g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% - international labour … · cfk|jf;gsf] af/]df tyofÍx? ;+sng /...
TRANSCRIPT
g]kfn ;/sf/>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;gg]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;gg]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
g]kfn ;/sf/>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% s
;Gb]zg]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df >d cfk|jf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] tYofÍn] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df g]kfnsf] s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg sl/j @* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm b]zsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;d]t ljk|]if0fn] 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ljb]z uPsf >ldsx?n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ul//xFbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] lznlznfdf pgLx?n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df klg ;/sf/ ;r]t 5 .
>d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ b]z leq / uGtJo b]z b'a}df 7f]; sfo{ ug{ cfjZos 5 . >ldsx?sf] k|ofKt clwsf/ gx'g', sfo{:yndf cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf ;'lglZrtf gx'g', Go"g Ifltk"lt{, dfgj a]rlavg, 7uL tyf >d zf]if0f h:tf s'/fx?;Fu h'Wg ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]usf ;fy} bÅf] /fhg}lts OR5f zlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iff / clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm dfgj ;+;fwg / cfly{s >f]t ;fwg;Fu} ;DalGwt ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox? aLr /fd|f] ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;n] ubf{ To; ;DaGwdf ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfo{ ;Dkfbg xf];\ . pQm sfo{nfO{ c? k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;/sf/L lgsfo / ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?sf] oy]i6 k|of; cfjZos 5 .
o; bf];|f] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 h;n] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]df oy]i6 d¢t k'¥ofpg] 5 . k|:t't l/kf]6{df ;/sf/L tYofÍ k|of]u u/L z"Id cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 h;n] ubf{ o; If]qdf ljBdfg r'gf}tL / cj;/x? dfq xf]Og ;'wf/ klg ug'{kg]{ If]qsf] ;d]t klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] >d cfk|jf;gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6 dfu{lrq sf]g{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] d}n] cfzf u/]sf] 5' .
of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ cu'jfO{ ug]{ >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g jf]8{ / cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf ;b:ox? /x]sf] ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ wGojfb tyf awfO{ 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' h;sf] cys k|of;n] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h tof/ ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, d xfd|f ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?M cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jfl; ;+u7g, b Plzof kmfp08]zg, o"/f]kLog o"lgog, o"=P;=P=cfO{=8L / sf7df8f}+ dfOu|];g u|'knfO{ lg/Gt/ cfly{s tyf k|fljwLs ;xof]usf] nflu xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
bLks af]x/f dGqL>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
II j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% u
j]}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf] bf];|f] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% k|sflzt ePsf]df v'zL JoQm ub{5' . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . Psflt/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L w]/} g]kfnL] kl/jf/sf] nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Pp6f j}slNks cj;/sf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ cfˆg} b]z / uGtJodf >ldsx?sf] ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf ljifodf ;/sf/ / gLltlgdf{tfx?df y'k|} r'gf}tLx? klg ylkPsf] 5 . >d cfk|jf;g Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu ;lhnf];Fu pknAw x'g] ljZjf;of]Uo tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;sf] ;xfotfn] jt{dfg / eljiodf ;d]t ug'kg]{ sfdsf] af/]df cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;lsof];\ . clk|n @)!% sf] dxfe"sDksf] sf/0f b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfk/]sf] k|lts'n cj:yfn] ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] ;d:ofnfO{ yk hl6n agfOlbPsf] 5 .
of] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{sf] ;fy} ;+/rgfut sldsdhf]/Lx? cf}FNofpFb} cfufdL lbgdf ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt kIfx? s;/L cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 eGg] af/] 7f]; ;'emfj;d]t lbPsf] 5 . w]/} ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] >d cfk|jf;gsf] af/]df tYofÍx? ;+sng / k|sfzg t u/]sf 5g\ t/ s;}n] klg tL tYofÍx? Ps 7fpFdf /fvL ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5}gg\ . of] k|ltj]bgn] Tof] cj;/sf] pkof]u u/L ;/sf/sf] pknAwL / To; If]qdf b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx?sf af/]df k|sfz kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;n] gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ >d cfk|jf;gsf] ljifodf ;Daf]wg ubf{ d'ntM >ldsx?sf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug]]{ ljifodf af6f] b]vfPsf] 5 .
of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . l/kf]6{ tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df d cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] o"/f]kLog o"lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt zfnd k|f]h]S6, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g ;+:yf, b Plzof kmfp08]zgsf] o"=P;=P=cfO{=8Lsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt l;l6k k|f]u|fd / sf7df8f}+ dfOu|];g u|'ksf] ;xof]usf] ;x|fxgf ub}{ o; sfo{n] g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? aLrsf] ;DaGw cem ulx/f] ePsf] dxz'; u/]sf] 5' . ;"rgf ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bgn]vgsf nflu d jl/i7 sG;n6\ofG6 >L lbk]Gb|ljqmd yfkf / ;xof]uL cg';Gwfgstf{ >L O;fg l3ld/]nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
cGTodf, k|ltj]bgn]vgsf] cj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? pknAw u/fO{ o;nfO{ cem uxlsnf] agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j¢{g jf]8{sf sd{rf/L ldqx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
cfzf 5, ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;a} ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xof]un] lg/Gt/tf kfpg]5 .
lai0f' k|;fb nD;fn;lrj>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
b'O{ zAb
IV j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% ª
ljifo–;"rL;Gb]z s
b'O{ zAb u
kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL h
5f]6s/L ¿k em
efu !M kl/ro !!=! k|ltj]bgsf p2]Zox¿ @
!=@ ljlw @
!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf #
!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' $
efu @M g]kfndf >d cfk|jf;g l:yltsf] ;dLIff &@=! >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ df}h'bf k|j[lQ &
@=@ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿ (
@=# >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pTklQ lhNnfx¿ !!
@=$ >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f !^
@=% cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod M Dofgkfj/ dfk{mt jf JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;g x'g] !&
@=^ lgoldt tYofª\s !(
@=& >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/ tyf ;Lksf] :t/ @@
@=* ph'/L, kL8f / d[To' @#
@=( Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cGo ;+:yfx¿ #@
efu #M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfngsf] k|aGw #%#=! k|rlnt sfg'gx¿, gLlt / ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ #^
efu $M ljifout ;jfnx¿ $&$=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf; $&
$=@ e"sDk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljkb\ kZrftsf cfjZostfx¿ %$
$=# j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf %^
$=$ ljBfyL{ le;f / /f]huf/ %(
efu %M cGt/fn,r'gf}lt / eflj sfo{ lbzf ^#%=! k|d'v cGt/fnx¿ ^#
%=@ r'gf}ltx¿ ^%
%=# eflj sfo{lbzf ^^
cg';"lrx¿ &#
r j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
lrqx¿lrq != >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% &
lrq @= s'n >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;f, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% *
lrq #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% (
lrq $= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !)
lrq %= dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr bz uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !!
lrq ^= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu bz pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !$
lrq &= jflif{s ?kdf gjLs/0f x'g] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!!÷!@–@)!$÷!% !^
lrq *= >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] ;aeGbf pRr bz pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!% !^
lrq (= cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!% !*
lrq !)= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !*
lrq !!= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !(
lrq !@= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 cfj]bg lbP/ >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% !(
lrq !#= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[ltsf nflu cfj]bg lbg] pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @)
lrq !$= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof,
;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @)
lrq !%= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @!
lrq !^= ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿df d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!% @*
lrq !&= ljk|]if0f k|jfxsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))#÷)$–@)!#÷!$ %)
tflnsfx¿tflnsf != >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] jflif{s >d :jLs[lt j[l4 b/, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% *
tflnsf @= cfk|jf;Lx¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\bf] jf 36\bf] k|j[lQ ePsf lhNnfx¿,
;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !#
Tfflnsf #= ;'b'/ klZrdsf lhNnfx¿df >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQ !$
tflnsf $= pRr ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf lhNnfx¿af6 cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pRr tLg uGtJox¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !%
tflnsf %= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, uGtJo / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @!
tflnsf ^= >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿, pd]/ / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!$÷!% @@
Tflnsf &= ph'/L, km:of}{6 tyf JolQm jf Ph]G;Låf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] Ifltk"lt{ ;g\ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!% @$
tflnsf *= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k|fKt ePsf d'4fx¿, jif{ / cj:yfsf] cfwf/df @%
Tflnsf (= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf zf/Ll/s ?kdf ckfª\u x'g k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ;ª\Vof,
;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!% @^
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% %
tflnsf !)= rf]6k6s / ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @^
tflnsf !!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @&
tflnsf !@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @&
tflnsf !#= ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% @(
tflnsf !$= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% #)
tflnsf !%= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To', ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!% #!
tflnsf !^= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfTdxTof u/L x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% #@
Tflnsf !&= Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ljj/0f ##
Tflnsf !*= clk|n @)!% sf] e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfx %$
tflnsf !(= hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltsf] n}lª\us jflif{s jlu{s[t tYofª\s %&
tflnsf @)= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjthfjtdf ;/sf/sf] /f]s %*
tflnsf @!= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqx¿Æ %(
h j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmof / o;sf cjojx¿;Fu ;DalGwt kfl/eflifs zAbfjnLx¿sf] AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k|ltj]bgn] P]gdf pNn]v ePsf kl/efiffx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . tyflk, tnsf zAbfjnLx¿ P]gdf pNn]v ePsf zAbfjnLx¿sf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ sfod /fVb} k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ .
n >d cfk|jf;gM o; zAbfjnLn] ef/tdf /f]huf/sf nflu hfg] afx]ssf g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] cfk|jf;gnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;}u/L, æ>d cfk|jf;Lx¿Æ eGgfn] >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
n Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;LM o; zAbfjnLn] k|rlnt P]g cGtu{t cGo d'n'sx¿df lj1fkgcg';f/sf] sfdsf nflu sfdbf/x¿ etL{ ug{] p2]Zon] j}b]lzs Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfx¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
o;sf cltl/St, æcn]va4 cfk|jf;LÆ jf æu}/–sfg'gL cfk|jf;LÆ k|of]u ul/b}g . o;sf] ;6\6f cfk|jf;gdf hfg] k|To]s JolQmsf] dfgjclwsf/sf b[li6sf]0fn] lgDg zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5 .
n clgoldt cfk|jf;LM s'g} JolQm pTklQ d'n's, kf/udg / uGtJo d'nssf lgodx¿sf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ cfjfudgsf qmddf s'g} ljb]zL l;dfgf kf/ ub{5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ clgoldt cfk|jf;L elgG5 . of] zAbfjnL yfONof08n] ;g\ !((( df cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Fuf]i7LM clgoldt÷cn]va4 cfk|jf;gsf] cfof]hgf u/]b]lv cGt/f{li6«o cEof;df a]xQ/ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L æclgoldt cfk|jf;gÆn] clgoldt cfk|jf;Ln] l;dfgf kf/ug]{ cfk|jf;gsf] k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
o; k|ltj]bgsf] clwsf+z tYofª\snfO{ g]kfnL cfly{s jif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf x/]s cfly{s jif{ !& h'nfO{af6 z'? eO{ !^ h'nfO{df cGTo x'G5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] ut cfly{s jif{nfO{ @)!$÷!% eGg] hgfpFb5 . To;eGbf cl3sf jif{x¿nfO{ klg ;f]xLcg';f/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% em
EPS /f]huf/ :jLs[t k|0ffnLGCC vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb GDP s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgILO cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g NPR g]kfnL ?k}ofF SAARC blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g
5f]6s/L ¿k
X j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x? >d u|fddf >d :jLs[ltsf] kvf{Odf . © ILO/O. Havana
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 1
PSsfOzf}+ ztfAbLdf g]kfnaf6 x'g] u/]sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ c+z xf] . cfly{s jif{x¿;g\ !((#÷!(($–@)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf ;/sf/åf/f -ef/t afx]s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu #* nfveGbf a9L>d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf lyP, h;n] b]zsf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a !$ k|lt;tnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;}u/L ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ -;g\ @)!!_cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof -!,(@!,$($_ jf g]kfneGbf aflx/ /x]sf JolQmx¿ -ef/tdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf ;d]t_ sf] sl/a s'n &! k|lt;tn] ljb]zdf lghL tyf ;+:yfut sfdx¿sf nflu b]z 5f]8\g] u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .!
o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @))#÷)$ sf] %*=^ cj{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFaf6 @)!$÷!% df %*(=% cj{ k'u]sf] 5 . of] ljk|]if0f ;g\ @))#÷)$ df !)=( k|lt;t lyof] eg] @)!$÷!% df @&=& k|lt;t . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] d'Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
ljutsf] bzsdf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo udg b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{gsf nflu k|efjzfnL ePsf] 5 . cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] gub k|jfxsf sf/0f g]kfn ljk|]if0f cy{tGqsf] ?kdf pbo ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;g\ @)!@@ df g]kfn ljZjdf s'nu|fx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] t];|f] ;aeGbf a9L ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ / cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿dWosf#] Ps x'g k'Uof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] j}slNks lhljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ljk|]if0fn] kl/jf/sf] cfo j[l4 ug{ d4t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf w]/} k|efjx¿dWo]ljz]ifu/L sfdug]{ pd]/sf w]/}hgf k'?ifx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof 3/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf]n] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, w]/} dlxnfx¿ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf >d zlQmdf ;dflxt x'g yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 .
7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu x'g] u/]sf] >d cfk|jf;gn] ;/sf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ gofF cj;/x¿tyf r'gf}tLx¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, clwsf/, dof{bf / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ k|d'v ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{, plrt sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ltgLx¿sf] plrt sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kb{5 .
sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ ljBfdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} / cf}krfl/s dfu{af6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ljb]z hfg]qmddf j[l4 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o:tf gLlt tyf lgodx¿ ce}m k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o:tf] ck"0f{tfn] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/ Pj+ ;'/Iffdf c;/ kfg'{sf ;fy} >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ Dfly x'g] b'Ao{jxf/, zf]if0f tyf cfly{s ;+s6sf 36gfx¿n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf 5g . kl/0ffd:j?k, pgLx¿sf clwsf/ / lxtdf cj/f]w x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
>lds Pj+ dfgj clwsf/d'vL, ;'/lIft / plrt :t/sf] j}tlgs >d cfk|jf;g tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu$ ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ cfofdx¿nfO{ cem uxg tyf lj:t[t ?kdf a'e\mgsf nflu cfjZos /0fgLltx¿df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k o;n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf% nflu bf]xg ug{ ;lsG5 .
kl/ro
efu !
! s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!$, k]h g+= @@* .@ ljZj a}+s, @)!$ . # ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, @)!$, k]h g+= !% . $ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / o'Pgl8lk, @)!$, k]h g+= &$ .% /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, k]h g+= (* .
2 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
t;y{, o; k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt df}h'bf tYofª\s, k|j[lQ, ;jfn / r'gf}tLx¿sf] clen]vg ug'{sf ;fy} d'n's :t/Lo ljleGg kxnx¿sf] af/]df pTklQ / uGtJo b'j} b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft / ;Ddfghgs cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g ug{sf nflu gLltut lg0f{ox¿sf ;fy} cfk|jf;g Joj:yfkg ;+oGqx¿ tyf k|zf;lgs ;+:yfx¿df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;d]t kb{5g\ .
!=! k|ltj]bgsf p2]Zox¿
o; k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ qmddf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgsf lgDg p2]Zox¿ lyPMn tYofª\s ;ª\sng / cfk|jf;g rqm;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ ;ª\u|x u/]/ g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf nflu x'g] >d cfk|jf;gsf ;j} kIfx¿sf] kl/df0fsf] d"Nofª\sg / JofVof ug]{Ùn ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g / g]kfn tyf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ Pj+ xslxtsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut txx¿df ePsf ljleGg kxnx¿nfO{ k|sf; kfg]{Ù /n j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifout ;jfnx¿sf] j[xQ/ ljsf;] sfo{9fFrfleq klxrfg u/L 5nkmn ug]{Ù /n >d cfk|jf;g Pj+ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf ljBdfg gLltx¿ Pj+ ;+/rgfut ;+oGqx¿df
ePsf cefj / r'gf}ltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L o:tf cefjx¿ k"lt{ ug]{ pkfox¿sf] k|:tfj ug]{ .
!=@ ljlw
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, o; dftxtsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / tLgj6f ljsf;] ;fe]mbf/x¿ -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L ;+u7g / Pl;of kmfpG8];g_ ;Fusf] k/fdz{df ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .
cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf k|fljlws Pj+ ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{ bz{g k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] klxn]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df Pp6f ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltdf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ / tLgj6f ljsf;] ;fe]mbf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] .
cg';Gw]tfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL cl3Nnf] k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ePsf] tYofª\sx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/] . o;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0f kb{5g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷@)!% ;Dd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ ;Ddsf k|j[lQx¿ / tYofª\snfO{ ;d]6]sf] eP tfklg o; k|ltj]bgn] kf7sx¿sf nflu ;/n ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf Pp6} lj:t[t k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zon] cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] cWofjlws tYofª\s ;lxt tL k|j[lQx¿nfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf AofVof ul/Ph:tf] tYofª\s ;ª\sngnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @))& nfO{ pNn]vgLo jif{sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] .
klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] tYofª\sx¿sf] cefjnfO{ ;Defj eP;Dd o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf s]xL xb;Dd k"lt{ ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] tYofª\ssf nflu k|of]u u/]sf] ;k\m6j]/sf] Go"g Ifdtfsf sf/0f cefjx¿ l;h{gf ePsf lyP . kl/0ffd:j?, lgZrt juL{s/0fcGtu{t q'l6xLg jlu{s[t tYofª\sx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 3
ePg . o; k|ltj]bgn] tL 8]6fj]; k|0ffnLx¿df ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5, h;df ca b'a} ;k\m6j]/n] klxn]eGbf a9L ;"rgfpknAw u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, klxn] JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] s'g} klg JolQmsf] pTklQ / uGtJo;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ef}uf]lns ;"rgf pknAw lyPg eg] o:tf] hfgsf/L ljut tLgj6f cfly{s jif{x¿, ;g\ @)!@÷@)!#–@)!$÷@)!% sf] pknAw 5 . o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ;d]t ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5, / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] pd]/ ;d"x ;DaGwL s]xL ;"rsx¿ ;d]t pknAw 5g\ .
ljifout ;jfnx¿df 5nkmnsf nflu y'k|} ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof]M /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿, ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿, ;j]{If0f / cg';Gwfg kqx¿ .
ljifoj:t'df ;'wf/ ug{ tyf pknAw tYofª\ssf] AofVof ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / ;+:yfx¿sf pRr:t/Lo sd{rf/L tyf ;Dks{ JolQmx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] .
!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf
of] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ljleGg txdf pknAw x'g] cf}krfl/s tYofª\sdf ;Lldt 5 . ljut ;ft jif{sf] tYofª\s k|of]u u/L o; k|ltj]bgn] jt{dfg k|j[lQ dfq k|:t't ub{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|of]u j}b]lzs /f]huf/df >d cfk|jf;Lsf] :j?k, kl/df0f / dxQfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ d'Vo ;"rssf] ¿kdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, o; ljZn]if0fdf ef/ttk{msf] >d cfk|jf;gnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g lsgeg] ;Ldf kf/ ug{sf nflu s'g} klg ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf]n] cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfxsf] s'g} klg clen]v x'g] ub}{g .
>d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;+lIfKt tYofª\s k|:t't ug{sf nflu s]xL k|fljlws s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg' k/]sf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj]; ljB'QLo dfWoddf /x]sf] 5 / o;n] ;f]xL ;dosf] tYofª\s pknAw u/fpFb5 . t;y{, lglZrt ;dodf ;ª\sng ul/Psf] tYofª\s eljiodf d]n vf+b}g, vf;u/L xfnsf] / Ps jif{ cufl8sf] tYofª\s;Fu . pbfx/0fsf nflu, klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n cª\s ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf nflu ;ª\sng ul/Psf] ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vf+b}g . o;sf] sf/0f >d :jLs[lt lnPsf] s]xL dlxgf kl5 ;f] :jLs[lt /4 ePsfn] xf] . ;fy} tYofª\sdf uf}0f c;ª\ultx¿ 5g\ h;n] ;dli6ut k|j[lQx¿df c;/ kg]{ geP tfklg ltgnfO{ cf}+Nofpg' h?/L 5 .
>d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;Lk;DaGwL ;Lldt ;"rgf dfq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;Lksf] :t/nfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf phfu/ ub}{g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, w]/} tYofª\s k|ljli6df cfk|jf;Lsf] k]zfnfO{ clen]vg dfq ul/of] . t/, ;Lk jf of]Uotfx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Pg .
Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] k|of]u gu/L JolQmut ?kdf g]kfn 5f]8\g] >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] jf/]df ljut tLg jif{df ;Lldt jlu{s[t tYofª\sx¿pknAw 5g\ . o;}u/L, >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f / cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lgoldttf ;DaGwL tYofª\s ;g\ @)!@÷!# b]lvsf] dfq pknAw 5 .
o; k|ltj]bgdf cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof / a;fO;/fO nufotsf cfk|jf;gsf cGo cfofdx¿;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
4 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'
Effu @ n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[lt;DaGwL ljutsf] ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿ -;g\ @))*÷ )( – @)!$÷!% sf] k|j[lQx¿nfO{ k|sf; kfb{5 . ;"rgf lnª\u pd]/, pTklQsf] sl/8f]/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu uGtJo tyf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] btf{ u/]sf ph'/L / kL8f ;DaGwdf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
Effu # n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfg'g, gLlt tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf jf/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu xfn;fn} ul/Psf k|ult tyf pknAwLx¿nfO{k|:t't ub{5 .
efu $ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ leqsf] ljifout ;jfnx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu d'n's 5f]8\g] JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] j[l4df ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf nfex¿nfO{ clwstd j[l4 ug{sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g ljifox¿sf uxg / lj:t[t af]wsf] dfu ePsf] 5 . o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf;larsf] ;DaGw / o;df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;g\ @)!% sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] kl/k|]Ifdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ /fli6«o >d Joj:yfkg /0fgLltsf] ?kdf klg d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, ljb]zaf6 lzIff cfh{g u/]sf] ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] kl/jlt{t kIfx¿ nufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQnfO{ klg k|sf; kf/]sf] 5 .
efu % df g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmofsf] ;'–;~rfngsf ;Gbe{df ljBdfg cGt/fn / r'gf}ltx¿ ;d]l6g'sf ;fy} cGt/fn k"lt{ ug{ / r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ lbzf lgb]{zsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 5
6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
OR5's sfdbf/x? O=lk=P;= sf]l/ofsf] ;Lk kl/If0fdf ;xefuL x'Fb} . © ILO/C. Shekhar Karki
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 7
cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] 7"nf] dfu /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f ;g\ @)!$÷!% df hf/L ul/Psf] k"j{ :jLs[ltcg';f/ @& j6f d'n'sdf !@ nfv /f]huf/L pknAw 5g\ . xfn}sf jif{x¿df g]kfnaf6 vf;u/L vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;of hfg] >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] s'/f cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ljZn]if0fdf af/Daf/ b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; v08 / o; k|ltj]bgdf ;+nUg cg';"rLn] ;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv ;g\ @)!$÷!% ;Ddsf] tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t eO g]kfnaf6 afXo k|jfx x'g] >d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .
@=! >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ df}h'bf k|j[lQ
;g\ @))*÷)( / @)!$÷!%^ df >d tyf /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f s'n @&@#,%*& >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf lyP . lrq ! df b]vfOPh:t}, ;g\ @)!#÷!$ ;Dd s'n ;ª\Vofdf s]xL lu/fj6 gcfpGh]n >d :jLs[lt hf/L ug]{ qmd ltj| ?kdf j[l4 eof] . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% df #=* k|lt;tn] lu/fj6 x'g] s'/f clk|n @)!% df g]kfndf cfPsf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDk;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . e"sDk / cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd rf}yfOdf lg/Gt/ cfPsf k/sDkx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]hfuf/sf nflu ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;/sf/L / lghL b'j} vfn] ;+:yfx¿ nufot b}lgs hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ c:tJo:t kf¥of] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, ;g\ @)!#÷!$ sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] clGtd rf}yfOdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ug]{ sfddf $* k|lt;tn] lu/fj6 cfof] -cfk|jf;gdf e"sDksf] k|efj;DaGwL ljZn]if0fsf nflu v08 $=!=# x]g'{xf];\_ .
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
lrq != >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQx¿, @) ;g\ )*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000
200 000
100 000
08 594
211 371
219 965
294 094
354 716
450 889
384 665
519 638499 620
284 038
344 300 361 707
423 122
490 517 478 199
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
10 05610 416
22 958 27 767 29 121 21421
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g]kfndf >d cfk|jf;gl:yltsf] ;dLIff
efu @
^ o;df ;/sf/–;/sf/larsf] /f]huf/L :jLs[t k|0ffnL dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu u0ftGq sf]l/of uPsf g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
8 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] tYofª\scg';f/, ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf >d cfk|jf;gdf k'?ifx¿sf] ar{:j (%=& k|lt;tdf /Xof] . tyflk, lrq ! df b]vfOh:t} ;f]xL cjlwdf dlxnfx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\\Vofdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 x'g k'Uof] . >d cfk|jf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f ;g\ @)!@÷!# df pRr laGb'df s'n >d cfk|jf;gsf] ^=@ k|lt;tdf k'Uof] / To;kl5 lg/Gt/ ?kdf lu/fj6 eO/x]sf] 5 -lrq @_ .
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
lrq @= s'n >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;f, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
100.00%
99.00%
98.00%
97.00%
96.00%
95.00%
94.00%
93.00%
92.00%
91.00%
90.00%
3.90 %
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
96.10 %
3.40 %
96.60 %
2.90 %
97.10 %
6.00 %
94 %
6.15 %
93.85 %
5.60 %
94.40 %
4.28 %
95.72 %
k'?if
dlxnf
dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] j[l4 cfk}+mdf dxTjk"0f{ eP tfklg o;sf] k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿eGbf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;du| k|j[lQdf sd k|efj 5 . ;du| >d :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s j[l4 jf lu/fj6 k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf x'g] u/]sf] ptf/r9fj;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5 . ;g\ @))(÷!) df >d :jLs[lt lng] k'?ifx¿sf] ;ª\Vof :jLs[t hf/L ul/Psf] ;du| ;ª\Vof ;Fu} j[l4 eP tfklg To; kl5sf jif{x¿df lu/fj6 cfof] -tflnsf !_ . hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;du| ;ª\Vofdf jflif{s j[l4 b/ k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] jflif{s j[l4 jf lu/fj6;Fu lgs6td 5 -j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL cem a9L 5nkmnsf nflu v08 $=@ x]g'{xf];\_ .
tflnsf != >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] jflif{s >d:jLs[ltj[l4 b/, @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
jif{ hf/L ul/Psf] :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s j[l4 b/ -Ü_
;fk]If ;ª\Vofdfj[l4 b/ -Ü k'?if_
;fk]If ;ª\Vofdfj[l4 b/-Ü dlxnf_
2008/09 - - -
2009/10 33.70 34.37 17.0
2010/11 20.61 21.21 3.6
2011/12 8.44 5.05 120.4
2012/13 17.21 16.97 20.94
2013/14 15.24 15.92 4.87
2014/15 -3.8 -2.51 -26.44
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 9
lrq ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\s ef/tdf hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ->d :jLs[ltsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf]n]_ / b'O{ ;/sf/larsf] ;Demf}tf dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnL sf]l/of zfvf cGtu{t Joj:yfkg ul/g] x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))* df /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnLsf] ;xh sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{lzsf hf/L u¥of] . u0ftGq sf]l/ofn] ;g\ @))$ df /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnL nfu' u¥of] / >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ leq\ofpgsf nflu w]/} d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . >ldsx¿ k7fpg] !% j6f d'n'sx¿dWo] g]kfnn] ;g\ @))(, @)!! / @)!# df OlkP; sf]l/ofaf6 c;n cEof; pTs[i6 k'/:sf/ k|fKt u¥of] . OlkP; sf]l/of zfvfsf] clen]vcg';f/ ;g\ @))* b]lv xfn;Dd s'n ##,(^) >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ -k'?ifM #!,&&! / dlxnfM @,!*(_ o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ .
@=@ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿
ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿ -;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%_ df g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] !#^ b]zx¿sf] nflu>d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/] . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f k|ltalGwt cj:yfdf afx]s ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ uGtJo d'n'ssf] ?kdf rog u/]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, ;/sf/n] Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ dfk{mt /f]hfuf/ k|bfg ul/g] b]zx¿sf] ;ª\Vof;Lldt u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ sfd ug{ cg'dlt k|fKt ePsf b]zx¿sf] ;"lr, !#^ j6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rL / x/]s b]zdf uPsf k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vofsf nflu cg';"rLxx x]g'xf];\_ .
ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿df *% k|lt;t k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ lng] ;aeGbf cfsif{s uGtJox¿df dn]l;of / vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿ lyP . lrq # df k|:t't ul/Ph:t} @,&@#,%*&>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/PsfdWo] ##=# k|lt;t /f]huf/Lsf nflu dn]l;of uPsf lyP .To;kl5 !( k|lt;t stf/, !*=( k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]ljof, (=* k|lt;t o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, @=% k|lt;t s'j]t, )=( k|lt;t ax/fOg / )=^ k|lt;t cf]dfgsf nflu lyP .
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
lrq #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
0.25 %
0.23 %
13.22 %
0.59 %
0.86 %1.30 %2.46 %
9.82 %
18.93 % 19 %
33.34 %
dn]l;of stf/
;fpbL c/]ljof ;o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
s'j]t u0ftflGqs sf]l/of
ax/]g cf]dfg
n]agg hfkfg
afFsL b]zx?
u0ftGq sf]l/of hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof t'ngfTds ?kdf yf]/} x'g] eP tfklg ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf b'O{ ;/sf/x¿lar ;Demf}tf ePsf]n] of] nf]slk|o uGtJo d'n'ssf] ?kdf pbo eof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k cfsif{s Hofnf, cfjf; / ;]jfsf plrt ;t{x¿ k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv @)!$÷!% sf] lardf #%,%*% >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf]df (%=$ k|lt;tnfO{ OlkP; of]hgf dfk{mt Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] lyof] .
10 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
cGo afFsL d'n'sx¿dWo] ckmuflg:tfg, hfkfg, hf]8{g, n]jgg / dsfp nf]slk|o uGtJosf] ?kdf /x] eg] gofF uGtJosf] ?kdf dl/;;\, k|hftflGqs u0ftGq sª\uf], l;l;ln; / pHa]ls:tfgsf] pbo eof] .
lrq $ df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] ;g\ @))*÷)(/ @)!#÷!$ sf] lardf dn]l;ofsf nflu >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf cToGt} pRr j[l4 eO sl/a ^)) k|lt;t k'Uof] . o:tf] cgk]lIft j[l4 cGo rf/j6f d'n'sx¿ s'j]t, stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof / o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;df klg eof] .
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
dn]l;of
stf/
;fpbL c/]ljof
;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
s'j]t
ax/]g
cf]dg
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
210 009
196 497
158 663
106 029
96 272
111 366
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
54 723
45 044
29 320
59 549 62499 68 103
44 88335 943
25 612
24 057
4 326410
4101 29817 778
1 8622 286
1 0061 877 3 100
4 2553 931
4 4183 952
4 1683 4701 884
9 165
17 376 20 196
9 6347 981
24 04734 503
58 586 55 42653 094
96 90386 613
96 887103 932
128 550 124 050
lrq $= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
:jfefljs ?kdf k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/tk{msf] e'msfjn] ;du| k|j[lQ sfod /fVof] . k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] uGtJosf nflu k|fyldstfdf k/]sf !) j6f b]zx¿ x'g\ dn]l;of -;a} k'?ifx¿sf] #$=! k|lt;t_, ;fpbL c/]ljof -!(=* k|lt;t_, stf/ -!(=& k|lt;t_, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -(=# k|lt;t_ s'j]t -!=# k|lt;t_, u0ftGq sf]l/of -!=# k|lt;t_, ax/fOg -)=* k|lt;t, cf]dfg -)=% k|lt;t_, hfkfg -)=@ k|lt;t_ / cfkmuflg:tfg -)=! k|lt;t_ .
dlxnfx¿sf] e'msfjdf yf]/} km/s k/]sf] 5 -lrq %_ . ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ lyP M o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -@%,(!^ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, dn]l;of-@#,$@& :jLs[lt hf/L
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 11
ul/Psf]_, s'j]t -!&, ^*% :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, stf/ -^,!&( :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, n]agg -$!^$ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, ;fOk|; -@,*&! :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, ;fpbL c/]ljof-@,^^$ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, cf]dfg -@,%#* :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, u0ftGq sf]l/of -@,@$! :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_ / ax/fOg -!,*$* :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_ .
lrq %= dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr bz uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
31.36 %19.88 %
17.98 %
13.56 %4.74 %3.19 %2.20 %
2.03 %
1.94 %
1.71 %
1.41 %
;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
dn]l;of
s'j]t
stf/
n]agg
;fOk|;
;fpbL c/]ljof
cf]dfg
u0ftflGqs sf]l/of
ax/]g
afFsL b]zx?
@=# >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pTklQ lhNnfx¿
ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] ;a} lhNnfsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf lyP eg] pRr bz lhNnfx¿df -;aeGbf a9L cfk|jf;L ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df qmda4_ wg'iff, emfkf, dxf]Q/L, df]/ª, l;/xf, gjnk/f;L, ;'g;/L,;Kt/L, ?kGb]xL / ;nf{xL 5g\ .
12 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
fnD'x
'u'd
fnD'h
f/'hfa
c5fd
v]n}b
6]fsL
nfs
6]fs/hfht{]v'
;
fo{bla
;Nofg
gf7"oK
kfNkf
fh\ªfo:
dgfª
ªft:'d
F'xgt
ª'hdnt{jksf:sLª'nU
fa
LdN'u
DofUbL
LrFfv{f3cslknj:t' gjn
k/f;LLx]bGk?
bfª
]sFfa
fkN]f/
fn{'rfb
{fv]fufj';/
wflbª
6]fsfj'g
lrtjg /'kgfjsd
k;f{af/f 6xt}f/
xl{fn;
L/Q]fxd
ffi'gw
l;/fxf
;Kt/L
ª/]fd emfkf
L/;g';
/'kob
pLn'
wG;l ªf6]f
v
/'kh]f
e
fu\ª'9nv]fc
s]frNf
k'wG;
l
/' ktnl
n
s]fr~fnk]|efs
/'kmQe+}f8fd7fs fe;fj'v+;kf5]df/
fvn]fb
'aD'v'n]f;
dfn{O
/yrFfk
d'yx¥]twgs'6f
ª'h]nKft
d's?
fkN]f8L6]f8
f/'wN]88
/'kgr
Gs
Lnfn}s
L8t}aaemfª
oL pRr bz lhNnfsf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf hf/L ul/Psf :jLs[lt s'n >d :jLs[ltsf] #^=@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . k|j[lQsf lx;fjn] oL pRr bz lhNnfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu clwsf+z cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ef}uf]lns ;|f]t /x] tfklg cGo lhNnfx¿af6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df a9Lsfdbf/x¿ hfg yfn]kl5 bz lhNnfsf] lx:;fdf ;fdfGo lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . Psftk{m ;a} lhNnfx¿df >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] csf{tk{m s]xL lhNnfx¿sf] s'n lx:;fdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f tk{msf] t/fOsf afFs], alb{of, sGrgk'/, slkna:t', k;f{ / /f}tx6 lhNnfx¿ -tflnsf @_ df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . t/ s}nfnL lhNnf ckjfbdf kb{5 lsgeg] ToxfF ;g\ @))(÷!) / @)!!÷!@ df #=( k|lt;tdf k'Ug] u/L j[l4 ePsf] eP tfklg ;g\ @)!$÷!% df pNn]vgLo ?kdf lu/fj6 eO )=* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . s]xL jif{;Dd b]lvPsf] ;'b'/ klZrdf~rnaf6 ef/ttk{m sfd ug{ hfg] k|j[lQ jf ef/tsf] dfu{ x'Fb} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sf/0f s}nfnLaf6 s'n cfk|jf;Lsf] Go"g k|lt;t lx:;f /x]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . s}nfnLaf6 ;g\ @))*÷)(÷!) df s'n cfk|jf;Lsf] lx:;fdf PSsfl; pNn]Vo j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @)!@÷!# df pNn]Vo lu/fj6 ePsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ yk ljZn]if0f / cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
kxf8L lhNnfx¿dWo]sf s]xL efux¿df xfn}sf jif{x¿df pNn]Vo j[l4 tyf lu/fj6 ePsf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf ;a} >d cfk|jf;Lsf] cg'kft ;g\ @))*÷)( sf] !=* k|lt;taf6 ;g\ @)!$÷!% df sl/a @ k|lt;tdf plSnof] eg] :ofª\hf lhNnfdf ;f]xL cjlwdf @ k|lt;taf6 !=^ k|lt;tdf em¥of] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 13
tflnsf @= cfk|jf;Lx¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\bf] jf 36\bf] k|j[lQ ePsf lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;fsf] k|lt;t
lhNnf 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f
af/f 1.08 1.12 1.51 1.60 1.76 1.90 1.96 1.68/f}tx6 0.95 0.95 1.19 1.27 1.58 1.83 2.05 1.56s}nfnL 0.36 3.28 3.89 2.81 0.62 0.70 0.77 1.48slknj:t' 0.75 0.97 1.24 1.21 1.87 1.78 1.92 1.56afFs] 0.61 0.83 1.00 0.98 1.25 1.26 1.30 1.12k;f{ 0.54 0.53 0.72 0.86 0.94 1.37 1.33 1.02alb{of 0.45 0.60 0.83 0.75 0.95 0.96 1.05 0.87s~rgk'/ 0.41 0.52 0.71 0.57 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.67dsjfgk'/ 1.75 1.53 1.51 1.86 2.06 2.07 1.97 1.89:ofËhf 2.02 1.46 1.80 1.80 2.20 1.91 1.86 1.90wflbË 1.46 1.68 2.08 2.11 1.76 1.68 1.63 1.76tgx' 2.69 2.17 2.23 2.41 2.21 2.01 1.93 2.16
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
To;}u/L, b]zsf] ;'b'/ klZrd If]qsf] kxf8L lhNnfsf sfdbf/x¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu lng] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vofdf gf6sLo ?kdf j[l4 eof] . of] k/Dk/fut ?kdf df};dL /f]huf/Lsf nflu ef/t hfg] ->d :jLs[lt cfjZos gkg]{_ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] If]q xf] . pgLx¿sf] lx:;f ;du| k|j[lQdf pNn]VogeP tfklg tflnsf # df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . oL If]qx¿df >d cfk|jf;gdf ePsf] j[l4n] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] dgf]u|fkmsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ emNsfpFb5 M ef/ttk{m hfg] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] cg'kft @))! sf] &&=@ k|lt;taf6 @)!!& Df pNn]vgLo ?kdf lu/fj6 eO #&=^ k|lt;t sfod ePsf] 5 . o; dgf]u|fkmdf ;g\ @))! / @)!! sf] lardf g]kfnaf6 ef/tsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf !=@ k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg] cGo b]zx¿df g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] %*! k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .
& g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof dgf]u|fkm, @)!# .
14 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tflnsf #= ;'b'/ klZrdsf lhNnfx¿df >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQ
lhNnf @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% b]lv >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] j[l4 k|lt;t
;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f
hfh/sf]6 758.73 % 0.34 %
b}n]v 769.56 % 0.34 %
88]nw'/f 383.45 % 0.30 %
a}t8L 356.87 % 0.30 %
bfr'{nf 515.66 % 0.17 %
c5fd 2 184.84 % 0.15 %
aemfË 1 667.27 % 0.11 %
sfnLsf]6 1 277.97 % 0.10 %
8f]6L 959.21 % 0.10 %
afh'/f 647 % 0.09 %
h'Dnf 1 248.28 % 0.04 %
x'Dnf 382.35 % 0.02 %;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
;g\ @))*÷)( / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf clwsf+z k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ltg} pRr !) lhNnfx¿af6 lyP . oL pRr !) lhNnfx¿ dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] pTklQsf] ;aeGbf pRr lhNnfx¿eGbf km/s 5g\ . ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] sl/a cfwf -$*=% k|lt;t_ dlxnfx¿ emfkf, l;Gw'kfnrf]s, df]/Ë, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}+, ;'g;/L, sfe|]knfGrf]s, g'jfsf]6, Onfd / lrtjg -lrq ^_ sf lyP .
ef}uf]lns cGt/ :ki6 5 M j}b]lzs /f]huf/df emfkf, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L / lrtjg lhNnfx¿af6 hfg] dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f s]xL 7"nf] ePtf clwsf+z k'?ifx¿blIf0fL ;dy/ e'efu / clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ kxf8L If]qx¿sf lyP .
lrq ^= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu bz pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
51.55 %
2.87 % 2.99 %3.42 %3.71 %
3.78 %
4.06 %
4.52 %
6.14 %
7.88 %
9.08 %emfkf
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
df]/Ëdsjfgk'/
sf7df8f}+
;'g;/L
sfe|]knf~rf]s
g'jfsf]6Onfd
lrtjg
afFsL lhNnfx?
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 15
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYofª\sdf pTklQsf] lhNnfx¿nfO{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu t'ngfug{ ldNg] hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . :jfefljs ?kdf, ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf lhNnfx¿af6 hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] pRr uGtJo dn]l;of, ;fpbL c/]ljof / stf/ lyP . tflnsf $ df k|:t't ul/Pcg';f/, ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwsf /f]huf/ Joj;foLx¿ dfk{mt ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf lhNnfx¿af6 >d cfk|jf;L sfdsf/sf] ?kdf hfg] k'?ifx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ ;du| ?kdf pRr uGtJox¿;Fu d]n vfG5 . ;aeGbf pRr bhf{df /flvPsf lhNnfsf cfk|jf;L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;jfndf klg ;dfg vfn] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . pQm tflnsfdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf 5'6 ePsf] b]z ;fOk|; xf] h'g xfn}sf jif{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] k|d'v uGtJo ePsf] 5 . tYofª\s cg';f/ l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 !^=^ k|lt;t dlxnfx¿ To; d'n'sdf uPsf lyP eg] afFsL cGo w]/} lhNnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|ltlglwTj lyof] .
tflnsf $= pRr ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf lhNnfx¿af6 cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pRr tLg uGtJox¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
k'?if / dlxnfsf] pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿
k'?ifx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ -oL lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f_
dlxnfx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ -oL lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f_
wg'iff != stf/-#$=$#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-#@=@#Ü_#= dn]l;of -@$=*(Ü_
!= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; -#%=@^Ü_@= dn]l;of -#$=@!Ü_#= stf/-!!=)%Ü_
dxf]Q/L != dn]l;of -$)=!!Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@&=)!Ü_#= stf/-@$=*#Ü_
!= dn]l;of -#%=&&Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@^=@(Ü_#= n]agg-!%=*^Ü_
emfkf != dn]l;of -#%=$(Ü_@= stf/-@#=$$Ü_#= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@)=$*Ü_
!= dn]l;of -#(=@!Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#%=!#Ü_#= stf/-(=!$Ü_
df]/Ë != dn]l;of -#(=&@Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@#=!)Ü_#= stf/-@)=&$Ü_
!= dn]l;of -$%=#^Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@(=$!Ü_#= stf/-(=!@Ü_
l;Gw'kfNrf]s != dn]l;of -$*=*#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-!(=#$Ü_#= stf/-!%=%@Ü_
!= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#*=&#Ü_@= dn]l;of -@%=!&Ü_#= n]agg-!!=^!Ü_
dsjfgk'/ != dn]l;of -$$=%#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@@=@$Ü_#= stf/-!(=%@Ü_
!= dn]l;of -#*=#&Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@*=*#Ü_#= stf/-*=^)Ü_
sfe|]knf~rf]s != dn]l;of -$&=&!Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-!(=@!Ü_#= stf/-!%=%)Ü_
!= dn]l;of -#&=#@Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#@=^^Ü_#= stf/-!!=@)Ü_
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
16 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
@=$ >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f
>d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQh:t} cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f cfk\mgf] s/f/ cjlw ;dfKt x'g nfu]sf jf s/f/ ;dfKt eO ;f]xL uGtJo d'n'sdf hfg rfxg] / ;f]xL sfdsf] k|fjwfg ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lbg] ul/G5 . k"gMk|j]zsf] tYofª\s ;g\ @)!!÷!@ b]lvsf] dfq pknAw 5 . rf/ jif{sf] clen]vg cjlwdf &!@,%%&>d :jLs[ltx¿sf] gjLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] tYofª\s ;f]xL cjlwdf gofF hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] sl/a Ps tLxfO xf] . x/]s jif{ k'?if / dlxnf b'j}n] pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ -lrq &_ . >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f JolQmut ?kdf ug]{ ul/G5 / tYofª\scg';f/ >d :jLs[ltsf] clwsf+z gjLs/0fdn]l;of / vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . c? s'g} lglb{i6 ;"rgf k|fKt geP tfklg gjLs/0fsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ oL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu s]xL xb;Dd sfdsf] ;'/Iff / ;Gt'li6 ePsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .
lrq &= jflif{s ?kdf gjLs/0f x'g] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof, @)!!÷!@–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
2014/15218 054
0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000
208 175
176 286
172 213
164 527
160 258
153 690
150 175
4 269
3 515
4 073
9 879
2013/14
2012/13
2011/12
s'n
dlxnf
k'?if
;g\ @)!@÷!# / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu clwsf+z gjLs/0fx¿-sl/a $@ k|lt;t* _ -lrq *_ wg'iff, l;/xf, emfkf, dxf]Q/L, df]/ª\, gjnk/f;L, :ofª\hf, tgx'+, ?kGb]xL / ;'g;/L lhNnfx¿af6 ul/Psf] lyof] . tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf %%*,*^& eGbf a9L gjLs/0f ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿dWo] (^=& k|lt;t k'?ifx¿ lyP .
lrq *= >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] ;aeGbf pRr bz pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
58.01 %2.98 %
3.34 %
3.40 %
3.45 %3.49 %
4 %
4.45 %
4.86 %
5.15 %6.85 % wg'iff s'n
l;/fxf s'n
emfkf s'n
dxf]Q/L s'n
df]/Ë s'n
gjnk/f;L s'n
:ofËhf s'n
tgx' s'n
?kGb]lx s'n
;'g;/L s'n
afFsL lhNnfx?
* ef}uf]lns ;"rgf ;g\ @)!@÷!# ;Ddsf] pknAw ePsf] x'gfn] tLg jif{sf] tYofª\s dfq k||:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 17
;g\ @)!@÷!# / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf gjLs/0f ul/PsfdWo] clwsf+z>d :jLs[ltx¿ stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, dn]l;of/ s'j]tsf nflu lyP . of] s'n gjLs/0f ;ª\Vofsf] (@ k|lt;t lyof] .
oL uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cl3Nnf jif{x¿df klg 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;f]xL cg'kftdf gjLs/0fx¿ klg ePsf lyP . tyflk, dn]l;ofsf nflu s]jn *=% k|lt;t dfq gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . of] cg'kft cl3Nnf jif{x¿sf] ;f] d'n'sdf sfdbf/x¿ hfg] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf Go"g b]lvG5 . g]kfnLx¿ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dn]l;of hfg] s'n ;ª\VofnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;f] b]zsf nflu gjLs/0fdf t'ngfTds ?kdf lu/fj6 cfpg'sf] 7f]; k|df0f gePsf]n] oL nIf0f / of]ubfgsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{Pp6f uxg ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .
dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] u/]sf clwsf+z >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f qmdzM o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -#&=* k|lt;t_, s'j]t -@*=^ k|lt;t_, Oh/fon -*=* k|lt;t_, n]jgg -%=^ k|lt;t_ / cf]dfg -#=( k|lt;t_ lyP .
@=% cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod M Dofgkfj/ dfk{mt jf JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;g x'g]
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] vf]hLsf qmddf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf];]jf k|of]u ug{?rfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljutsf ;ft cfly{s jif{x¿df o;/L >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof s'n :jLs[ltsf] &(=( k|lt;t lyof] . lrq ( df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] ;g\ @)!!÷!@ ;Dd b'j} dfWodaf6 >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;Gt'lnt ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg] pQm cjlw kZrft j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 JolQmut ?kdf :jLs[lt lng] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]Vo lu/fj6 cfPsf] lyof] . lglZrt uGtJo d'n'sx¿af6 Psd'i7 ;ª\Vofdf >ldsx¿sf] dfu x'g] ePsf]n] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otf a9\g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . o;sf] b]f;|f] sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;ª\Vof / ;~hfndf j[l4 x'g' xf] . ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!@ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] / lgodg ug]{ p2]Zon] JolQmut k|lqmof ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/]kl5 JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] sfddf ef/L lu/fj6 cfof] .
tyflk, o; lgb]{lzsfsf] p2]Zo lghL ?kdf k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ OR5's cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sg' geO o:tf] dfWodaf6 hfg] JolQmx¿nfO{ k|lqmofdf NofO pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ lyof] . cfk\mgf] :jLs[lt cfk}+m lng] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfk\mgf] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf klg cfk}+m ldnfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] uGtJo d'n'sdf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] v08df pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sf]xL rflxG5 . o; ;d"x cGtu{tsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] s'g} k|sf/sf] b'3{6gf ePdf Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿;Fu Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{, Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ k|j[ltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfn] ;/sf/nfO{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿df pknAw sfd tyf JolQmut k|lqmodf ;+nUg ;xof]uLx¿sf af/]df cem a9L hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ d4t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cem plrt ;+/If0f ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
18 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
lrq (= cfk|jf;gsf] dfWodsf cfwf/df >d :jLs[ltsf\ cg'kft, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
2008/09
76.57 %
23.43 %
32.06 %
67.94 % 67.60 %
87.75 %84.89 %
89.88 %
10.12 %15.11 %12.25%
32.40 %
100.00 %
90.00 %
80.00 %
70.00 %
60.00 %
50.00 %
40.00 %
30.00 %
20.00 %
10.00 %
0.00 %2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6
JolQmut
74.51 %
25.49 %
k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLaf6 ;]jf lng] s'/f nf]slk|o ePsf] eP tfklg dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] Dofgkfj/ sDkgL dfk{mt >d :jLs[lt lng] qmddf kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . lrq !) df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu Dofgkfj/ sDgLsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf @&=# k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] j[l4 x'gfsf] Pp6f sf/0f ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] clwsf+z cjlwdf dlxnfx¿dfly 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf ljb]z hfg k|ltaGw nufOPsf]n] x'g ;Sb5 . o; k|ltaGw cl3 ;/sf/L gLltx¿n] 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf ljb]z hfg cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltaGwsf] k|fjwfgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf ljb]z hfg k"0f{ ?kdf /f]s nufof] . o:tf] k|ltaGwsf] kl/0ffd:j?k, JolQmut ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf lu/fj6 cfof] . o;sf] k'li6 JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf ePsf] lu/fj6af6 x'G5 .
o; k|j[lQdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 lsgls ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!% clk|ndf hf/L u/]sf] csf]{ lgb]{lzsfn] btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿n] 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3 dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ csf]{ s'g} ljsNk gePsf]n] pgLx¿ cfk}+mn] >d :jLs[lt lng' kb{Yof] lsgeg] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/df nufpg kfpg] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] lyPg .
lrq !)= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
100.00 %
80.00 %
60.00 %
40.00 %
20.00 %
0.00 %2008/09
16.31 %34.21 % 29.06 % 28.30 %
61.85 % 50.44 %
77.78 %
83.69 %
65.79 %70.94 %
71.70 %
38.15 %49.56 %
22.22 %
2009/10
a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6 JolQmut
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 19
lrq !!= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
100.00 %
80.00 %
60.00 %
40.00 %
20.00 %
0.00 %2008/09 2009/10
a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6 JolQmut
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
76.88 %
23.12 %
78.08 %
21.92 %
69.12 %
30.88 %
70.10 %
29.90 %
89.45 %
10.55 %
86.93 %
13.07 %
90.41 %
9.59 %
@=^ lgoldt tYofª\s
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj];n] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} klxn] btf{ geO cfk|jf;gdf uPsf t/ pxL uGtJo d'n'ssf nflu >d :jLs[lt lng] p2]Zon] lkmtf{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ub{5 . o; tYofª\sn] ljut tLg cfly{s jif{x¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6\b5 -lrq !@_ . ;g\ @)!@÷!# / ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] lardf o; ;d"x cGtu{t s'n !$),$@# >d :jLs[lt hf/L u/L clen]vg ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] s'n JolQmut lgj]bsx¿sf] &^=@ nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;dWo] () k|lt;t k'?ifx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
lrq !@= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
cf=j= 2014/15
cf=j=2013/14
cf=j= 2012/13
k'?if
dlxnf
36 672 3 863
6 527
3 209
55 284
34 868
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000
pTklQsf] lhNnfsf] cfwf/df tYofª\snfO{ juL{s/0f ubf{ >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ klxn] btf{ gePsf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof wg'iff, emfkf, l;/xf, ?kGb]xL, :ofª\uhf, df]/Ë, dxf]Q/L, gjnk/f;L, ;'g;/L / sf:sLaf6 ;aeGbf a9L lyof] -æk"gMj}wtf ;d"xÆ cGtu{t clen]vg ul/Psf]_ . lrq !# df b]vfOPh:t}, tLg jif{ clen]vg ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df oL !) lhNnfsf] $!=& k|lt;t ;+nUgtf /Xof] .
20 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
lrq !#= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[ltsf nflu cfj]bg lbg] pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
6.27 %
4.71 %
4.70 %
4.54 %
4.14 %
3.93 %
3.65 %
3.60 %
3.12 %
3.09 %
58.26 %
wg'iff s'n emfkf s'nl;/fxf s'n ?kGb]lx s'n:ofËhf s'n df]/Ë s'n
dxf]Q/L s'n gjnk/f;L s'n
;'g;/L s'n ;'g;/L s'n
afFsL lhNnfx?
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] n}lª\stfsf cfwf/df lgoldt tYofª\snfO{ cem ljefhg u/]/ x]bf{ o; ;d"xdf clwsf+z k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n lx:;fdfh:t} pxL lhNnfx¿af6 /xg uPsf] 5 . dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿dWo] %!=* k|lt;t sfdbf/x¿ emfkf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, df]/ª\u, ?kGb]xL, ;'g;/L, gjnk/f;L, sf7df8f}+, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/ / sf:sL lhNnfaf6 lyP -lrq !$_ .
lrq !$= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
sf:sL
365
236
265
176
143
163
107
103
165 95
181 138
218 135
234 185
276 120
311 148
333 184
240
299
379
490
540
658
83
72
dsjfgk'/
lrtjg
sf7df8f+}
gjnk/f;L
;'g;/L
?kGb]lx
df]/Ë
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600
emfkf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYofª\scg';f/ clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿n] !#^ uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf nflu >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo], stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, ax/fOg / n]jggsf nflu cf7f}+ ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf jf s'n ;ª\Vofsf] (! k|lt;tnfO{ >d :jLs[lt lbOPsf] lyof] -lrq !%_ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 21
lrq !%= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
stf/
;fpbL c/]ljof
;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
s'j]t
dn]l;of
cf]dfg
ax/]g
n]agg
afFsL b]zx?
37.78 %
8.96 %
22.88 %
19.87 %
7.50 %
5.51 %
2.35 %
2.93 %1.17 %
clwsf+z ælgoldtÆ k'?if >d cfk|fjf;Lx¿sf nflu stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, / o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; uGtJo d'n'sx¿ lyP, hasL 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿s'j]t, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, cf]dfg / n]jggsf nflu lyP -tflnsf %_ .
tflnsf %= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, uGtJo / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!%
b]z k'?if dlxnf s'n
stf/ 47 902 402 48 304;fpbL c/]ljof 28 276 983 29 259;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; 22 175 3 226 25 401s'j]t 5 045 4 543 9 588dn]l;of 6 907 143 7 050ax/]g 3 343 406 3 749cf]dfg 1 961 1 041 3 002n]agg 427 1 073 1 500s'n 116 036 11 817 127 853;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
22 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
@=& >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/ tyf ;Lksf] :t/
;g\ @)!! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/, sfdbf/ hg;ª\Vof -!%–!( jif{_ ;g\ @))! sf] %$ k|lt;t( af6 sl/a %& k|lt;tdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . clwsf+z cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof sfdug]{ pd]/sf] lyof] eg] To;sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cg'kft -$*=* k|lt;t_ !%–@$ jif{ ;d"xsf] lyof] . o;}u/L, sl/a cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ JolQmn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfk\mgf] 3/ 5f]8],h;dWo] ^@=$ k|lt;t ef/teGbf cGo d'n'sx¿sf nflu ljb]lzP!) . t;y{, /f]huf/Lsf nflu b]z 5f]8\g] ;aeGbf 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof o'jfx¿sf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] hGd ldltsf] clen]v /fVg] eP tfklg 8]6fj]; k|0ffnLn] lj:t[t ?kdf ;"rgfsf] phfu/ ub}{g . JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ljj/0f ;g\@)!$÷!% df yk ul/Psf] lyof] . JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbg]>lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu %),%*@ >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/PsfdWo] #$,#*$ hgf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/sf] tx lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsGYof]!! . >d :jLs[t k|fKt ug]{ ;aeGbf pRr cg'kft -$&=@_ @^–#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 qmdzM #^–$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] -@%=( k|lt;t_, !*–@%!@ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] -@!=! k|lt;t_ / $^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf] %=( k|lt;t . Psftk{m k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;f]xL qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 eg] !*–@) jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof #^–$% jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] eGbf lemgf] cg'kftdf a9L 5 .
tflnsf ^= >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿, pd]/ / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!$÷!%
pd]/sf] cfwf/ k'?if Dlxnf s'n
!*–@% jif{ 6 452 (20.68 %) 819 (25.70 %) 7 271 (21.14 %)@^–#% jif{ 14 707 (47.14 %) 1 507 (47.30 %) 1 6214 (47.15 %)#^–$% jif{ 8 108 (25.98 %) 783 (24.57 %) 8 891 (25.85 %)$^ jif{ / dfly 1 931 (6.2 %) 77 (2.43 %) 2 008 (5.86 %)s'n 31 198 3 186 34 384
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
oL pd]/ ;d"xsf]lardf hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffd!# / tYofª\ssf] :j?kdf leGgtf kfOG5 . pNn]vgLo ?kdf 5'6 ePsf] tYofª\ssf sf/0f o; :j?knfO{ aª\UofOPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . o;eGbf cl3 pNn]v ul/Ph:t} JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cg'kft Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ldfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofeGbf Hofb} ;fgf] 5 . tyflk pknAw tYofª\s eflj hfgsf/Lsf nflu pkof]uL k|f/lDes laGb' x'g ;Sb5 .cfk|jf;Lx¿sf]pd]/ ;d"xsf]k|j[lQ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj];nfO{ oyflz3| ;'b[9 ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ul/G5 .
( s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!! .!) s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!# .!! afFsL tYofª\s k|fKt ubf{ ;k\m6j]/ jf tYofª\s k|ljli6df uNtL ePsf] lyof] .!@ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ M æ!* jif{ gk'u]sf] s'g} klg gfaflnunfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu k7fOg] 5}g .Æ!# hg u0fgfsf] tYofª\sn] sfdsf ;fy} kl/jf/;Fusf] e]63f6sf nflu ef/t hfg] JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;d]t pNn]vgLo ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z
ub{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 23
@=* ph'/L, kL8f / d[To'
;/sf/n] cfk|jf;gsf] qmddf ;fdgf ug{;Sg] k|lts"n l:yltsf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu w]/} k|lqmofuttyf ;+:yfut k|fjwfgx¿ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Låf/f ul/g] 7luh:tf ck/fw / uGtJo d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/Lsf cjlwdf x'g] u/]sf b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, rf]6k6s jf d[To'sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ g]kfn / uGtJo d'n'sx¿df Ifltk"lt{ nufotsf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg u/L ;xof]u ub{5 .
g]kfndf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿åf/f ;aeGbf a9L phfu/ ul/Psf ph'/L / kL8f Dofgkfj/ sDkgL / /f]huf/Lsf] k|lqmofsf] cjlwdf axsfpg] / unt ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ JolQmx¿sf lj?4df x'g] ub{5 . vf]6f] s/f/gfdf, clws ;]jf z'Ns c;'nL / ;Demf}tfsf] cj1f u/L x'g] 7uLsf sf/0f >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] uDeL/ ?kdf zf]if0fo'St cj:yfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, pgLx¿nfO{ cfjfudg÷lx+88'ndf lgoGq0f ul/G5, Hofnf e'Qmfg ul/+b}g, cfk|jf;gsf] qmddf x'g] clws vr{sf sf/0f ;DklQsf] gf]S;fgL ;d]t x'g] ub{5 . olb Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf lj?4df o:tf ph'/Lx¿ ePdf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] cfk\mgf ph'/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfdf btf{ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
@=*=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefudf btf{ ul/g] ph'/L / ;Da4 Ifltk"lt{j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L btf{ tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfn] ;+:yf -Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;L_ jf JolQm -k|ltlglw jf cGo JolQmx¿_ lj?4 d'4f lng] ub{5 . ph'/Lx¿ df}h'bf lgodx¿cg'?k cl3 a9fOg] ul/G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/sf] clen]v /flvG5 . zfvfsf] clen]vcg';f/, 7uL / b'/frf/;Fu ;DalGwt pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf ph'/L btf{ ePsf 5g\ -;+:yf / JolQmx¿ lj?4_ . ;+:yfeGbf JolQmx¿sf] lj?4df cToGt} jl9 ph'/L k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf gfddf JolQmut ?kdf k};fsf] n]gb]g x'g] s'/f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;Ln] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 7uL / 5nsk6 ePsf] v08df Hofb} s8fOsf ;fy sf/jfxL ub{5 .
24 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tflnsf &= ph'/L, km:of}{6 tyf JolQm jf Ph]G;Låf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] Ifltk"lt{ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!%
jif{@)!@÷!# @)!@÷!# @)!@÷!#
JolQmut ;+:yfut JolQmut ;+:yfut JolQmut ;+:yfut
ph'/L ;ª\Vof 1 245 1 060 974 1577 773 1 906dfubfjL u/]sf] /sd -g]?_ 839 380 607 331 551 610 758 293 744 276 177 809 471 109 083 262 796 747
6'ª\uf] nufO{sf] /sd -g]?_ 82 191 130 49 389 037 92 359 356 65 383 483 77 483 000 46 026 900
km:of}{6 u/]sf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;t 9.8 14.9 12.18 23.7 16.5 17.5
bfo/ eO km:of}{6 ePsf ph/Lx¿sf] ;ª|\Vof
202 350 151 303 74 589
ph'/Lx¿
cbfntdf d'4f bfo/ ePsf 164 14 128 5 165 1
cbfntdf dfu bfaL ul/Psf] /sd -g]kfnL ?k}of+_
396 543 949 40 214 250 436 416 437 3 691 500 289 243 846 0
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] lg0f{o
0 39 0 45 0 2
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/sf] hl/jfgf -g]kfnL ?k}of+_
0 4 500 000 0 4 600 000 0 150 000
gf]6 M g]? Ö?k}of+ .
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
tflnsf & df k|:t't ul/Pcg';f/ km:of}{6 ul/Psf b'O{j6} /sd dfu bfjL ePsf] /sdeGbf Hofb} Go"g 5g\ . bfjL ul/Psf] /sdsf] t'ngfdf 6'\ª\uf] nufOPsf] /sdsf] k|lt;tnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] JolQm lj?4sf] ph'/Ldf ;g\ @)!@÷!#, @)!#÷!$ / @)!$÷!% sf nflu qmdzM (=* k|lt;t, !@=@ k|lt;t / !^=% k|lt;t 5 . of] /sd ;+:yf lj?4sf] ph'/Ldf qmdzM !$=( k|lt;t, @#=& k|lt;t / !&=% k|lt;t x'g hfG5!$ . o:tf] oyfy{sf] ulx/f] ljZn]if0f ubf{clwsf+z 36gfx¿df oL b'O{ kIfn] ph'/L / l;sfotx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kdf 6'ª\Uofpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ul/Psf ;dembf/L slxNo} klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] cf}krfl/s ;+oGqdf cfp+b}gg\ . o;sf cltl/St, Ifltk"lt{ ;+oGq / Ph]G;Lx¿sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f, k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg / dfgj Ifdtfsf] cefj, ph'/LnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 7f]; k|df0fsf] cefjh:tf s'/fx¿ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu cf}krfl/s ;+oGq leqsf ;fdfGo cj/f]w x'g\ . of] jf:tljstf klg JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j}sf] xsdf btf{ ul/Psf ph'/L / km:of}{6 ul/Psf ph'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofåf/f /fd|/L emlNsPsf] 5lsgeg] of] ;ª\Vof Go"g 5 .
!$ lglZrt cfly{s jif{df bfo/ ul/PsfdWo] s]xL d'4fx¿ csf]{ jif{sf nflu ;fl/g ;Sb5g\ . t;y{, Pp6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf 6'ª\uf] nufOsf] /sd ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df bfaL ul/Psf] /sd;Fu k|ToIf d]n vfg ;Sb}g .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 25
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f l;kmfl/; ul/Psf d'4fx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf btf{ ug]{ ul/G5 . o; GofofwLs/0fn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& adf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 b08gLo x'g] afx]ssf d'4fx¿rnfpg] / km:of}{6 ug]{ ub{5 . vf;u/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] JolQmut d'4fx¿sf] af/]df lg0fo{ ug{ ;Sb}g / o:tf d'4fx¿GofofwLs/0fdf l;kmfl/; u/]/ k7fpg} kb{5 . GofofwLs/0fsf] clen]vdf b]lvPcg';f/ ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf s'n (%! j6f d'4fx¿ btf{ ul/Psf]df &$% d'4fx¿km:of}{6 ul/of] -tflnsf *_ . GofofwLs/0fdf d'4fsf] km:of}{6 k|efjsf/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 lsgeg] k|To]s jif{ km:of}{6 ul/Psf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;tdf j[l4 eO/x]s]f 5 . ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf gofF / afFsL /x]sf b'j} u/L s'n d'4fx¿sf] %)=* k|lt;t km:of}{6 ul/Psf] lyof] . of] cg'kft ;g\ @))(÷!) sf] t'ngfdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf !)=!# k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] xf] .
tflnsf *= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k|fKt ePsf d'4fx¿, jif{ / cj:yfsf] cfwf/df
cfly{s jif{ gofF d'4fx¿ s'n d'4fx¿ -gofF / cl3Nnf] jif{af6 NofOPsf_
6'ª\uf] nufOPsf d'4fx¿
yfFtL /x]sf d'4fx¿
6'ª\uf] nufOPsf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;t
2009/10 158 158 16 142 10.13
2010/11 120 262 78 184 29.77
2011/12 186 370 124 246 33.51
2012/13 178 424 163 261 38.44
2013/14 134 395 151 244 38.23
2014/15 175 419 213 206 50.80s'n 951 - 745
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
k|ltj]bgx¿sf] clen]vnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ >lds sfdbf/x¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf w]/} sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ ub{5g\, h:t}M sfo{:yndf x'g] b'3{6gf, zf]if0fo'Qm sfdsf ;t{x¿ / cnkq k/]sf -w]/} sf/0fn], h:t} clws a;fO, s/f/o'Qm sfdaf6 /flhgfdf / la/fdL_ . d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof klg pNn]Vo x'g] s'/f phfu/ ePsf 5g\ . uGtJo d'n'sx¿df o:tf] vfnsf kLl8t jf kL8faf6 afFRg ;kmn ePsf >ldsx¿n] ;j{k|yd ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL b'tfjf;df cg'/f]w ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg u}=;=;= / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿af6 klg ;xof]u vf]Hg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿n] kLl8t cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s xhf{gf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] eP tfklg oxfF k|:t't ug]{ vfnsf]Pslqt tYofª\s b'tfjf;af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
@=*=@ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdfk{mt Ifltk"lt{j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] ckfª\u x'g] u/L rf]6k6s nfu]sf jf lj/fdL ePsf /÷jf /f]huf/L u'dfPsf / d[To' ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] tYofª\s pknAw u/fpFb5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] o:tf sfdbf/x¿ / pgLx¿sf xsjfnfnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @))* adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg' sf ;fy} o:tf] k|lqmofdf tYofª\s l;h{gf ub{5 . tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{df l;h{gf ul/Psf] tYofª\s Ph]G;L;Fu ;xof]u dfUg] / Ifltk"lt{sf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ JolQmx¿sf nflu dfq ;Lldt x'g] ub{5 . t;y{, o:tf] tYofª\sn] d[To' / ckfª\utf ;DaGwL ;a} 36gfx¿ phfu/ gug{ ;Sb5 . tyflk, o:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rssf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf s'n $(# hgf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{af6 ckfª\utfsf] nflu Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt u/], h;dWo] $@@ hgf k'?if lyP eg] &! hgf dlxnf -tflnsf (_ .
!% Ifltk"lt{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
26 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
Tflnsf (= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf zf/Ll/s ?kdf ckfª\u x'g k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!%
jif{lnË
s'nk'?if dlxnf
2008/09 8 0 8
2009/10 9 2 11
2010/11 29 0 29
2011/12 2 54 56
2012/13 89 4 93
2013/14 108 7 115
2014/15 177 4 181
s'n 422 71 493
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
x/]s jif{ 36gfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf klg plQs} j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o:tf] j[l4 eO/x]sf] ;ª\Vofaf6 s] a'e\mg ;lsG5 eg] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;+oGqsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . z'?sf jif{x¿df cfk|jf;Lx¿dfem r]tgfsf] cefjdf sd kx'Fr x'g] ub{Yof] .
ckfª\utfsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg]{ vfnsf clwsf+z 36gfx¿ dn]l;ofsf nflu -$*=@ k|lt;t_ clen]v ul/Psf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 qmdzM ;fpbL c/]ljof -@!=% k|lt;t_, stf/ -!$=$ k|lt;t_, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\; -(=@ k|lt;t_ / s'j]t -$=! k|lt;t_ . afFsL s]xL 36gfx¿ ax/fOg, n]jgg, cf]dfg / u0ftGq sf]l/of;Fu ;DalGwt lyP .
ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] ckfª\utfsf] clen]vx¿n] clwsf+z 36gfx¿ sfo{:yn b'3{6gfsf sf/0f / To;kl5 /f]u, ;8s b'3{6gf / e}m–emu8fsf sf/0f eGg] b]lvG5 . k'?ifx¿ oL rf/j6} sf/0fx¿af6 ckfª\u ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfx¿;8s b'3{6gf jf e}m–emu8fsf sf/0f ckfª\u ePsf] b]lv+b}g -tflnsf !)_ .
tflnsf !)= rf]6k6s / ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
jif{/f]u e}m–emu8f ;8s b'3{6\gf sfo{If]q b'3{6\gf
k' d k' d k' d k' d
2008/09 1 0 1 0 5 0 1 0
2009/10 2 1 0 0 1 0 6 1
2010/11 2 0 1 0 2 0 24 0
2011/12 1 2 0 0 0 0 53 0
2012/13 14 1 3 0 2 0 70 3
2013/14 18 5 2 0 29 0 59 2
2014/15 43 1 0 0 17 0 117 3s'n 81 10 7 0 56 0 330 9
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 27
;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf @$ j6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿df s'n $,#@@ -$,@#% k'?if / *% dlxnf!^ _ d[To'sf 36gfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ ;dIf hfx]/ ePsf lyP -tflnsf !!_ .
tflnsf !!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
jif{n}lª\ustfsf] cfwf/df
s'nk'?if dlxnf
cf=j= 2008/09 87 3 90
cf=j= 2009/10 399 19 418
cf=j= 2010/11 541 8 549
cf=j= 2011/12 632 14 646
cf=j= 2012/13 716 11 727
cf=j= 2013/14 864 24 888
cf=j= 2014/15 996 6 1 002 -±@ lnË klxrfg gePsf_
s'n 4 235 87 4 322;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ePsf] d[To'sf] clen]vn] ;aeGbf a9L dn]l;of, ;fpbL c/]ljof, stf/, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\; / s'j]tdf ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf !@_ . clwsf+z d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof oL d'n'sx¿df x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og lsgeg] oL jif{x¿df oL d'n'sx¿df ;Dk"0f{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] sl/j *% k|lt;t sfdbf/ uPsf lyP .
tflnsf !@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%
b]z ÷ jif{ cf=j= @))*÷)(
cf=j= @))(÷!)
cf=j= @)!)÷!!
cf=j= @)!!÷!@
cf=j= @)!@÷!#
cf=j= @)!#÷!$
cf=j= @)!$÷!%
s'n
dn]l;of 15 105 219 237 253 306 427 1 562;fpbL c/]ljof 27 124 133 179 206 220 273 1 162stf/ 26 114 125 130 151 208 178 932;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; 13 53 37 50 47 69 57 326s'j]t 3 10 22 22 39 33 129ax/]g 2 5 12 8 14 8 12 61u0ftflGqs sf]l/of 1 1 6 6 14 15 12 55cf]dfg 4 4 1 6 7 14 3 39n]agg 2 6 4 3 3 2 20Oh/]n 1 3 3 7
!^ tYofª\sdf b'O{hgf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] n}lª\us hfgsf/L pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg .
28 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
b]z ÷ jif{ cf=j= @))*÷)(
cf=j= @))(÷!)
cf=j= @)!)÷!!
cf=j= @)!!÷!@
cf=j= @)!@÷!#
cf=j= @)!#÷!$
cf=j= @)!$÷!%
s'n
Hffkfg 2 2 2 1 7ckm\uflg:tfg 2 1 1 3 7?; 2 1 3>Ln+sf 1 1 2hd{gL 1 1dflNbE; 1 1kk'jf Go"lugL 1 1;+o'Qm /fi6« 1 1lnJof 1 1O6nL 1 1Sofg8f 1 1dl/;;\ 1 1kf]Nof08 1 1o'uf08f 1 1s'n 90 418 549 646 727 888 1 004 4 322
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
n}lª\us ?kdf jlu{s[t tYofª\snfO{ x]bf{ vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf ePsf] k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] d[To' ;Dk"0f{ d[To'sf] qmdzM (& / &% k|lt;t b]lvg cfpFb5 . vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf k'?ifx¿sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] s'/f k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu oL b]zx¿ pRr uGtJosf] ?kdf nf]slk|o /x]sf] s'/f;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 .
dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L d[To' s'j]tdf -@$ hgf_, To;kl5 qmdzM dn]l;ofdf -!& hgf_ / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;df -!^ hgf_ ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL tLgj6f d'n'sx¿ dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu pRr tLg uGtJodf kb{5g\ .
lrq !^= ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿df d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8
o'PO sf] s'n -k'?if+dlxnf_ tflnsf !# sf] s'n ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vf+b}g lsgeg] n}lª\us hfgsf/L yfxf 5}g . k'm6gf]6 !! x]g'{ x'g .
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0 dn]l;of ;fpbL c/]ljof
stf/ ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
s'j]t cf]dfg ax/]g u0ftflGqs sf]l/of
1 158
927
309
105165317 38 61 55 00124
k'?if
dlxnf
1 545
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 29
pknAw ;"rgfn] OlËt u/]cg';f/ >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] ljb]zdf sfdubf{ d[To' x'g] k|d'v sf/0fx¿df x|[bo3ft -($! 36gf_, :jfefljs d[To' -*$&_ / cGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf sf/0fx¿ -&(%_ 5g\ . d[To'sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf ;8s b'3{6gf eP/ -%&!_ / cfTdxTof -$%!_ klg clen]v ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sfo{:yndf b'3{6gfsf sf/0fn] d[To' x'g]sf] cg'kft sd lyof] -*=% k|lt;t_ . dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfTdxTof lyof] -s'n *% hgf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿dWo] @( hgfsf] d[To'_ . sl/a ;a} d[To'sf] !( k|lt;t d[To'nfO{ æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fÆ eg]/ juL{s/0ful/Psf] 5 -tflnsf !#_ . 8]6fj];n] d[To'sf] sf/0f;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds tYofª\seGbf cGo s'/fsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fp+b}g .
tflnsf !#= ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%
cf=j=
d[To'sf] sf/0f
X|[bo 3ft d'6'/f]u xTof :jfefljs d[To'
cfTdxTof ;8s b'3{6gf
sfo{:yndf x'g] b'3{6gf
cGo jf sf/0f klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]
s'n
k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d
2008/09 25 1 2 - 1 - 24 - 8 1 8 - 6 - 13 1
2009/10 104 2 10 - 1 - 110 8 21 4 65 2 41 3 47 -
2010/11 100 - 48 - 40 - 114 4 60 2 60 - 59 2 60 -
2011/12 134 - 37 - 2 - 102 - 61 5 97 4 39 2 160 3
2012/13 115 1 31 1 2 - 105 1 76 5 104 - 27 - 256 3
2013/14 190 - 73 6 1 - 137 1 87 9 110 2 78 1 189 4
2014/15 269 - 87 2 - - 241 - 109 3 118 1 113 - 59 -s'n 937 4 288 9 47 0 833 14 422 29 562 9 363 8 783 12 4
320 (+2)*
gf]6 M*= d[To' ePsf b'O{hgf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] n}lª\us hfgsf/L yfxf gePsf] eg]/ ;g\ @)!$÷!% ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] lyof . k' Ö k'?if, d Ö dlxnf;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
30 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
Tfflnsf !% n] dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb d'n'sx¿df x'g] u/]sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿df k|sfz kfb{5 lsgeg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf clwsf+z d[To'x¿ oL d'n'sx¿df ePsf lyP . tYofª\sn] phfu/ u/]cg';f/ æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]Æ eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf+z d[To'sf 36gfx¿ dn]l;ofdf -%$^ hgf_ / stf/df -!$)_ hgf ePsf lyP . ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf x[bo ult aGb x'g] stf/df -$^@ hgfsf d[To'_ ePsf] lyof] eg] :jfefljs sf/0fn] d[To' eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Pcg';f/ ;aeGbf a9L ;fpbL c/]ljLofdf ePsf] lyof] . ;8s b'3{6gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ d[Tosf] ^) k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]aLofdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;aeGbfa9L cfTdxTof dn]l;ofdf -!!$ hgf_, ;fpbL c/]ljofdf -^) hgf_, / stf/df -%$ hgf_, hxfF ;aeGbf a9L xTofsf 36gfx¿ klg hfx]/ eP . ;g\ @)!)÷!! Dff hfx]/ ul/Psf $) j6f xTofsf 36gfx¿df -tflnsf !%_ !( hgfsf] dn]l;ofdf eof] eg] !* hgf stf/df . o:tf xTofsf] af/]df yk hfgsf/L pknAw lyPgg\ .
tflnsf !$= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifbb]zx¿df d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%
b]z
;ft jif{df ePsf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof 36gfsf sf/0fx¿
k' d s'n X|[bo3ft d'6'/f]u :jfefljs d[To'
klxrfg x'g g;s]sf
cGo sf/0f
;8s b'3{6gf cfTdxTof sfo{:yndf
x'g] b'3{6gf xTof
dn]l;of 1 545 17 1 562 291 132 166 546 83 144 136 19
;fpbL c/]ljof 1 158 3
1 161 (+1 lnË
c1ft_61 28 485 34 340 60 118 1
stf/ 927 5 932 462 45 65 140 49 54 81 22
;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
309 16326
(+1 lnË c1ft_
98 35 62 29 46 26 18 3
s'j]t 105 24 129 6 43 7 16 24 18 2 2
cf]dfg 38 1 39 4 2 12 7 7 4 3 0
ax/]g 61 0 61 5 1 32 3 12 3 6 0
s'n 4 143 66 4 211 927 286 829 775 561 309 364 47;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
jt{dfg k|0ffnLdf d[To'sf] sf/0f;DaGwL juL{s/0f / k|To]s ;d"x cGtu{t d[To'sf] ;ª\Vofsf lx;fjn] o; kl5sf kl/0ffdx¿n] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿ af/] a'e\mgsf nflu pNn]vgLo pkfox¿ phfu/ ub{5g\ . klxnf], cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] d[To'sf] sf/0fnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf w]/} ;d"xx¿ åLcyL{ 5g\ . ;"rgfsf] cefjsf sf/0f o;n] s]jn cg'dflgt lg0f{otk{m dfq 8f]¥ofpg] x'gfn] yk cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf d[To'sf] sf/0fdf æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]Æ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 eg] x|[bo3ft x'g] d'Vo sf/0fx¿ af/] yk hfgsf/L pknAw 5}g . bf];|f], olb pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ c+lst d"Nosf] ?kdf lng] xf] eg], o;n] k|s6 ePsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf] ;jfnnfO{ ulx/f] ?kdf a'e\mg'kg]{ x'G5, h;sf nflu ljlw;Ddt ljZn]if0f / tTsflng ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿ af/] yk hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿df c6f]K;L;sf] cg';Gwfg / lrlsT;ssf] k|ltj]bgn] uxg ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .
pknAw tYofª\sx¿af6 s]xL k|j[lQx¿ phfu/ ePsf 5g\ h;n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/Iffsf] ;jfnsf] af/]df Wofgfsif{0f ub{5g\ . vf;u/L, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;8s b'3{6gfx¿ x'g' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . ljut ;ft jif{sf ljZn]if0fnfO{ x]bf{ uGtJo
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 31
d'n'sx¿df ePsf] s'n d[To'sf] ;ª\Vofsf] !# k|lt;t ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 ePsf] clen]v ul/Psf] 5 . of] clen]vsf] (* k|lt;t vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]zLodf kfO{Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 3fOt] ePsfdWo] ^) k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]laofdf /x]sf]] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' x'g]sf] /fli6«o tYofª\s ;a} k|sf/sf d[To'sf] @=& k|lt;tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] cg'kft pRr 5 . g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 x'g] d[To', d[To'sf bzj6f sf/0fx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf]!& . g]kfnL gful/sx¿df ;8s ;'/Iff k|d'v /fli6«o ;d:of ePsf] 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cem a9L ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f ;qdf 6«flkmslgod;DaGwL lzif{s!* /flvg] u/]sf] eP tfklg cem a9L tof/Lsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
tflnsf !%= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To', ;g\@))*÷)(–@))!$÷!%
b]z
;8s b'3{6gf
@))*÷)( @))(÷!) @)!)÷!! @)!!÷!@ @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% s'n
k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k'±d
;fpbL c/]ljof 4 42 1 40 59 71 66 57 340dn]l;of 14 2 13 2 11 17 24 83stf/ 1 1 9 13 5 6 14 49;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
2 7 6 4 2 6 9 1 8 1 46
s'j]t 1 3 5 4 11 24ax/]g 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 12u0ftflGqs sf]l/of
1 1 4 3 9
cf]dfg 1 2 1 2 1 7hfkfg 1 1s'n 8 0 65 2 60 0 97 4 104 0 110 2 118 1 571
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
tYofª\sn] ;a}vfn] d[To'dWo] !) k|lt;t d[To' cfTdxTofaf6 x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5, h;dWo] ^* k|lt;t vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf ePsf 5g\ . k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cfTdxTof dn]l;ofdf -s'n $@@ j6f 36gfdf !$@ j6f_ ePsf] 5 eg] clen]vaf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿n] s'j]t / n]jggdf cfTdxTof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;a}vfn] d[To'dWo] ## k|lt;tsf b/n] x'g] u/]sf] cfTdxTof pgLx¿sf] d[To'sf] d'n sf/0f b]lvG5 . o:tf d[To'dWo] s'j]t / n]jggdf cfTdxTof ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ^@ k|lt;t 5. cfTdxToftk{m cfslif{t x'g] km/s km/s sf/0fx¿ b]lvP tfklg pRr tgfj /÷jf g}/fZotf;Fu hf]l8Psf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk\mgf] ljgfz lsg cfk}+mn] ub{5g eGg] ljifodf Hofb} sd dfq cg';Gwfg ePsf] eP tfklg dlxnfx¿n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf sfo{:yndf lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf k|df0f 5g\!( .
!& ljZj vfB ;+u7g, @)!% . !* j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{, j}b]lzs /f]hfuf/ lzIff M cled'vLs/0f tflnd kf7\oqmd . !( eb|f, @)!# .
32 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tflnsf !^= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfTdxTof u/L x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%
b]z
cfTdxTof
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
k' d k' d k' d k' D k' d k' d k' d k'±d
dn]l;of 2 4 37 25 2 34 41 43 1 144;fpbL c/]ljof 1 3 1 8 14 17 18 33 60stf/ 2 11 8 7 15 13 12 54;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;
3 1 2 1 8 3 6 3 6 1 26
s'j]t 2 1 2 1 3 4 5 9 1 18u0ftflGqs sf]l/of
3 3 3 3 5 11
n]agg 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8cf]dfg 1 2 1 4ax/]g 1 1 1 1 3Oh/]n 1 1hfkfg 1 1?; 1 1kk'jf Go' lugL 1 1s'n 8 1 21 4 60 2 61 5 76 5 87 9 109 3 451
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{
@=( Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cGo ;+:yfx¿
Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ df}h'bf sDkgL P]g cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht k|fKt lghL Joj;fo x'g . Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ / ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu egf{ k|lqmofsf] k|aGw ldnfpgsf nflu clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . oL Ph]G;Lx¿ k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf k|ltlglwx¿ dfk{mt ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 33
Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cled'vLs/0f lbg] ;+:yfx¿n] cfk\mgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ub{5g\ / s'g} klg unt cEof;sf 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / /fHok|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ .
Tflnsf !&= Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ljj/0f
ljj/0f s'n ;ª\Vof
Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ 1 033xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ 754btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf zfvfx¿ 47Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf btf{ ePsf k|ltlglwx¿ 733Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu btf{ ePsf cled'lvs/0f ;+:yfx¿ 126xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf cled'lvs/0f ;+:yfx¿ 108lh6\sf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu :jLs[t k|fKt ;+:yfx¿ 1373/]n' sfdsf nflu tflnd k|bfg ug{ btf{ ePsf ;+:yfx¿ 17
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .
34 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] k|ltgLlw sfdbf/x?sf] kf;kf]6{ ;lxt clGtd >d :jLs[ltsf] nflu cfjZos sfo{ ub}{ . © ILO/O. Havana
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 35
;/sf/n] g]kfnL >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/sf] Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;do qmddf ;/sf/sf k|of;x?n] 3/]n' / cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/x¿sf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{, j}b]lzs >d /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g k|lqmofx¿nfO{ lgodg ug{, ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ / cg'udg ug{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;/sf/n] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf lkmtL{ ePsf cfk|jf;Lsf nflu ;Lk tyf 1fgsf] ;b'kof]u u/L nufgLsf nflu ;Ifd jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ k|of; ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gL, /0fgLltd"ns / ;+/rgfut qmdljsf;df ljut b'O{ bzssf] cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >lds cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f b]zsf] cy{tGqdf b|'t ultn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ lgodg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] klxnf] k|of; ;g\ !(*% df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ hf/L eP b]lv z'? ePsf] xf] . o;n] ef/t afx]ssf cGo b]zx¿df hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{ nIf /fVof] . ;g\ !(*! / !((! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ qmdzM & / !) k|lt;t hg;ª\Vof b]zdf cg'kl:yt b]lvof] . hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\scg';f/ ef/t afx]ssf cGo d'n'sx¿df hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cg'kft j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g th'{df eP kl5sf] klxnf] bzsdf j[l4 eP tfklgyf]/} cfk|jf;Lx¿n] dfq ;/sf/n] ;'emfPcg';f/sf] k|lqmof / ;+oGqx¿sf] cjnDjg u/]sf] kfOof] . tfTsflng >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefusf] ;aeGbf klxnf] clen]vcg';f/ ;g\ !((#÷($ df #,^)% hgf g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿n] dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu g]kfn 5f]8]sf] b]lvG5 . Tof] ;ª\Vof ;g\ !(((÷@))) df j[l4 eP/ @&,&(^ k'Uof] . ce}m klg of] ;ª\Vof hg u0fgfn] Oª\lut u/]sf] ;ª\VofeGbf pNn]vgLo ?kdf sd lyof]
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] g]kfnL >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] cj:yf / To;avt cf}krfl/s k|0ffnLsf] cefjnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;/sf/n] ;g\ !((* df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gnfO{ -bf];|f] k6s_ ;+;f]wg u/L To;kl5 P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] p2]Zon] ;g\ !((( df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL hf/L u¥of] . oL ;+;f]wgx¿dfk{mt ;/sf/sf] lg/LIf0fd'vL sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{sf ;fy} JolQmut k|aGwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u¥of] . ;g\ !((( df hf/L ul/Psf] /fli6«o >d gLltn] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff ;lxtsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] pko'Qm ;+oGq / ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;fdfGo j[l4 eP tfklg ;g\ !(((÷@))) sf] @&,&(^ af6 ;g\ @))!÷)@ df !)$,&#^ k'u]sf] ;ª\Vofcg';f/sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf ePsf] tLa| j[l4 o:tf k|of;x¿sf] ;sf/fTds ;+s]t lyof] .
To;}u/L, ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs >d cfk|jf;g lgodfjnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k ug'{sf ;fy} etL{ / /f]huf/Lsf avt x'g] u/]sf zf]if0fo'St cEof;x¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn sf]nDaf] k|lqmof -@))#_ / ca'wfjL aftf{ -@))*_ h:tf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf s/f/o'Qm >ldssf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL If]qLo k/fdz{ d~rx¿sf] ;b:o xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] anhk\mtL >lds agfpg] lj?4sf dxf;GwLx¿, !(#) -g+= @(_ / anhk\mtL >lds pGd'ng dxf;GwL,!(%& -g+= !)%_@) h:tf dxf;lGwx¿nufotsf cf7 j6f cfwf/e"t dxf;GwLx¿dWo] /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g -k'g/fjnf]sg_ dxf;lGw, !($( -g+=
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfngsf] k|aGw
efu #
@) g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cfOPncf] dxf;GwLsf] k"0f{ ;"lrsf nflu x]g'{xf];\M www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0:: NO : 11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103197.
36 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
(&_, ;ftj6f dxf;GwLx¿;lxt !! j6f cfOPncf] dxf;GwLx¿ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg gu/]sf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/;DaGwL -k"/s k|fjwfgx¿_ dxf;lGw, !(&% -g+= !$#_ tyf ltgLx¿sf ;DalGwt l;kmfl/;xx¿ -g+= *^ / g+= !%!_ h:tf dxf;GwL / l;kmfl/;x¿sf] af/]df lgoldt ?kdf k|ltj]bg k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLltx¿nfO{ oL dxf;GwL / l;kmfl/;x¿ cg'?k k"g/fjnf]sg u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dof{lbt, ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / e/kbf]{ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g hf/L ePsf] b'O{ bzskl5 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lghL Ph]G;Lx¿ / JolQmx¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{, ljb]zdf ;'/lIft / dof{lbtsfdsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / hfg nfu]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] uGtJox¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf lgoGq0f ug'{eGbf klg cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ / sNof0ftk{m a9L e'msfj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .@! j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdfjl4 x'Fb} hfFbf ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] dfu nufot gofF sfg'gL / k|zf;lgs r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . o;}u/L, ;/sf/n] >lds cfk|jf;gf6 g]kfndf x'g] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' k/]sf] lyof] . t;y{, kl/jlt{t cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;g\ @))& df Pp6f gofF P]gsf] th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=! k|rlnt sfg'gx¿, gLlt / ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿
#=!=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / o;;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ n] g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6\b5g\ . sfg'g / ;Da4 lgodx¿n] ljb]zdf /x]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff / sNof0fnfO{ pgLx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / cfk|jf;g k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf sfd sfjf{xLnfO{ lgoldt Pj+ cg'udg ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] dfWodåf/f k|j4{g ug]{ ub{5 . oL k|fjwfgx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] l;h{gf, aLdf, k"j{ k|:yfg tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] p4f/ / pgLx¿sf] lkmlt{ kb{5g\ . o;sf cltl/St,cg'udg ;+oGqx¿;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ klg lglb{i6 ub{5g\, h:t} cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf >d 8]:s, ph'/L btf{ ug]{, cg';Gwfg ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ tyf d'4fsf] lsgf/f nufpg] / bf]lifdfly ;hfo ug]{ GofofwLs/0fsf] Joj:yf cflb .
oL k|fjwfgx¿ P]g hf/L ul/Pkl5 :yflkt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fh:tf ljleGg ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿dfk{mt sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . >d ;xrf/Lx¿ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ph'/Lx¿ / kL8fsf] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ e"ldsfsf] nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿df sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ul/Psf] 5 ->d ;xrf/L;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu v08 #=!=# x]g'{xf];\_ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] sNof0f sf]ifsf] l;h{gf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ cGtu{t ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sf7df8f}+ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf >d 8]:ssf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljb]zdf >d cfk|jf;gsf] a9\bf] r'gf}ltx¿ / ultlzntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;g\ @)!!@@ Dff j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] / of] P]g xfn k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cj:yfdf 5 . of] k|lqmof ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 >d cfk|jf;g ;'/lIft, cem /fd|f]/ ;Ddfghgs x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@! ;/sf/sf] df}h'bf sfg'gx¿n] lglZrt pd]/eGbf sd pd]/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfq s]xL d'n'sx¿df ofqf ug{ lgodg ub{5g\, t/ g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df pRr ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ gx'Gh]n s'g} klg b]zsf] ofqfdf /f]s nufp+b}gg\ .
@@ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL -klxnf] ;+;f]wg_, @)!! .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 37
#=!=@ gLltPp6f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltsf] ;g\ @)!@ df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . of] j}b]lzs >d /f]huf/sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQx¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfotgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L nlIft ;/sf/sf] klxnf] gLlt xf] . o; gLltn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfkgdf x'g] u/]sf] clgoldttfx¿ / ;'zf;gsf] cefjnfO{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] oy]i7 hfgsf/L k|fKt gu/]sf / k"j{ tof/L a]u/ uPsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ zf]if0f tyf ;ª\s6f]Gd'v l:yltx¿sf] 7"nf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] s'/f klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQnfO{ :jLsf/ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿n] cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] qmddf ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, o;n] g]kfndf /x]sf pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lkmtL{ x'g] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] nflu k'gMPsLs/0f k|lqmofsf nflu /0fgLlt to ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
o; gLltn] æj}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cfly{s / u}/–cfly{s nfex¿dfk{mt bL3{sfnLg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;lxtsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;'/lIft, ;+ul7t, ;Ddfghgs / e/kbf]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{Æ nIf to u/L lgDg ;ftj6f ægLltut cfwf/x¿Æ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 Mn cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] klxrfg tyf k|j4{g ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 clwstd nfe lngsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ;Lko'Qm dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmofsf] k|To]s r/0f ;/n, kf/bzL{, Jojl:yt / ;'/lIft agfpg] .n dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ / ;du| cfk|jf;gsf] rqmdf pgLx¿sf clwsf/x¿
;'lglZrt ug]{ . n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] k|aGw ldnfpg] / If]qut
;fe]mbf/L j[l4 u/L ;xof]ufTds k|of;x¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfh{g u/]sf] ljk|]if0f ;Dej eP;Dd pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} ædfgj ljsf;sf nfluÆ pkof]u ug{
;xof]u ug]{ .
;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fonfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu s]xL lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] 5 M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿k7fpg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)&@Ù cled"lvs/0f tflnd ;+:yf btf{ / gjLs/0f;DaGwL k'l:tfsf, @)&!Ù JolQmut >d :jLs[lt k|lqmof;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&)Ù ;Lko'St tflnd ePsf dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf nflu p2]Zod"ns ;xfotf lj:tf/k'l:tsf, @)&!Ù / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf nflu :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;"lrs[t k|lqmof;DaGwL dfkb08, @)&) .
#=!=# ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ / ltgLx¿sf pknlAwx¿>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodfjnL, @)!@ -sfo{ ljefhg_ cg';f/ >d tyf /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . dGqfno leq, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sfdx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;DaGw dxfzfvfåf/f ;~rfng ul/G5 .
cfk\mgf] ef}uf]lns Onfsf aflx/ sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljb]zdf cfk\mgf gful/sx¿sf] ;'/Iff a9fpg] k|of;df ;/sf/n] lgDg d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf jf ;Demf}tf kqdf x:tIf/ u¥of] M stf/ - ;g,@))%_, o'gfO6]8 c/a
38 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
Old/]6\; -;g,@))&_, u0ftGq sf]l/of - ;g, @))&_, ax/]g -;g,@))*_, hfkfg -;g,@))(_ / Oh/fon -;g,@)!%_ . oL åLkIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿ logLx¿sf] lglb{i6 kIfdf leGg eP tfklg ;a} >lds k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ k|ltj4tfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ / ltgLx¿df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ Mn k|:yfg k"j{ g]kfnsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿Ùn sfdbf/x¿sf] etL{ k|lqmofx¿Ùn sfdbf/x¿sf] ofqf;Fu ;DalGwt Pj+ etL{ z'Nssf] e'QmfgLsf k|fjwfgx¿Ùn s/f/gfdfdf x'g] ljifoj:t' / o;sf] 9fFrf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿Ùn ljjfb lg?k0fsf ljlwx¿Ùn ;Demf}tfsf] cg'udg;DaGwL sfo{9fFrfÙ /n ;Demf}tfsf] j}wtf / cfk;L ;xdltdf lj:tf/ jf vf/]h;DaGwL ;t{x¿ .
gofF sfg'gx¿ k|:tfj gePsf] cj:yfdf dGqfnon] sfg'gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L nfu' ug]{ ub{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& hf/L ePb]lv otf dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!! Dff hf/L u/]sf lgodx¿ kl/dfh{g u¥of] / ;g\ @))* df k|fljlws OG6g{x¿ hfkfg k7fpg] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, ;g\ @)!@ df JolQmut k|lqmofdfk{mt >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ lgb]{lzsf / ;g\ @)!% df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L u¥of] . dGqfnon] xfn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{sf nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ul//x]sf] 5 .
dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!% b]lv @)@) sf] cjlwsf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgf hf/L u¥of] / o;nfO{ dlGqkl/ifbn] :jLs[lt k|bfg u¥of] . o; /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltsf p2]Zo, nIf / ;ftj6f gLltut cfwf/x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / ;Ddfghgs j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf ;fy} bL3{sfnLg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;tk{m of]ubfg k'Ug] 5 . o; sfo{ of]hgf leqsf /0fgLltx¿sf] rfxgf ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qx¿df k|of]u u/]/ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] x}l;otaf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] ?kdf :t/f]GgtL ug{ ;xof]u ug{' xf] .
/fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf k|d'v Jojxfl/s cfsif{0fx¿ b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M lkmlt{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPlss/0fÙ ljk]|if0f;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt th'{dfÙ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;fdflhs nfutdf Go"lgs/0fÙ sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;]jfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dd ljs]lGb|s/0fÙ dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft / dof{lbt j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df ;'wf/Ù afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdL -o'jfx¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf :ofx/ z';f/sf] cefjsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf JolQmx¿_ nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltdf ;dfj]zÙ clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿, vf;u/L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] b:tfj]hLs/0fÙ ef/tdf x'g] cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / o;sf kl/0ffdnfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu k|of]uÙ g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿ / dxfjfl0fHo b'tx¿sf sfof{nox¿ Tfyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] Ifdtf ljsf;Ù lkmtL{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0f nlIft tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf k|of]uÙ /fhb'tx¿ / dxfjfl0fHo b'tx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L >d s'6gLltnfO{ kIf kf]if0fÙ lhNnf c:ktfnx¿ / >d sfof{nox¿df dgf];fdflhs ljdz{ ;]jfx¿sf] k|fjwfgÙ ;a} k|d'v tflnd ;+:yfgx¿df ;~rfng x'g] tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljifo ;dfj]zÙ / >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft cfjf;x¿sf] plrt Joj:yfkg .
/fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ck]lIft kl/0ffdx¿k|bfg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿, kl/0ffdsf] k|To]s If]qsf nflu ;do;Ldf / ah]6 -sl/a s'n ah]6 g]kfnL ?k}ofF %=# lalnog jf cd]l/sL 8n/ $*=$ ldlnog_ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿ / lghL If]qlar ;+o'St ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 39
/f]huf/Ldf /x]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿ / ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, ;Ddfghgs / ;Gtf]ifhgs ;Defjgfsf] ?kdf k|j4{g ug{ dGqfnon] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 / cGo cGt/f{li6«o Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . xfn ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dfldnf;DaGwL ;~rfng ePsf dGqfno:t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿ oL x'g M -!_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g kl/of]hgf, ;g\ @)!#–@)!&Ù -@_ >d ahf/sf] ;"rgf;DaGwL sfo{ dfk{mt blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 >d cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL ;'zf;g, etL{ / /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf ;'/Iff, ;Lk / ljsf;sf] k|efj, ;g\ @)!#–@)!^Ù -#_ blIf0f PzLof / dWo k"j{df dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu lgikIf etL{ / plrt sfd, ;g\ @)!#–@)!*Ù -$_ g]kfndf cfk|jf;g / ljsf;;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / gLlt ;+jfbsf kxnx¿Ù / -%_ sf]nf]Daf] k|lqmofsf ;b:o /fi6« d'n'sx¿sf nflu >lds cfk|jf;gsf] Ifdtfdf ;'b[l9s/0f kxn, @)!#–@)!% .@#
lgMz'Ns leiff / lgMz'Ns l6s6 k|0ffnL nfu' u/L cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] cjlwdf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu cfly{s af]em tyf 7lusf ;Defjgfx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)!% sf] kl/dfh{g / hf/L . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :t/f]GgtL . kfFr jif]{ /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] dGqL kl/ifbåf/f :jLs[lt . 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)!% hf/L tyf kl/dfh{g .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAwx¿ tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ –;g\ @)!$÷!% df -s]xL @)!$÷!% eGbf afx]s_
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] bkmf #* adf]lhd ePsf] lyof] / o;sf] cWoIftf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqLåf/f ul/G5 . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu k|j4{gfTds lqmofsnfk ug'{ / lgDg sfo{x¿ dfk{mt cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] M n gofF cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/sf] vf]hLsf nflu cWoog ug]{, u/fpg]Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{gsf] nflu ;"rgf ;ª\sng, k|;f]wg / k|sfzg ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{]Ùn k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f, ;Lk tflnd ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} k|To]s sfdbf/nfO{ cfslZds ;Dks{ ljj/0f pknAw
u/fpg] h;n] ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cem /fd|f] ;'/Iff x'g] ub{5Ùn ljb]zaf6 kmsL{ cfPsf sfdbf/sf] ;Lk, k"FhL / lghn] l;s]sf] k|ljlw pkof]u u/L /fi6«lxtdf nufpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd
th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{Ùn cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ k|:yfg k"j{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbg] ;+:yf btf{ ug{ of]Uotf tf]Sg'sf ;fy}
tflndsf] kf7\oqmd th'{df / :jLs[t ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fonfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg cfjZos kg]{ cNksflng / bL3{sfnLg gLlt th'{df ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;di6Lut ?kdf cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg]Ù /n ;]jf z'Ns tyf k|j4{g vr{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ub{5 M
@# k|To]s cjojsf nflu ;fe]mbf/x¿ M -!_ P;l8l;÷x]Ne]6f;Ù -@_ cfOPncf]÷Oo'Ù -#_ cfOPncf]÷l8lkm8Ù -$_ sf]Osf÷cfOcf]PdÙ / -%_ Oo'÷cfOcf]Pd .
40 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
n ;Lkd"ns tflnd / cled'vLs/0fÙn sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ ;'ljwfx¿df kx'FrÙn p4f/, k'gM:yf{kgf / k'gMld{ngÙn cfly{s ;xfotf / Ifltk"lt{Ùn hgr]tgf clej[l4 / k|j4{gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿ .
d[ts cfk|jf;Lsf xsjfnfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg'sf ;fy} k|lt sfdbf/sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s ;xfotfsf] /flzdf bf]Aa/ j[l4 ug]{ lg0f{o .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lznlznfdf zfl//Ls ?kdf czSt ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fOPsf] .
d[tssf] nf;nfO{ sf7df8f}+af6 pgLx¿sf] u[x lhNnf k'¥ofOPsf] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd nfu' ug{:t/Lo ;~rfng k|lqmofsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] . b]ze/af6 #,##* hgfnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;Lkd"ns tflnd . k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f kf7\oqmddf kl/dfh{g . :jb]z kmls{Psf n}lª\us lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿ / efjgfTds rf]6af6 u|:t dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf
nflu pBdzLn sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog . blIf0f PlzofnL ;xof]u ;+u7gsf d'n'sx¿sf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu sfo{;"rL / sfo{ of]hgf
k|:tfj ul/Psf] . ljBfyL{ leiff lnP/ ljb]z hfg] g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] af/]df k|f/lDes cWoog ;DkGg .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu klxn]sf] >d tyf /f]huf/ k|a4{g ljefunfO{ k'gu{7g u/L xfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu tyf >d ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf p2]Zox¿ /f]huf/bftf Ph]G;Lx¿sf] ;~rfng / ;]jfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sf/f]jf/x¿ :jR5 / pko'St x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{] nufot ;'/lIft / dof{lbt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j4{gsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df /x]sf 5g\ . o; ljefun] b]xfosf sfo{x? ub{5 M
n j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht kq k|bfg, gjLs/0f, vf/]h ug]{ nufotsf ;f] Joj;fo;DaGwL sf/f]jf/x¿nfO{ lgodg ub{5Ù
n Ph]G;L jf Ph]G6x¿ lj?4 sfdbf/n] lbPsf ph'/Lx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ub{5 / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|dfl0ft ePdf sfjf{xLsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpFb5 Ù
nsfd;Fu ;DalGwt lj1fkgx¿ cflwsfl/s / pko'St x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ¿h' u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt 7uLnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5Ù
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 41
n sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿, s/f/gfdf / lgo'lQm kqx¿sf] ;+k/LIf0f u/L cfk|jf;L clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ub{5Ù / n ljb]z hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L u/]sf cg'dltdfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu æ>d :jLs[ltÆ -l:6s/ ;lxtsf]_
k|bfg ub{5 .
ljb]zdf pknAw x'g] /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf /f]huf/bftf P]h]G;Lx¿ dfk{mt pknAw eO ;"rgf ljefunfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 . To;kl5, ljefun] s/f/df pNn]v ePsf ;]jf / ;t{x¿ sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/]kl5 sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{æ:jLs[ltsf] ;"rgfÆ hf/L ub{5 . s'g} klg sfddf Psk6s cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] lgo'lQm ePkl5 / s/f/df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 o;df ;+nUg Ph]G;Ln] ;DalGwt cfk|jf;Lsf] ljj/0f ljb]z hfgsf nflu >d :jLs[ltsf nflu lgj]bg dfk{mt ljefudf btf{ u/fpFb5 . o; laGb'df, /f]huf/bftf Ph]G;Ln] uGtJo d'n'ssf] /f]huf/bftfn] k|bfg u/]sf] ælgo'lQm kqÆ ljefudf pknAw u/fpFb5 h;df sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf / ;t{x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ -k|foM ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ klxn] k|:t't ul/Psf jf s/f/ kqdf k|:t't ul/Psf eGbf km/s x'g] ub{5g\_ . sfdbf/sf] /fxbfgLdf 6fF;]sf] l:6s/ g} >d :jLs[lt xf] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] >d :jLs[ltsf nflu lbPsf lgj]bg, :jLs[ltsf ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL btf{ ul/Psf ph'/L / km:of}{6sf] cfwf/df 8]6fj]z /fVg] ub{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L btf{ tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfn] btf{ ePsf ;a} ph'/Lsf] cg';Gwfg ub{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] v08 $#–%( cGtu{t o; ljefunfO{ s'g} ck/fw ePsf] v08df lg0f{o ug]{sfo{If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 / v08 $*–%% cGtu{t o;n] b08 ;hfo tf]Sg ;Sb5 . ljefusf] sfo{If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/sf d'4fx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k7fOG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, JolQmut ¿kdf >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ sfdbf/x¿n] btf{ u/]sf] d'4f gx]l/sg ;f]e}m GofofwLs/0f ;dIf k7fOlbG5 .
Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|of] >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnocGtut{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;x–;lrjn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;+u7g ;/xsf] Pp6f ljefu xf] . :j–/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug{] vfnsf ljleGg tflndx¿ k|bfg ug{ Pj+ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] sfdbfx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cEo:tof] s]Gb| nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] e}+;]kf6Ldf cjl:yt 5 .o; s]Gb|n] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx¿ cfk\mgf] s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g tyf g]kfnsf lgDg :yfgdf cjl:yt !^ j6f tflnd s]Gb|x¿ dfk{mt sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] 5 M x]6f}8f, kf]v/f, h'Dnf, kj{t, a'6jn, bfË, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, dx]Gb|gu/, wflbª, /f}tx6, emfkf, O6x/L, cf]vn9'ª\uf / hgsk'/ .
>lds ufpF>lds cfk|jf;gsf] kl/jt{gzLn kl/j]znfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;g\ @)!# df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/of] . ;a} ;]jfx¿nfO{ Pp6} ynf]df /fv]/ k|lqmofnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] sf7df8f}+df Pp6f æ>lds ufpFÆ sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{nosf] dn]l;of zfvf, stf/ zfvf, ;fpbL c/]ljof zfvf xfn >lds ufpFdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL tLg}j6f zfvfx¿sf] g]t[Tj tLghgf pk–;lrjx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ eg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] g]t[Tj ;x– ;lrjn] u/]sf 5g\, h;n] cGo ;a} uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ ug]{ ub{5g\ . of] >lds ufpFn];]jf u|fxLx¿sf nflu lgjf{w, u'0f:t/Lo, ;do;fdlos / kf/bzL{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
42 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
>lds ufpFdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] ;xof]udfcfk|jf;L ;|f]t s]Gb| ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o; s]Gb|n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 . sfg'gL k/fdz{ ;d]t pknAw 5 .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cgnfOg a}lsª\u / aLdf ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 7uLsf lqmofsnfkx¿k|lt z"Go ;lxi0f'tf ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIfsf ;fy JolQmut ?kdf lnOg] >d :jLs[ltnfO{
lgolGqt kx'Fr k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 . >lds ufpFdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ ;d]t cfk\mgf] kl/ro kq b]vfP/ dfq o; zfvfdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sb5g, t/ Dofgkfj/ k|ltlglwx¿ nufot cGo s;}nfO{ klg k|j]z ug{ lbO+b}g .
>lds ufpFn] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fj}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fsf] :yfkgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g / lgodfjnL cGtu{t ePsf] lyof] . of] tLghgf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] cw{ Goflos lgsfo xf] M k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwL; cWoIf ;lxt >d cbfntsf] d'4f x]g]{ clws[t / Gofo ;]jfsf] k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t . of] s'n !^ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;lxt ;~rfng x'G5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gcg';f/, GofofwLs/0fsf] sfo{If]qflwsf/ lgDg adf]lhdsf] /x]sf] 5 Mn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo lagf:jLs[lt ;~rfng ug{ lgif]w M s'g} klg Ph]G;Ln] P]g adf]lhd Ohfhtkq glnO{ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb}g . olb ;~rfng u/]df jf s;}nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df nufO{ lbG5' egL e'm§f] cfZjf;g lbO{ jf k|nf]eg b]vfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf nufO{ lbg] p2]Zon] s'g} /sd lnPdf jf ljb]z k7fPdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿;Fu lnPsf] /sd c;"n u/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{sf ;fy} tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Ddsf] sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbOg]5 . ljb]z k7fO g;s]sf] eP ;f] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
n Ohfht k|fKt Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L cfk|jf;L sfdbf/nfO{ ljb]z k7fPdf M s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt glnO{ sfdbf/ ljb]z k7fPdf jf s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] s;}nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df nufOlbg]5' egL e'm§f] cfZjf;g lbO{ jf k|nf]eg b]vfO{ s'g} /sd lnO{ ljb]z gk7fPdf To;/L lnPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] krf; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd e/fO{ To:tf] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 / To:tf] Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] Ohfhtkq ;d]t /2 x'g]5 .
n gfaflnux¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg/f]s M olb s'g} Ohfht k|fKt Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] s'g} …gfaflnuÚ nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fPsf] kfO{Pdf To:tf] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .
n ;/sf/åf/f tf]lsP b]lv afx]ssf cGo d'n'sx¿df sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg /f]s Mj}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu sfdbf/ k7fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] v'nf gu/]sf] d'n'sdf s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] s'g} sfdbf/ k7fPdf jf v'nf u/]sf] d'n'ssf] k|j]zf1f lnO{ v'nf gu/]sf] d'n'sdf k7fPdf To;/L sfdbf/ k7fpg] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}oFfb]lv ;ft nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 . sfdbf/ k7fpg /sd c;'n ul/;s]sf] t/ sfdbf/ k7fO g;s]sf] eP cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
n cfjZos sfuhftx¿ Jff k|ltj]bgx¿ kmlh{ agfPdf Ms'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] hfgL–hfgL s'g} lnvt jf k|ltj]bg n'sfPdf jf s'g} s'/f x]/k]m/ u/]df jf e'm§f Joxf]/f kf/]df jf e'm§f Joxf]/f tof/ ug{ nufPdf lghnfO{ Ps nfv ?k}ofFb]lv tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 . ;f] adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k'gM ;f] ;hfo kfpg] 7xl/Pdf bf]Aa/ ;hfo ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 43
GofofwLs/0fdf btf{ ul/Psf d'4fx¿;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, !(&@ cg';f/ ;'g'jfO{ / km:of}{6 ul/G5g\ . GofofwLs/0fn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljfefuåf/f l;kmfl/; u/L k7fOPsf d'4fx¿ klg k|fKt ub{5 .
o;sf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv GofofwLs/0fn] clwsf+z d'4fx¿ km:of}{6 u¥of] -efu @ x]g'{xf];\_ . km:of}{6 u/]sf @!# j6f d'4fx¿dWo], !!* j6f k"0f{ dfubfjLsf nflu of]Uo eP, %& j6fn] ;kmfO kfP, @^
j6fn] cf+lzs ?kdf ;kmfO kfP, Pp6f vf/]h eof], / !! j6f lgnlDat eP . dfubfjL ul/Psf] /sd ?= () nfv $) xHhf/Ù s'n sf/fjf; ;hfosf] jif{ M ##@, s'n hl/jfgf /sd M
sl/a ?= ## nfv . s'n @$ hgf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sf/fjf; k7fOof], h;dWo] !( hgf k'?if / % hgf dlxnf lyP . bf]lifx¿dWo] $ hgf
ljb]zL lyP .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fn] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿
>d ;xrf/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] v08 ^* cg';f/ %,))) eGbf a9L g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ePsf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .@$ >d ;xrf/Lsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
n g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿ sfo{/t :yfgx¿df >ldssf] cj:yf, /f]uhf/L, cWofudg tyf ;DalGwt d'n'sn] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu rfn]sf sbdx¿sf af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg]Ù
n sfdbf/x¿ / >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ljb]z k7fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg Joj;foLx¿lar s'g} ljjfb eP To;sf] lg?k0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{Ù
n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf ;xof]u gkfP/ ck\m7\of/f]df k/]sf s'g} klg g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] p4f/sf nflu cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg]Ù
n g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;Lk;Fu d]nvfg] vfnsf /f]huf/;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg]Ùn ljb]zdf d[To' ePsf s'g} klg cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] zj g]kfn Nofpgsf nflu k|aGw ldnfpg]Ùn g]kfnaf6 sfdbf/x¿ cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L txdf åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug]{Ùn cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] lxtdf pgLx¿sf] ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / s/f/df pNn]v ePsf afx]s cGo s'g} klg sfd ug{
lg?T;flxt ug]{Ù n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] s'g} klg lqmofsnfksf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{Ù /n ;/sf/af6 ;do ;dodf lgb]{zg hf/L ePcg';f/sf sfdx¿ ;DkGg ug]{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf7j6f b]zx¿df >d ;xrf/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] 5 M ax/fOg, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, stf/, u0ftGq sf]l/of, ;fpbL c/a / ;+o'Qm c/j Old/]6\; .
@$ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnLdf !,))) eGbf a9L dlxnf >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df dlxnf >d ;xrf/L lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 .
44 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
cGo ;+:yfx¿g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf tyf ;xfotf k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt b'tfjf;sf ;]jfx¿df kL8f / ph'/L, d[ts cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] nfz g]kfn Nofpg], /f]huf/bftfaf6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy}, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;+s6f]Gd'v cj:Yffx¿af6 p4f/ ub{5 .
:jb]zdf k/f/fi6« dGqfno kmf]sn dGqfno xf] / o; dGqfno dfk{mt /f]huf/sf] qmddf ljb]zdf d[To' ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] kfpg] xhf{gf pgLx¿sf xsjfnfnfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 . k/f/i6« dGqfnon] jfl0fHo b't ;]jf ljefunfO{ /sd k7fpFb5 / o; ljefun] xsjfnfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ;f] /sd pknAw u/fpFb5 .
snsQf, xª\usª\u -lrg_, h]4f, nf;f / Go"of]s{df klg kfFr j6f dxfjfl0fHo uf]Zjf/f sfof{nox¿ 5g\ h;n] ljleGg jfl0fHo b't ;]jfx¿ klg lj:tf/ ub{5g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 45
46 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x? hf]8{gdf Pp6f tof/L kf]zfs sDkgLdf sfd ub}{ . © ILO/B. Sharma Pokharel
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 47
$=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf;
;fdfGo ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf cfk|jf;gsf lgwf{/sx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfly{s ;+/rgf / c;dfgtf_ nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/fh:t}, cfk|jf;gsf] :j?k / ltgLx¿sf k|efjx¿nfO{ cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg{] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg plQs} dxTj lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljz]iftM Jofks gLltx¿ tyf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ dfk{mt ;/sf/L;+:yfx¿ tyf k"jf{wf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ / JolQmx¿sf nflu cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtf h;n] ;j{k|yd cfk|jf;gsf lgwf{/s cjojx¿nfO{ / cfk|jf;gnfO{ w]/} tl/sfn] /fHon] k|efj kfg'{ kg]{ s'/f ;'emfpFb5 .@% csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, cfk|jf;gljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s]Gb|laGb'df /x]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n'ssf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ljBdfg :j?knfO{ :ki6 lbzf lgb]{z ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% b]lv xfn;Ddsf] cfjlws /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿n] phfu/ u/]cg';f/ cfk|jf;g ljsf;sf] ;~hfnleq ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] k|efj b]vf k¥of] . Ps cy{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] ;f]xL ;dodf ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] eP tfklg o; tk{msf] cfsif{0fnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf c;Gt'ngsf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] .
k~r jif]{ cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{;ftf}+ of]hgf -;g\ !(*%–!(()_ df klxnf] k6s :yfg lbOPsf] lyof] . of] / To;kl5sf] cf7f}+ of]hgf -!((@–!((&_ df g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf]@^ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] k|jfxnfO{ lgodg ug]{ k|of; :ki6 emlNsGYof] . of] k|of; To; avt hah{:t b]vf k/]sf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfef; ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*% / !((@ df qmdzM b]vf k/]sf] %=^ / &=^ k|lt;tsf] pRr j]/f]huf/ b/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] >d zlQmsf] sl/a cfwf Go"g /f]huf/;Fu uf+l;Psf] s'/fnfO{ ul/aLsf] d"ne"t sf/0f dflgPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((@ df g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a $( k|lt;t lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vf d'lg /x]sf] cfFsng ul/Psf] lyof] .
Psftk{m kl/j]znfO{ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] dfkb08x¿ leq ;Lldt ug'{ ;xh b]lvP tfklg, k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf / cfly{s 9fFrfdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{gx¿sf] :j?kdf b]vf k/]sf] d"ne"t /fhgLlts k|ultn] ;f]xL cjlwdf pbf/ cy{tGq / d'n'sx¿larsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] pknlAw tk{m 8f]¥ofof] . tyflk, of] o:tf] cjlw lyof] ls h;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf d'l:snn] /fli6«o of]hgfx¿df ;xhtfsf ;fy phfu/ x'g'sf ;fy} o;sf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds k|efjsf] klxrfg klg lyPg . t;y{, of] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;xhtf eGbf klg lgodgsf] ljifo lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tk{msf] b[li6sf]0fdf d"n kl/jt{g gjf}+ of]hgfsf] cjlw -;g\ !((&–@))@_ df cfof], h;df o;nfO{ s]jn ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf dfq gx]/L d'n's leqsf] j]/f]huf/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg tyf sfdbf/sf] nIf;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/of] . gjf}+ of]hgfn] Jofks ?kdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{ / o;nfO{ ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu nufgLsf] cfjZostfsf] ?kdf lrlqt u/]sf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] d'n's leq pTkfgzLn /f]huf/sf] l;h{gf tyf :j/f]huf/sf p2]Zox¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbof] . of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] l;h{gf
ljifout ;jfnx¿
@% Ef]Hhf]nL, @)!$ . @^ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL klxnf] sfg'g o;} cjlwdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, !(*% . o; P]gsf] lgodg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno -@)!$_ df clen]v
ul/Psf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfg'gx¿sf lj:t[t ?kdf t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M l;hfklt / lnDa' -@)!@_ .
efu $
48 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
ug]{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu Ifdtfjfg, k|lt:kwL{ / pknAw dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{ . of] j}lblzs /f]huf/ ahf/sf] If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf, ljb]zdf /xFbf sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / /f]huf/Lsf ;Defjgf ePsf d'n'sx¿ leqsf] g]kfnL s'6gLlts lgof]ux¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ sfdbf/x¿sf] lxt / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg] klxnf] of]hgf lyof] . o;n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu Pp6f :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] sNkgf u¥of] h'g ljnDj u/]/ ;g\ @))& df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf;Fu} ;fsf/ eof] .
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / >d Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLlt / /0fgLltdf ;'Jojl:yt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cfjlws of]hgfx¿df klxnf] k6s :yfg kfof] . bzf}+ of]hgf -;g\ @))@–@))&_ / lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -;g\ @))&–@)!)_ n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df o'jfx¿nfO{ k7fpgsf nflu kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ ;d]t to u/] .@& o;sf cltl/St, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;Da4 cjojx¿nfO{ df}lb|s gLltx¿ -3/]n' art, ljb]zL ljgLdosf] ;+lrlt, e'QmfgL art_, ljleGg If]qut gLltx¿ -o'jf, dlxnf /f]huf/, ljkGg ju{x¿_ / cGtlj{ifout ;jfnx¿ -dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;_ nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cfjlws of]hgfx¿ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|d'v pknlAw xf], h;n] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] vf]hL tyf ljlgof]hg ub{5Ù ljsf;] of]hgf, gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ub{5Ù ljsf;] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5Ù / b]zsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt larf/ ljdz{, 5nkmn / k/fdz{x¿ ub{5 .@* t;y{,of]hgf th'{df ug]{ lgsfosf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljsf;sf ljleGg ;jfnx¿df gLltx¿, ;+:yfx¿ / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5, h'g s'/f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dfldnfdf Pp6f jf:tljs ultzLntf ePsf] 5 .
olb cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo tyf k|jf;Lx¿sf] b]z leqsf] k|jfxnfO{ :ki6 lbzf lgb]{z u/L k|efj l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cfk|jf;g gLltx¿df Go"gLs/0f ul/of] eg] -cGo cjojx¿sf] ;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy_ cfk|jf;gnfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfg]{ gLltx¿sf b'O{j6f ;+ufnf] x'g ;Sb5g\ .@( k|tIo ?kdf k|efjkfg]{ gLltx¿sf] klxnf] ;+ufnf] :ki6 p2]Zox¿ jf cfk|jf;gnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ cf}hf/x¿x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lghL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ af6f] vf]Ng] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxsf nflu k|ToIo e"ldsf 5 lsgeg] oL Ph]G;Lx¿n] v'nf ahf/ k|0ffnLcg'?k sfd ub{5g\, h;n] 7"nf] dfu l;h{gf ug'{sf ;fy} dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf] cfk"lt{;Fu tfbfTDotf /fVb5 . JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;gdf hfg] JolQmx¿sf] t'ngfdf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ;]jf k|of]u u/L g]kfn 5f]8\g] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf x]bf{ -v08 @=@ x]g'{ xf]nf_ lghL If]q ;+nUg gePsf] eP o:tf] ;Defjgf x'g] lyPg .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !(() df ;/sf/åf/f clª\usf/ ul/Psf] pbf/Ls/0f / v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf] 9fFrfsf] k/f]If ?kdf s'g} klg cfk|jf;gsf] p2]Zo lyPg . t/ o;n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df ;xh kx'Fr k|bfg u¥of] . b'O{j6f pbfx/0fx¿sf] ld>0fn] g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] d"n ljz]iftf :ki6 kfg{ d4t ub{5 M vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofsf nflu 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ .
cfk|jf;gsf p2]Zox¿;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ gePsf t/ cfk|jf;gnfO{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ ljifo klg o; gLlt ;+ufnf]df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;foLs lzIff Pj+ tflnd ;Lk ljsf; gLlt b]z leq / j}n]lzs >d ahf/df sfd ug{cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk / tflnd gePsfJolQmx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu th'{df ul/Psf]
@& bzf}+ of]hgf / tLgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgfn] sfof{Gjog ;dofjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu qmdzM %%),))) / &%),))) o'jfx¿ k7fpg] nIf to u/]sf] 5 . @* kf]v/]n, @))( . @( cfk|;gsf nflu /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/Lsf nflu cjwf/0ffTds sfo{9fFrf e]Hh]nL, @)!$ df k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{kqn] sfo{9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljifoj:t'nfO{
lj:tf/ u/]sf eP tfklg oxfF s]jn o; cjwf/0ffsf] ;/nLs[t bf]xf]/f] juL{s/0f dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 49
lyof] . ;g\ @)!@ sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pj+ tflnd gLltn] klg >d ahf/sfdfux¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df cem a9L k|lt:kwL{ agfpgsf nflu ;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u¥of] . /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;sf] Pp6f c+zsf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . cGTodf, gLltx¿sf] o; ;+ufnf]df p2]Zo jf cf}hf/sf] ?kdf gcfP tfklg o;n] cfk|jf;gsf] :j?knfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s[lifsf nflu z'ne shf{ k|bfg ug]{ n3' shf{ sfo{qmdx¿n] cfk|jf;gdf hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .
ljsf;] of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|of]un] s] Olªut ub{5 eg] >d cfk|jf;g s]jn ;/sf/n] s'g} 36gfkl5 kxn ug]{ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmn dfq ePsf] 5}g . a?, dfly pNn]v ePsf sfo{ 9fFrfx¿h:tf gLltx¿, sfg'g / ;+:yfut k|aGwx¿sf] :j?kdf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ of]hgfx¿ dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ k|j4{g, lgodg / Joj:yfkg u/]/ ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ 7f]; cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg]{ sfdsf nflu k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] Jofks ljZjJofkL / /fli6«o cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 . t;y{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljsf;df ePsf] c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f jf ljsf; j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf sf/0f eg]/ a'e\mg] cgf}krfl/s k4lQ k|of]u u/]df o;n] rlqmo ts{x¿ k|ltkfbg ub{5 . t;y{, /fd|f] pkfo eg]sf] cfk|jf;g / ljsf; Pp6} k|lqmofsf c+z ePsf] x'gfn] logLx¿ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cGt/lqmofTds#) /xG5g\,h;n] ;dosf] cGt/fndf ljleGg txsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds c;/x¿ lgDTofp+b5g\eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
/fli6«o ljsf;df of]ubfgj}b]lzs /f]huf/n] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df klxrfg kfPb]lv tLg bzssf] cjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o >d cfk|jf;gn] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j}vfn] c;/x¿ lgDTofPsf] 5 . sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n'sdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gsf] k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL ufx{:y cfo, ljt/0f, ul/aLsf] tx, vkt, nufgLsf] tx / j[l4df cGt/f{li6«o ljk|]if0fsf] v'b k|jfxnfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ k|f/De x'G5 . To; laGb'af6, dfgj ljsf;sf cGo dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿df cltl/St ;|f]tx¿sf] v'b k|jfxsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f tk{m cl3 a9\b5, h:t}M lzz' d[To', lzIffdf egf{ / kf]if0fsf] tx .#!
;g\ @)!@ df ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sx¿df g]kfn ljk|]if0f#@ k|fKt ug]{ -s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf_ b];|f] 7"nf] d'n's tyf clt sd ljsl;t## d'n'sx¿dWo] ;aeGbf pRr :yfgdf lyof] .#$
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ePsf] j[l4 ;Fu}, vf;u/L vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifbb]zx¿ / dn]l;ofsf] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿af6 ljk|]if0f lelqg] s'/fdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . s'n ljk|]if0f cfo ;g\ @))#÷@))$ sf] ?= %* cj{ ^) s/f]8af6 ;g\ @)!$÷@)!% df ?= % va{ *( cj{ %) s/f]8df j[l4 eof] . s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf x]bf{ ;g\ @))#÷@))$ sf] !)=( k|lt;taf6 ;g\ @)!$÷@)!% df @&=& k|lt;tdf j[l4 eof] . ljutsf] bzsdf s'n ljk|]if0f cfodf pNn]vgLo laGb'n] lg/Gt/ j[l4 ePsf] 5, h'g cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxdf lge{/ /xG5 -lrq !_ . ljZj j}ª\sn] o;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]cg'?k ;g\ @)!# sf] !%=* k|lt;tsf] ljk|]]if0f j[l4af6 ;g\ @)!$ df j[l4 %=* k|lt;t sd /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] sf/0f cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] :6sdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] afXo cfk|jf;gsf] j[l4df lu/fj6 ePsfn] xf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\VofTds ?kdf of] lu/fj6 ;g\ @)!) df sl/a !) nfv / ;g\ @)!# df sl/a @) nfv lyof] .#%
#) Sof;N;\, @))* .#! /lgh\, @))* .#@ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf cg';f/, ljk|]if0fn] lgDg s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5 M vf;u/L dflg;x¿sf] c:yfoL jf :yfoL cfjfudgaf6 æj}b]lzs cy{tGqdf kx'Fr eO k|fKt x'g] kfl/jfl/s cfo xf] . o:tf]
cfodf ljB'tLo jfo/ h:tf cgf}krfl/s dfWod jf cgf}krfl/s dfWodsf] k|of]u ul/ k};f jf ;/;fdfg l;dfgf kf/ u/L leq\ofpg] h:tf s'/f kb{5g\ . ljk|]if0fx¿ pNn]vgLo ?kdf gofF cy{tGqsf cfk|jf;Lx¿ jf ;f]xL d'n'ssf] lgjf;L ePsf JolQmx¿ jf df};dL jf cNksflng sfdbf/x¿n] leq\ofpg] jf k7fpg] gub / lhG;L kb{5g\ .
## ljZj a}+s, @)!$ .ljZj a}+s, @)!$ . #$ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, @)!$ . #% ljZj a}+s, @)!$ .
50 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .
lrq !&= ljk|]if0f k|jfxsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))#÷)$–@)!#÷!$
Remittance income/GDP in per cent Annual percentage change in remmitance income Annual percentage change in obtaining labour permit
60
50
40
30
20
10
00 0 0
42.547
10.5
9.4
33.7
41.8
20.925
15.2417.21
8.44
20.61
8.1
10.9 11.1
49
2.5
14.9
13.8 17.5
21.2 19.4
18.5
23.525.6
28
0 0 0
2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
11.9
j[xt cfly{s :yfoLTjsf nflu of]ubfgljk|]if0f cfon] j[xt\ cfly{s :yfoLTj sfod /fVgsf nflu pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 eg] of] cy{tGqsf ^ dWo]sf] Pp6f cfwf/:tDe xf] -cGo cfwf/x¿df nufgL, Aofkf/, s[lif, hn;|f]t / ko{6g x'g\_ .#^ ljk|]if0f cfo e'QmfgL artsf] :yfgfGt/sf] ;d"x cGtu{t kb{5,#& . o; juL{s/0f cGtu{t b]zx¿n] ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿;Fu cfk\mgf] df}lb|s sf/f]af/sf] clen]vg ub{5g\ / o;df rlNt vftf,#* ljQLo vftf, / k"Flhut vftf ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . cy{tGqsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt lbgsf nflu e'QmfgL artdf :yfoLTj sfod /fVg' df}lb|s gLltsf] k|d'v gLltx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] .#(
g]kfn /fi6« a}+såf/f jflif{s ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] b]zsf] e'StfgL ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yfkg tk{msf] of]ubfgnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] th'{df u/]sf] df}lb|s gLlt ;g\ @)!$÷!% df pNn]v ePcg';f/ cTolws dfqfdf lelqg] u/]sf] ljk|]if0f / j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] rlNt vftfdf j[l4 / e'StfgL ;Gt'ng tk{m of]ubfg k'¥ofPs 5g\ . ;g\ @))(÷!)$) b]lv rlNt 6«fG;km/ cfodf ljk|]if0f cfosf] lx:;f lg/Gt/ ?kdf *) k|lt;teGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fdf ePsf] j[l4n] j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cf/If0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} e'StfgL ;Gt'ngsf] cltl/St artdf j[l4 ;d]t ePsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cf/If0f Jofkfl/s dfn;fdfg tyf ;]jfx¿sf] cfoftsf nflu nufgL
#^ >]i7, @))* . #& kGt -@))^_ n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ ls ljk|]if0fsf dfkb08x¿ df}Hbft e'QmfgLsf tLg j6f kIfx¿df lgDg :j?kdf cfwfl/t 5g\ M -!_ sfdbf/x¿sf] ljk|]if0f -sfdbf/n] Ps jif{eGbf a9L ljb]
zdf al; k7fPsf] k};f_Ù -@_ sfdbf/x¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ -Ps jif{eGbf a9L ljb]zdf a;]sf sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n cfDbfgLÙ / -#_ cfk|jf;Lsf] :yfgfGt/0f -Pp6f b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf hfg] u/]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] v'b ;DklQ_ .
#* rlNt vftfdf ;fdfg, ;]jf, cfDbfgL / rlNtsf] :yfgfGt/0fsf] clen]vg ul/Psf] 5 . rlNtsf] :yfgfGt/0fdf bfg, ;xof]u / cg'bfgx¿, ;/sf/L ;xfotf / lgj[lQe/0f nufot ljk|]if0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
#( g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;DaGwL P]g, @))@ .$) cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)!$÷!% .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 51
ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf nflu cfjZos kb{5g\ . ;g\ @))$÷)% sf] lgof{teGbf cfoftsf] kl/df0f @=% u'0ff pRr lyof] t/, of] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df cfsfl;P/ * u'0ff pRr x'g k'Uof] . g]kfnn] k|lt lbg ?= ! vj{ % cj{ a/fa/sf] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ub{5 . of] ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf] ;fdfgx¿ cfoftsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /sdsf] lx;fjn] ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvG5$! . ;g\ @))$÷)% df s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] ?kdf @@ k|lt;tdf /x]sf] j}b]lzs ljlgdo k|lt:yfkg ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df j[l4 eO #$=% k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . ;f]xL cjlwdf ;g\ @))$÷)% df s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] !!=% k|lt;t ljk|if]0fdf ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df j[l4 eO @* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] .$@
ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfgzx;|fAbL ljsf; nIf k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!# cg';f/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k7fpg] kl/jf/x¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljk|]if0fn] pNn]vgLo cg'kftdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/f clen]vul/Psf] 5 . t/ o;sf] cGo hg;ª\Vof / cfGtl/s cfk|jf;Lx¿sf dfem To:tf] of]ubfg b]lv+b}g . ;g\ !)() b]lv @)!# sf] lardf /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof $@ k|lt;taf6 @#=* k|lt;tdf 36\g k'Uof] . zx;|fAbL ljsf; nIfsf] k|ltj]bgn] klg g]kfnsf] ul/aLsf] :t/ 36\g] qmddf ;g\ !((^ / ;g\ @))$ sf] lardf !=% k|lt;tn] / ;g\ @))$ / @)!! sf] lardf @=% k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ul/aLsf] :t/ 36\g] qmd j[l4 x'g'df ;f]xL cjlwdf j[l4 ePsf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vfG5 .
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] d'Vo k|efj kl/jf/sf] txdf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷@)!! cg';f/, ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ ;a} kl/jf/sf] ljk|]if0fdf ;g\ !((%÷(^ sf] @#=$ k|lt;taf6 j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @)!)÷!! Df %%=* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/sf] s'n cfodf ljk|]if0fsf] pNn]vgLo lx:;f /x]s]f 5 M ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/df /x]sf] s]jn !&=^ k|lt;taf6$# ;g\ @)!)÷!! Dff #)=( k|lt;tsf] lx:;f -ljZj a}+s, @))(_$$ . ljZj a}+ssf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z dfqf b}lgs pkef]u / C0f e'QmfgLsf nflu k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lhjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷!! cg';f/ kl/jf/n] k|fKt ug]{ s'n ljk|]if0fsf] sl/a &( k|lt;t b}lgs pkef]usf nflu / & k|lt;t C0f e'QmfgLsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .
cg';Gw]tf / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] ljk|]if0fsf] dxTjnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf n]vfhf]vf u/]cg';f/ ul/aL Go"lgs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO /x]sf] ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf nflu ckjfb xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f ef/tsf] s]/nf /fHoaf6 Jofks ?kdf vf8L d'nstk{msf] >d cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f ljk|]if0fdf ePsf] j[l4n] To; /fHosf] ul/aLsf] tx !@ k|lt;tn] 36fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofof] .$% g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vof ePsf] wg'iff lhNnfdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|efj cWoog u/]/ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ k7fpg] kl/jf/x¿sf] pkef]u cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ gk7fpg] kl/jf/x¿sf] eGbf pRr kfof] . o:tf] cfosf] clwsf+z lx:;f vfBfGg / ljx]jf/Lsf nflu vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf] / afFsL /sd hldg vl/bsf nflu vr{ u/]sf] kfOof] .$^
$! pxL, k]h g+= *( .$@ pxL, k]h g+= *( .$# ljZj a}+sn] ;~rfng u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cfk|jf;g ;j]{If0f @))( sf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ $) k|lt;t ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ k"0f{ ?kdf ljk|]if0fdf lge{/ /x]sf lyP eg] $% k|lt;tn] ljk|]if0fsf]
k|of]u cfk\mgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿eGbf k/ cGo sfdsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] dx;'; u/] . jf:tjdf, ^) k|lt;t ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ -/ !* k|lt;t g]kfnL kl/jf/x¿_ cfk\mgf] cfwfeGbf a9L cfDbfgL ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt ug]{ ub{5g\ .
$$ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!% .$% :s]N8g, @))* .$^ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!@ .
52 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
>d Joj:yfkgdf of]ubfg/fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ b]zsf] j]/f]huf/ / Go"g /f]huf/nfO{ ;Gt'nt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLltsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ cg'dflgt $%),))) >ldsx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] ljb]zdf /f]huf/ kfpFb5g\ . cGt/f{i6«o >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf nflu /f]hfuf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] ePsf] 5 .
b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf x'g g;Sbf / 3/]n'>d ahf/ lgliqmo ePsf sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ vf;u/L cbIf / cw{–bIf >d zlQmsf nflu ljsNk ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/åf/f hfl/ ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿dWo] &$ k|lt;t cbIf, @% k|lt;t cw{–bIf / Ps k|lt;t bIf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu 5 .
cGo of]ubfgx¿oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf of]ubfgx¿ k"0f{ geO ;aeGbf a9L;txL x'g\ . cfk|jf;gsf] cfly{s nfe dfgj ljsf;sf kIfx¿df k|ltljlDjt x'G5g\ . ljk|]if0f l;ª\uf] cjoj geP tfklg o;n] dfgj ljsf;sf nflu an k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!$ n] b]vfPsf] 5 ls ljk|]if0f / ko{6gaf6 x'g] cfodf ;'wf/ ePsf sf/0f;fIf/tf / lzIffdf 5nfª\u dfg]{ klZrdL kxf8 / klZrdL lxdfnx¿h:tf If]qx¿n] pgLx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf tLa| ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ .$* wg'iff lhNnfdf ;~rfng u/]sf] cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 ls ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0f k|fKt gug]{ kl/jf/x¿n] eGbf a9L lzIff / :jf:Yodf nufgL u/]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ;"rgfdf a9L kxF'r lyof] .$&
o;sf cltl/St, cfly{s ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] a9\bf] cjwf/0ffx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .%)
;fdflhs ljk|]0fx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] qmddf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] xfl;n ug]{ ;Lk, larf/, 1fg / ;fdflhs ;~hnf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5g\ . æk|ltef knfogÆsf] bz{g ;fdfGotM a;fO ;/fOsf] s'/fdf nfu' x'G5 eg] >lds cfk|jf;gsf] af/Daf/sf] ultzLntfn] larf/ tyf cEof;x¿sf] ljlgdo dfk{mt æk|ltef vktÆjf æk|ltef k|flKtÆtk{m pGd'v u/fpFb5 .
g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf cGt/f{li6«o >d cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;Lldt 1fg dfq 5 . xfd|f] d'Vo a'emfO{ cfly{s ljifodf s]lGb|t 5 – ;j{{k|yd ljk|]if0fsf] ljZn]if0f, h;n] >d cfk|jf;g / ljsf;nfO{ lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts 9fFrf;Fu hf]8\g] sfd ub}{g . t;y{, >d cfk|jf;g / /fli6«o ljsf;sf cGo kIfx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 .
5nkmns a'Fbfx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/sfk|j[lQx¿M g]kfnL cy{tGq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿sf] j[l4;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . jt{dfg k|j[lQx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] :j?kdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]vfP tfklg o:tf] k|j[lQ slt nfdf] ;do;Dd jf s'g :t/;Dd sfod /xg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f clglZrt 5 . cWoogx¿n] ;'emfPsf 5g\ ls vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] dfun] eljiodf%! lg/Gt/tf kfpg] 5 . t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgsf nflu sfdbf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ ax' kIfx¿n] k|efj kfb{5g\ -cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] dfun] dfq xf]Og_ . >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| j[l4 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQsf] Pp6f kIf dfq xf] . o;;Fu hf]l8Psf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{ klg cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnsf] blIf0f–k"jL{ t/fOsf] efux¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] s]Gb| / To; If]qsf nflu To;sf] k|efjsf jf/]df sd dfq hfgsf/L 5 . vf]hLug'{kg]{ csf]{ kIf b]zsf] dWo–klZrd / ;'b'/–klZrdaf6 >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] af/]df xf] .
$& ;xz|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)!# .$* g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!$ .$( g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!@ .%) n]le6, @))! .%! cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L . lhcfOh]8 / cfOPncf] -@)!%_ >d ahf/sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f / blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >d cfk|jf;g .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 53
ljk|]if0fx¿ M ljk|]if0fx¿sf] e"ldsf lg;Gb]x ?kdf ul/aL 36fpg' eP tfklg ltgLx¿ ljsf;sf nflu ;dfwfg eg] xf]Ogg\ . ljk|]if0fx¿n] tLa| ultdf ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf d4t k'¥ofpFbf k'¥ofpFb} klg b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s a[l4 ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / ljutsf] bzsdf cfly{s j[l4 cf};t ?kdf $=! k|lt;t /xg k'Uof] .%# /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;'wf/ a]u/ ljsf; ug{ vf]Hbf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 lsgeg] o;n] d'b|f :kmLlt tyf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{geGbf a9L 7"nf] c;dfgtftk{m 8f]¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .%$ ljk|]if0fx¿sf] 7"nf] k|jfxnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 . ljZj a}+sn] g]kfndf ;g\ @))& / ;g\ @)!! sf] lardf pRr txsf] ljk|]if0fsf] kl/j]zdf t/ntfnfO{ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] dfldnf cWoogcg';f/, ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxdf PSsf;L ePsf] j[l4n] a}+lsª\u k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] /flzsf] t/ntfsf] ljhf/f]k0f u¥of] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, tLa| ?kdf cfGtl/s C0fdf j[l4 u/fpg'sf ;fy} c:yL/ ?kdf 3/hUuf / :6s dfs]{6sf] d"Nodf j[l4 u/fof] .%% ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt c;dfgtfx¿klg phfu/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷!! n] s] phfu/ u¥of] eg] ;aeGbf ul/a / ;aeGbf wgL pkef]u lSjG6fON;sf JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] k|lt JolQm ljk|]if0fsf] lardf ljzfn cGt/ 5 . o;af6 s] hfgsf/L ldNb5 eg] cfk|jf;L hg;ª\Voflar j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/ / nfex¿ ;dfg ?kdf ljt/0f ePsf 5}gg\ . kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgzLn ?kdf k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f Jofks hfgsf/Ldf 5 . ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿sf] pkef]usf] :j?knfO{ dfgj k"Flhsf nflu nufgL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5, t/ pTkfbgzLn sfo{sf nflu k|of]u gug]{ xf] eg] o;n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/tk{msf] k/lge{/tf tk{m 8f]¥ofpg ;Sb5 . o;sf ;fy}, ljk|]if0f cfosf] bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg lx;fan] j[xb cfly{s ;"rsx¿df kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf af/]df yk cg';Gwfgsf] klg cfjZostf b]lvG5 . Pp6f gofF cWoogsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/, ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z cfonfO{ b}lgs pkef]Uo jf ljnflztf / l6sfp ;fdfgx¿sf] cfoftdf vr{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;n] cfoftsf] dfusf] ultnfO{ j[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, cGTodf a9\bf] Aofkf/ 3f6ftk{m 8f]¥ofpg] / kl/jf/n] cfDbfgLnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfn] ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] cfwf/e"t e"ldsf lgwf{/0f x'g] b]lvG5 .%^
j}b]lzs /f]uhf/ tyf /fli6«o ljsf; M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nfex¿nfO{ ;g\ @)!% kZrft /fli6«o ljsf;df s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf cem lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ / ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otaf6 :t/f]GgtL ug{sf nflu of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ ;jfnx¿ ;fGble{s 5g\ . oL ;jfnx¿ kl/jf/sf] txdf ljk|]if0fnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L tj/n] k|of]u ug]{ -pTkfbgzLn k|of]usf nflu_ b]lv lnP/ ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ j[xb tx;Dd -ljk|]if0fnfO{ ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgL ug]{ gofF ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ln+b}_ nufgL ug]{ ;Ddsf x'g .cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ljlwx¿ klg 5nkmnsf] Pp6f a'Fbf x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @)!% cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrftsf] k'gnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;f]Rg' kg]{ tTsfnLg cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
%# cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)!% .%$ Sof;N;, @))* . %% ljZj a}+s, @)!# . %^ e6\6, @)!#.g]kfndf ljk|]if0f / Aofkf/ 3f6fsf] ;DaGwM Pp6f leOl;Pd k4lQ . Osf]gf]lds l/Eo" @# -!_ .
54 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
$=@ e"sDk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostfx¿
@% clk|n @)!% sf lbg g]kfnnfO{ &=^ DoflUgRo"8\sf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkn] xNnfof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'g'sf ;fy} b}lgs hLjg si6s/ x'g k'Uof] . y'k|} ;ª\Vofdf dlxgf}+;Dd cfPsf k/sDkx¿ plQs} vt/gfs lyP h;n] afl9, tyf cGo y'k|} gf]S;fgL / Iflt k'¥ofP . b]zsf] $% lhNnfdf s'n *,*(^ JolQmx¿ -#,(&@ k'?if / $(!* dlxnfx¿, ^ klxrfg x'g g;s]sf ;lxt_ sf] d[To' eof], @@,#)@ hgf JolQmx¿ 3fPt] eP, sl/a () nfv 3/x¿ k"/} jf cf+lzs ?kdf Wj:t eP .%& k|efljt lhNnfx¿dWo] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df p4f/ tyf /fxt ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] !$ lhNnfx¿ -eStk'/, wflbª, bf]nvf, uf]vf{, sf7df8f}+, sfe|]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, dsjfgk'/, g'jfsf]6, cf]vn9'ª\uf, /fd]5fk, /;'jf, l;Gw'nL / l;Gw'kfnrf]s_ nfO{ æ;ª\s6 u|:tÆ lhNnfsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . sl/a k|To]s ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfdWo]af6} dflg;x¿sf] xtfxt ePsf] lyof] .
;/sf/n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsngn]%* ;fdflhs, pTkfgzLn / k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ tyf cGtlj{ifout ;jfnx¿df%( s'n &,)^% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfg u¥of] . cfjf; / dfgj al:tx¿sf] lagf; ePsf sf/0f cg'dflgt $,)*^ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] gf]S;fg / Iflt ;fdflhs If]qx¿df x'g k'Uof] . pTkfbgsf If]qx¿df JolQmut cfodf ePsf] cg'dflgt !,&!@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] gf]S;fgLsf ;fy} pTkfbgzLn If]qdf cg'dflgt !,&*@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf]Iflt eof] . ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt If]qx¿ ko{6g, ljQLo / s[lif If]q lyP . e"sDkkZrft, ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt lhNnfx¿df ljb]zaf6 w]/} cfk|jf;Lx¿ cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf] ;fydf /xg / pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/x¿sf nflu 3/ kls{P .
>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] lu/fj6;Fu} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df e"sDksf] tfTsflns k|efj gsf/fTds lyof] . e"sDkeGbf cl3Nnf] tLg dlxgfdf cf};t dfl;s $*,%#& >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] eg] e"sDk kl5sf] tLg dlxgfdf -e"sDk cfPsf] dlxgf ;d]t_ >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] cf};t ;ª\Vof #!,(&( df em¥of] -tflnsf !*_ .
Tflnsf !*= clk|n @)!% sf] e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfx
e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf dlxgfx¿ Dffl;s ?kdf hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿
dlxgf ! -df3_ 48 941
cf};t $* %#&dlxgf @ -kmfNu'0f_ 44 460 dlxgf # -r}q @)&!_ 52 210 dlxgf ! -j}zfs – e"sDk uPsf] dlxgf_ 31 375
cf};t #! (&( dlxgf @ -h]i7_ 37 962 dlxgf # -cfiff9_ 26 600
;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
%& x]g'{xf];\ drrportal.gov.np%* ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt, gf]S;fg / cfjZostfx¿sf] If]qut / cGt/ljifos If]qut ljZn]if0fsf] ;aeGbf a9L lj:t[t / cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h xf] . k|ltj]
bgsf] of] v08 pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s d'VotM To; cfFsngsf] cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . %( ;fdflhs If]qx¿ M cfjf; / dfgj a:tL, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/Ù pTkfbgzLn If]qx¿ M s[lif, l;+rfO, afl0fHo, pBf]u, ko{6g, laQLoÙ k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ M ljB't, ;~rf/, ;fd'bflos
k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOÙ cGtlj{ifos ;jfnx¿ M zf;g, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, jftfj/0f / jg .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 55
o;/L lu/fj6 ePsf] pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vof cgk]lIft lyof] . o; cg';Gwfgsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;dodf dfl;s lhNnf tYofª\s pknAw geP tfklg s] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] !$ j6f ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;Lsf] ;ª\Vofdf cfPsf] lu/fj6n] tfTsflns lu/fj6 ePsf] xf] . ;a} ;ª\s6u|:t lhNnfx¿n] cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% df >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| lu/fj6sf] cg'ej ug'{ k¥of] -lhNnfsf] tYofª\sf nflu cg';"lr XX x]g'{xf];\_ . ;ª\s6 u|:t !$ lhNnfx¿df ;g\ @)!$÷!% df hf/L ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ >d :jLs[ltsf] @! k|lt;t tYofª\s lyof] .
;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf j}b]lzs >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] b]zsf] blIf0f k"jL{ ;dy/ If]qnfO{ ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] k|efj gk/]sf] sf/0f cfk|jf;Lsf] k|jfxdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cGo kIfx¿n] klg ;du| k|j[lQnfO{ k|efj kf/] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, e"sDksf] b'O{ dlxgf kl5 c;f/ -h'g / h'nfO{_ df lu/fj6 -hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf @^,^)) df em/]sf]_ Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿sf] !* lbg] x8tfn / aGb;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .^)
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj x]g{ afFsL g} 5 . t/, ul/aLsf] k|sf]knfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf, j]/f]huf/L, hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] Iflt / gf]S;fg / Ifltaf6 k|ltnfe k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;donfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf eljiodf vf;u/L ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfx¿af6 >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+ssf] gd'gfnfO{ p4[t ub}{ ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @)!%÷!^ df b]zsf] @=%–#=% k|lt;t hg;ª\VofnfO{ yk ul/aLtk{m ws]Ng] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffdcg';f/, slDtdf klg yk &)),))) yk dflg;x¿ ul/a x'g]5g\ .
To;}u/L ljleGg If]qx¿df /f]huf/Ldf pNn]Vo ?kdf Iflt ePsf] 5 . sl/a ^) k|lt;t >d zlQm /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] /f]huf/Lsf] s[lif If]qn] cg'dflgt @*# ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] 7"nf] Iflt / gf]S;fg ef]Ug' k¥of] h;n] eljiodf pTkfbgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . o;}u/L, sl/a %)),))) JolQmx¿ jf #=% k|lt;t >d zlQmsf nflu /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{ ko{6g If]qn] 7"nf] Iflt Aoxf]g'{ k¥of] . e"sDkn] w]/} ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ / ko{6sLo6«]lsª\u ?6x¿ lagf; u¥of] . n3' Joj;fo tyf 3/]n' pBf]udf ePsf] Iflt;Fu} jfl0fHo tyf pBf]un] klg 7"nf] Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . xfn}sf jif{x¿df, oL /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
o;eGbf klxn] pNn]v ul/Ph:tf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 l;lh{t ul/aL / a]/f]huf/ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿df k|efj kfg]{ cjojx¿xf]Ogg\ . ljkb\ kl5sf] k'gMnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf ;fy} cGo 7"nf ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts cjojx¿n] klg cfk|jf;gsf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ 5g\ .
e"sDk kZrftj}b]lzs /f]huf/ >d Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cjojsf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] 5nkmnsf] d'Vo a'Fbfsf] cy{ k'gMnf{e / k'gMlg{df{0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ >ldssf] dfu/ cfk"lt{nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug'{ xf] . ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng k|ltj]bgn] s]xL If]qx¿df k|sf; kf/]sf] 5, h;sf nflu k'gnf{e/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 M cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu sl/a &)),))) sfdbf/x¿ rflxg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 h;dWo] $^ k|lt;t 8sdL{h:tf bIf sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 . vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dnl;ofdf cbIf / cw{ bIf >ldsx¿n] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ ;aeGbf 7"nf] If]q lgdf{0f If]q xf] . oL d'n'sx¿df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .^! cfjf; If]qsf] k'gMnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0f sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cg'elj / ;Lko'St lkmlt{ ePsf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf]
^) Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿n] afXo d'n'ssf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu ælgMz'Ns leiff / l6s6sf] k|fjwfgÆ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lj?4df h'nfO{df lj/f]w :j?k !* lbg;Dd cfk\mgf ;]jfx¿ aGb u/] . h'nfO{ ^ b]lv nfu' ePsf] o; k|fjwfg cGtu{t /f]huf/bftfx¿n] Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf z'Ns glt/]sf] v08df dfq clwstd ?= !),))) cGoyf lgMz'Ns ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] ;ftj6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿ tk{m k|:yfg ug{ ;Sy] – ax/fOg, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, stf/, ;fpbL c/]aLof / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;\ .
^! lhcfOh]8 / cfOPncf], @)!% . blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >a ahf/ ljZn]if0f / >d cfk|jf;g, @)!% .
56 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
;Lk / cg'ejsf] pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ klg 5 . o;sf cltl/St, cGo k|efljt If]qx¿sf] j]/f]huf/Lsf] l:yltn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ cfjf; If]qdf df]8\g ;Sb5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, ;Lko'St jf cg'elj >ldsx¿ / OR5's >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lardf ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fsf] ljlgdo ug]{ cj;/sf] l;h{gf x'G5 .
;dfg vfn] Joj:yfkg cGo If]qx¿df klg k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jfl0fHo tyf pBf]ux¿df sfdbf/x¿sf] cefj ePsf sf/0f ef/tLo sfdbf/n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cefjnfO{ :yfgLo >ldsnfO{ ;DalGwt k|of]hgsf nflu tflnd k|bfg u/]/ k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . xHhf/f}+ sfdbf/x¿ ;dfg vfn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu b]z 5f]l8/x]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ b]zleqsf] >ldssf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;a} If]qx¿;Fu j[xt k/fdz{ u/]/ o; ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .
$=# j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf b]zdf dlxnfx¿dfem ;du| /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQdfkl/jt{gsf]dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ . xfn}sf] ;/sf/L k|ltj]bgn]^@ phfu/ u/]cg';f/ u}/ s[lif If]qdf ;g\ !(() / @)!) sf] lardf !& – @) k|lt;tsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] Hofnf dhb'/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f ;g\ @)!# df j[l4 eO $$=* k|lt;t k'u]sf] lyof] . o:tf] ltj| j[l4 To;a]nf b]vf k¥of] h'ga]nf -;g\ @)!!÷!@_ df >d :jLs[lt kfpg] dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/eGbf a9L ePsf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ cfk|jf;LdWo] ;g\ @)!@/!# df dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft ^=@ k|lt;t k'Uof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ljutsf] bzsdf pNn]Vo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L, klxnf] b'O{ / cfwf bzsdf ePsf] dGb j[l4sf] t'ngfdf ljut kfFr jif{ -;g\ @)!)÷!!–@)!$÷!%_ df dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf tLa| j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k"j{ >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefu -@))!_^# af6 pknAw clen]vn] ;g\ !(*% / @))! sf] lardf s]jn jflif{s cf};t !) hgfsf] cg'kftdf !^! hgf dlxnfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu uPsf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . of] cg'kftdf ;/sf/L clen]vsf] tYo cg';f/ ;g\ @))) sf] dWo ;Dddf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; ;ª\VofnfO{ x]bf{ ;g\ @))^÷)& df dlxnfx¿sf nflu #() j6f >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @))&÷)* df $,^*% >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;ª\Vof ut cfly{s jif{sf] ckjfb afx]s x/]s jif{ lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQnfO{ e"sDkn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vof ePsf] l;Gw'kfnrf]s dfgj tyf k"jf{wf/ Ifltsf lx;fan] ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt ePsf] lhNnf dWo]sf] Ps lyof] .
^@ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)!#, k]h g+= #! . zx;|fAbL ljsf; nIf k|ult k|ltj]bg, k]h g+= #! .^# cfOPncf], @))$, k]h g+= @* . u0f]z u'?ª\u .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 57
tflnsf !(= hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltsf] n}lª\us jflif{s jlu{s[t tYofª\s
cf= j=Hff/L ePsf] >d :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s
j[l4 b/
lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 b/ -k'?if_
lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 b/ -dlxnf_
s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] k|lt;t -k'?if_
s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] k|lt;t -dlxnf_
2008/09 - - - 96.1 % 3.9 %
2009/10 33.70 % 34.37 % 17.0 % 96.6 % 3.4 %
2010/11 20.61 % 21.21 % 3.6 % 97.1 % 2.9 %
2011/12 8.44 % 5.05 % 120.4 % 94.0 % 6.0 %
2012/13 17.21 % 16.97 % 20.94 % 93.85 % 6.15 %
2013/14 15.24 % 15.92 % 4.87 % 94.4 % 5.60 %
2014/15 -3.8 % -2.51 % -26.44 % 95.72 % 4.28 %;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .
tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] k|f/De b]lv g} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf ;xeflutf ;/sf/åf/f Hofb} lgodg ul/Psf] Pp6f ljifo xf] . Pl;ofsf s]xL d'n'sx¿h:t} g]kfnn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df cltl/St ;t{x¿ tyf ljleGg k|ltaGwx¿ cjnDjg u/sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !(*% sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lagf b]z 5f]8\g lgif]w u¥of] . ;g\ !((* sf] P]gdf ePsf] bf];|f] ;+;f]wgn] o;sf] k|ltaGwfTds k|fjwfgnfO{ sfod /fVg'sf ;fy} cleefjsf cltl/St ;/sf/sf] ;d]t cg'dlt rflxg] k|fjwfg yk u¥of] . g]kfnL 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿sf] s'j]tdf d[To' ePkZrft ;/sf/n] g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df hfg k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufof] . of] k|ltaGw dlxnfx¿sf nflu cf}krfl/s If]qsf] sfdsf nflu dfq ;g\ @))# df cf+lzs ?kdf x6fOof] eg] 3/]n' sfdsf nflu ce}m k|ltalGwt lyof] . ljb]z hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf nflu /IffTds ;+oGqx¿ Nffu' u/]kl5 ;g\ @)!) df of] k|ltaGw x6fOof], t/ ;g\ @)!@ df #) jif{ d'lgsf s'g} klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdsf nflu dWok"j{df hfg /f]s nufpg] p2]Zon] k"gM nfu' ul/of] . tyflk, oL ljleGg ;t{ Pj+ k|ltaGwx¿sf] p2]Zo dlxnfx¿nfO{ nfdf] sfo{ ;do, n}lª\us lx+;f, zf/Ll/s b'Ao{jxf/ / cfly{s zf]if0f nufotsf w]/} hf]lvdx¿af6 arfpgsf nflu lyof] . t/ of] gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] uDeL/ cfnf]rgf eof] . g]kfnL o'jtLx¿ 3/]n' sfdsf nflu clgoldt dfWodåf/f cf}krfl/s k|0ffnL k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} klg ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt a]u/ dWok"j{sf b]zx¿df hfg] qmd /f]lsPg .
58 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tflnsf @)= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjthfjtdf ;/sf/sf] /f]s
;dofjlw k|ltaGwsf] :j?k
!(*%–!((* dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgsf nflu cleefjs -cfdfafa', nf]Ug] jf cGo gft]bf/_ sf] :jLs[lt cfjZos k¥of] .
!((*–@))# vf8L d'n'sdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfk|jf;gdf k"0f{ k|ltaGw .
@))#–@)!) vf8L d'n'sdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfk|jf;gdf cf+lzs k|ltaGw .
hgj/L @))(–d] @))( n]aggdf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnfnfO{ hfg k"0f{ k|ltaGw .
@)!@ – d] @)!$ vf8L d'n'sdf #) jif{ d'lgsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf hfg lgif]w .
d] @)!$ – clk|n @)!% vf8L d'n'sdf ;a} pd]/sf cfk|jf;L dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf elt{ x'g k"0f{ k|ltaGw .
clk|n @)!% kZrft -sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljrf/flwgdf /x]sf]_
vf8L d'n'sdf @% jif{ d'lgsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ lgif]w .
b[9 ;+sNkL cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] clgoldt dfWodsf] k|of]unfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;/sf/n] gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)!% hf/L u¥of] . o; lgb]{lzsfn] ax/fOg, s'j]t, n]jgg, dn]l;of, stf/, ;fpbL c/]aLof / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;df 3/]n' sfdsf nflu hfg rfxg] dlxnfx¿sf nflu Go"gtd pd]/sf] dfkb08nfO{ 36fO @$ jif{df emf¥of] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf x'g] u/]sf] ptf/r9fj ;/sf/n] avt avt lnPsf lgoGq0fd'vL sbdx¿df phfu/ ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) df dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] k|ltaGw k'ms'jf u/]kl5 cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!!÷!@ df dlxnfx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vofdf !@) k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] j[l4 ;a} cfk|jf;Lx¿lar dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft pNn]Vo ?kdf @=( k|lt;taf6 ^ k|lt;tdf j[l4 eof] . ha ;g\ @)!@ df of] k|ltaGw k'gM nufOof], lg/k]If ;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 b/ 36\g'sf ;fy} kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n lx:;fdf lu/fj6 cfPsf] lyof] .
;/sf/sf gLltx¿ dfq dlxnfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cjnDjg ug]{ lg0ff{os kIfx¿ xf]Ogg\ . ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿ / kl/jf/df dlxnfx¿sf] 5f]/L, >Ldlt / cfdfx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] sf/0fn] klg ;|f]t ljlgof]hgsf] nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kb{5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, cfk|jf;gsf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;Defjgfdf c;/ kb{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 59
$=$ ljBfyL{ le;f / /f]huf/
ko{6sx¿, cfk|jf;Lx¿, ljBfyL{x¿, z/0ffyL{x¿, lgjf{l;tx¿, k|jf;Lx¿ / kfx'gf sfdbf/x¿sf] lgjf{w k|jfx ljZjJofkL ljifo ePsf] 5 . g]kfn klg o;sf nflu ckjfbdf kb}{g . g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d'b|kf/ d'n'sx¿df cWoog ug]{ s'/f ;fdfGo ljifo ePsf] 5 . xfnsf jif{x¿df clwsf+z ljBfyL{x¿ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no tyf lzIff dGqfnosf] z}lIfs k/fdz{ tyf k|df0fLs/0f zfvfdf btf{ ePsf z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg] ub{5g\ .
lzIff dGqfnon] ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfgsf nflu le;f k|fKt ul/;s]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqÆk|bfg ub{5 -tflnsf @!_ . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] k9fO z'Ns ltg{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xLsf nlu j}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kq clgjfo{ sfuhft xf] . g]kfnaf6 lgjf{w ?kdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|jfx, ljQLo k|jfx / pgLx¿sf] cWoogsf] cjlw / :gftsf]Q/ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5sf] /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf cfh{g ug]{ cfo;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . t;y{, ljb]zsf] cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ Pp6f lemgf] /]vfn] 5'6\ofpFb5 . æljBfyL{x¿ÆnfO{ cWoogsf gfddf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fOPsf y'k|} 36gfx¿ phfu/ ePsf 5g\ .
tflnsf @!= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqx¿Æ
b]z cf= j= @)!)÷!! b]z cf= j=
@)!!÷!@ b]z cf= j= @)!@÷!# b]z cf= j=
@)!#÷!$ b]z cf= j= @)!$÷!%
! ;+o'St clw/fHo
3 140 c:6«]lnof 3 644 c:6«]lnof 4 408 c:6«]lnof 11 184 Hffkfg 9 457
@ c:6«]lnof 2 341 Hfkfg 1 310 hfkfg 4 272 Hffkfg 7 933 c:6«]lnof 8 944 # ;+o'St
/fHo 1 203 ;+o'St
/fHo 849 Eff/t 1 211 ;+o'St
/fHo 1 456 ;+o'St
/fHo 3 105
$ Hffkfg 1 128 Eff/t 812 Dfn]l;of 830 Dfn]l;of 1 190 Eff/t 1 042 % Eff/t 502 ;+o'St
clw/fHo 577 ;+o'St
/fHo 809 Eff/t 1 003 Dfn]l;of 1 012
^ Af+unfb]z 363 rLg 453 ;+o'St clw/fHo
627 rLg 581 Af+unfb]z 865
& rLg 353 Af+unfb]z 307 Gfj]{ 517 Af+unfb]z 473 rLg 752 * Hfd{gL 293 Hfd{gL 275 Hfd{gL 412 ;+o'St
clw/fHo 438 8]gdfs{ 742
( lkmlnlkG; 268 lkmgNof08 220 Af+unfb]z 377 8]gdfs{ 404 Go"lhNofG8 598 !) lkmgNof08 192 lkmlnlkG; 216 dl/;; 360 Hfd{gL 366 Hfd{gL 431 !! cGo 2 129 cGo 1 595 cGo 2 676 cGo 3 098 cGo 3 748s'n %*
b]zx¿!! (!@ ^( b]zx¿ !) @%* ^$
b]zx¿!^ $(( ^&
b]zx¿@* !@^ &@
b]zx¿#) ^(^
;|f]t M lzIff dGqfno .
tflnsf @@ n] ljb]zdf cWoog ug{sf nflu g]kfnaf6 k|ltlbg cf};t %$ hgf ljBfyL{x¿ hfg] u/]sf] s'/f Olª\ut ub{5 . ;g\ @)!)÷!!–@)!$÷!% sf] tYofª\sn] g]kfn 5f]8\g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof k|lt lbg ## hgfaf6 *$ hgfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]vfpFb5 . clwsf+z jif{x¿df, g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu c:6«]lnof ;aeGbf a9Lnf]slk|o d'n's lyof] .
60 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
;g\ @)!$÷!% df w]/}h;f] ljBfyL{sf] ?lrdf hfkfgn] c:6«]lnofnfO{ kl5 kf¥of] . uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg %* af6 j[l4 eO &@ k'Uof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ufFl;Psf] ljb]zsf] cWoog leq a9\bf] r'gf}lt 5 . of] l:ylt ;f]rgLo 5 lsgeg] z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿lghL Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf x'G5g\ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] 7uLsf 36gfx¿ g]kfn k|x/Ln] v'nf;f u/]sf] 5 .
oL Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{no / lzIff dGqfnodf btf{ afx]s cGo s'g} sfg'gL dfkb08x¿ 5}gg\ . sf7df8f}+ kf]i6sf] ;dfrf/cg';f/, @! cui6 @)!% ;Dddf u}/ sfg'gL ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf !! j6f z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿nfO{ dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lsf] ck/fw dxfzfvfn] sfjf{xL ug'{sf ;fy} /fhwfgL leq ;dGjosf/L tj/n] 5fkfdf/L sDkgLsf k|f]k|fO6/x¿nfO{ kqmfp u¥of] . o;/L kqmfp kg]{x¿dWo]sf] sflndfl6df /x]sf] z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLnfO{ j]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ blIf0f clk|msfdf ;'/Iff uf8{sf] sfd nufO lbg] k|nf]eg b]vfO{ 7"nf] /sd 7uL u/]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] . o:tf sDkgLsf] lj?4df le;f k|lqmof, >d :jLs[lt / sfuhkq ldnfpgsf nflu k|lt JolQm ?= %%),))) lnPsf] cf/f]k nufO{ !! hgf kLl8tx¿n] ph'/L btf{ u/]sf lyP . z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿nfO{ sfg'gn] s;}nfO{ klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .
z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿dfk{mt ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ k7fpg] s'/fsf] hl6ntf dfgj a]rlavg;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . h'nfO{ @)!% df sf7df8f}+ kf]i6sf] l/kf]6{cg';f/ b NofDa8{ Ps]8]dL ck\m ;]G6 n'l;cfn] 7uL u/]sf] kfOP/ o;sf pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfgj a]rlavgsf] cf/f]k nufOg' sf ;fy} sDkgL aGb ug{ afWo kfl/Psf] lyof] . sl/a !! hgf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ e/tk'/sf] Pp6f z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] ToxfF k7fPsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 .
o:tf 36gfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno tyf g]kfn k|x/L]lar ;+o'St ?kdf / ;dGjsf ;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . o; If]qdf x'g] u/]sf] 7lusf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / ljz]if1sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug{sf nflu sfg'gL dfkb08x¿ nfu' ubf{ ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLltx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ ca ;do cfPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 61
62 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
OR5's sfdbf/x? O=lk=P;= sf]l/ofsf] k/LIffsf] nflu kmd{ eg{ nfda4 . © IOM/ A. Bahadur Balampaki
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 63
cGt/fn, r'gf}lt / eflj sfo{ lbzf
%=! k|d'v cGt/fnx¿
%=!=! ljsf;sf nflu nufgL b]zsf] ljQLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;d'b|kf/ ljsf; ;xfotf, k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL / C0fsf] t'ngfdf plrt :yfg lbO{Psf] 5}g . b]zsf] cy{tGqdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo 5 hals j}b]lzs ;xof]u /fli6«o ah]6sf] !% k|lt;t 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lx;fjcg';f/ ;g\ @)!$÷!% df cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 sl/a ?=%*(=% va{ /sd ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf lelqPsf] lyof] / of] /sd sl/a To; cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s ah]6sf] xf/fxfl/df lyof] . of] b]zsf] s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] @( k|lt;t a/fa/ xf], h;n] g]kfnnfO{ s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg tk{msf] of]ubfgsf nflu ljZjdf t];|f] / blIf0f Plzofdf klxnf] agfp+b5 . ljk|]if0fx¿ l:y/h:tf] b]lvg] ePsf]n] logLx¿ k|foM j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt rqm x'g] ub{5g\, / ltgLx¿n] e'QmfgL artnfO{ l:y/ /fVg d4t k'¥ofpFb5g\ .
cfk|jf;Lx¿n] h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cfk\mgf] 3/df kl/jf/n] sl7gfOsf] cg'ej u/]df a9L k};f k7fpg] x'gfn] ljk|]if0fn] cfly{s k|lts"ntfsf] cj:yfdf aLdfsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssfcg';f/ ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk kl5 of] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] lyof] . e"sDk kl5sf s]xL dlxgfx¿df g]kfndf lelqg] ljk|]if0fdf 7"nf] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . dWo clk|n b]lv dWo h'g ;Dddf cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] cf};t ?= $& ca{af6 j[l4 eO{ dfl;s ?= ^# ca{ k'u]sf] lyof] .
b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ;aeGbf a9L afXo ljQLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLn] Jofks ?kdf pk]Iff u/]h:tf] b]lvG5 / of] ljifo b]zsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5nkmndf k|j]z u/]sf] 5}g .
%=!=@ ljk|]if0f ljz]if g]kfndf ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus If]q vl:sPsf] nIf0f xf] / o;n] vf;u/L Go"g :j–/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf lx;fjn] lgof{t Aofkf/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf k"0f{ ?kdf lge{/ /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cy{tGq afXo cfly{s ;ª\s6sf] cj:yfdf ;+s6f]Gd'v 5 . s]xL g]kfnL cy{zf:qLx¿n] ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf lrlqt ug{ z'? u/]sf] eP tfklg ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfg eGbf klg afd] ;l//x]sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu c:yfoL ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f z[ª\vnfsf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .
df]jfOn k|ljlw / l8lh6n k|ljlwsf cGo dfWodx¿ nufotsf ljleGg vfn] gljg ;]jfx¿sf] tTsfn cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;]jfx¿ pknAw ePdf kl/jf/x¿n] cfk\mgf] ljk|]if0f l56f] 5l/tf], ;:tf] / cfk\mgf] cfjf;sf] glhs} -vf;u/L cf}krfl/s ?kdf a}lsª\u ;]jfx¿ k|fKt gePsf b'u{d :yfgx¿df_ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
efu %
64 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] lkmtL{ ePsf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd k'l:tsfdf ljk|]if0f cfo;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o;df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] NofPsf] k};f jf cfh{g u/]sf 1fg, ;Lk, ljz]if1tf, cg'ej, ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ;DaGw, ;~hfn / To:t} cGoh:tf ;fdflhs k"FhL b'j}nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; lj:t[t cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/sf] pTkfbgzLn If]q / dfgj ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] clwstd k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
cf}krfl/s ljk|]if0f ;]jfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/L 7"nf] /flzsf] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug'{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] o;n] ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf nflu 6]jf lb+bf k};f k7fpg] sfd ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ x'g k'Ub5 .
ljk|]if0fx¿sf] 8fo:kf]/f af]G8\; / ;'/If0fd\ ;fgf tyf 7"nf b'j} vfn] ;fj{hlgs nufgLsf nflu ;|f]tx¿nfO{ dfly p7fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿df nf]slk|o eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfly{s jif{ @))(÷!) / @)!)÷!! Dff cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ af]G8\;, 8fo:kf]/f af]G8\;sf] Ps k|sf/sf] ahf/Ls/0f u¥of] . tyflk, of] k|of; ;kmn ePg . 8fo:kf]/f af]G8sf] ;kmn lalqmsf] Joj:yfkg hl6n x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] c;kmntfsf sf/s tTjx¿sf] cem ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿dWo] $* cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . t]x|f}+ cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf -@)!$–!^_ n] g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf O:tfga'n k|f]u|fd ck\m PS;gsf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k cltsd ljsl;taf6 :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5, h;sf] yk nIf ;a}sf nflu / vf;u/L o'jfsf nflu k"0f{ / pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf ;fy dof{lbt sfdsf] l;h{gf ug]{ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . of] nIf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ca ^ jif{sf] ;dofjlw dfq afFsL 5 . ljsf;sf nflu nufgL ug{ ljk|]if0f cfo k|d'v cjoj x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] s[lif, phf{, ul/aL Go"lgs/0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ ljk|]if0f gLlt th'{df ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
%=!=# ;'zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu z'Go÷Go"g nfut gLlt nfu' u/] tfklg o;sf] Jojfxf/Ls sfof{Gjog r'gf}ltk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt nfut, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ck|ToIfvr{ / >d :jLs[lt nufotsf vr{x¿, sld;g / z'Nsx¿h:tf pRr nfut 5 . o;sf cltl/St, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/nfO{ >d :jLs[lt k|lqmof emGeml6nf] nfu]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] o;sf] ;/nLs/0fsf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .
hgdfg;df ;fdfGo a'emfO s] 5 eg] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt k|lqmofnfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfOg' kb{5 . g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] elt{ / /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfd pknAw ug{sf nflu lj1fkg b]lv lnP/ s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug]{ / uGtJo d'n'ssf nflu >d :jLs[lt kfpg] ;Ddsf jt{dfg k|lqmof ljleGg r'gf}ltx¿ / Joj:yfkgsf] cGt/fnn] el/Psf 5g\ .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf 1fg / cg'ej ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"g :yfloTj 5 . pRr b/sf] cl:y/tfsf] d'Vo sf/0f Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu t'ngfTds ?kdf sd ;|f]tx¿ pknAw x'g ;Sb5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfx¿ ljutsf jif{x¿df cnUu} ;~rfng eO/x]sfn] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg / ;]jfx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf 6'6\g] u/]sf] 5 .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf clwsf/x¿ / sNof0fsf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf cltl/St pTklQ / uGtJo d'n'sx¿lar >d cfk|jf;g k|lqmofx¿;~rfng ug{sf nflu åLkIfLo >d ;Demf}tfx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ . uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo >d ;Demf}tfx¿ ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5, h;n] g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cem a9L ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 65
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdYo{ ;'b[9 ul/g' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ cfk|jf;g cem a9L nfebfoL / /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tfvfn] gLltut dfkb08x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;Lko'Qm tflnd k|bfg ug'{kg]{ a'e\mg' kb{5, h;n] g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cem a9L k|lt:klw{ agfpg] 5 .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljb]zdf pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf cjlwdf ;+/If0f ug'{ >d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;'zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / ;'zf;gsf nflu ;xlhs/0f ug'{ g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿ / lgof]ux¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿df ;|f]t;fwg tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pknAwtfnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;]jfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt nuftf/ ?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu oL ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ce}m klg sdhf]/ 5 .
>d cfk|jf;g / dfgj a]rlavg larsf] ;DaGw klxrfg ul/g' kb{5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] a9\bf] ?kdf ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf zf]if0f / b'Ao{jxf/x¿sf 36gfsf ;Gbe{df >d cfk|jf;g ;'zf;gnfO{ dfga a]rlavg la?4sf] n]G; k|of]u ubf{sf r'gf}ltx¿sf] klxrfg eO ;s]sf] 5 .
%=!=$ >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] k"jf{wf/ ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDkn] o; dGqfnosf] klxn]sf] sfof{no k|of]u laxLg agfPsf] x'gfn] >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno xfn cf+lzs ?kdf ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno / cf+lzs ?kdf l;+xb/jf/sf] k"gMlgdf{0f dGqfnodf cjl:yt 5 . t;y{, gofF ejgsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . xfn ;]jfu|fxL tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] 7"nf] sl7gfO cg'ej ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
%=@ r'gf}ltx¿
o; k|ltj]tgsf nflu ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0fn] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf r'gf}ltx¿ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ .
n vf;u/L g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otaf6 :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ljk|]if0fnfO{ cfly{s j[l4 / ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf]] ;+jfxssf] ?kdf s;/L clwstd agfpg] <
n sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljk|]if0fsf] cf}krfl/s ;]jf k|of]usf nflu k|]l/t ug{;+:yfut kxn / ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g' kb{5, / cgf}krfl/s ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ s;/L cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLdf Nofpg ;lsG5 < of] ljk|]if0fsf] jf:tljs /fzLsf] u0fgf ug{sf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff / plrt /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf uGtJo d'n'sx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt dxf;GwLx¿, l;kmfl/;x¿ / cfn]vx¿cg'?k sfd ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg .
n ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ o'gLog kl/ifb\ / cGo lgsfox¿sf] s:tf] e"ldsf x'g' kb{5<n sf8{, df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g / zfvf/lxt a}lsª\uh:tf gofF k|sf/sf e'QmfgL k|0ffnLdfk{mt ljk|]if0fsf] k|efjsf/L k|jfxnfO{
j[l4 ug{sf nflu jt{dfg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u;DaGwL s:tf ;+/rgfut, sfg'gL / k|fljlws k|aGwx¿ x'g' kb{5 <n s] g]kfnn] ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt C0f ;'/If0fdsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 <n ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/ / cGo ljsf;] sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿sf nflu s] s:tf gLltx¿, sfo{qmx¿, lgodfjnLx¿/
nufgLsf jftfj/0fx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 <n afXo cfly{s ;ª\s6 / uGtJo d'n'sx¿n] cjnDjg u/]sf cfk|jf;g gLltx¿af6 kg{ ;Sg] ljk|]if0f cy{tGqsf]
;+s6f;Gg cj:yfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿;Fu lgs6td s:tf ljsNkx¿sf] k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 <
66 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
n ljb]zdf cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/larsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;fy} 7uLsflqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub} s] s:tf sfg'gL / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqx¿n] ljb]zdf cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ lgodg ug'{ kb{5<
n j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{ s;/L :jf:Yo, ljQLo, dlxnf, afnaflnsf / ;fdflhs sNof0f -vf;u/L dfgj a]rlavg;Fu ;DalGwt_, u[x dfldnf, ko{6g, / s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v If]qx¿df d'nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5, / gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿df ;dGjofTds / ;+of]hgfTds k4lQ ;'lglZrt ug{ s;/L cfly{s nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 <
n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/ / ;jfnx¿sf] dfqf s:tf] 5 / clgoldt sfdbf/x¿ nufot oL ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu s] s:tf lglb{i6 sfjf{xL cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 <
n s]xL jif{ otf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kfl/jfl/s la5f]8, afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdLh:tf ;fdflhs nufgLx¿;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . cfk|jf;L / lkmlt{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿n] ug]{ cfTdxTofsf] a9\bf] z[ª\vnf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . Pshgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿sf] cg'kl:yltåf/f kl/jf/sf] tgfjsf] tx k|foMa9\g] u/]sf] 5 < ;fdflhs nfutnfO{ 36fpgsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
n s[lifsf nflu cfjZos dfgj ;|f]tsf] cefjdf s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] b]z leq v:sFbf] s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwsf sf/0f vfB afnL / cGo s[lif pTkfbgx¿cfoft ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . s] o;df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 <
%=# eflj sfo{lbzf
xfn b]vf k/]sf ;jfnx¿, r'gf}ltx¿ / cGt/fnx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf ;fy} k|s6 eO/x]sf cj;/x¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t Pj+ ax'–cfoflds k4lQsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] k|df0fhGo ;";"lrt gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ ;+:s[lt l;Sg' cfjZos 5 . of] ljleGg k|sf/sf cg';Gwfg cWoogx¿af6 k|f/De ul/g' kb{5, h:t}, afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdL, dlxnf tyf k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfTdxTofsf sf/0fx¿, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu hf]8LPsf hf]lvd / ;fdflhs nfutsf] n]vfvf]hf, o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;DefJotf, ljk|]if0fsf] art / pTkfbgzLn k|of]usf nflu k|fjwfgx¿sf] ljsf;, ljk|]]if0fsf] pRr cfDbfgLsf k|efjx¿nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfly{s gLltx¿ .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] k|f/lDes r/0fdf /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf] cefjdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)!@ sf] ;'it sfof{Gjog ePsf] s'/f dxz'; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)!@ sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu xfn;fn} Pp6f kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, eljiodf gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ltj4 sfo{bn ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] :ki6 k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'g]5 . o;sf cltl/St, ;DalGwt gLltsf] cIf/ / efjgfdf sfof{Gog ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljutsf] l;sfOn] klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf] gLltnfO{ plrt sfg'g / sfo{ of]hgfsf] dfWodåf/ 6]jf lbg' kb{5 eGg] cg'ej k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
>d cfk|jf;gsf] Joj:yfkg k"0f{ ?kdf sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t x'g'eGbf ljs]lGb|s[t ?kdf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pb\ud ynf] -b'u{d lhNnfx¿_ df kx'FRo agfOg'' kb{5 . o;n] ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] vr{ 36fpg d4t ub{5 . gofF ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo 9fFrfsf] kl/j]zdf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg OR5's sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu k|fGtLo sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ tk{m Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 67
/sd :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ ;'/Iff / ljZj;gLotfsf] ;'lglZrt ub}{ 7"nf] dfqfdf ljk|]if0fnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{] p2]Zon] ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljk|]if0fsf cf}krfl/s dfWodx¿sf] k|of]usf nflu cfslif{t ug{ cy{ dGqfno / a}+lsª\u If]qn] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ k|f]T;fxg Kofs]hsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
cf}krfl/s a}+lsª\u k|0ffnLsf] u|fdL0f If]qx¿df Jofks cg'kl:ylt 5 . df]jfOn tyf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf cGo :j?kx¿ nufotsf gofF ;]jfx¿sf] ;DefJotfsf] af/]df n]vfhf]vf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0f l56f], ;/n / cfk\mg} cf;kf;df cem a9L ;'/lIft tj/n] k|fKt ub{5g\ .
afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdLsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|fjwfg lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L ljsf;sf] ;xfotfsf nflu ;d]l6Psf] ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo cfjZostfdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL, C0f / ljk|]if0fx¿n] ;aeGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] ljk|]if0f ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5nkmnsf] s]Gb|laGb' x'g' kb{5 . ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljQLo ljifosf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df k|ltlglwTj x'g' kb{5 .
;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDksf] ljkb\n] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{If]qdf Jofks lj:tf/ u/]sf] eP tfklg cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . sfdbf/x¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu o'jfx¿n] ljb]zdf uP/ kfpg] ;/xsf] Hofnf lbgsf nflu Pp6f Hofnf gLlt th'{df ul/g' kb{5 . o;n] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿af6 ljb]zL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ubf{ x'g] vr{df art u/L afXo gub k|jfx /f]Sg] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf lkmlt{ ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/ftk{m klg nlIft x'g ;lsG5 .
ef/tsf nflu x'g] cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cWoog ug'{ hl6ntf / r'gf}ltx¿sf] cg'dfg ug{sf nflu cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5, h;n] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿ / ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu plrt sbd p7fpg ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5 .
g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ / nfex¿sf] k|j4{g ug{sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf nflu plrt, cfsif{s / ;'/lIft /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfox¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 .
gf]e]Dj/ @)!$ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg c7f/f}+ ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf 5nkmn ul/Psf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/, sNof0f, ;'/Iff / cfTd;Ddfg ;DaGwdf blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g -;fs{_ d'n'sx¿n] ;femf /0fgLlt agfpg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . ;fs{sf /fi6« k|d'vx¿n] cfk\mgf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ o; If]qeGbf afxL/sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu blIf0f Plzofaf6 >d cfk|jf;gsf] ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f d~h'/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; ;Dd]ngn] @! a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u¥of],h;df If]qLo ;xof]usf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{;"rLsf] ?kdf >d cfk|jf;gsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u¥of] . >d cfk|jf;Lsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/;s]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tLgj6f p2]Zosf ;fy cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ljifodf ;xof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f ;fs{ sfo{ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 M != ;fs{ :t/df >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xsfo{ / ;xof]usf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ vfnsf]
If]qLo :t/df Pp6f ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .@= cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ / sNof0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{sf nflu ;fs{ 3f]if0ff kq tof/ ug{;xhLs/0f ug]{ .#= If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ljifout If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} >d cfk|jf;gsf ljifox¿df
;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg / 1fg clej[l4sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
68 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
k|To]s p2]Zosf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgf / /0fgLltx¿sf] th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;xof]usf nflu sfo{ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] x'gfn] g]kfnn] d:of}bf sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg'df]bgsf nflu ;fs{ If]qLo sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u/L 5nkmnsf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf g]t[Tj ug'{ kb{5 .
g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ?kdf pRr -!),))) jf ;f]eGbf a9L_ ePsf tyf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vof ePsf b]zx¿df g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} tL b'tfjf;x¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf ;fy} sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿ lgo'Qm ul/g' kb{5 . uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf tL /fhb't / clws[tx¿sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;jfnx¿df ;3g cled'vLs/0f ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . >d ;xrf/L / sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿n] uGtJo d'n'ssf] efiff l;Sg' kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ g]kfn 5f]8\g' cl3 efiffsf] tflnd lbOg' kb{5 .
/fhb't / cGo clws[tx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L ljj/0fdf o:tf ;jfnx¿sf] Jojl:yt ?kn] Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu >d s'6gLlt / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf clwsf/x¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿;dfj]z x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d'n'sx¿sf nflu /fhb'tx¿ lgo'Qm ubf{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / >ldssf ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt cg'ej / 1fg ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ug'{ kb{5 .
cfk\mgf] ;Lk, k};f / bIftf pTkfbgzLn nufgLtk{m k|of]u ug{ rfxg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfjZos pks/0f / k|fljlws ;fdu|Lx¿ cfoft ubf{ ljz]if 5'6 nufot cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0fnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd oyflz3| k|f/De ul/g' kb{5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfk}+m z'? u/]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf pTkfbgzLn kxnx¿sf] af/]df kQf nufO{ clen]vg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;n] cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ o:tf kxnx¿sf nflu lgZro g} /fd|f] pbfx/0f k|bfg ug]{5 .
>d cfk|jf;g / dfgj a]rlavglarsf] cGt/–;DaGwx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/ eO b'O{j6f ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg g]kfnsf] sfg'gL sfo{9fFrfx¿nfO{ ;fdGh:o ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL / cGo ;DalGwt gLltx¿ k|ltkfbg ug{sf nflu dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno;Fusf] ;+o'St k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / g]knf k|x/Lsf] lardf ;+o'St k/fdz{, ;dGjo / sfo{x¿sf] cfjZostf 5 .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno / :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnolar klg lkmtL{ ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm k/fdz{ / ;dGjosf] cfjZostf 5 . ;g\ @)!$ sf] g]kfn :jf:Yo gLltcg';f/ dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿tyf ljlzli6s[t :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ ;d'bfo :t/sf c:ktfnxx¿af6 lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .
hg :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿df k|fo kx'Fr kfpg g;s]sf /÷jf :jb]z lkmtf{ ul/g] 8/n] pknAw ;]jfx¿ k|of]u ug{ clgR5's clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿ nufotsf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg -;dfwfgtk{m nlIft_ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 69
uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cjl:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿sf nflu :yfgLo jlsnsf] cfjZostf kb{5, h;n] ubf{ yfFtL /x]sf aLdf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ oyfy{k/s ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] kmfObfsf nflu ;dfwfg x'G5g\, lsgeg] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df aLdfsf] e'QmfgL 7"nf] ;d:of xf]Og .
Hf]lvddf /x]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf ltgLx¿sf] p4f/ ug{sf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfnx¿sf] klxrfg / kl/rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
lghL Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k]zfut Ifdtf, sfddf kf/blz{tf, sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/, sfdsf] dfqf, cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf, sfdsf] u'0f:t/ / sDkgLsf] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] dfqfsf cfwf/df k'/lis[t ul/g' kb{5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Pslqt, ;dGjofTds / lj:t[t tj/n] of]hgf agfO sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos 5 lsgeg] clwsf+z lqmofsnfkx¿ cnu cnu ul/G5g\ / kl/0ffd:j?k sd k|efjsf/L x'g'sf ;fy} sfdsf] k'g/fj[lQ x'G5 . >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ;'zf;g ;+oGqsf] ?kdf If]qut k4lQsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5, h;df Pp6f hfx]/L, Pp6f cg'udg, Pp6f n]vfk/LIf0f / Pp6f ;'zf;g k|0ffnL x'g]5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ vfnsf clwsf+z ;d:of / r'gf}ltx¿sf] nfut k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu /fli6«««o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog cfwf/e"t s'/f xf] .
70 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
g]kfn b]lv vf8L d'n'ssf ljleGg 7fpFdf w]/} p8fgx? . © ILO/O. Havana
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 71
s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu . @)!! . /fli6«o hg;ª\Vof tyf cfjf; u0fgf, @)!! . -sf7df8f}+, s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/_, kfgf @!!–@#& . .
____ . @)!# . æcGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g / g]kfndf gful/stfÆ, g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof df]gf]u|fkmdf, @)!#, efu ! -sf7fdf8f}+, s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/_ .
Sof;N;\, P;= @))* . æljsf; / cfk|jf;g – cfk|jf;g / ljsf; M s'g klxn] cfpF5 <cg';Gwfg / gLltsf nflu cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf] eflj lbzf df, P;\P;\cf/l; cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;dfh lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_ .
lhcfO{h] tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g . @)!% . >d ahf/sf k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >d cfk|jf;g -sf7df8f}+, cfOPncf]_
u'?ª\u, lh= @))$ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;ldIff sfo{kq -sf7df8f}+, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g_g]kfn /fi6« a}+s . cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!% -sf7df8f}+, @)!% .kGt, la= @))^ . æg]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfx M cfly{s k|efj / gLltut ljsNkx¿Æ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Osf]gf]lds
l/Eo", efu !* df -sf7df8f}+, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_ k|wfg, P= / cGo . @)!! . k|df0fsf] k'g/fjnf]sg M g]kfndf dlxnf cfTdxTof -sf7df8f}+, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno,
g]kfn ;/sf/_ . kf]v/]n, s]= @))( . æg]kfndf of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] ljj]rgfTds ;dLIffÆ, hg k|zf;gsf nflu g]kfnL h/gn df
-sf7df8f}+, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . e§, lh= @)!# . æg]kfndf ljk|]if0f / Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] ;DaGw M leOl;Pd k4ltÆ, Osf]gf]lds l/Eo", efu @#, g+= ! .eb|f, l;= @)!# . cfly{s ;'/Iff j[l4 ug{ tyf g]kfnL dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿lar dlxnf la?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ Pj+ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu :yfgLo zf;gsf] bfloTjdf ljb]zdf x'g] u/]sf] >lds cfk|jf;gsf] k|efj . -sf7df8f}+, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ .
e]Hhf]nL, P;= @)!$ . cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf /fHosf] e"ldsf M pklgj]z b]lv :jtGqtf;Ddsf] cGj]if0f . sfo{kq v08x¿ !)@ . cS;kmf]8{, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g kl/of]hgfsf lgwf{/s tTjx¿, cS;kmf]8{ ljZj ljBfno_ .
dlk{m, cf/= @))* . æcfk|jf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'ej;DaGwL ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿sf k|efj / ljsf;sf nflu o;sf] c;/Æ cg';Gwfg / gLlt;DaGwL cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf nflu eflj lbzf lgb]{z, P;P;ccf/l; cfk|jf;g ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;fdflhs lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_
/lgh, lh= @))* . æcfk|jf;g / ljsf;larsf] ;DaGwÆ, cg';Gwfg / gLltsf nflu cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf] eflj lbzf df, P;\P;\cf/l; cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;dfh lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_ .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)!# . g]kfn ;xz|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!# -sf7df8f}+, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 g]kfnsf nflu sfo{bn_ .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pgl8lk_, @)!$ . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!$ -sf7df8f}+, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 g]kfnsf nflu sfo{bn_ .
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737
c5fd
s'n
45
045
189
018
930
45
309
449
2451
549
755
676
70
767
984
598
9
ahfª s
'n55
055
124
012
415
80
158
192
019
2469
1470
671
167
295
41
955
8f]6L s'n
760
7681
081
105
010
520
61
207
453
4457
611
161
275
44
758
s}nfn
L s'n
578
658
47
362
237
385
9 34
032
9 37
27
231
717
302
2 483
89
2 57
23
282
933
375
3 62
058
3 67
8
bfr'{nf s'n
198
019
833
04
334
294
129
536
51
366
672
467
693
57
942
1 16
311
1 17
4
a}t8L s'n
420
2422
423
0423
463
0463
554
155
51
358
31
361
1 75
63
1 75
91
827
71
834
88]nw'/
f s'n
284
028
479
03
793
775
377
81
596
161
612
1 03
613
1 04
91
132
31
135
1 29
69
1 30
5
s~r
gk'/
s'n
669
167
01
168
111
179
1 69
312
1 70
51
464
181
482
2 90
4
522
956
3 400
38
3 438
3 57
052
3 62
2
s'n
162 484
1 40
216
3 886
221 76
03 4
4022
5 200
237 95
13
026
240
977
253 5
346
496
260 03
037
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395
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426 4
2714
690
441 1
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38
76 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tYofª\s ;]6 @ M JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ sfdbf/x¿ -JolQmut cfj]bsx¿_,&% j6f pTklQ lhNnfx¿sf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%
lhNnf s'n 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
tfKn]h'ª s'n 410 561 392 1 363kfFry/ s'n 636 924 551 2 111Onfd s'n 559 910 482 1 951emfkf s'n 2 880 4 174 2 187 9 241;+v'jf;ef s'n 451 647 429 1 527Tf]x|y'd s'n 343 605 353 1 301Eff]hk'/s'n 562 972 538 2 072wgs'6f s'n 576 798 490 1 864df]/Ë s'n 2 305 3 378 1 770 7 453;'g;/L s'n 1 877 2 660 1 766 6 303;f]n'v'Da's'n 230 389 211 830vf]6fª s'n 786 1 131 764 2 681cf]vn9'+ufs'n 300 491 292 1 083pbok'/ s'n 549 795 445 1 789;Kt/L s'n 847 1 445 994 3 286l;/fxf s'n 2 352 3 141 1 903 7 396bf]nvf s'n 348 555 387 1 290/fd]5fk s'n 429 679 455 1 563l;Gw'nL s'n 372 667 389 1 428wg'iff s'n 3 248 4 083 2 527 9 858dxf]Q/L s'n 1 868 2 482 1 649 5 999;nf{xL s'n 742 1 216 797 2 755/;'jf s'n 152 185 82 419wflbª s'n 620 970 715 2 305Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 556 917 706 2 179sf7df8f}+ s'n 918 1 383 1 102 3 403eQmk'/ s'n 176 292 218 686Nflntk'/ s'n 362 546 431 1 339sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 576 1 024 696 2 296l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 1 064 1 598 829 3 491Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 761 1 200 694 2 655/f}tx6 s'n 496 676 534 1 706Aff/f s'n 729 935 755 2 419k;f{ s'n 443 642 493 1 578lrtjg s'n 1 367 2 196 1 466 5 029Uff]vf{ s'n 764 1 224 905 2 893dgfª s'n 20 12 14 46
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 77
lhNnf s'n 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
Nfdh'ª s'n 809 1 081 725 2 615sf:sL s'n 1 687 2 162 1 427 5 276Tfgx' s'n 1 580 2 100 1 410 5 090:ofªhf s'n 2 131 2 971 2 051 7 153Uf'NdL s'n 1 737 2 316 1 865 5 918kfNkf s'n 1 138 1 600 1 024 3 762c3f{vfrL s'n 766 1 060 726 2 552Gfjnk/f;L s'n 2 137 2 974 1 676 6 787?k/Gb]xL s'n 2 585 3 514 2 219 8 318slknj:t' s'n 2 000 2 121 1 509 5 630Df':tfª s'n 14 35 25 74DofUbL s'n 766 966 688 2 420Affun'ª s'n 1 550 2 306 1 927 5 783Kfj{t s'n 868 1 182 861 2 911?s'd s'n 147 266 154 567/f]Nkf s'n 316 520 284 1 120Ko'7fg s'n 254 433 287 974;Nofg s'n 152 276 136 564bfª s'n 511 876 406 1 7938f]Nkf s'n 1 7 1 9Df'u' s'n 4 12 6 22Hf'Dnf s'n 2 12 6 20sfnLsf]6 s'n 5 12 6 23x'Dnf s'n 7 1 3 11Hffh/sf]6 s'n 32 43 19 94b}n]v s'n 102 186 104 392;'v]{t s'n 298 413 164 875afFs] s'n 817 970 529 2 316Aflb{of s'n 439 613 278 1 330Affh'/f s'n 6 10 10 26c5fd s'n 31 51 39 121ahfª s'n 9 20 17 468f]6L s'n 42 62 47 151s}nfnL s'n 226 280 150 656bfr'{nf s'n 40 50 45 135a}t8L s'n 56 94 94 24488]nw'/f s'n 58 80 68 206s~rgk'/ s'n 231 343 185 759
184 331
78 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tYofª\s ;]6 # M JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k'?if sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof -JolQmut cfj]bsx¿_, &% j6f pTklQ lhNnfx¿sf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
tfKn]h'ª s'n 326 434 352 1 112kfFry/ s'n 477 696 499 1 672Onfd s'n 312 577 379 1 268emfkf s'n 1 722 2 626 1 765 6 113;+v'jf;ef s'n 334 523 377 1 234Tf]x|y'd s'n 279 506 328 1 113Eff]hk'/s'n 423 737 495 1 655wgs'6f s'n 450 637 442 1 529df]/Ë s'n 1 477 2 351 1 494 5 322;'g;/L s'n 1 421 2 046 1 595 5 062;f]n'v'Da's'n 148 251 159 558vf]6fª s'n 621 946 699 2 266cf]vn9'+ufs'n 231 408 255 894pbok'/ s'n 368 582 376 1 326;Kt/L s'n 810 1 407 984 3 201l;/fxf s'n 2 334 3 120 1 891 7 345bf]nvf s'n 208 344 293 845/fd]5fk s'n 281 463 387 1 131l;Gw'nL s'n 232 443 329 1 004wg'iff s'n 3 206 4 031 2 514 9 751dxf]Q/L s'n 1 827 2 434 1 631 5 892;nf{xL s'n 606 1 062 748 2 416/;'jf s'n 39 66 56 161wflbª s'n 436 735 622 1 793Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 351 616 565 1 532sf7df8f}+ s'n 635 952 811 2 398eQmk'/ s'n 123 229 178 530Nflntk'/ s'n 255 394 341 990sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 337 707 565 1 609l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 338 597 491 1 426Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 361 674 532 1 567/f}tx6 s'n 463 638 524 1 625Aff/f s'n 657 847 733 2 237k;f{ s'n 411 587 480 1 478lrtjg s'n 1 017 1 700 1 290 4 007Uff]vf{ s'n 648 1 057 831 2 536
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 79
lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
dgfª s'n 13 9 8 30Nfdh'ª s'n 715 963 680 2 358sf:sL s'n 1 475 1 889 1 303 4 667Tfgx' s'n 1 437 1 933 1 340 4 710:ofªhf s'n 1 995 2 719 1 957 6 671Uf'NdL s'n 1 592 2 140 1 778 5 510kfNkf s'n 984 1 428 937 3 349c3f{vfrL s'n 673 940 685 2 298Gfjnk/f;L s'n 1 649 2 361 1 529 5 539?k/Gb]xL s'n 2 226 2 945 2 019 7 190slknj:t' s'n 1 897 1 991 1 461 5 349Df':tfª s'n 14 29 23 66DofUbL s'n 725 893 651 2 269Affun'ª s'n 1 481 2 181 1 871 5 533Kfj{t s'n 782 1 067 816 2 665?s'd s'n 119 218 142 479/f]Nkf s'n 274 456 267 997Ko'7fg s'n 201 363 263 827;Nofg s'n 86 178 127 391bfª s'n 330 569 355 1 2548f]Nkf s'n 1 6 1 8Df'u' s'n 3 5 5 13Hf'Dnf s'n 1 10 5 16sfnLsf]6 s'n 3 10 5 18x'Dnf s'n 3 1 3 7Hffh/sf]6 s'n 20 26 17 63b}n]v s'n 78 129 94 301;'v]{t s'n 134 201 132 467afFs] s'n 712 796 493 2 001Aflb{of s'n 277 410 234 921Affh'/f s'n 4 10 8 22c5fd s'n 30 44 38 112ahfª s'n 8 16 17 418f]6L s'n 37 58 45 140s}nfnL s'n 162 191 129 482bfr'{nf s'n 37 47 45 129a}t8L s'n 54 90 87 23188]nw'/f s'n 56 74 66 196s~rgk'/ s'n 185 271 174 630
80 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tYofª\s ;]6 $ M JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof -JolQmut cfj]bsx¿_, &% j6f pTklQ lhNnfx¿sf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%
lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'ntfKn]h'ª s'n 84 127 40 251kfFry/ s'n 159 228 52 439Onfd s'n 247 333 103 683emfkf s'n 1 158 1 548 422 3 128;+v'jf;ef s'n 117 124 52 293Tf]x|y'd s'n 64 99 25 188Eff]hk'/s'n 139 235 43 417wgs'6f s'n 126 161 48 335df]/Ë s'n 828 1 027 276 2 131;'g;/L s'n 456 614 171 1 241;f]n'v'Da's'n 82 138 52 272vf]6fª s'n 165 185 65 415cf]vn9'+ufs'n 69 83 37 189pbok'/ s'n 181 213 69 463;Kt/L s'n 37 38 10 85l;/fxf s'n 18 21 12 51bf]nvf s'n 140 211 94 445/fd]5fk s'n 148 216 68 432l;Gw'nL s'n 140 224 60 424wg'iff s'n 42 52 13 107dxf]Q/L s'n 41 48 18 107;nf{xL s'n 136 154 49 339/;'jf s'n 113 119 26 258wflbª s'n 184 235 93 512Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 205 301 141 647sf7df8f}+ s'n 283 431 291 1 005eQmk'/ s'n 53 63 40 156Nflntk'/ s'n 107 152 90 349sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 239 317 131 687l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 726 1 001 338 2 065Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 400 526 162 1 088/f}tx6 s'n 33 38 10 81Aff/f s'n 72 88 22 182k;f{ s'n 32 55 13 100lrtjg s'n 350 496 176 1 022Uff]vf{ s'n 116 167 74 357
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 81
lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n
dgfª s'n 7 3 6 16Nfdh'ª s'n 94 118 45 257sf:sL s'n 212 273 124 609Tfgx' s'n 143 167 70 380:ofªhf s'n 136 252 94 482Uf'NdL s'n 145 176 87 408kfNkf s'n 154 172 87 413c3f{vfrL s'n 93 120 41 254Gfjnk/f;L s'n 488 613 147 1 248?k/Gb]xL s'n 359 569 200 1 128slknj:t' s'n 103 130 48 281Df':tfª s'n 0 6 2 8DofUbL s'n 41 73 37 151Affun'ª s'n 69 125 56 250Kfj{t s'n 86 115 45 246?s'd s'n 28 48 12 88/f]Nkf s'n 42 64 17 123Ko'7fg s'n 53 70 24 147;Nofg s'n 66 98 9 173bfª s'n 181 307 51 5398f]Nkf s'n 0 1 0 1Df'u' s'n 1 7 1 9Hf'Dnf s'n 1 2 1 4sfnLsf]6 s'n 2 2 1 5x'Dnf s'n 4 0 0 4Hffh/sf]6 s'n 12 17 2 31b}n]v s'n 24 57 10 91;'v]{t s'n 164 212 32 408afFs] s'n 105 174 36 315Aflb{of s'n 162 203 44 409Affh'/f s'n 2 0 2 4c5fd s'n 1 7 1 9ahfª s'n 1 4 0 58f]6L s'n 5 4 2 11s}nfnL s'n 64 89 21 174bfr'{nf s'n 3 3 0 6a}t8L s'n 2 4 7 1388]nw'/f s'n 2 6 2 10s~rgk'/ s'n 46 72 11 129
82 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
tYofª\s ;]6 %M klxn] btf{ gePsf / kl5 cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[t k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, &% j6f pTklQ lhNnfx¿ / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%
lhNnf2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n
tfKn]h'ª s'n 266 22 288 387 50 437 315 35 350kfFry/ s'n 414 33 447 633 84 717 437 45 482Onfd s'n 248 71 319 519 139 658 340 90 430emfkf s'n 1 375 365 1 740 2 332 658 2 990 1 506 379 1 885;+v'jf;ef s'n 277 33 310 473 43 516 328 43 371Tf]x|y'd s'n 227 9 236 459 33 492 297 23 320Eff]hk'/s'n 347 28 375 659 101 760 422 42 464wgs'6f s'n 375 25 400 587 64 651 394 41 435df]/Ë s'n 1 147 265 1 412 2 079 490 2 569 1 294 240 1 534;'g;/L s'n 939 143 1 082 1 683 311 1 994 1 160 148 1 308;f]n'v'Da's'n 99 27 126 211 79 290 130 32 162vf]6fª s'n 513 42 555 828 79 907 622 60 682cf]vn9'+ufs'n 176 27 203 353 46 399 203 32 235pbok'/ s'n 271 57 328 521 79 600 316 61 377;Kt/L s'n 565 14 579 1 238 13 1 251 782 4 786l;/fxf s'n 2 025 5 2 030 2 910 11 2 921 1 638 8 1 646bf]nvf s'n 145 41 186 277 96 373 226 64 290/fd]5fk s'n 195 47 242 377 111 488 307 51 358l;Gw'nL s'n 166 29 195 380 85 465 277 50 327wg'iff s'n 2 822 16 2 838 3 744 28 3 772 2 183 11 2 194dxf]Q/L s'n 1510 17 1 527 2 218 19 2 237 1 347 13 1 360;nf{xL s'n 415 30 445 898 63 961 578 44 622/;'jf s'n 23 24 47 62 65 127 45 23 68wflbª s'n 336 56 392 618 99 717 519 67 586Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 286 68 354 505 124 629 491 100 591sf7df8f}+ s'n 434 107 541 782 234 1 016 630 185 815eQmk'/ s'n 78 19 97 197 30 227 138 25 163Nflntk'/ s'n 185 40 225 309 87 396 274 71 345sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 220 54 274 579 141 720 441 100 541l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 234 236 470 503 540 1 043 408 299 707Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 250 83 333 561 181 742 439 138 577/f}tx6 s'n 329 12 341 521 16 537 370 9 379Aff/f s'n 419 13 432 634 37 671 507 19 526k;f{ s'n 293 8 301 462 22 484 352 10 362lrtjg s'n 764 103 867 1 438 218 1 656 989 135 1 124Uff]vf{ s'n 535 38 573 888 80 968 703 49 752
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 83
lhNnf2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n
dgfª s'n 12 3 15 8 2 10 5 3 8Nfdh'ª s'n 612 29 641 846 59 905 600 34 634sf:sL s'n 1 258 72 1 330 1 639 165 1 804 1 105 95 1 200Tfgx' s'n 1 208 46 1 254 1 702 73 1 775 1 144 48 1 192:ofªhf s'n 1 607 58 1 665 2 319 141 2 460 1 626 67 1 693Uf'NdL s'n 1 137 50 1 187 1 653 92 1 745 1 110 66 1 176kfNkf s'n 807 58 865 1 246 76 1 322 761 76 837c3f{vfrL s'n 517 23 540 792 53 845 553 33 586Gfjnk/f;L s'n 1 280 163 1 443 2 045 276 2 321 1 172 120 1 292?k/Gb]xL s'n 1 685 176 1 861 2 480 333 2 813 1 514 184 1 698slknj:t' s'n 1 410 32 1 442 1 667 66 1 733 1 046 44 1 090Df':tfª s'n 11 0 11 16 1 17 17 2 19DofUbL s'n 613 12 625 789 38 827 538 24 562Affun'ª s'n 942 18 960 1 673 47 1 720 1 113 43 1 156Kfj{t s'n 618 29 647 895 58 953 623 35 658?s'd s'n 104 7 111 187 9 196 128 9 137/f]Nkf s'n 238 10 248 425 19 444 242 14 256Ko'7fg s'n 153 15 168 331 26 357 211 22 233;Nofg s'n 65 5 70 155 23 178 123 8 131bfª s'n 258 41 299 507 89 596 303 38 3418f]Nkf s'n 1 0 1 6 0 6 0 0 0Df'u' s'n 2 0 2 5 2 7 4 0 4Hf'Dnf s'n 1 0 1 7 1 8 3 1 4sfnLsf]6 s'n 3 0 3 9 1 10 4 1 5x'Dnf s'n 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 0 2Hffh/sf]6 s'n 15 2 17 22 6 28 17 2 19b}n]v s'n 58 2 60 98 18 116 67 10 77;'v]{t s'n 99 23 122 164 66 230 104 31 135afFs] s'n 598 36 634 725 72 797 438 36 474Aflb{of s'n 222 60 282 358 90 448 191 39 230Affh'/f s'n 3 0 3 10 0 10 5 1 6c5fd s'n 27 0 27 35 2 37 32 1 33ahfª s'n 5 0 5 13 0 13 13 0 138f]6L s'n 22 3 25 44 2 46 31 1 32s}nfnL s'n 131 17 148 163 25 188 104 15 119bfr'{nf s'n 26 1 27 41 0 41 40 0 40a}t8L s'n 39 0 39 77 2 79 72 4 7688]nw'/f s'n 44 2 46 65 4 69 60 1 61s~rgk'/ s'n 132 9 141 241 34 275 143 9 152
84 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
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lhNnf @))*÷)( @))(÷!) @)!)÷!! @)!!÷!@ @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% s'nemfkf 8 14 29 45 36 34 40 206df]/ª 6 11 30 31 32 27 49 186wg'iff 2 18 20 21 36 38 44 179Gfjnk/f;L 2 11 20 22 31 28 29 143l;/fxf 1 14 19 17 25 24 37 137;'g;/L 4 17 12 15 19 33 21 121Tfgx' 1 8 14 16 25 26 21 111Vff]6fª 1 15 15 18 16 18 27 110/f]Nkf 6 12 18 11 18 17 26 108?k/Gb]xL 1 6 18 10 15 28 24 102Affun'ª 10 17 15 16 19 24 101Dfxf]Q/L 5 8 12 13 16 23 24 101;nf{xL 3 8 13 16 13 19 28 100lrtjg 2 8 7 18 16 22 22 95;Kt/L 1 7 16 19 9 19 24 95:ofªhf 3 8 15 16 15 19 19 95kfNkf 2 9 12 18 15 14 20 90bfª 1 11 8 12 9 23 21 85kfFry/ 3 14 10 13 9 16 20 85Eff]hk'/ 2 9 16 12 9 19 17 84pbok'/ 3 4 7 12 14 26 18 84l;Gw'nL 2 5 9 12 12 21 20 81Onfd 1 9 12 19 13 9 15 78sf:sL 4 7 5 20 14 23 73Wfgs'6f 9 12 18 11 12 10 72sfe|]knf~rf]s 1 8 13 10 13 11 16 72Dfsjfgk'/ 3 11 8 10 10 14 15 71Uff]vf{ 2 3 10 13 9 17 15 69Nfdh'ª 4 8 4 8 13 15 16 68wflbª 1 8 7 5 14 16 14 65;Nofg 10 11 9 8 15 12 65l;Gw'kfNrf]s 1 7 7 10 7 17 15 64Gf'jfsf]6 3 9 2 9 9 16 13 61tfKn]h'ª 4 4 12 9 14 8 10 61/f}tx6 7 6 8 8 11 16 56slknj:t' 3 4 6 13 7 22 55Aff/f 4 5 5 10 9 19 52
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 85
lhNnf @))*÷)( @))(÷!) @)!)÷!! @)!!÷!@ @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% s'n?s'd 1 7 4 8 10 14 8 52;+v'jf;ef 1 5 9 7 10 12 8 52Tf]x|y'd 1 5 10 7 10 5 8 46Kfj{t 6 10 8 9 6 6 45Uf'NdL 1 4 3 6 10 8 11 43cf]vn9'+uf 1 8 3 1 9 13 8 43/fd]5fk 1 2 5 6 9 7 13 43Ko'7fg 5 6 11 5 5 9 41Aflb{of 4 3 4 7 10 10 38bf]nvf 4 2 9 4 10 9 38sf7df8f}+ 1 2 4 10 14 7 38c3f{vfrL 5 4 8 4 9 7 37DofUbL 6 1 5 6 8 11 37afFs] 2 1 1 3 6 4 14 31s~rgk'/ 2 2 2 5 11 8 30;'v]{t 1 4 4 3 7 9 28Nflntk'/ 2 5 3 1 4 4 8 27Kf;f{ 3 4 6 5 5 3 26;f]n'v'Da' 2 2 4 2 8 7 25s}nfnL 2 3 2 6 4 6 23/;'jf 2 1 4 1 3 6 17Hffh/sf]6 4 3 7 14eQmk'/ 2 1 3 2 5 13bfr'{nf 2 2 3 2 1 2 12a}t8L 1 1 1 3 2 1 9b}n]v 1 1 4 1 788]nw'/f 1 1 1 3 6sfnLsf]6 1 1 1 3 68f]6L 1 2 1 4ahfª 1 1 1 3Affh'/f 1 1 2dgfª 1 1 2c5fd 1 1Hf'Dnf 1 1Df'u' 1 18f]Nkf 0x'Dnf 0Df':tfª 0s'n 90 418 549 646 727 888 1 004 4 322
86 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
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b]z
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Kf' d Kf' d Kf' d Kf' d Kf' d Kf' d Kf' d Kf'±d
dn]l;of 7 18 51 124 1 174 2 124 1 44 546stf/ 4 22 1 20 40 45 8 140;fpbL c/]laof 1 3 3 3 14 7 3 34;+o'Qm c/a Pld/]6\; 1 3 2 8 12 2 1 29s'j]t 3 2 6 1 1 3 16u0ftGq sf]l/of 1 2 6 5 13cf]dg 1 5 1 7ckmuflg:tfg 2 1 1 4ax/fOg 1 1 1 3n]agfg 1 1?; 1 1Oh/]n 0Hffkfg 0kk'jf Go" lugL 0s'n 13 1 47 0 60 0 160 3 256 3 189 4 59 0 795
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Anne
x III
: Fr
amew
ork
for “
Labo
ur m
igra
tion
for f
orei
gn e
mpl
oym
ent:
A s
tatu
s re
port
for N
epal
201
4/15
”
Tabl
e of
Con
tent
sPu
rpos
e an
d O
bjec
tive
sRe
sear
ch
Que
stio
nsPr
obes
So
urce
of d
ata
Dat
a co
llect
ion
Met
hod
Part
I :
Intr
oduc
tion
Revi
ew a
nd s
umm
ary
of L
M1
Stat
e ob
ject
ives
of t
he
repo
rt, m
etho
dolo
gy,
limita
tions
and
pr
ovid
e a
sum
mar
y of
LM
I
__
_
_
_
_
__
Obj
ectiv
es o
f the
repo
rtM
etho
dolo
gy
Lim
itatio
ns
Part
II:
Ove
rvie
w o
f th
e st
atus
of
labo
ur
mig
ratio
n in
N
epal
Mod
ality
of o
btai
ning
labo
ur
perm
it
Ass
ess
and
delin
eate
th
e m
agni
tude
of
labo
ur m
igra
tion
for
fore
ign
empl
oym
ent
in N
epal
in F
Y 20
08/0
9 to
201
4/15
in
all
its d
imen
sion
s by
col
lect
ing
and
colla
ting
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e w
ith re
leva
nt
gove
rnm
ent a
genc
ies
in th
e m
igra
tion
cycl
e
Wha
t tre
nds
are
obse
rved
of
Nep
ali
labo
ur
mig
rant
s?
Use
the
last
year
’s ta
bula
tion
form
at a
nd
refil
l the
tabl
es w
ith m
issin
g da
ta fo
r the
la
st 7
year
s. An
d up
date
on
last
year
’s da
ta p
robi
ng m
ore
disa
ggre
gatio
n in
the
DO
FE a
nd F
EPB
data
base
(p
artic
ular
ly d
isagg
rega
ted
data
on
mig
rant
s thr
ough
indi
vidu
al in
itiat
ive;
da
ta o
n pr
otec
tion
and
wel
fare
of
mig
rant
wor
kers
)
DO
FEFE
TFE
PBM
OFA
(inc
ludi
ng
Nep
ali e
mba
ssie
s in
des
tinat
ion
coun
trie
s)D
epar
tmen
t of
imm
igra
tion
Offi
ce o
f the
A
ttor
ney
Gen
eral
N
epal
Ras
tra
Bank
Min
istr
y of
W
omen
, Chi
ldre
n an
d So
cial
Wel
fare
Seco
ndar
y da
ta
colle
ctio
n
Sex
disa
ggre
gate
d da
taW
hat d
ata
sour
ces
can
be u
sed
to m
ore
accu
rate
ly a
sses
s th
e m
agni
tude
of m
igra
tion
for f
orei
gn
empl
oym
ent?
Orig
in d
istr
icts
of l
abou
r m
igra
nts
Des
tinat
ion
coun
trie
s fo
r lab
our
mig
rant
s
How
can
the
curr
ent d
ata
syst
ems
be u
sed
for p
rogr
amm
atic
in
terv
entio
ns?
Skill
s an
d oc
cupa
tion
How
can
the
curr
ent d
atab
ase
syst
em b
e im
prov
ed?
Mag
nitu
de o
f irr
egul
ar m
igra
nts
Recr
uitm
ent a
genc
ies
and
heal
th in
stitu
tions
that
regu
late
an
d ce
rtify
hea
lth s
tand
ards
of
mig
rant
wor
kers
Grie
vanc
es a
nd d
istr
ess
Prot
ectio
n an
d w
elfa
re o
f m
igra
nt w
orke
rs in
des
tinat
ion
and
orig
in c
ount
ryRe
mitt
ance
s
96 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%
Tabl
e of
Con
tent
sPu
rpos
e an
d O
bjec
tive
sRe
sear
ch
Que
stio
nsPr
obes
So
urce
of d
ata
Dat
a co
llect
ion
Met
hod
Part
III:
Law
s, po
licie
s an
d st
ruct
ural
m
echa
nism
Polic
ies,
Lega
l Fra
mew
orks
, and
St
ruct
ural
Mec
hani
sms
Map
and
upd
ate
gove
rnm
ent-l
ed
initi
ativ
es to
pro
mot
e sa
fe m
igra
tion
and
the
right
s and
wel
fare
of
mig
rant
wor
kers
hom
e an
d ab
road
in F
Y 14
/15
How
is th
e go
vern
men
t re
gula
ting
man
agem
ent
of fo
reig
n em
ploy
men
t?
Upd
ate
on le
gisl
ativ
e an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e m
easu
res,
plan
and
po
licie
s (e
spec
ially
Nat
iona
l Pla
n of
Ac
tion
for f
orei
gn e
mpl
oym
ent)
MO
LED
OFE
FET
FEPB
MO
FAD
epar
tmen
t of
Imm
igra
tion
Seco
ndar
y da
ta;
inte
ract
ion
and
cons
ulta
tions
w
ith re
spon
sibl
e au
thor
ity in
go
vern
men
t ag
enci
es
Prog
ram
s an
d Ac
hiev
emen
ts
Upd
ate
on im
plem
enta
tion
of Fo
reig
n Em
ploy
men
t Pol
icy
2012
and
FEA
, 20
07 (i
nclu
ding
maj
or d
ecisi
ons
take
n, co
llabo
ratio
n w
ith n
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l org
aniza
tions
on
diffe
rent
pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
rogr
ams;
revi
ew o
n ag
e ba
n on
fem
ale
labo
ur m
igra
nts)
M
ajor
ach
ieve
men
ts in
the
FY
2014
/15
Part
IV:
Them
atic
Is
sues
Labo
ur m
igra
tion
and
natio
nal
deve
lopm
ent (
*thi
s th
eme
will
in
clud
e th
e is
sues
rais
ed a
s so
cial
cap
ital i
n th
e co
ncep
t pa
per a
nd a
lso
post
-dis
aste
r im
pact
on
labo
ur m
igra
tion)
Iden
tify
them
es
pert
inen
t to
the
issu
es o
f lab
our
mig
ratio
n fo
r for
eign
em
ploy
men
t and
pr
esen
t ana
lysi
s bas
ed
on a
vaila
ble
data
and
lit
erat
ure
Wha
t are
ec
onom
ic
and
soci
al
impl
icat
ions
of
in
tern
atio
nal
labo
ur
mig
ratio
n fo
r N
epal
?
How
has
inte
rnat
iona
l lab
our
mig
ratio
n co
ntrib
uted
tow
ards
na
tiona
l dev
elop
men
t? W
hat i
s th
e so
cial
cos
t of i
nter
natio
nal l
abou
r m
igra
tion?
Rese
arch
pap
ers,
jour
nals
art
icle
s, re
port
s, an
d an
y av
aila
ble
docu
men
ts
addr
essi
ng th
e re
sear
ch q
uest
ions
Them
atic
exp
erts
in
var
ious
in
stitu
tions
suc
h as
NPC
, ext
erna
l de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs, n
atio
nal
orga
niza
tions
MO
E
Seco
ndar
y da
ta c
olle
ctio
n;
Key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s an
d co
nsul
tatio
ns
Gen
der a
nd m
obili
ty
How
can
the
stat
e ha
rnes
s ski
lls a
nd
know
ledg
e of
inte
rnat
iona
l labo
ur
mig
rant
s for
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t?
(esp
ecia
lly in
the
post
-disa
ster
scen
ario
)D
ynam
ics
of c
hang
ing
labo
ur
mig
ratio
n pa
tter
ns (C
an u
se a
di
ffere
nt s
ub-h
eadi
ng la
ter;
in
this
sec
tion
we
disc
uss
labo
ur
mig
ratio
n ha
ppen
ing
in th
e pr
etex
t of e
duca
tion
abro
ad)
Expl
ore
issu
es o
f the
var
ious
age
ba
ns im
plem
ente
d by
the
GoN
in
clud
ing
patt
erns
of p
olic
ies
and
anal
ysis
on
the
impa
ct o
f mob
ility
.
Part
V:G
aps,
Chal
leng
es
and
Way
Fo
rwar
d
Gap
s
Iden
tify
gaps
and
ch
alle
nges
in th
e ex
istin
g po
licie
s and
st
ruct
ural
mec
hani
sms
that
supp
ort l
abou
r m
igra
tion
and
the
hum
an d
evel
opm
ent o
f m
igra
nts a
nd m
igra
nts’
hous
ehol
d an
d de
fine
stra
tegi
es to
fill t
he g
aps
How
can
the
stat
e be
tter
re
gula
te
inte
rnat
iona
l la
bour
m
igra
tion
to
ensu
re s
afet
y,
pros
perit
y an
d w
ell-b
eing
of
the
mig
rant
w
orke
rs?
Wha
t are
the
maj
or g
aps
in p
olic
ies,
law
s an
d st
ruct
ural
mec
hani
sms?
H
ow c
an it
be
refo
rmed
?
Key
info
rman
tsM
OLE
DO
FEFE
TFE
PB
Inte
ract
ion
and
cons
ulta
tion
with
re
pres
enta
tives
fr
om d
iffer
ent
inst
itutio
ns o
f the
go
vern
men
t and
ke
y in
form
ants
Chal
leng
es
Wha
t are
the
maj
or c
halle
nges
in
ensu
ring
safe
ty a
nd p
rote
ctio
n of
mig
rant
wor
kers
? H
ow c
an th
e si
tuat
ion
be a
mel
iora
ted?
Way
forw
ard
Who
are
the
key
acto
rs a
nd w
hat
are
thei
r rol
es in
impl
emen
ting
and
mon
itorin
g th
e re
quire
d ch
ange
s?
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