,j;jifa xU rka E}y; ,y;yhjJ gTj;jj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa FiwghlhFk;. ,e;j gzpiar; nra;Ak; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa jk;kgjk; mjid nra;aj; jtwptpl;lJ. xt;nthU nghpa kjKk; Fw p g ; g pl ;l Nfhl ; g hLfs pd ; mbg ; gila py ; epHkhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ntWk; Nfhl;ghLfspd;, ];J}ykhd jj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjek;gpf;if Kd;itf;fg;gLkhdhy; mjid _uzpj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ. fw;gidiaj; J}z;Lk; tpjj;jpy; xU fijiag; Nghy; mJ vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;. ,t;tifapy; jk;kgjk; xU fijiag; Nghy; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy. ];J}ykhd rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mJ tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpa jk;kgjk; xU kjj;jj;Jtk; vjph;ghh;f;Fk;; nray;ghl;il epfo;j;j jtwptpl;lJ. xt;nthU ngUikngw;w kjKk; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; kjek;gpf;ifahdJ, kjf; Nfhl;ghLfshf my;y fz;Lzu Kbahj twl;Lf; nfhs;iffshf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahky; jd; tag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbahky; ,Uf;Fk;. fw;gid nra;J ghh;j;jhy; gjpaf;$ba VjhtJ xd;W-VjhtJ fw;gidf;fij, tPufhtpak; my;yJ ew;nra;jp Njitg;gLfpwJ. gj;jphpf;ifj;

29

Jiwapy; ,J xU fij (GidT) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jk;k gjkhdJ xU fijiar;Rw;wpg; Gidag;gl;ljy;y. mJ fz;Lzu Kbahj twl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;baikg;gjw;F Kay;fpwJ.

gTj;jj;jpd; ew;nra;jpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; (i) Gj;jhpd; xU RUf;fkhd tho;if tuyhW, (ii) rPd jk;kgjk;, (iii) Gj;jhpd; rpy Kf;fpa ciuahly;fs; kw;Wk; (iv) Gj;j rlq;Ffs;, gpwg;G, jPl;ir> jpUkzk; kw;Wk; kuzk;. ,j;jifa xU rpj;jhe;jj;ijj; jahhpf;Fk;NghJ, mjDila nkhop rhh;e;j gFjp Gwf;fzpf;fg;glf; $lhJ mJ capNuhl;lkhd nkhopapy; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ xU ke;jpukhf mika Ntz;Lk;-xU fijia thrpgg; jhfNth myy; J edn; dwpfis tpsff; gg; LtjhfNth ,Uff; f ; $lhJ. mjDila ghzp njspthdjhf, nefpo;r;rpailar; nra;tjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;, mJ xU trpag;gLj;Jk tpisit Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Xh; ,e;J re;epahrpf;Fk;, xU gTj;j gpf;FTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ngUk; NtWghL ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ,e;J re;epahrp cyfg; gw;ww;wth;. mth; cyfj;ij nghUj;j tiu ,we;JNghdth; Mthh;> Mdhy; xU gpf;FTf;F cyfj;jpy; nra;a Ntz;baJ epiwa cs;sJ. ,J ,t;thwpUf;Fk;NghJ, gpf;F rq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd Gj;jH epidj;jjw;fhd Njit vd;dthf

.

;

30

,Ue;jJ? vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ> gpf;Ffspd; xU jdp rq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mtrpak; vd;d? nfhs;iffspd; yl;rpa tbtkhf tpsq;ff;$ba gTj;jHfisAk; kw;Wk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F topfhl;Ljyhf ,Ue;J gzpahw;Wtjw;Fkhd xU r%f mikg;igAk; cUthf;FtNj mjd; mtrpakhf ,Ue;eJ. gTj;j yl;rpaj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F xU rhjhuz kdpjdhy; rhj;jpaky;y vd;gij Gj;jh; mwpe;jpUe;jhH. Mdhy; me;j yl;rpak; vd;d vd;gij rhjhuz kdpjd; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kw;Wk; jdJ yl;rpaq;fis epr;rak; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; egh;fisf;nfhz;l xU rq;fj;ij rhjhuz kdpjdpd; Kd;dhy; epWtpf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mth; tpUk;gpdhh;. Mjyhy;jhd; mth; gpf;Ffs; rq;fj;ij epWtpdhh;. mij tpea tpjpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tFj;jhh;. Mdhy; ,e;j rq;fj;ij epWt epidj;jNghJ, NtW Nehf;fq;fSk; mtUila kdjpy; ,Ue;jd. mj;jifa Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;W, rhjhuz kf;fSf;F nka;ahd kw;Wk; eLepiy jtwhj topfhl;Ljiy mspg;gjw;F mwpthspfspd; mikg;G xd;iw epWtNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. mjdhy;jhd;, gpf;Ffs; nrhj;Jf;fis clikahff; nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;W mtH jil tpjpj;jhH. Rje;jpukhf rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpu rpe;jidiag; gpuNahfg; gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kpfg; n g h p a ,ilAWfs py ; xd ; w hf ,Ug ; gJ nrhj;JilikahFk; vd;W mth; fUjpdhh;. gpf;F rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; Gj;jhpd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fk;,

31

kf;fSf;F Rje;jpukhf Nrit nra;af;$ba cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l xU rq;fj;ij epWTtjhFk;. mjdhy; jhd; mtH gpf;Ffs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;lhk; vd;whH.

VI

,d;iwa gpf;F rq;fk; ,e;j yl;rpaq;fSld; nray;gLfpwjh?

,jw;F gjpy;, cWjpahf, ,y;iynad;gJjhd;, mJ kf;fSf;F topfhl;LtJkpy;iy, kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;tJkpy;iy.

vdNt, gpf;F rq;fk;, mjDila ,d;iwa epiyikapy;, gTj;jj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F vt;tpjg; gaDkpy;yhky; cs;sJ. Kjyhtjhf, mstpw;F mjpfkhd gpf;Ffs; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; ntWk; rhJf;fSk; rd;epahrpfSNk MtH. ,th;fs; jpahdj;jpYk; my;yJ gadw;Wk; jkJ fhyj;ijf; fopf;fpd;wdH. mth;fs; fw;gJkpy;iy, Nrit GhptJkpy;iy. f\;lg;gLk; kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F Nrit GhpAk; vz;zk; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; NghJ, xt;nthUtUk; uhkfpU\;zh Nrit ikaj;ijg; gw;wpj; jhd; epidf;fpd;wdH. Gj;j rq;fj;ijg; gw;wp ahUk; epidg;gjpy;iy. Nritiaj; jkJ Gdpjkhd flik vd;W ahh; fUj Ntz;Lk;? rq;fkh my;yJ Nrit

32

ikakh ,jw;fhd gjpiyg; gw;wp vt;tpj Iag;ghLk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. MapDk; rq;fk; cgNahfkw;wtHfspd; xU nghpa gilahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Fiwthd vz;zpf;if gpf;FfisNa ehk; tpUk;GfpNwhk;, gpf;Ffs; cah; fy;tp fw;wth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpf;Ffspd; rq;fkhdJ, fpwp];j;Jtg; ghjphpkhh;fspd;, Fwpg;ghf N[Rtp];Lfspd; rpy ,ay;Gfisr; RtPfhpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fpwp];j;Jt rkakhdJ fy;tp-kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w Nritapd; thapyhfj;jhd; Mrpahtpy; gutpAs;sJ. ,J rhj;jpakhdjw;Ff; fhuzk;, fpwp];j;Jtg; ghjphpahh; rkakhd top mwpitg; ngw;Ws;shh; vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp, fiyfs; tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpatw;wpYk; mth; Njh;r;rp ngw;Ws;shh;. ,JNt cz;ikapy; goq;fhy gpf;Ffspd; yl;rpakhf ,Ue;jJ. ehse;jh, jl;rrPy gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; gpf;Ffspdhy; elj;jg;gl;lNj. mtHfs; ed;F fy;tp fw;w mwpQh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspT. jkJ rkaj;ijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjw;F r%f Nrit mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gij mtHfs; mwpe;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,d;iwa gpf;Ffs; gioa ,yl;rpaj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. rq;fk; ,d;Ws;s epiyikapy; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F ,e;j Nrit nra;a KbahJ, vdNt mth;fshy; kf;fisj; jk; gf;fk; <h;f;fTk; KbahJ.

Nrit kdg;ghd;ikapd;wp gTj;jk; guTtJ mhpJ. fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gijg; Nghd;Nw rkaKk; gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Ml;fSk;

33

gzKk; ,y;yhky; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. ahh; ,tw;iw toq;f KbAk;? gTj;jk; xU capNuhl;lKs;s rkakhf ,Uf;Fk; ehLfs; kl;LNk ,tw;iw toq;f KbAk;? vd;gJ njspT. ,e;j ehLfs;jhd;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpyhtJ Ml;fisAk; gzj;ijAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ehLfs; ,tw;iw toq;Fkh? ,e;j ehLfs; gTj;jj;ij gug;Gtjw;F mt;tsT cw;rhfk; fhl;Ltjhf njhpatpy;iy.

kWGwj;jpy;, gTj;jj;ij gug;Gtjw;F fhyk;

kpfTk; gf;Ftkhf (Vw;wjhf) ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. kjkhdJ xUtUila ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; ghfkhf ,Ue;j fhyk; xd;Wz;L. xU fhyj;jpy;, xU igaNdh my;yJ ngz;Nzh jdJ ngw;Nwhhpd; nrhj;Jld; $lNt ngw;Nwhhpd; rkaj;ijAk; thhpRhpikahfg; ngw;W te;jdh;. kjj;jpd; jFjp (kjpg;G) kw;Wk; ew;gz;Gfis Ma;T nra;tnjd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy. rpy rkaq;fspy; thhpR, ngw;Nwhh;fshy; tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gl;l nrhj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; jFjpAs;sjh vd;W Nfs;tp Nfl;lJKz;L. Mdhy;, jkJ ngw;Nwhh;fspd; rkaj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ gaDilaJjhdh vd;W ve;j thhpRk; Nfs;tpNfl;ljpy;iy. Mdhy; fhyk; khwptpl;ljhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. gy egh;fs; cyfk; KOtjpYk;, jkJ guk;giu rkaj;ij tpl;L tpyFtJ rk;ge;jkhf Kd;ndhd;Wk; fhzhj Jzpit ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. gyh;, tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd

(gaDs;sjh)

34

tprhuizapd; nry;thf;fpd; gadhf, kjk; jtwhdJ vd;Wk;, mJ iftplg;gl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;, KbTf;F te;Js;sdh;, NtW gyh;, khh;f;rpa Nghjidapd; gadhf, kjk; vd;gJ mgpd; vd;Wk;, mJ Vio kf;fis gzf;fhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gLk;gbj; J}z;LfpwJ vd;Wk;, vdNt mJ iftplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; KbTf;F te;Js;sdh;. fhuzq;fs; vitahf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;, kjk; rk;ge;jkhf, tprhuiz nra;Ak; kdij kf;fs; tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;. ,e;j tp\ak; gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk; JzpT ngw;Ws;sth;fspd; kdjpy;, kjk; mtrpak; jhdh, mg;gbnadpy; ve;j kjj;ijf; filg;gpbg;gJ ey;yJ vd;w Nfs;tpfs; NkNyhq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. jpl rpj;jk; Njitg;gLk; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. MfNt Gj;j rkaj;ijj; jOtpAs;s ehLfs;, Gj;j rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; gzp fbdkhf ,Uf;fhJ. xU gTj;jhpd; flik xU ey;y gTj;juhf ,Ug;gJ kl;Lkd;wp, gTj;jijg; gug;GtJk; mtuJ flikahFk;. gTj;jj;ijg; gug;GtJ kdpjFyj;jpw;F Nrit nra;tjhFk; vd;gij mth;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;.

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With bad advisors forever left behind, From paths of evil he departs for eternity, Soon to see the Buddha of Limitless Light

And perfect Samantabhadra's Supreme Vows.

The supreme and endless blessings of Samantabhadra's deeds, I now universally transfer.

May every living being, drowning and adrift, Soon return to the Pure Land of Limitless Light!

The Vows of Samantabhadra

I vow that when my life approaches its end,

All obstructions will be swept away; I will see Amitabha Buddha,

And be born in His Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss and Peace.

When reborn in the Western Pure Land, I will perfect and completely fulfill

Without exception these Great Vows, To delight and benefit all beings.

The Vows of Samantabhadra Avatamsaka Sutra