glass cockpit - pilot monitoring duty · glass cockpit - pilot monitoring duty capt. howard ting,...
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Glass Cockpit - Pilot
Monitoring Duty
Capt. Howard Ting, B737-800 Check pilot Assist.
Manager of Crew Evaluation Section, Standardization
Department, Flight operation Division.
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Content
• Aviation safety Data.
• Pilot Monitoring experiment.
• What / How to monitor
• Conclusion
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From PNF to PM - 2003 FAA-AC120-71A
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From PNF to PM
… the term pilot not flying misses the point.
Studies of crew performance, accident data,
and pilots’ own experiences all point to the
vital role of the non-flying pilot as a monitor.
Hence, the term pilot monitoring (PM) is now
widely viewed as a better term to describe
that pilot.
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Commercial Jet Major Accidents (2000 through 2013)
2000 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08
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10
15
20 19
1615
16
13
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11
17
19
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‘09
64% of Commercial Jet Major Accidents were
Approach and Landing Accidents (ALA)
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ALA
13
10 11
4
11
6
128 9
19
15
‘10
14
9
‘11 ‘12
7
5
‘13
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6
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Accidents Numbers
Year
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Top 3 Types of ALA
1. CFIT (includes landing short)
2. Upset Aircraft
3. Runway Excursions (including overrun & veer-off)
These account for 76% of all ALA
76%• CFIT
• Upset Aircraft
• Runway Excursions
others
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CFIT Accidents
5 Year Running Average
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NTSB Accident Statistic Data
• Reviewed 37 crew-caused air carrier accidents
- 84% of 37 reviewed accidents involved inadequate
crew monitoring or challenging.
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CFIT / ALA
• Flight Safety Foundation
- 63% of the reviewed ALA accidents involved
inadequate monitoring and cross-checking.
• ICAO
- Inadequate monitoring was a factor in 50% of the
CFIT accidents reviewed.
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LOSA Finding
• In one LOSA conducted in 2000
- 19% of errors and
- 69% of “undesired states”
could have been eliminated by more effective crew
monitoring and cross-checking.
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The importance of Monitoring --- ASRS Study
63%
50%
76%
30%
ASRS: Aviation Safety Reporting System
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Is human kind good at monitoring?
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A Research of University of Michigan…
• Objective: The objective of the study was to examine pilots’
automation monitoring strategies and performance on highly
automated commercial flight decks.
• Participants: Twenty experienced B747-400 U.S. airline pilots
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Captains
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FO’s
• a minimum of 1000 hrs
glass cockpit experience
• 100~9000 hr B744
experience
• Voluntary participation
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A Research of University of Michigan…
• Tasks: Each pilot flew a 1-hr scenario involving challenging
automation-related events on a full flight simulator. Behavioral,
mental model, and eye-tracking data were collected.
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Captains10
FO’s
Scenario Events
• Experimenter-induced mode Transitions
• Revision of cruise altitude
• Loss of glide slope diamond and glide slope
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Area of Interests
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V-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data
PDT: Percentage Dwell Time
Automation:
mainly FMA(Flight Management
Annunciator)
Raw:
•heading indicator
•altimeter
•vertical speed
indicator
•airspeed indicator
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H-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data
Automation:
mainly FMA(Flight Management
Annunciator)
Raw:
•heading indicator
•altimeter
•vertical speed
indicator
•airspeed indicator
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S-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data
Automation:
mainly FMA(Flight Management
Annunciator)
Raw:
•heading indicator
•altimeter
•vertical speed
indicator
•airspeed indicator
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One of the Test:
Loss of Glide Slope Diamond &Glide Slope
8 pilots
(40%)
detected the problem
after intercepting the
final leg
6 pilots
(30%)
6 pilots
(30%)
noticed that the glide
slope signal was
missing prior to
intercepting the final
leg
noticed the problem
only after it was
pointed out by the
confederate pilot or
ATC
Total: 20 pilots
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Research Conclusion
” …The converging data from this study provide an informative picture of automation use and monitoring by highly skilled pilots in the context of a high-fidelity simulation. Its results provide specific and confirming evidence that monitoring failures constitute a major contributor to breakdowns in pilot-automation interaction.
… Human being is NOT good at monitoring abilities … ”
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Pilot Core Competencies
IATAPilot Core Comptencies
AIRBUSPilot Core Comptencies
Situation Awareness Situation Awareness
Manual Aircraft Control Flight Path Management - Manual
Flight Management, Guidance & Automation Flight Path Management - Automation
Leadership & Teamwork Leadership & Teamwork
Application of Procedures & Knowledge Application of Procedures & Knowledge
Communication Communication
Knowledge Knowledge
Workload Management Workload Management
Problem Solving & Decision-making Problem Solving & Decision-making
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Is MONITORING a pilot’s competency?
A: Monitoring is a fundamental
component of each existing
competency and, each competency
is vital for good monitoring.
e.g. Situational AwarenessDNA
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Airbus’ Survey
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Common Definition of Monitoring
Monitoring:
The observation and interpretation of the flight path data, configuration status, automation modes and on-board systems appropriate to the phase of flight.
It involves a cognitive comparison against the expected values, modes and procedures.
It also includes observation of the other crew member and timely intervention in the event of deviation.
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Question :
In cockpit,
who is the person in charge of monitoring?
PF PM
The answer is:
Both of PF and PM have the
responsibilities for monitoring.
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Why Monitoring
What’s a mountain goat going way up here in a cloud
bank?
When a crewmember cancatch an error or unsafe act,
this detection may
break the chain of event leading to an accident scenario.
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PF’s Responsibility
• Flying the aircraft in accordance with the operational
brief and
monitoring the
flight path.
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PM’s Responsibility
• PM will have
-an explicit set of activities designated by SOPs
-a specific and primary role to monitor the
aircraft’s flight path,
communications and the activities
of PF.
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Which would be focused is
Monitoring Skill
not
PM position
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Monitoring
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Perspectives Changed in Monitoring
1980’s Today
A copilot’s job Core competency for every pilot
Task-shedding for Captains Prime threat and error management
activity
A redundant safety feature A full time component of flying
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WHAT
SHOULD BE
MONITORED
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What Need to Be Monitored
– Aircraft trajectory
– Automation
systems and mode
status (FMA)
– Aircraft systems and/or components
• Crosschecking of system & action, such as
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What to monitor? …in more details
“Fly, navigate, communicate” requires the crew to be
aware of evolving information of different natures and
with different time spans
• Environment & context
• Crew members (including yourself)
• Dynamic environment and evolving constraints
You need “at the same time“ to focus on the
• Big picture
• Attention to specific details
• Evolving information
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What else need to bemonitored?
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Whom Need to Be Monitored
Your team members !
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How to Monitor Team Members
Observe your team members
Smell. Be sure that your team member does not involve alcoholic problem
Listen to them if they have any problem or stress.
Ask them if you feel that there are something wrong.
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Elements of Monitoring
• Knowledge of aircraft and SOPs
• Vigilance
• Situation Awareness
• Shared mental model- Teamwork
-Goal
-Plan
-Intent
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Monitoring and Challenge
Pilot Monitoring (PM)
Take
Action
Express
Your View
Error Resolved
Challenge Response
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Barriers for Monitoring
Ego Complacency New in the seat
Fatigue Distraction Interruption
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Conclusion
• Monitoring is a vital skill for safety.
• Human is not good at monitoring.
• Monitoring is the DNA of pilots’ core competencies.
• Monitoring is a CONTINUOUS-REVIEW
mechanism.