gjrmi - volume 4, issue 5, may 2015
DESCRIPTION
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine - May 2015 issueTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Indexing links of GJRMI
GJRMI has been indexed in the Following International Databases
Google Scholar, ProQuest, DHARA online; DOAJ; Index Copernicus; NewJour; ScienceCentral;
getCITED; RoMEO; Geneva Foundation for Medical Education & Research ; Catalog ebiblioteca;
Ayurbhishak; Medicinal plants (Dravya Guna); Indianscience.in; Necker; Hong Kong University
of Science and Technology Library; University of Zurich; University of Kansas; Western
Theological Seminary; CaRLO; Mercyhurst University; University Library of Regensberg; WZB;
Jadoun science; University of California, San Fransisco (UCSF Library); University of
Washington; University of Saskatchewan; University of Winnipeg; Universal Impact Factor;
Global Impact factor, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, New York Public Library, WISE, Cite factor,
DRJI, Miami University Libraries,
AYUSH RESEARCH PORTAL - Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family welfare,
Govt. of India
-
All types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments available for all the diseases)
Ayurvedic Treatments in the following diseases: Eye diseases, Asthma, Skin diseases, Joint
diseases, Diseases of the nervous system, Gynaecological & Obstetric diseases, Obesity, Asthma, Stress,
Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, Loss of Memory & Concentration, Piles, digestive tract diseases,
Infertility etc.
Address: No. 40, IInd cross, KV Pai Layout, Konanakunte,
Near Silicon city school, Bangalore – 62, Karnataka, India.
Contact: Mobile: +919480748861
Chakradatta Ayurveda Chikitsalaya, Mysore. (Panchakarma & Netra Roga Chikitsa Kendra)
Consultant Physician: Dr. Ravi Kumar. M.
(Specialized in different types of Keraliya Ayurvedic treatments especially in ENT & Eye diseases)
Get treated through Ayurveda, at our Hospital. (Exclusive Panchakarma Therapy available with accommodation)
Address: Beside Vikram Jyothi Hospital, Temple Road, V V Mohalla,
Mysore – 12, Karnataka, India.
Contact: Mobile: +919980952358, +919035087999
E- mail: [email protected]
Arudra Ayurveda, Bangalore
(A PANCHAKARMA TREATMENT CENTRE)
![Page 3: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An International, Peer Reviewed, Open access, Monthly E-Journal
ISSN 2277 – 4289 www.gjrmi.com
Editor-in-chief
Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman
Managing Editor
Dr. Shwetha Hari
Administrator & Associate Editor
Miss. Shyamala Rupavahini
Advisory Board
Prof. Rabinarayan Acharya Dr. Dinesh Katoch
Dr. S.N.Murthy Dr. Mathew Dan Mr. Tanay Bose
Dr. Nagaraja T. M.
Editorial board
Dr. Nithin Ujjaliya Mr. Sriram Sridharan
Dr. Ashok B.K. Dr. Madhu .K.P
Dr. Sushrutha .C.K Dr. Vidhya Priya Dharshini. K. R.
Honorary Members - Editorial Board
Dr Farhad Mirzaei Dr. Sabarinath Subramaniam
Dr. Yogitha Bali
![Page 4: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015
MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH
Bio-technology
TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP)
BIOMASS / CULTIVATION
Pagadala Vijaya Kumari*, Yemsrach Mesfin 79–87
Agriculture
STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN
HIMALAYA
Gopichand*, Ramjee Lal Meena 88–94
Review Article
IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW
Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das* 95–105
INDIGENOUS MEDICINE
Short Review – Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta
CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE
Saylee Deshmukh*, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi 106–110
COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – TENDER LEAVES OF ARJUNA – TERMINALIA ARJUNA (ROXB. EX DC.) WIGHT & ARN*
OF THE FAMILY COMBRETACEAE
PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 07/06/2015
![Page 5: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON
CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS /
CULTIVATION
Pagadala Vijaya Kumari1*, Yemsrach Mesfin
2
1,2 Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ambo University, AMBO – Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected].
Received: 09/04/2015; Revised: 20/04/2015; Accepted: 23/04/2015
ABSTRACT
Salinity is an ever present threat to crop yield, especially in countries where irrigation is essential
in agriculture. Although Saline tolerance conditions of the plants are variable. Many Crop species
are generally intolerant to salinity. Excessive irrigation and poor drainage facilities are the major
contributing factors of soil salinity in agricultural lands and one third of the world irrigated land is
being affected by soil salinity. Attempts to enhance tolerance have involved conventional breeding
programmers, use of invitro selection, pooling physiological traits, interspecific hybridization, using
halophytes as alternative crops. Use of marker ‐ aided selection and the use of transgenic plants.
Preliminary investigations were conducted on the Chickpea cultivar – DESI I.C.C. 9942 which has
small dark seeds and rough coat common to Ethiopia. Experimental investigations were performed
on the different soils giving different salinity treatments (NaCl in different percentages). Analysis
was done on germination efficiency, number of leaves, and length of the plant and wet Biomass of
the whole plant. At 6% of (NaCl) treated plants showed the maximum increase in terms of heights
and Wet Biomass. There was twofold difference on germination, heights and biomass of the whole
plant against the control. One can exploit this research for boosting the chickpea production in the
saline soils where it is difficult to cultivate other crops and also for intercropping in saline soils of
Ethiopia. Whether enhanced tolerance is due to the chance of alteration of a factor that is limiting in
a complex chain or an effect on signaling remains to be elucidated. Even after many years of
research on transgenic plants to alter salt tolerance, the value of this approach has yet to be
established.
KEY WORDS: Chickpea, Salt tolerance, Wet Biomass, ANOVA
Research article
Cite this article:
Pagadala Vijaya Kumari, Yemsrach Mesfin (2015), TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON
CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS / CULTIVATION,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(4): 79–87
![Page 6: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea is one of the most important grain
legumes traditionally cultivated in deprived
areas and saline soils (Rao et al., 2002).
Chickpeas are produced in thirty-five countries,
including Indian subcontinent, Mediterranean
region, Ethiopia and Mexico. Despite the
release of one hundred fifty cultivars over the
past sixty years, neither total production of
chickpeas nor productivity per unit area has
increased significantly. The agronomical
importance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is
based on its high protein concentration 25.3–
28.9% (Hulse.J.H, 1991) used for human and
animal diet, as an alternative protein source.
Selection and breeding of cultivars that can
grow and provide economic yield under saline
conditions constitute more permanent and
complementary solutions to minimize the
repercussions of the salinity (Ashraf and
McNeilly, 2004). Salinity occurs through
natural or human-induced activities that result
in the accumulation of soluble salt in soil and
the problem of soil salinity is expected to
increase which may result in desertification
process and greenhouse effect. The
establishment and activity of the legume -
Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly with Cicer
arietinum have been known to be susceptible to
salinity (Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma.,
1995). Salinity is one of the major
environmental stresses that affect crop
productivity. Three experiments were
conducted in a glasshouse in Perth, Western
Australia, of which up to 55 genotypes of
chickpea were subjected to 40 or 60 mM NaCl
added to the soil to determine the variation in
salt tolerance (Turner et al., 2012). Among the
biotic stresses salinity is the most important
yield reducer. The cost of soil reclamation is so
high that it is not possible to reclaim such soil
for crop production. Exploitation of genetic
variability in cultivated species of Chickpea
offers the possibility of developing salt tolerant
crops (Epstein et al., 1980). For conducting this
experiment, a large number of chickpea
genotypes were screened first for their relative
tolerance against salinity stress on the basis of
germination percentage and vigor index (Singh
and Singh, 1999). Desi is the common cultivar
which has small dark seeds and rough seed coat
cultivated mostly in India, Bangladesh,
Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran. Poor drainage
facilities and Excessive irrigation are the major
factors for soil salinity in agricultural lands as
most of the irrigated land is being affected by
soil salinity. (El-Saidi, 1997)
Salinity tolerance comes from genes that
limit the rate of salt uptake from the soil and
the transport of salt throughout the plant,
adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells
in roots and shoots regulate leaf development
(Turner et al., 2012). Some candidate genes
for salinity tolerance which are tissue specific
might operate at different stages of growth.
So far little has been revealed by gene
expression studies as the studies conducted
are not tissue-specific, and treatments are
often traumatic and natural. Investigations
are needed to increase at molecular level in
identifying the genes that are coding for
Salinity tolerance.
Significance of study - Salinity has long been
known to influence the distribution of plant
nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns,
1980). NaCl toxicity, the predominant form of
salt in most saline soils, enhances the sodium
content and consequently affects the absorption
of other mineral elements. Indeed, high levels
of Na inhibit Ca and K absorption, which
results in a Na/K antagonism (Benlloch et al.,
1994). In brassicas, Ashraf and McNeilly
(2004) suggested that maintenance of high
tissue K/Na ratio as criteria for salt-tolerance.
On the other hand, the relationship between salt
tolerance and the macronutrient accumulation
in vegetative organs of legumes was reported
earlier (Cordovilla et al., 1995a). Cations Na+
and K+ are known to be the major inorganic
components of the osmotic potential (Asch et
al., 1999). The objective of the present
investigations is to test and optimize the
chickpea salt tolerance to maintain plant
growth and nitrogen fixation under salt-affected
conditions in salinity affected areas of Ethiopia.
![Page 7: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
The establishment and activity of the
legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly the
Cicer arietinum, Mesorhizobium ciceri, have
been known to be susceptible to salinity
(Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma, 1995;
Rao et al., 2002). Consequently, salinity is a
threat to food supply. Hormonal control of cell
division and differentiation is clear from the
appearance of leaves, which are smaller in area
but often thicker, indicating that cell size and
shape has changed. Leaves and plant height
from salt-treated plants have a higher weight,
area ratio, a feature that is common in plants
adapted to dry and to saline soil. Hormonal
control of cell division and elongation is also
evident in roots. Several studies have shown
that salinity has differential effects on root
elongation rates and lateral root initiation
(Rubinigg et al., 2004). Based on the available
literature we have conducted small pot pilot
investigations to show that chickpea can be
cultivated in the saline soils for small farming
to the Ethiopian Agricultural lands where
Chickpea is one of the crop plant cultivated in
Ethiopia which further leads to soil fertility.
Our Investigations are of very short time on
Analysis showed a twofold increase on Wet
Biomass against the control in salt treated
chickpea plants at 6% NaCl which was
optimized from our results.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Investigations were done at
Department of Biology – Laboratory - AMBO
UNIVERSITY, located 114 km from Addis
Ababa west, Ethiopia. Elevated at 2100–2200
meters above the sea level and receives annual
rain fall of 900 mm with an average of
minimum and maximum temperature 15oC and
29oC respectively.
Experimental Design: Two different separate
experimental designs were done with three
replicates of each. Eight small pots of 6 × 4”
(Inch) were used for the studies which were
maintained in replicates. Ten seeds were sown
per each pot along with the control under the
same conditions before tested for soil
germination.
Cultivar: Investigations were conducted on
the local cultivar i.e Desi Channa ICC - 9942 of
Ambo town.
Sodium Chloride Treatment (NaCl):
Different sets of solutions were made by
dissolving NaCl in distilled water with the
following percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%,
8% and 10% respectively. The plants were
given salt treatment of 5ml / pot on every
alternate day along with Standard (Control)
without NaCl.
Growth Conditions: Seeds were grown at the
Biology Department Laboratory of AMBO
University under natural conditions from
April–May later they were maintained in the
Growth Chamber. Replicates of each of 10
seeds were sown and were maintained and
average of each set was taken for the statistical
analysis. The temperature range was between
20°–25° C. Two types soils viz Red and Black
soils were tested for germination efficiency
before conducting the salt tolerance
experiment. For salt tolerance experiments
black and red soil in 1:1 were mixed in the
experimental pots used in replicates.
Statistical analysis: Data was recorded from 7
days–6 weeks from the date of sowing.
Averages of 10 plants from each pot were
recorded for three variables (characters) i.e.
number of leaves (No), Length (cms) and Wet
Biomass (gms) of each plant against control.
Standardization was done for optimization of
salinity treatment. ANOVA was performed to
compare treated and Non treated plants.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The percentage of seed germination for two
types of soils viz black and red soils gave 100%
germination with correlation of 0.1336 which
proved significant for salinity treatments. All
the replicates more or less showed a
homogeneous growth with little difference of
variation in terms of leaves and Plant height.
Correlation between leaves and height also
showed 0.5306 which proved significant, for
normal homogeneous growth.
![Page 8: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Data was recorded after 7 days (from the
seedling stage) for number of leaves and 21
days for Plant heights and Biomass after the
plants treated with sodium chloride (NaCl)
from 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%
respectively (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).
The maximum plant height recorded was
optimized for 6 % of NaCl for Y4 plant is 23.9
cms with Biomass of 6.6 gms (Figure 1, 2 & 3).
Table 1: No of leaves per plant with different NaCl Treatment (In Percentage / replicate)
recorded after seven days (Yc – Control).
Plant no Yc - 0% Y1 - 1% Y2 - 2% Y3 - 4% Y4 - 6% Y5 - 8% Y6- 10%
1 2 5 5 6 6 5 5
2 4 3 4 6 8 4 4
3 3 4 5 5 5 6 5
4 3 4 3 4 6 5 4
5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4
6 3 3 4 6 6 5 3
7 2 4 3 4 5 3 4
8 3 3 4 4 5 5 3
9 1 4 5 5 6 4 4
10 2 2 3 4 5 4 2
Mean 2.7 3.6 4 4.9 5.7 4.5 3.8
S.D 0.948683 0.843274 0.816497 0.875595 0.948683 0.849837 0.918937
Table 2: Plant Height (cms) recorded after 21 days of NaCl Treatment with control (Yc –
Control).
Plant
No
Yc -0 % Y1– 1% Y2 – 2% Y3 -4% Y4 – 6% Y5 – 8% Y6 - 10%
1 13 15 18 22 24 12 13
2 14 17 18 24 26 11 10
3 13 18 19 20 23 11 12
4 14 16 20 24 25 12 14
5 12 19 22 22 21 14 11
6 14 18 20 21 20 13 13
7 12 19 17 20 24 11 14
8 15 17 20 20 25 14 10
9 14 15 18 21 25 14 11
10 13 18 22 21 26 15 10
Mean 13.4 17.2 19.4 21.5 23.9 12.7 11.8
S.D. 0.966092 1.47573 1.712698 1.509231 2.024846 1.494434 1.619328
![Page 9: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table 3: Wet Biomass (gms) of the whole plant taken after 21 days of NaCl Treatment (Yc –
Control).
The wet Biomass of the whole plant was
recorded after 21 days of NaCl treatment
which reached peak at 6% of NaCl with 6.6
gms (Table – 3 ) on average with total Plant
height 23.9 cms ( Table – 2) further declined
at 8% and 10% NaCl. The S.D was 1.4 at 6%
NaCl. The growth got arrested as the NaCl
concentration increased which proved to be
toxic to the plant, as the plants could not
sustain.
The soils used in our experiments are
Black: Red in 1: 1 ration. The control set of
plants before giving salt treatment (Figure –
1). After 21 days after the NaCl treatment
plant showed the around two fold increase in
terms of total height and wet Biomass (Figure
– 2). At 6% of NaCl the treatment got
optimized with peak for Wet Biomass and
Total Plant height (Figure -3).
ANOVA was performed with different
treatments of NaCl with Wet Biomass to show
the variation. The hypothesis was rejected as
F Calculated value at 5% level with (5. 54)
degree of freedom is (F= 56.0434) more than
F table value at 5% (F= 2.3921) Table – 4.
All the treatments with Biomass are not
homogeneous.
Table - 4 - ANOVA Table (Biomass)
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Sum of squares Mean sum of
squares
F- Ratio
Treatments
Error
5
54
174.8833
33.7000
34.9767
0.6241
F=56.0434
Total 59 208.5833 F table value at 5% level with (5, 54) degrees of freedom =2.3921.
F Calculated value is greater than F table value, so we reject our hypothesis.
All the NaCl treatments and Biomass are not homogeneous.
Plant
No Yc – 0% Y1 – 1% Y2 – 2% Y3 – 4 % Y4 – 6 % Y5 – 8 % Y6 -10 %
1 1 2 3 5 6 3 3
2 1 2 3 5 4 2 3
3 3 3 3 4 6 3 2
4 2 3 3 4 6 1 1
5 1 3 3 4 5 2 1
6 2 3 3 4 7 1 1
7 2 3 2 5 8 2 2
8 2 3 3 5 8 2 1
9 2 3 3 5 8 2 1
10 2 3 3 5 8 2 1
Mean 1.8 2.8 2.9 4.6 6.6 2 1.6
S.D. 0.632456 0.421637 0.316228 0.516398 1.429841 0.666667 0.843274
![Page 10: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Figure 1: Control set of plant growth before salt treatment
Figure 2: Salt treated plants showing boosting in the growth
Figure 3: Optimized plant with maximum growth at 6% of NaCl
![Page 11: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
DISCUSSION
Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that affect crop productivity. Since Chickpea is a salt-sensitive crop species, improvement for salt tolerance is a priority research (Singh, 2004). Salinity has long been known to influence the distribution of plant nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns, 1980).
In our studies we were able to show a two fold increase of Total Plant height and Wet Biomass with control and salt treated plants. The total number of leaves did not show much variation even after seven days of treatment. We assume that genes might have turned on to express only after one week of the stress treatment which is proven from the data table (Shannon 1985 and 1990). The NaCl stress might have started from the day 8 to increase in the plant height from our laboratory investigations. Optimization was done at 6% of NaCl, Beyond 6% of NaCl, it was toxic to the plant as the growth was arrested. Assessment of tolerance is complicated by changes occurring during the ontogeny of a plant and may be technically difficult under field conditions; there is evidence of a genetically complex trait (Shannon 1985).
The mean for Biomass of the plants when compared with the control showed a maximum boost from 1.8–6.6 gms at 6% of NaCl. Leaves and stem length from salt-treated plants have a higher weight: area ratio, which means that their transpiration efficiency is higher (more carbon fixed per water lost), a feature that is common in plants adapted to dry and to saline soils, which supports our data (Rubinigg et al., 2004). Small farming can be done at the salinity soils of Ethiopia where chickpea is commonly grown along with inter cropping of wheat which is highly beneficial for the farmers. Salinity is an abiotic stress that affects the plant’s ability to grow, develop, and achieve its full genetic potential. Plants vary in their tolerance to salt, as does an individual plant at different developmental stages. There is sufficient evidence to report that salt tolerance is a multigenic trait, controlled by several sets of genes which are functional when stress conditions are given (Bajaj et al., 1999 and Munns, 2002) as NaCl stress can also be
considered as one of the positive abiotic side which triggers the genes to boost the Biomass in case of Chickpea.
ANOVA test performed to the salt treated plants for Biomass show negative result as it rejected which gave strong support to our investigations as there is a gradual increase from 0–6 % of NaCl than it declined the growth attributes for toxicity. The genes related to NaCl stress cited in the literature might have turned off as the concentration of NaCl increased. There is considerable evidence to support the view that salt tolerance and its sub‐traits might be determined by multiple gene loci (Monforte et al., 1997).
CONCLUSION
Soil salinity impedes the crop production in many parts of the world. Ethiopia is one of the fast developing country in respective to its Agricultural practices. Chickpea is one of the grain legumes which increases the soil fertility and also considered as the poor man food for consumption as an excellent source of protein. Recently the moderate level of salt tolerance lines has been released in Australia. Saline soils that have little impact on bread wheat – impacting on the potential yields of chickpea in rotation with wheat on areas with sub-soil salinity. In Ethiopia wheat cultivation is prominent so one can also introduce intercropping of wheat with the chickpea to boost the production. There is sufficient evidence to be confirming that salt tolerance is a mutagenic trait. Our research investigations were a short time project to prove the twofold of increase of total plant length and wet biomass of the whole plant. This shows a strong positive side for boosting the production of chickpea there by increasing the fertility by growing in the saline soil where other crops cannot be grown. We plan to investigate for future to identify the QTLs as markers for salt tolerant lines to introduce for Ethiopian Agricultural Practices.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
We greatly acknowledge the Department of Biology – AMBO University - Ethiopia for their constant encouragement.
![Page 12: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
REFERENCES
Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Wittstock, C.,
Doerffling, K., (1999). Sodium and
potassium uptake of rice panicles as
affected by salinity and season in
relation to yield components. Plant Soil
207, 133–145.
Ashraf, M.,McNeilly, T., (2004). Salinity
tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit.
Rev. Plant Sci. 23, 157–174.
Bajaj. S, Targolli J, Liu LF, Ho T.D, Wu R.
(1999). Transgenic approaches to
increase dehydration‐stress tolerance in
plants. Molecular Breeding 5, 493–503.
Benlloch, M., Ojeda, M.A., Ramos, J.,
Rodr´ıguez-Navarro, A., (1994). Salt
sensitivity and low discrimination
between potassium and sodium in bean
plants. Plant Soil 166, 117–123.
Cordovilla, M.P., Oca˜na, A., Ligero, F., Lluch,
C., (1995a). Salinity effects on growth
analysis and nutrient composition in
four grain legumes - Rhizobium
symbiosis. J. Plant Nutr. 18, 1595–
1609.
Epstein, E., Norlyn, J. D., Rush, D.
W.,Kingsbury, R. W., Kelly, D. W.,
Kunningham,G. A., and Wrona, A. F.
(1980). Saline Culture of Crops: A
Genetic Approach. Science.210: 399–
404.
El - Saidi, T. M. (1997). Salinity and its Effect
on Growth, Yield and Some
Physiological Processes of Crop Plant.
In: Strategies for Improving Salt
Tolerance in Higher Plants, (Eds.)
Jaiswal, P. K. Singh R. P. and Gulati A.,
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi, pp. 111–127.
Greenway, H., Munns, R., (1980). Mechanism
of salt tolerance in non halophytes.
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31, 149–190.
Monforte AJ, Asins MJ, Carbonell EA. (1997b). Salt tolerance
in Lycopersiconspecies. VI.
Genotype‐by‐salinity interaction in
quantitative trait loci detection:
constitutive and response
QTLs. Theoretical and Applied
Genetics 95, 706–713.
Munns R. (1993). Physiological processes
limiting plant‐growth in saline soils—
some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant,
Cell and Environment16, 15–24.
Munns R. (2002). Comparative physiology of
salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and
Environment 25, 239–250.
Hulse, J.H., (1991). Nature, composition and
utilization of grain legumes.In:
Patencheru, A.P. (Ed.), Uses of Tropical
Legumes. Proceedings of a Consultants
Meeting, 27–30 March 1989. ICRISAT
Center, ICRISAT, India, pp. 502–524.
Rao, D.L.N., Giller, K.E., Yeo, A.R., Flowers,
T.J., (2002). The effect of salinity and
sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen
fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum).
Ann. Bot. 89, 563–570.
Rao, D.L.N., Sharma, P.C., (1995). Alleviation
of salinity stress in chickpea by
Rhizobium inoculation or nitrate
supply. Biol. Plant 37, 405–410.
Rubinigg M, Wenisch J, Elzenga JTM, Stulen
I. (2004). NaCl salinity affects lateral
root development in Plantago maritima.
Functional Plant Biology 31: 775–780.
Saxena, N.P., Saxena, M.C., Ruckenbauer, P.,
Rana, R.S., El-Fouly, M.M.,Shabana,
R., (1994). Screening techniques and
sources of tolerance to salinity and
mineral nutrient imbalances in cool
season food legumes. Euphytica 73, 85–
93.
![Page 13: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Shannon.M.C. (1985). Principles and strategies
in breeding for higher salt tolerance.
Plant and Soil 189, 227–241.
Shannon. M. C., Noble C. L. (1990). Genetic
approaches for developing economics
salt tolerant crops. In Tanji KK,
ed.Agricultural salinity assessment and
management, Vol 71. New York :
ASCE, 161–184.
Singh, A. K. and Singh, R. A. (1999). Effect of
Salt Stress on Chickpea Germination,
Journal of Research (BAU), 11: 201–
204
Turner N. C., Colmer, T. D., Quealy
J., Pushpavalli R., Krishnamurthy L.,
Kaur J., Singh G., Siddique K. H.
M. and Vadez V, (2012) Salinity
tolerance and ion accumulation in
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected
to salt stress. Plant and Soil. pp. 1–15.
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
![Page 14: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID
HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA
Gopichand1*, Ramjee Lal Meena
2
1,2Division of Biodiversity, CSIR-IHBT (Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (H.P.)
176061
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 08/04/2015; Revised: 29/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015
ABSTRACT
To standardize the agrotechniques of Aloe vera cultivation in Palampur region an experiment was
laid out in 2009, at Biodiversity farm of CSIR-IHBT Palampur. Three number farm yard manure
[FYM] doses were used along with water control under 50 cm × 50 cm spacing. Parameters were
recorded upto three years plant height, leaf length, width and emergence of secondary plants around
the mother plants. In 2010, higher dose of farm yard manure [FYM, 45t/ha] produced better results
in mother plant as well as secondary plants in terms of plant height, leaf length. But-overall, the data
suggested that lower dose with optimum of 15 t/ha was better in producing secondary plants. The
treatment was maintained during three years and thereafter the crop was harvested. In case of fresh
weight of leaves, after three years, statistically significant results were obtained and the trend of
biomass production was from lower dose to higher application of FYM.
KEY WORDS: Aloe vera, FYM, Plant height, leaf length, fresh weight
Research article
Cite this article:
Gopichand, Ramjee Lal Meena (2015), STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE
VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med.,
Volume 4(5): 88–94
![Page 15: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION
Aloe vera is a native to North Africa and
Spain. Now it is grown in dry hot region of
Asia, Europe and America. The Aloe vera plant
is very old as human civilization, and has
various properties. Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (syn:
A. barbadensis Miller) belongs to the family
Liliaceae. According to the WHO report and
monograph, it is known by A. vera Linn. Now-
a-days there are a growing interest towards
herbal medicines, despite of a plethora of
allopathic drugs. The ayurvedic medicines are
becoming popular due to their low costs and
negligible side effects. The worldwide trade of
medicinal plants is worth about 80 million US$
dollars and this is likely to be increased by 35–
40% within five years (Njuguna, 2005).
Globally, there's a huge market for A. vera,
with US providing 65–70% of sales. India and
China have a share of 10% each which may be
increased by its commercial cultivation. Due to
high demand the agro-techniques is highly
required (Biswas, 2010)
A. vera has been used since times
immemorial for several diseases, particularly
related to digestive system, wounds, burns and
skin problems. It is also used as a juice and it is
the best answer of herbal preparations to
support health and healing mechanism.
Pharmacologically (Wabuyele et. al., 2006), it
supports immune system of the body and also
detoxifies. As ayurvedic medicine, is the
traditional medicine of India, it is used as
laxative, anti-helmintic, hemorrhoid remedy,
uterine stimulant (menstrual regulator) etc. In
the international market, Aloe vera is an active
ingredient in hundreds of skin lotions, Sun
blacks and cosmetics, creams etc. It has been
used as for anti-aging effects to vitamin A
derivatives. In US, it has gained popularity in
1930 with the reports of its success in treating
x-ray burns. Now it’s extract has been used in
treating in many diseases as canker sores,
stomach ulcers and AIDS, cosmetic lotion, hair
cleanser, hair product, therapeutic, shaving
creams, detergent, ointment, joint pain,
immunomodulators, antimicrobial, antioxidant,
burn treatment, herbal formulations, nasal spray
and skin disorders. Neutraceutical treatment for
diabetic, sanitary napkins, insect repellent etc.
It has been grown as crops that can be used for
climate change adaption in drought prone area
where other crop could not be survive
(Senelwa, 2009).
In Himachal Pradesh, there is a large area
where no water for irrigation for cultivated
crops. This region is called 'Changar' area of
Kangra District. Located in the Shiwalik hills
in the southeastern part of Kangra district, the
Changar region has typical altitudes in the 500-
1200 m range. In this region there is a scarcity
of water, including drinking water which puts
irrigation of agricultural crops at risk.
Resultant, scarcity of water, no traditional crop
has been cultivated as wheat, barley, mustard,
peas, tomato, potato, rice etc. Due to lack of
water, farmers frequently visit our Institute and
request for training on such profitable crops,
which require lesser water to grow. Aloe vera is
the best crop which requires very less amount
of water. It can be cultivated in this region and
may give high profitable returns. Till date no
agrotechniques are available for this crop in
this region. The objective of the study is to
develop cultivation techniques for adoption by
local farmers in the Changar area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To study the growth and yield of Aloe vera,
an experiment was laid out in a randomized
block design (RBD) in the month of
September 30, 2009 at CSIR- Institute of
Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur
(IHBT) (Elevation 1350 m. amsl, 32º 06’05”N,
76º 34’10”E) campus farms in Palampur,
Himachal Pradesh. The details of weather,
minimum, maximum temperature, rain fall,
humidity etc. are presented in Table-1. To
standardized the agrotechniques for cultivation
of this crop. We have applied four doses of
![Page 16: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
farm yard manure (FYM) including control, to
study the growth and biomass production of A.
vera. We standardized the applied doses of
farm yard manure (FYM) in various aromatic
and medicinal crops. The soil conditions are
very well maintained by using the proposed
doses of farm yard manure (FYM). The crop
was planted as per the random block design
with three replications. The treatment consisted
of four levels of farm yard manure (0, 15, 30,
45t/ha) and plant spacing (50 cm × 50 cm).
The plot size was 3m × 3m, the plant numbers
were 36 in each plot. The soil of experimental
site is silty clay in texture, acidic in reaction
(pH6.2), high organic carbon 2.5%, low in
available N (198 kg/ha), medium in available P
(24 kg/ha) and with high available K (539
kg/ha) content at the time of plantation. The
vegetative propagation is easy and convenient.
Before the plantation, beds were prepared;
tractors ploughing was performed 3–4 times
with leveling, weeding etc. The beds were
prepared manually of 3m × 3m with best
texture and raised upto 6–8 inch in height, with
around each bed 50 cm. wide drain, around
each bed. At the same time FYM application
was given and very well mixed in the soil, 2–3
times digging the soil, leveling etc. The same
plant size, same number of leaf i.e. 2 in number
with very small 2–3 cm. length of third leaf.
The experimental plant material has been raised
in the biodiversity farm and utilized here. In the
rainy season two time weeding was performed.
The parameters like leaf number, leaf length,
secondary plants, their number and leaf length
were recorded. Finally, the duration of crops
was three years. The proposed parameters were
also recorded in the completion of second years
and third year also. The crop was harvested.
The weight of secondary plants was also
recorded.
RESULTS
As per climatic conditions of Palampur
(H.P.), the dormant period will continue from
October to March months. During this period,
there was no any promising growth. After
March, 2010, the growth had started. This
experiment was conducted without any
irrigation and was totally based upon natural
conditions. A. vera grew well with bright Sun
light and showed poor growth in shady
conditions. Aloe vera is highly sensitive to
water stagnation. So raised beds, about 6 inch
high, were prepared for the plant, because,
Palampur is a high rain fed region in Himachal
Pradesh. Extra rain water will drained out by
side drains. All observations were recorded and
statistically analyzed. The readings of leaf
number, length, secondary plants were also
recorded (Table-2 a,b,c and d) . The 1st reading
was recorded in the month of October, 2010
and June, 2011, November 2011, June 2012,
November 2012 (Table2 a,b,c and d). The final
harvest of the crop has been done in the 1st
week of December 2012.
It was observed that water was needed for
its survival and growth from dew, as collected
on surface from its leaves. Mostly, it repels
attacking insects, rodents and snakes etc.
Leaves are long and thick, juicy with a wheel
like phyllotaxy.
We had applied FYM doses four times and
it was observed that lower FYM dose F1,
15t/ha had given the best results, while F2
30t/ha and F3 45t/ha, results are comparable in
terms of fresh weight per plot. In terms of fresh
weight of secondary population, the lower dose
of FYM produced better result. It was recorded
that the overall effect of farm yard manure
(FYM) on the number of plants has been
increased from lower dose to higher dose of
used FYM. In comparison of F1, F2, F3 and
F4, it was observed that F1 treatment produced
significant results & also produced highest
number of secondary plants, in per plot basis. It
means, that Aloe vera may be cultivated with a
very normal or optimal FYM application
(Table 2 a,b,c).
![Page 17: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table:-1 The weather data (averages in years) of experimental site in Palampur (H.P.).
Years Temperature ºC Relative Humidity
(%)
Bright Sun Rainfall Evaporation
Max Min RH RH shine hrs mm mm
2009 20.47 10.61 59.49 45.84 348.00 1768.40 2.97
2010 25.62 13.52 73.57 56.23 2410.6 2569.6 3.48
2011 23.90 13.17 81.31 67.24 331.41 2500.60 2.89
2012 24.01 12.81 70.96 56.18 348.23 2421.99 3.42
Table-2a. Effect of different doses of FYM(farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,
width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years.
2010
Plant
height
(cm)
1-10-
2010
Mean
Leaf
length
(cm)
1-10-
2010
Mean
leaf
width
lower
part
(cm)
1-10-
2010
Mean
leaf
width
upper
part
(cm)
1-10-
2010
Mean
secondary
plants/plant
no. 1-10-
2010 Mean
leaf/plant
no. 1-10-
2010
Mean
Total
secondary
plant
/plot no.
1-10-2010
Mean
F1- 15 t/ha 31.00 15.43 5.43 2.79 3.00 5.78 62.33
F2- 30 t/ha 34.78 15.72 5.72 2.83 3.67 6.00 44.67
F3- 45 t/ha 38.56 16.27 6.27 3.17 5.11 6.56 57.00
F4- 0 t/ha 28.22 14.87 4.87 2.53 2.11 5.22 19.33
CD(P=0.05) 2.37 0.29 0.29 NS 0.60 0.44 NS
Table-2b. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,
width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years
2011
Plant
height
(cm)
3-6-
2011
Mean
Leaf
length
(cm)
3-6-
2011
Mean
leaf
width
lower
part
(cm)
3-6-
2011
Mean
leaf
width
upper
part
(cm)
3-6-
2011
Mean
secondary
plants/plant
no. 3-06-
2011 Mean
leaf/plant
no. 3-06-
2011
Mean
Total
secondary
plant
/plot no.
3-06-2011
Mean
F1- 15 t/ha 39.78 16.29 6.29 4.50 4.56 7.67 69.00
F2- 30 t/ha 43.22 16.54 6.54 3.71 6.11 8.22 50.00
F3- 45 t/ha 45.56 16.72 6.72 3.99 3.67 9.11 60.33
F4- 0 t/ha 32.89 15.66 5.66 3.57 2.67 7.22 24.33
CD(P=0.05) 1.38 0.25 0.25 NS 1.39 0.31 NS
![Page 18: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table-2c. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,
width, secondary plants and fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years
Table-2d. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on secondary plants and total
fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years.
In the case of fresh weight per plant and per
plot, the results were in increasing order from
lower dose to higher dose (Table 2, c and d).
DISCUSSION
Success stories of Aloe vera farmers.
The National Commission on Farmers
(NCF) doctrines that farmers are the centre of
our agriculture and economic progress of
farmers provides prosperity of our Nation. Mr.
Madan Chaudhary s/o Shri Dena Ram
Chaudhary from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) is
growing Aloe vera in 8 hectare land. The yield
is 25qtl/ha, after cutting leaves every interval of
three months. Even the lacking irrigation of
water besides him about 50 numbers of farmers
was growing Aloe vera and supply leaves
nationally, especially to Patanjali Industries.
Besides him, Mr. Jaki Hussain of village
Seoraderiya block Amta 2, post office, Barda,
District Howrah pin 711401, is a progressive
farmer of this region. He has grown about 2.93
2012
Treatment Plant
height
(cm)
2-6-
2012
Mean
Leaf
length
(cm) 2-
6-2012
Mean
leaf
width
lower
part
(cm)
2-6-
2012
Mean
leaf
width
upper
part
(cm) 2-
6-2012
Mean
leaf/pla
nt no.
2-06-
2012
Mean
Total
seconda
ry plant
/plot no.
2-06-
2012
Mean
Plant
fresh
weight/pl
ant (kg)
18-06-
2012
Mean
F1- 0 t/ha 40.78 17.61 7.61 4.83 8.89 28.33 1.77
F2- 15 t/ha 49.11 18.23 8.23 5.00 9.56 35.33 2.85
F3- 30 t/ha 53.00 18.66 8.66 4.98 10.44 39.33 3.33
F4-45 t/ha 54.89 18.91 8.91 4.89 11.56 43.00 3.52
CD(P=0.05) 0.83 0.25 0.25 NS 0.57 5.49 0.37
2012
Treatment Secondary
plant fresh
weight/plant
18-06-2012
Mean
Secondary
plant total
weight/plot
(kg) 18-06-
2012 Mean
Total fresh
weight
kg/plot 18-
06-2012
Mean
Total fresh
weight t/ha
18-06-2012
Mean
F1- 0 t/ha 0.23 6.48 70.08 77.87
F2- 15 t/ha 0.37 12.95 115.55 128.39
F3- 30 t/ha 0.75 29.43 149.43 166.04
F4-45 t/ha 0.98 41.62 168.22 186.91
CD(P=0.05) 0.26 6.64 12.81 14.23
![Page 19: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ha Aloe vera and earns more profit in
comparison to traditional crops like; wheat,
barley, rice maize etc. Cost of cultivation, all
crops management, harvesting and other related
expenditures and income has been given by
Biswas (2010).
As per our experimental success, we can
also provide the cultivation techniques to local
farmers, especially to the 'Changar' region,
where, water availability for irrigation is almost
negligible. As per regional climatic conditions,
the traditional crops could not be grown due to
lack of water. In those cases Aloe vera may be
cultivated very well. This crop can survive upto
7 years without water (Manvitha & Bidya,
2014).
The main purpose to lay out this Aloe vera
an experimental trial was to standardize the
agro-techniques of cultivation of this crop in
the Kangra region. Second, the motive was to
train the local and 'Changar' area farmers to
grow this crop by using proper package and
practices of its cultivation. Moreover, a major
problem of this region and also in the whole of
Himachal Pradesh state is increasing monkey
population such that they destroy all traditional
crops including orchards and vegetables. Aloe
vera crop is beyond monkey’s approach of
destruction. It can be grown in any type of soil
and climate (Davis, 2009, and Biswas, 2010)
with well drained soil.
Here, in our trial, we used raised beds, due
to high rain fed region (Table1) as it cannot be
grown in water stagnated conditions. However,
Aloe vera tolerates a rainfall ranging from 1000
to 1200 mm, which is ideal for its cultivation
(Biswas, 2010). As per our experimental
results, the normal FYM 15t/ha application
produced the highest secondary plants. The
other used FYM doses F2 and F3 had produced
significant plant growth, leaf number and
higher fresh weight (Table 2 a,b,c and d). In the
control treatment, there is a lot of difference in
growth and in over all biomass production.
Better crop management will provide better
yield results. October-November is the best
period for harvesting. We harvested it in the
month of November. However, due to dormant
period, growth was slowed down, but as and
when the climatic conditions become normal,
the significant growth and biomass production
were recorded. Our results were also in
agreement with that of the study conducted by
biswas 2010.
Aloe vera has been found to be the crop that
can be better suited for climate change
adaptation programmes in drought prone areas
where other crops dry up (Senelwa, 2009). It
has been reported in literature that this crop can
be cultivated and established under very hard
conditions (Njuguna, 2005 and Senelwa, 2009).
As per our observations, it can be cultivated in
Changar region of H.P. and also in the highly
populated areas with monkey menace. Besides
this, state medicinal plant board has also given
incentives to growers regarding this crop and
providing free of cost plants material to the
farmers.
Aloe vera contains many organic
compounds, of which aloin is the main
constituent. Besides these, it has 12 type
vitamins, 20 type’s amino acids, 20 kind’s
minerals and about 200 various types of
polysaccharides. Aloe vera has also different
types of glycol-protein, which are used for
human health. In ayurvedic medicine, Aloin A
and B are principles compounds. Indian
pharmaceutical companies have high demand
of jelly of Aloe vera. Farmers may earn very
high, because the cost of cultivation is
approximately 1,10,000/ha and expected
income is about 3,40,000 (Biswas, 2010). The
net profit is about 2,30,000/ha.
It can be concluded from our study that this
crop may be grown very easily with very low
inputs and high yield and biomass production.
This crop giving high dividends should be
adopted in a large scale in the water scarce
'Changar' region of Himachal Pradesh.
CONCLUSION
Aloe vera is a most ancient Indian crop and
has a long history of its medicinal importance
with diverse therapeutic, immune-modulator,
![Page 20: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
polysaccharides, antimicrobial, antioxidant and
other herbal formulations. The agro-technology
of its cultivation has been developed. For
standardization the agro-techniques, different
farm yard manure (FYM) has been applied in
50 × 50 cm. spacing. It was recorded that
overall yield and biomass production of this
crop was increased from lower FYM dose to
higher dose. Besides, a lot of plant material has
been raised and distributed to the farmers,
NGO’s and other needy persons with all
technical know-how. An alternate crop was
introduced in the desert land, where no
irrigation water was available to cultivate even
traditional crops. The work has been done for
societal upliftment and also raising their
financial status.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dr. R.D. Singh, Chief Scientist and head of
Biodiversity division has pass away in a road
accident in October, 2014. This work has been
dedicated to him, we always remember his
sincere advice in these studies and all over
R&D work.
REFERENCES
Aloe vera cultivation services (2010). Aloe vera
barbadensis Miller cultivation in India.
Internet, last up-date: March 27–
2010.10:08.
Biswas, BC (2010). Cultivation of Medicinal
Plant Success Stories of Two Farmers.
Fertiliser Marketing News, Vol.14 (3).
Pp.1–4 & 20.
Davis, UC (2009). The genus Aloe. Botanical
Notes.1:1–10.
Manvitha, K and Bidya, B (2014). Aloe vera: a
wonder plant its history, cultivation and
medicinal uses. Jou.of pharm. And
phyto. Vol.2 (5) 85–88.
Njuguna, M (2005). Aloe production and
International trade. In: Daily Nation.
Senelwa, Kennedy (2009). Aloe vera growing
takes root in Kenya. Daily Nation.
Wabuyele, EE, Sletten Bjora C, Nordal Inger
and Newton, EL (2006). Distribution,
Diversity and conservation of the Genus
Aloe in Kenya. Journal of East African
Natural History. 95 (2), 213–225.
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
![Page 21: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.:
A REVIEW
Sonali Bhakta1 & Shonkor Kumar Das
2*
1,2Bioresearch Laboratory (Cancer and Herbal Research Center), Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh;
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]/ [email protected]; Contact: +88-01716-855186/
01616855186;
Received: 25/03/2015; Revised: 22/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have a vital role to take care of the healthy human life. The large family
Euphorbiaceae contains nearly about 300 genera and 7,500 species. Amongst all, Ricinus communis
L. or castor bean plant has high traditional and medicinal values towards a disease free community.
The castor bean plant is effective as antifertility, antiimplantation, anticancer, antioxidant,
antinociceptive, in vitro immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial
and antifungal, insecticidal, bone regeneration, central anagesic, antihistaminic, antiasthmatic,
molluscicidal and larvicidal, lipolytic, antiinflammatory and wound healing. In addition, the
constituents present in this plant are beneficial for the purpose of contraception leaving no
detrimental effects on the body. The present review highlights the importance of this medicinal plant
(Ricinus communis L.), also aiming to draw the necessary attention as a frontier one.
KEYWORDS: Medicinal plant, Ricinus communis L. (castor bean), biological effects, future prospects
Review article
Cite this article:
Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das (2015), IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT
RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume
4(5): 95–105
![Page 22: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION
It is true that without nature human life is
not possible. The food, clothes and shelter are
the three basic needs of human beings and the
most important one is the sound health, which
is chiefly provided by the plant kingdom (Jena
et al., 2012). Plant kingdom is the richest
source of organic compounds that have been
used for medicinal purposes. In traditional
medicine, there are many natural crude drugs
that have the potentials to treat the diseases and
disorders, such a mentionable one is Ricinus
communis L. [Family: Euphorbiaceae,
popularly known as 'castor plant' and
commonly known as ‘palm of Christ’, Jada
(Oriya), Verenda (Bengali), Endi (Hindi),
Errandi (Marathi), and Diveli (Guajarati)] This
plant is widespread throughout the tropical
regions as an ornamental plant (Maman et al.,
2005).
The active constituents present in the plant
determine the medicinal or biological effects of
that plant. There are many chemical
constituents present in the castor bean plant
(leaf, fruit, seed, stem and oil etc.); among
them the most active ingredient is the ricin.
Ricin is chiefly present in the seed (Figure
1) and oil of castor bean plant. It is cytotoxic
and inhibits the protein synthesis in eukaryotic
cells. Each toxin consists of 2 polypeptide
chains with different functions (Lin et al., 1972
and Olsnes et al., 1974). The B-chain, or
"haptomer," binds the toxin to certain cell
surface receptors carrying terminal galactose
residues. After being bound to the cell surface,
the toxin or its active part, the A-chain or
"effectomer," which is attached to the B-chain
by a disulfide bond, somehow penetrates into
the cytoplasm where it inactivates the 60 S
ribosomal subunits, thus inhibiting protein
synthesis (Sperti et al., 1973 and Benson et al.,
1975). A tumor-inhibiting effect of ricin was
reported by Mosinger et al., (1951). Lin et al.
(1972) found a strong protective effect of abrin
and ricin against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in
mice. Others have found a growth-inhibiting
effect of ricin on Ehrlich ascites tumor and
sarcoma, but the effect was much less than as
reported by Lin et al. (1972). A certain
protective effect against experimental leukemia
was also reported. In preliminary studies, the
toxins have also been used in the treatment of
certain forms of human cancers. In the few
cases reported thus far, the results appear
promising and a few side effects have been
observed. These toxins had a clear inhibitory
effect on tumor growth without a depressive
effect on the level of WBC. Although there are
many toxic effects of ricin, but from the very
ancient times people use this plant seed for
several purposes. This plant has many
medicinal uses that are potential for the
prevention of diseases leaving no baleful
effects on the health if the dose is maintained
properly (below the toxic level). In the
following section, a comprehensive coverage of
the literature covering the taxonomical
classification, ancient uses, chemical
constituent, biological effects/clinical uses and
the remarkable prospects of Ricinus communis
L. is presented.
Taxonomical classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Sub Family: Acalyphoideae
Tribe: Acalypheae
Sub Tribe: Ricininae
Genus: Ricinus
Species: Ricinus communis L.
Figure 1: Seed of Ricinus communis L.
![Page 23: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
THE ANCIENT USE OF RICINUS
COMMUNIS L.
The castor beans are known for their high
toxicity for centuries. In ancient times, farmers
knew to keep their livestock away from the
castor plant or else they would risk losing them.
Their seeds have been also used in folk
medicine against a wide variety of diseases
(David et al., 2007). The use of these proteins
of the castor bean seed is being reviewed for
medical treatments since ancient times. Later,
their important roles in the early days of
immunological research and some of the
fundamental principles of immunology were
discovered. During the last three decades, the
mechanism of action of the toxins was
elucidated. This led to a major effort to target
the toxins to malignant cells. Ricin has been
used in bioterrorism also. Recently, the toxins
have played important roles as experimental
models to elucidate the intracellular trafficking
of endocytosed proteins (Olsnes et al., 2004).
Although the castor bean plant Ricinus
communis L. originated from Asia and Africa,
nowadays it can be found in Europe and
America also (Olsnes et al., 1974). Castor oil is
still produced in large quantities throughout the
world and the toxin which remains in the castor
meal after the oil has been extracted with
hexane or carbon tetrachloride is easily
removed through a simple salting-out
procedure (David et al., 2007).
There are versatile uses of this plant (Oil,
leaf, seed and fruit) in different aspects of life.
Bulk of the commercial oil is generally
processed in a number of ways and then used
for different purposes. The treated oil can also
be used as paints, enamels and varnishes,
oiled fabrics, linoleum, patent leather, fly-
paper, typewriting and printing inks, greases
and special lubricants.
The leaves have also been recommended
in the form of a decoction or poultice and as
an application to the breasts of women to
increase the secretion of milk (Bentley et al.,
2007). Castor cake is used as manure in this
sub-continent especially in India. It is rich in
nitrogen and other minerals, and has been
found to be suitable as a manure for paddy,
sugarcane, tobacco etc.
The powdered leaves are used for
repelling aphids, mosquitoes, white flies and
rust mites. Leaves are said to be used in the
form of a poultice or fomentation on sores,
boils and swellings. Oil derived from the
leaves is commonly applied over the abdomen
to give relief in the flatulence in the children
(The Wealth of India, 1972).
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF
RICINUS COMMUNIS L.
The preliminary phytochemical study of R.
communis revealed the presence of steroids,
saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides
in it.
The dried leaves of R. communis showed
the presence of two alkaloids, ricinine (0.55%)
(Figure 2C) and N-demethylricinine (0.016%)
(Figure 2B) and six flavones: glycosides
kaempferol-3-O-β-D-Xylopyranoside,
kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, quercetin-
3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-
rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside
(Kang et al., 1985). The monoterpenoids (1, 8-
cineole, camphor and α-pinene) and
asesquiterpenoid (β-caryophyllene), gallic acid,
quercetin, gentisic acid, rutin, epicatechin and
ellagic acid are the major phenolic compounds
isolated from leaves. Indole-3-acetic acid has
been extracted from the roots (Darmanin et al.,
2009 and Singh et al., 2009).
The seeds and fruits contain 45% of fixed
oil, which consist glycosides of ricinoleic,
isoricinoleic, stearic and dihydroxystearic acids
and also lipases and a crystalline alkaloid,
ricinine (Khogali et al., 2006). The GLC (Gas
Liquid Chromatography) study of castor oil
showed the presence of ester form of palmitic
(1.2%), stearic (0.7%), arachidic (0.3%)
hexadecenoic (0.2%), oleic (3.2%), linoleic
(3.4%), linolenic (0.2%), ricinoleic (89.4%)
and dihydroxy stearic acids.
The stem also contains ricinine. The ergost-
5-en-3-ol, stigmasterol, Y-sitosterolfucosterol;
![Page 24: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
and one probucol isolated from the ether extract
of seeds. The GC-MS analyses of R. communis
essential oil (using capillary columns) are
identified compounds like α-thujone (31.71%)
(Figure 2A) and 1, 8- cineole (30.98%), α-
pinene (16.88%), camphor (12.92%) and
camphene (7.48%). Lupeol and 30-Norlupan-
3β-ol-20-one are obtained from coat of castor
bean (Malcolm et al., 1968).
Figure 2: Chemical structures of the active constituents of Ricinus communis L.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY / CLINICAL
USES
Antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L.
The methanolic extract of R. communis
seed possesses both steroids and alkaloids. The
pituitary gland releases gonadotrophins due to
the sex hormones by both positive and negative
feedback mechanism and also the pituitary
gland block the release of luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
because of the combined effect of oestrogen
and progesterone in the luteal phase of the
menstrual cycle. Finally, it helps the inhibition
of maturation of the follicle in the ovary and
prevents ovulation. The sex hormone being
steroidal compounds (phytosterols) and the
presence of steroids in methanol extract of
Ricinus communis seed produces antifertility
effects (Sani et al., 2007 and Sandhyakumary et
al., 2003) (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Mechanism of antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L.
Fig 2C: Ricinine Fig 2A: Alpha thuzone Fig 2B: N-d methylene
Pituitary gland
FSH LH
OVARY
Releases Methanolic extract inhibits
the gonadal hormones to
act due to the presence of
steroids
![Page 25: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Recent studies showed that, the seed extract
have been found to possess antifertility activity.
The ether soluble portion of the methanol
extract of seeds when administered
subcutaneously to adult female rats and rabbits
showed antiimplantation and anticonceptive
activity (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).The extract
protected the animals from getting pregnant for
over three gestation periods. Further, the
extract did not show any long term effect on the
pups that were born after the extract effect. The
seed extract was found to possess
antiimplantation and abortifacient effects. It
was also observed that the seed extract
prolonged the estrus cycle of guineapigs. The
di-estrus phase was significantly prolonged as
well. After stopping the administration of the
extract, the normal di-estrus phase and estrus
cycle started to resume. The seed extract also
reduced the weight of the uterus without
affecting that of the ovaries significantly. The
antifertility effect of R. communis in female
guineapigs might be extrapolated to human
beings. The 50% alcohol extract of the roots
possess significant reversible antifertility effect.
There was a drastic reduction in the epididymal
sperm counts in male rats. The extract also
caused changes in the motility, mode of
movement and morphology of the sperms. The
reductions in the fructose and testosterone
levels further suggested the reduced
reproductive performance (Ram & Geetanjali,
2015).
In the Bioresearch Laboratory of the Dept.
of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymenisngh-2202,
Bangladesh, the efficacy of the aqueous extract
of the castor bean seed for the antifertility
activity in Swiss albino mice has been observed
and evaluated. In this research, it was revealed
that the aqueous extract of the seed of Ricinus
communis is practically potential for the
contraception. In addition, gross and
histological studies showed that there were no
adverse effects on the vital organs of the body.
Also, the hematological parameters had a
positive impact that is practically beneficial
during the pregnancy period.
Antiimplantation activity:
The ether soluble portion of the
methanol extract of Ricinus communis var.
minor possesses antiimplantation,
anticonceptive and estrogenic activity in
adult female rats and rabbits when
administered subcutaneously at a dose upto
1.2 g/kg b. wt. and 600 mg/kg b. wt., in divided
doses respectively (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).
Anticancer activity:
A lectin isolated from R. communis is ricin
A, possesses antitumor activity, that was
more toxic to tumor cells than to non-
transformed cells, judged from the ED50 of
the lectin towards tumor cells and non-
transformed cells (Lin et al., 1986).
Antioxidant activity:
R. communis seed extracts produce the
antioxidant activity by using lipid per oxidation
via ferric thiocynate method and free radical
scavenging effect on 2,2 diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydroxyl
radical generated from hydrogen peroxide. The
high antioxidant activity of the seed of R.
communis at low concentration shows that it
could be very useful for the treatment of
disease resulting from oxidative stress. The
responsible chemical constituent of R.
communis which produces antioxidant activity
is Methyl ricinoleate, Ricinoleic acid, 12-
octadecadienoic acid and Methyl ester. The
Ricinus communis stem and leaf extracts also
produce antioxidant activity due to the presence
of flavonoids in their extracts (Gupta et al.,
2006 and Singh et al., 2010). Some studies
revealed that gallic acid, quercetin, gastisic
acid, rutin, epicatechin and ellagic acid are the
major phenolic compounds responsible for the
antioxidant activity of the dry leaves of Ricinus
communis (Singh et al., 2009).
Antinociceptive activity:
The methanolic leaves extract of R.
communis possesses significant antinociceptive
activity against acetic acid induced writhing
test, formalin induced paw licking and tail
immersion methods in mice. The
![Page 26: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
antinociceptive activity showed due to the
presence preliminary phyto-constituents like
saponins, steroids and alkaloids (Dnyaneshwar
et al., 2011).
In vitro immunomodulatory activity:
The plant and animal origin
immunomodulatory agents generally increase
the immune responsiveness of the human body
against pathogens by activating the non-
specific immune system. The presence of
tannins in the leaves of R. communis
significantly increased the phagocytic function
of human neutrophils and resulted in
production of a possible immunomodulatory
effect (Kumar et al., 2007).
Hepatoprotective activity:
Ricinus communis leaves ethanolic extract
250–500 mg/kg b.wt. (The dose is below the
toxic level) possesses hepatoprotective activity
due to their inhibitory activities of an increase
in the activities of serum transaminases and the
level of liver lipid per oxidation, protein,
glycogen and the activities of acid and alkaline
phosphatase in liver induced by carbon
tetrachloride (CCL4). The R. communis
ethanolic extract 250–500 mg/kg b.wt. also
treated the depletion of glutathione level and
adenosine triphosphatase activity which was
observed in the CCl4-induced rat liver. The
presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract of R.
communis produces beneficial effect as the
flavonoids have the membrane stabilizing and
antiperoxidative effects. Hence, R. communis
increases the regenerative and reparative
capacity of the liver due to the presence of
flavonoids and tannins. The anticholestatic and
hepatoprotective activity was seen against
paracetamol-induced hepatic damage due to the
presence of N-demethylricinine isolated from
the leaves of Ricinus communis. The whole
leaves of Ricinus communis. showed the
protective effect against liver necrosis as well
as fatty changes induced by CCL4 while the
glycoside and cold aqueous extract provide
protection only against liver necrosis and fatty
changes, respectively (Natu et al., 1977; Shukla
et al., 1992; Visen et al., 1992 and Princea et
al., 2011).
Antidiabetic activity:
The ethanolic extract of roots of Ricinus
communis (RCRE) was investigated along with
its bioassay-guided purification. By the
administration of the effective dose (500 mg/kg
b. wt.) of RCRE to the diabetic rats for 20 days
possess favorable effects not only on fasting
blood glucose, but also on total lipid profile and
liver and kidney functions. Amongst all
fractions the R-18 fraction suggests the
significant antihyperglycemic activity. RCRE
showed no significant difference in alkaline
phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, serum
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, serum
glutamate pyruvate transaminases and total
protein which was observed even after the
administration of the extract at a dose of 10
g/kg b. wt. Thus, R. communis is a potent
phytomedicine for diabetes (Shokeen et al.,
2008).
Antiulcer activity:
The castor oil of R. communis seed
possesses significant antiulcer properties at a
dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.
(Below the toxic level), but at the dose 1000
mg/kg b.wt. was more potent against the
ulceration caused by pylorus ligation, aspirin
and ethanol in rats. The result showed that the
antiulcer activity of R. communis is due to the
cytoprotective action of the drug or
strengthening of gastric mucosa and thus
enhancing the mucosal defence (Rachhadiya et
al., 2011).
Antimicrobial and antifungal activity:
The secondary infections in the immune
compromised oral cancer cases were due to the
bacterial and fungal species. The co-
administration Ricinus communis with the
immunosuppressant drugs for the prevention
of infection against oral cancer treatment
patient showed a significant result (Panghal et
al., 2011).
![Page 27: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Insecticidal activity:
The insecticidal value of the castor oil plant
(Ricinus communis) in controlling the termites
which damage the wood of Mangifera indica
and Pinus longifolia were examined. In
comparative trials, the order of insecticidal
activity was: DDT = BHC > castor oil + castor
cake (1:1) > castor oil > castor leaves > castor
cake > neem oil > neem leaves. All
treatments significantly reduced weight loss in
wood pieces exposed to termites (Sharma et al.,
1990).
Bone regeneration activity:
Ricinus communis polyurethane (RCP) has
been studied for its biocompatibility and its
ability to stimulate the bone regeneration.
Results showed that RCP blended with
calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate
could promote matrix mineralization and are
biocompatible materials (Beloti et al., 2003).
Incorporating alkaline phosphatase to RCP with
subsequent incubation in synthetic body fluid
could improve the biological properties of RCP
(Darmanin et al., 2009). The advantage seen in
RCP as compared to demineralized bone is that
the former has a slower reabsorption process
(Beloti et al., 2008).
Central analgesic activity:
The crude extract of root bark of Ricinus
communis possesses central analgesic activity
in tail flick response model to radiant heat
at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.wt. The ethanolic
extract of pericarp of fruit of Ricinus communis
possesses typical CNS stimulant and
neuroleptic effects (Almeida et al., 2009). The
stimulant effects, such as exophthamus,
hyperreactivity (evidenced by tremors or by
the pinna and grip-strength reaction),
memory improvement, and clonic seizures,
seem to be due to the presence of the
alkaloid ricinine. The main toxic compound of
the extract also seems to be ricinine, because
animals that died after administration of extract
or ricinine showed similar signs: they all
died after the occurrence of clonic seizures
followed by an apparent breathing arrest. On
the other hand, compounds other than ricinine
may be responsible for the neuroleptic-like
effects of the extract, because ricinine did
not cause reduction of locomotor activity or
catalepsy in the mice (Ferraz et al.,1999).
Antihistaminic Activity:
The ethanolic extract of R. communis L.
root has the antihistaminic activity at the dose
100, 125, and 150 mg/kg b.wt. when inserted in
to the body intraperitoneally by using clonidine
induced catalepsy in mice (Dnyaneshwar et al.,
2011).
Antiasthmatic activity:
The ethanolic extract of root of R.
communis is effective in treatment of asthma
because of its antiallergic and mast cell
stabilizing potential activity. Saponins has mast
cell stabilizing effect and the flavonoids
possess smooth muscle relaxant and
bronchodilator activity; the apigenin and
luteolin like flavonoids generally inhibit
basophil from histamine release and neutrophils
from beta glucuronidase release, and finally
shows invivo antiallergic activity. The ethanolic
extract of R. communis decreases milk induced
leucocytosis and eosinophilia and possess
antiasthmatic activity due to presence of
flavonoids or saponins (Dnyaneshwar et al.,
2011).
Molluscicidal and larvicidal activity:
The leaf extract of R. communis possess
molluscicidal activity against Lymnaea
acuminata and the seed extracts showed better
molluscicidal activity than the leaf extracts
against S. frugiperda due to the active
ingredients like castor oil and ricinine. The
aqueous leaves extracts of R. communis possess
suitable larvicidal activity against Anopheles
arabiensis, Callosobruchus chinensis and
Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Sharma et
al., 2009, Upasani et al., 2003 and Ramos et
al., 2010).
Lipolytic activity:
The ricin produces the lipolytic activity by
using the various substrates: (i) one analogue of
triacylglycerol, BAL-TC; (ii) various
![Page 28: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
chromogenic substrates such as p-NP esters of
a liphatic short to medium chain acids, and (iii)
monomolecular films of a pure natural
diacylglycerol, DC 10 in emulsion and in a
Membrane-like model. It reveals that ricin from
R. communis act as a lipase and has the
capability of hydrolyzing different lipid classes.
The action of ricin on membrane phospholipids
could occur through a phospholipase activity
which is very often as a minor activity of
lipases (Lombard et al., 2001).
Antiinflammatory activity:
The antiinflammatory activities of the
methanolic extracts of the leaves and root were
studied in Wistar albino rats in acute and
chronic inflammatory models. The study
indicated that the paw edema formation due to
subplantar administration of carragennan,
characterizing the cellular events of acute
inflammation. The methanolic leaves extract of
R. communis @ 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt.
possess protective effect in prevention of
cellular events during edema formation and in
all the stages of acute inflammation. The anti-
inflammatory activity of R. communis was due
to the presence of flavonoids because the
flavonoids had the protective effect against
carragennan-induced paw edema in rats
(Darmanin et al., 2009 and Beloti et al., 2003).
Wound healing activity:
The Ricinus communis possess wound
healing activity due to the active constituent of
castor oil which produces antioxidant activity
by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The study of
wound healing activity of castor oil was in
terms of scar area, % closure of scar area and
epithelization in excision wound model. Due to
the astringent and antimicrobial property the
tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and
sesquiterpenes present in the castor oil,
promote the wound healing process, which are
responsible for wound contraction and
increased rate of epithelialisation. The study
resulted that the castor oil showed wound
healing activity by reducing the scar area and
also the epithelialisation time in excision
wound model (Prasad et al., 2011).
POSSIBLE PROSPECTS
The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a
very useful medicinal plant having no adverse
effects on the body. Nowadays, people are
becoming more and more dependent on the
herbal products rather than the chemical ones
due to their residual effects on the long run
(Das et al., 2010). The multidisciplinary use of
the active constituents of the castor bean
reveals that it will be possible to find out new
herbal products in the field of medical
science/ethno-botanical science for the better
health of the human being. The contraceptive
effect of the chemical constituent of the castor
bean (Ricinus communis) has also added a new
dimension in the field of birth control might be
useful in the densely populated countries even
having no baleful effects on the body as the
chemical birth control pills do. The antioxidant
and free radical scavenging activities of phyto-
components isolated from this plant give us an
impression that the plant might be the future
prospective target for diversified panel of
tumors and cancers. A systematic scientific
approach from phytochemicals either in pure or
crude form to modern drug development can
provide valuable drugs from traditional
medicinal plants. Development of such
medicines with international safety and efficacy
can give better and satisfactory treatment of
various diseases. To ensure ample
production of phyto-constituents with in
limited space and time, new approaches
must be adopted. This is because the
prospecting of bio-resources for economic
development is emerging as a new economic
venture.
CONCLUSION
The Ricinus communis or castor plant is a
native plant of the Indian subcontinent. It has
various pharmacological actions, some of them
are reviewed here but still this plant has much
novel potentials which are yet to explore. The
pharmacological activities reported in the
present review confirm that the therapeutic
value of Ricinus communis is very high having
a leading capacity for the development of a
new, safe, effective and cheaper drug in future.
But it needs more elaborative study,
![Page 29: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
pharmacological investigations, clinical trials,
more exploration and public awareness for the
best utilization of its medicinal properties.
Hence, the industrial entrepreneurs also should
come forward with new concepts and steps
towards the best use of this potential medicinal
plant.
REFERENCES
Almeida R N, Navarro D S, and Barbosa Filho
J M, (2006) Plants with central
analgesic activity. Phytomedicine, 8(4):
310–322.
Beloti M M, de Oliveira P T, Tagliani M M,
Rosa A L., (2008) Bone cell responses
to the composite of Ricinus communis
polyurethane and alkaline phosphatase.
J Biomed Mater Res A. Feb; 84 (2):
435–41.
Beloti M M, Hiraki K R, Barros V M, Rosa A
L., (2003), Effect of the chemical
composition of Ricinus communis
polyurethane on rat bone marrow cell
attachment, proliferation, and
differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A.
Jan 1; 64(1):171–6.
Bentley R, Trimen H (2007). Medicinal
Plants. Vol. 4: 237.
Benson S, Olsnes S, Pihl A, Skorve J, Abraham
A K (1975). On the Mechanism of
Protein Synthesis Inhibition by Abrin
and Ricin. Inhibition of the GTP
Hydrolysis Site on the 60S Ribosomal
Subunit. European J. Biochem., 59:
573–580.
Darmanin S, Wismaver P S, Camillerri Podesta
M T, Micallef M J, Buhagiar J A,
(2009). An extract from Ricinus
communis L. leaves possesses cytotoxic
properties and induces apoptosis in
SKMEL- 28 human melanoma cells.
Nat Prod Res., 23(6): 561–571.
Das S K, Masuda M, Sakurai A, (2010). In
praise of the human mushroom
Cordyceps militaris. International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Research, 1(6), 01–06.
David R F and Jaax N K., (2007). Ricin toxin.
Medical Aspects of Chemical and
Biological Warfare, 632
(https://www.google.com/search?q=RI
CIN+TOXINDAVID+R.+FRANZ%2C
+D.V.M.%2C+PH.D.*%3B+AND+NA
NCY+K.+JAAX%2C+D.V.M.%E2%80
%A0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8).
Dnyaneshwar J Taur, Mauti G W, Rajendra S
Bandal, Ravindra Y Patil, (2011).
Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus
communis L. leaves. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,1(2):
139–141.
Ferraz A C., Angelucci M E M., Da Costa M
L., Batista I R, De Oliveira B H., And
DaCunha C (1999). Pharmacological
Evaluation of Ricinine, a Central
Nervous System Stimulant Isolated
from Ricinus communis. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior; 63(3):
367–375.
Gupta M K, Sharma P K, Ansari S H, (2006).
In-vitro antioxidant activity of the
successive extracts of Ricinus
communis leaves. International Journal
of Plant Sciences, 1 (2): 229–231.
Jena J A, Gupta A K. (2012). Ricinus
communis linn: a phytopharmacological
review. International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 4 (4): 0975–1491.
![Page 30: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Kang S S, Cordell A, Soejarto D D, Fong HHS,
(1985). Alkaloids and flavonoids from
Ricinus communis. J. Nat. Prod., 48 (1):
155–156.
Khogali A, Barakat S, Abou-Zeid H. (1992).
Isolation and identification of the
phenolics from Ricinus communis L.
Delta J. Sci., 16: 198–211.
Kumar G M, Sharma P K, Ansari S H, (2006).
In-vitro antioxidant activity of the
successive extracts of Ricinus
communis leaves. International Journal
of Plant Sciences,1 (2): 229–231.
Kumar A, Singh V, Ghosh S, (2011). An
experimental evaluation of in
vitro immunomodulatory activity of
isolated compounds of Ricinus
communis on human neutrophils.
International Journal of Green
Pharmacy, 5: 201–204.
Lin J Y, Lin L T, Chen C C, Tserng K Y, Tung
T C, (1970). The Inhibitory Effect of
Crystalline Ricine on Ehrlich Ascites
Cells.J. Formo san Med. Assoc., 69:
53–57.
Lin J Y and Liu S Y (1986). Studies on the
antitumour lectins isolated from the
seeds of Ricinus communis (castor
bean). Toxicon, 24(8): 757–765
Lombard, M. E. Helmy and G. Pieroni (2001).
Lipolytic activity of ricin from Ricinus
sanguineus and Ricinus communis on
neutral lipids, Biochem. J. 358: 773–
781.
Malcolm J. Thompson, William S. Bowers
(1968). Lupeol and 30-norlupan-3β-ol-
20-one from the coating of the castor
bean (Ricinus communis L.).
Phytochemistry, 7: 845–847.
Maman M, Yehezkelli Y, (2005). Ricin A
Possible, Noninfectious Biological
Weapon. Bioterrorism and Infectious
Agents. Springer Science, Business
Media, Inc., New York.
Mosinger M, (1951).Sur les Reactions Neuro-
endocrinienneset Genitales
dansL'intoxication Par la Ricine.
Compt. Rend., 145: 738–740.
Natu M V, Agarwal S, Agarwal S L Agarwal S,
(1977). Protective Effect of Ricinus
communis leaves in Experimental Liver
Injury. Indian Journal of
Pharmacology, vol. 9 (4): 265–268.
National Institute of science Communication
Resource (1972). The Wealth of India,
Raw materials; 9: Rh-So: 26–47.
Oloyede Ganiyat K, (2012). Antioxidant
activities of Methyl Ricinoleate and
Ricinoleic Acid Dominated Ricinus
communis seeds Extract Using Lipid
Peroxidation and Free Radical
Scavenging Methods; Research Journal
of Medicinal Plant, 6(7):511–520.
Olsnes S, Refsnes K, Pihl, (1974). A
Mechanism of Action of the Toxic
Lectins Abrin and Ricin. Nature, 249:
627–663.
Okwuasaba F K, Osunkwo U A, Ekwenchi
M M., Ekpenyong K I, Onwukeme K
E, Olayinka A O, Uguru M O., and
Das S C (1991). Anticonceptive and
estrogenic effects of a seed extract of
Ricinus communis var. minor. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology; 34:141–145.
Panghal M, Kaushal V and Yadav J P (2011).
Invitro antimicrobial activity of ten
medicinal plants against clinical
isolates of oral cancer cases. Ann Clin
Microbiol Antimicrob. 10: 21.
Princea S E, (2011). Indian Journal of
Philosophy Science, 7(4): 269–278.
Prasad M. K., Rachhadiya R. M., Shete R. V.
(2011). Pharmacological investigation
on the wound healing effects of castor
oil in rats, International Journal of
Universal Pharmacy and Life sciences,
1(1): 21–28.
![Page 31: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Ram Singh and Geetanjali (2015).
Phytochemical and Pharmacological
investigations of Ricinus communis
Linn. Algerian Journal of Natural
Product, 3(1):120–129.
Rachhadiya R M, Kabra Mahaveer Prasad,
Shete Rajkumar V, (2011). Evaluation
of antiulcer activity of castor oil in rats.
International Journal of Research in
Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 2(4): 1349–
1353.
Ramos-lopez M. A., Perez-G, S., Rodriguez-
Hernandez, C., Guevarafefer, P. and
Zavala-Sanchez, M. A. (2010). Activity
of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae)
against Spodoptera frugiperda
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In African
Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 9, 2010,
no. 9, p. 1359–1365.
Sandhyakumary K, Bobby R G, Indira M,
(2003). Antifertility effects of Ricinus
communis Linn. on rats. Phytother.
Res., 17: 508–511.
Sani U M, Sule M L, (2007). Anti-fertility
activity of methanol extracts of three
different seed varieties of Ricinus
communis linn (Euphorbiaceae). Nig.
Journ. Pharm. Sci, 6(2): 78–83.
Sharma S., Vasudevan P. & Madan M (1990).
Insecticidal Value of Castor (Ricinus
communis) Against Termites.
International Biodeterioration; 27:
249–254
Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali Y K, Tandon V,
(2008). Antidiabetic activity of 50%
ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis
and its purified fractions. Food and
Chemical Toxicology, 46: 3458–3466.
Shukla B, Visen P K S, Patnaik G K, Kapoor N
K, Dhawan B N, (1992).
Hepatoprotective effect of an active
constituent isolated from the leaves of
Ricinus communis Linn. Drug
Development Research, 26(2): 183–193.
Singh P P, Ambika Chauhan S M S, (2009).
Activity guided isolation of antioxidants
from the leaves of Ricinus communis L.
Food Chem, 114(3): 1069–1072.
Singh Ramesh Kumar, Gupta M K, Katiyar
Deepti, Srivastava Anshul, Singh Parul,
(2010). In-vitro antioxidant activity of
the successive extracts of Ricinus
communis stems; International Journal
of Pharmacological science and
research, 1(8), (Suppl.)
Sperti S, Montanaro L, Mattiolo A, Stirpe F,
(1973). Inhibition by Ricin and Protein
Synthesis in Vitro.60S Ribosomal
Subunits as Target of the Toxins.
Biochem. J, 7(36): 813–815.
Upasani S. M., Kotkar H. M., Mendki P. S,
Maheshwar V. L. (2003). Partial
characterization and insecticidal
properties of Ricinus communis L
foliage flavonoids. In Pest Management
Science, 59 (12): 1349–1354.
Visen P K S, Shukla B, Patnaik G K, Tripathi S
C, Kulshreshtha D K, Srimal R C,
Dhawan B N, (1992). Hepatoprotective
activity of Ricinus communis leaves.
Pharmaceutical Biology, 30(4): 241–
250.
Source of Support: Ministry of Science and
Technology, Govt. of Bangladesh
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
![Page 32: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO
LIFESTYLE
Saylee Deshmukh1*, Vyas M K
2, Bhushan Sanghavi
3
1Ph.D Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in
Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India. 3M.S.Scholar, Department of Surgery, R.A.Podar Ayurved College, Worli, Mumbai- India
*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Received: 05/04/2015; Revised: 01/05/2015; Accepted: 15/05/2015
ABSTRACT
The 6 Ahara Parinamakara bhava as described in Charaka Samhita are the factors which are
responsible for digestion. Each has specific role in the process of digestion. The word Lifestyle
includes dietary habits, water drinking habits, conducts after meal etc which have been described in
detail in Ayurveda. Improper Lifestyle leads to indigestion due to lack of Ahara Parinamakara
bhava. Present study aims at establishment of relationship between Lifestyle and Ahara
Parinamakara Bhava.
KEYWORDS: Ahara parinamakara bhava, lifestyle, indigestion
Short Review
Cite this article:
Saylee Deshmukh, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi (2015), CONCEPT OF
AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(5): 106–110
![Page 33: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
In modern era of Lifestyle disorders like
Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc., occurrence of
digestive system disorders is also very
common. Behind them wrong dietary habits is
the most important cause. As stated in texts of
Ayurveda, disorders related to digestion are the
root cause of all diseases (Brahmanand
Tripathi, 2007). The main culprit of this chain
is lack of Ahara Parinamakara bhava (factors
responsible for digestion) which are essential
for proper digestion.
Ahara Parinamakara bhava have been
described by Acharya Charaka directly in
Sharirasthana 6th
adhyaya and indirectly in
Grahanichikitsa adhyaya. They are six in
number. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) All of
them have specific role in digestion. Lack of
these leads to indigestion (Brahmanand
Tripathi, 2006). In the present era of changing
Lifestyle due to increased competition and
stress, people are less conscious about their
dietary habit which is a leading cause of
digestive system disorders. The word Lifestyle
includes Dietary habits, water drinking habits,
conducts after meal etc. which have been
described in detail in texts of Ayurveda (Saylee
Deshmukh et al., 2015).
Dietary habits include description of Ahara
vidhi vidhana like Ushna (luke-warm), Snigdha
(unctuous), Matravat (proper quantity) bhojana
(meal) etc. described by Acharya Charaka
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Water drinking
habits include proper quantity and proper time
of water intake, while conducts after meal have
been described by Acharya Sushruta (Ananta
Ram Sharma, 2008).
Present study aims at elaboration of the
concept of Ahara parinamakara bhava in
correlation with Lifestyle.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Literary review and interpretation of
classical texts of Ayurveda namely Charaka
Samhita Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Samgraha,
Astanga Hridaya. Commentaries of Charaka
samhita- Ayurvedadipika, Jalpakalpataru,
Charakopaskara, research articles related to
this topic.
Concept of Ahara Parinamakara bhava:
The six Ahara Parinamakara Bhava
described by Acharya Charaka are namely-
Ushma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and
Samayoga.
1) Ushma (Heat): Ushma is very
important factor for digestion. For the
digestive enzymes, Agni is the term
given by Acharyas which itself shows
the importance of heat in this process.
2) Vayu (Gas): According to Acharya
Charaka, ‘Apakarshana’ is a function
of Vayu (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
Its meaning has been given by
commentator Chakrapani as to bring
the distant situated food more in contact
with Agni (Y.T. Acharya, 2008).
3) Kleda (moisture): Kleda helps the food
to get loosened which is essential for
proper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi,
2006). Loosened food gets more contact
with digestive enzymes (William
Beaumont, 1838).
4) Sneha (unctuousness): It softens the
food (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
5) Kala (Time): It is normal time taken for
digestion of food taken in normal
quantity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
6) Samayoga (appropriate
administration): Samayoga has been
defined by commentator Chakrapani as
administration of the proper food with
consideration of Prakriti (constitution)
etc. 8 Ahara Vidhi visheshayatanani
(factors determining the utility of food)
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). While
commentator Yogindranath Sen defined
it as proper combination of all above 5
Ahara Parinamakara bhavas (J.N.Sen,
1905).
![Page 34: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
DISCUSSION:
The 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas are the
factors which are important for proper
digestion. Among them first is Ushma which
can be correlated with ‘Ushnam Ashniyat’
(intake of luke-warm food) which is one of the
Ahara Vidhi Vidhana given by Acharya
Charaka (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). In
modern era, due to lack of time, mostly cold
food is being eaten due to busy work schedules
etc. According to modern researchers also, in
stomach, the digestion goes on best at
temperature of about 99F to 100F. When
temperature lowers to that of atmosphere, the
digestion process almost ceases. It renews after
addition of calories In an experiment, ingestion
of a single glass of water having temp of 50F,
sufficed to depress heat of stomach upwards by
30F and normal temperature was regained
after half an hour. So, intake of cold food, ices
in large quantity, drinking cold water after or
during meal slow down the process of digestion
(William Beaumont, 1838).
Description about Vayu given in texts gives
clear idea about propelling movements of
muscles of stomach which helps the food to be
more in contact with gastric juice (William
Beaumont, 1838). Cessation of gastric
movements can occur in 2 ways either by
internal pressure or external pressure. Internal
pressure occurs by excessive intake of food and
external pressure can occur due to tight clothes
or wrong sitting or sleeping posture which is
capable of increasing pressure on abdomen.
Ahara Parinamakara Bhava Vayu can be
correlated with Ahara Vidhi Vidhana-
‘Matravat bhojana’ and Bhojanottara Vidhi
Vidhana- ‘Rajavat Asana.’ Matravat bhojana
(intake of food in proper quantity) prevents the
internal pressure due to excess food intake and
Rajavat Asana (sitting in comfortable position)
prevents the external pressure.
Kleda can be correlated with water intake
during meal. According to modern researchers,
water intake during meal helps to loosen the
food properly and also stimulates gastric
secretions. (S Wyard, 1935). Sneha i.e.
unctuousness is essential for proper digestion
because according to modern researches, hard
food can’t get digested properly (William
Beaumont, 1838). Kala can be correlated with
Jirne (intake of food after digestion of previous
food), Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and
Natidruta (not too fast) bhojana. Due to intake
of food before digestion of previous food and
slow intake of food, previous food gets mixed
up with the product of food taken afterwards
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and leads to
indigestion (Hitesh A. Vyas, R. R. Dwivedi,
2011). About Nati-druta bhojana, proper
chewing of food would ensure proper mixing
and loosening of food in the buccal cavity.
These days’ people eat very urgently where
they do not allow the food to get chewed
properly. Proper mixing of saliva is not ensured
which may also lead to hard food entering the
stomach which does not get easily digested.
While slow intake of food results in mixing of
digested and undigested food which leads to
improper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi,
2006). So, Ati-druta (too slow) and Ati-
vilambita (too fast) and frequent food intake are
also harmful.
Samayoga i.e. combination of all Ahara
Parinamakara Bhava or combination of all
Ahara Vidhi Visheshayatanani can be
correlated with Virya aviruddha (food items
with inapposite potencies), Ajalpana, Ahasana,
Tanmana bhojana (food intake without talking,
laughing and with full concentration),
Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to
person) (Avhad Anil et al., 2013). It leads to
proper digestion of food and formation of
proper Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatu (Y.T.Acharya,
2008). But now a day people are busy in
watching TV, Phone calls, Computer, Chatting,
Talk and Laugh during meal. Due to this, they
can’t decide the exact quantity of food needed
which leads to indigestion (Brahmanand
Tripathi, 2006). Food taken according to
Prakriti of a person, leads to Dhatusamya and
if it is being taken without consideration
becomes Prakriti Viruddha and leads to
Dhatuvaishamya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
Wrong dietary habits like Adhyashana
(intake of food before digestion of previous
food), Vishamashana (intake of improper
![Page 35: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
quantity of food at improper time) lead to
disturbance in Ahara parinamakara bhava and
ultimately vitiation of Agni (Sheela Kewat et
al., 2015). In Ayurveda, it is stated that vitiated
Agni is root cause for all diseases like
Prameha, Sthaulya (Brahmanand Tripathi,
2007). In modern sciences has accepted
existence of Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis which
involves Ghrelin-Leptin hormones, Insulin,
Orexins etc. Disturbance in this axis leads to
diseases like Obesity, Diabetes mellitus which
are among the top 10 Lifestyle disorders. The
causes behind it are improper food habits
(Annette L. Kirchgessner, 2002 & Y Wang, H
Yang, 2004).
Table 1- Correlation of Ahara Parinamakara Bhava and Lifestyle
No. Ahara Parinamakara
Bhava (factors
responsible for
digestion)
Lifestyle
1. Ushma (Heat) Ushna bhojana (Intake of luke-warm food)
2. Vayu (Gas) Matravat bhojana (Intake of food in proper quantity), Rajavat
Asana (Sitting in comfortable position)
3. Kleda (Moisture) Water intake during meal
4. Sneha (Unctuousness) Snigdha bhojana (Intake of unctuous food)
5. Kala (Time) Jirne bhojana (Intake of food after digestion of previous food),
Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and Natidruta (not too fast)
6. Samayoga
(appropriate
administration)
Virya aviruddha (food items with inapposite potencies),
Ajalpana, Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana (food intake without
talking, laughing and with full concentration),
Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person).
CONCLUSION:
Ushma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and
Samayoga are 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas
i.e. factors which are important for proper
digestion. Each one has its own role in the
process of digestion. Lifestyle includes Ahara
Vidhi vidhana, Bhojanottara Vidhi vidhana,
Ambupana Vidhi etc. Among them Ushma,
Kleda, Sneha, Kala can be correlated
successively with Ushna bhojana, Water intake
during meal, Snigdha bhojana, Jirne bhojana
and Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to
person). Vayu can be correlated with Matravat
bhojana and Rajavat Asana. Samayoga can be
correlated with Virya aviruddha, Ajalpana,
Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana,
Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to
person).
REFERENCES:
Ananta Ram Sharma (2008), Sushruta Samhita,
edited with Sushruta vimarshini Hindi
commentary by Reprint edition,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana,
Varanasi, Sutrasthana 46.
Annette L. Kirchgessner (2002), Orexins in the
Brain-Gut Axis, Endocrine reviews,
Vol. 23 Issue 1 | February 1
![Page 36: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Avhad Anil D, Vyas H A, Dwivedi R R (2013),
Importance of Upayogasamstha
(dietetic rules) in relation to digestion of
the food, Global J Res. Med. Plants &
Indigen. Med., Volume 2(5): 380–385
Brahmanand Tripathi, (2006), Charaka Samhita
edited with Charaka-chandrika Hindi
commentary by Reprint edition,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana,
Varanasi, Vimanasthana 1,
Sharirasthana 6, Chikitsasthana 15.
Brahmanand Tripathi (2007), Ashtang Hridaya,
edited with Nirmala Hindi commentary
by Reprint edition, Chaukhamba
Sanskrit Pratisthana, Varanasi,
Nidanasthana 1.
J. N. Sen (1905), Charakasamhita with
Charakopaskara commentary by
Jogindranath Sen, Kolkatta,
Sharirasthana 6.
S Wyard (1935) - Diet in Gastric Diseases
Postgraduate medical journal,
11(113):103–112.
Saylee Deshmukh, Mahesh Vyas, Hitesh Vyas,
Dwivedi R R (February 2015); Concept
of Lifestyle In Ayurveda Classics,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen.
Med., Volume 4(2), 30–37.
Y. T. Acharya (2008), Charakasamhita with
Ayurvedadipika commentary by
Chakrapani, Reprint edition,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,
Varanasi, Sharirasthana 6.
Sheela Kewat, Asmita Vaidya, Niraj Mandod,
P B Thakare (2015): Chikitsa Siddhanta
of Agnidushti w.s.t. to Ahara
Parinamakara bhava, IAMJ, Vol. 3,
Issue 4; April.
William Beaumont (1838), Experiments and
observations on gastric juice and the
Physiology of digestion, p. 85, 305–
310.
Y Wang, H Yang (2004), Neuro-hormonal
integration of metabolism: challenges
and opportunities in the postgenomic
era, Metabolic Issues of Clinical
Nutrition, Vol 9, p. 227–242.
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
![Page 37: GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042610/5790569b1a28ab900c99f4e9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Call for Papers – Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015
Submit your manuscripts (Research articles, Review
articles, Short Communications, Letters to the Editor,
Book Reviews) to Global Journal of Research on
Medicinal plants & Indigenous medicine – GJRMI
Submit it online through www.gjrmi.com or mail it to
[email protected] on or before
June 10th
2015.
To advertise on the Flip book Cover page freely,
write to
[email protected] or [email protected]
Or
Call - +919590574495