glencoe world historytrhistory.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/1/8/6718179/08gwh_chapter_12.pdfideal. the...
TRANSCRIPT
Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Renaissance
Section 2: Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism
Visual Summary
Section 1-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement.
Section 1
• The Italian Renaissance lasted from 1350 to 1550. It was a time period in which Europeans believed they had witnessed a rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.
• Characteristics of the Renaissance:
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
– Led by an urban society, and Italian city-states came to dominate political, social, and economic life.
Section 1
– The Renaissance witnessed the rise of a secular viewpoint of wealth and material items.
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
– Occurred during a time of recovery from the disasters such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power.
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
– The Renaissance also stressed the individual ability of human beings.
– Leonardo da Vinci, emphasized the belief that individuals could create a new social ideal.
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
• With the lack of centralized power, Italian city-states such as Milan, Venice, and Florence played a crucial role in Italian economics and politics.
• Milan’s location as a crossroads between the coastal Italian cities and the Alpine passes made it a very wealthy state.
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
• In 1447, Francesco Sforza conquered Milan using an army of mercenaries. Sforza created wealth for the government by creating an efficient tax system.
• Venice was located in a strategic position, as a trading link between Asia and Western Europe. It was led by a group of wealthy merchant aristocrats .
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
• In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici and his family came to control Florence using their wealth and personal influence. Cosimo’s grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici later ruled the city.
• Powerful monarchial states in Europe were attracted to the wealth of the Italian city-states, and in 1494 Charles VIII of France occupied Naples in southern Italy.
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
• The Spanish replied to the Italian cries of assistance and engaged the French in a 30-year war on the Apennine Peninsula.
• The turning point of the war came in 1527 when soldiers and mercenaries of Spain’s King Charles I, who had not been paid in months, sacked Rome.
• Spain became the dominant force in Italy.
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
Renaissance Italy, 1500
Section 1
• Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a book that influenced political thought in Italy and eventually all of Europe.
• In his influential work, The Prince, Machiavelli wrote about how to acquire and hold political power. He stated that a ruler must put the state first and not focus on moral principles.
• Machiavelli’s rejection of popular Christian values would have a profound influence on the political leaders who followed.
Machiavelli on Power (cont.)
1. The city-state that was led by a group of
wealthy merchant-aristocrats was
a. Rome
b. Milan
c. the Papal States
d. Venice
The Renaissance was all of the following
EXCEPT
a. an urban society.
b. an age of recovery from the plagues,
political upheaval, and decline of Church
authority.
c. the end of poverty.
d. a higher regard for the value of the
individual human.
Who conquered Milan using an army of
mercenaries
a. Francesco Sforza
b. Cosimo de’ Medici
c. Leonardo da Vinci
d. Mr. Burg
What does Renaissance mean
a. Death to thy enemy
b. Age of Art
c. Rebirth
d. Worldly
What three city-states played a crucial role in
Italian economics and politics
a. Milan, Florence & Three Rivers
b. Venice, Florence & Carthage
c. Milan, Venice & Spain
d. Milan, Venice, and Florence
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
What was the central idea of Machiavelli’s The Prince?
A. Family dynasties are the most effective rulers.
B. Politics should not be restricted by morality.
C. Religion is necessary as a unifying force.
D. Monarchies are the most effective means of governing.
Machiavelli on Power
401
The Nobility
402
Peasants & Townspeople
403
Family & Marriage
403
Section 1
Renaissance Society
Changes in the social classes occurred during the Renaissance.
Section 1
• Despite being the minority, nobles dominated sixteenth-century Europe during the Renaissance.
• Nobles were expected to live up to certain ideals of European aristocracy. These ideals were expressed in Baldasarre Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier.
• Peasants continued to make up the bulk of European society but were gaining more independence during the Renaissance.
Renaissance Society (cont.)
Section 1
• The growing numbers of townspeople were segregated into social groups.
• Patricians dominated the social and economic aspect of urban areas.
• Below them were the burghers, followed by the poverty-stricken workers and the unemployed.
Renaissance Society (cont.)
Section 1
• The family bond provided a great deal of security to Renaissance-era Italians. As in many societies, a dowry was required in marriage contracts.
Renaissance Society (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
When did children become adults in Italian society?
A. At age seventeen
B. When they married
C. When they graduated school
D. When they were freed by their fathers in front of a judge
Section 2-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Humanism was an important intellectual movement of the Renaissance and was reflected in the works of Renaissance artists.
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you think it is important to learn another language?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 2
• A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism.
• Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.
• Petrarch believed that intellectuals had a duty to live an active civic life and put their study of the humanities to the state’s service.
• The humanist emphasis on classical Latin led to an increase in the writings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians.
Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)
Section 2
• The Italian author Dante and the English author Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in vernacular, making vernacular literature very popular.
Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)
Divine
Comedy
The
Canterbury
Tales
The Book of
the City of
Ladies
Describe
each piece
of literature
What
language
was it written
in?
Who wrote
it?
Section 2
Renaissance Education
Education during the Renaissance focused on the liberal studies.
Section 2
• The humanist movement led to changes in education.
• Humanists believed that individuals could attain wisdom and virtue by studying liberal studies. Physical education was also emphasized.
• Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music.
Renaissance Education (cont.)
Section 2
• Physical education: javelin throwing, archery, dancing, wrestling, hunting, and swimming.
• The goal of humanist educators was to create complete citizens, not great scholars
• The majority of women received education in religion and morals
Renaissance Education (cont.)
Section 2
Italian Renaissance Art
The Renaissance produced great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
Section 2
• Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature through a human-focused worldview.
• Frescos created the illusion of three dimensions, leading to a new realistic style of painting.
Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
Michelangelo - The
Prophet Zacariah
Section 2
• Advances in understanding human movement and anatomy led to advances in Renaissance sculpture and architecture.
• The final era of Italian Renaissance painting (1490 to 1520) is known as the High Renaissance.
• Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of realistic painting and sought to advance to idealized forms of nature and humans.
Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
Section 2
• Raphael was a well known artist for his paintings of the madonna. His works reveal a world of balance, harmony, and order.
• Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, and architect. His depictions of idealized humans are meant as a reflection of divine beauty.
Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
Section 2
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Northern European artists, especially those in the Low Countries, portrayed their world realistically but in a different way than did the Italian artists.
Section 2
• As opposed to Italian artists who perfected their work on the large, open spaces of Italian churches, Northern European artists painted on much smaller canvases.
• One of the most important art schools in northern Europe was in Flanders, one of the Low Countries.
The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)
Section 2
• Artists such as Jan van Eyck were among the first to use and perfect oil painting.
• Artists from northern Europe, such as German Albrecht Dürer, traveled to Italy to study the Italian standards and laws of perspective. The artists created detailed books of illustrations.
The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)
The Renaissance artists of northern Europe
painted which of the following?
a. frescoes
b. church ceilings and walls
c. detailed books of illustrations
d. ships
All of the following are associated with painting
during the High Renaissance EXCEPT
a. Machiavelli.
b. Leonardo da Vinci.
c. Raphael.
d. Michelangelo.
Paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance
were more
a. abstract.
b. Chinese-like.
c. realistic.
d. simple.
Humanist educators of the Renaissance
stressed all of the following EXCEPT
a. liberal arts.
b. rhetoric.
c. physical education.
d. practical tool skills.
Renaissance women were educated in which of
the following?
a. mathematics
b. religion and morals
c. rhetoric
d. hunting
Section 3-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values In northern Europe, Christian humanists sought to reform the Catholic Church, and Protestantism emerged.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• Christian humanism
• salvation
• indulgence
• Lutheranism
Academic Vocabulary
• precise
• ignorant
Section 3-Key Terms
People, Places, and Events
• Martin Luther
• Desiderius Erasmus
• Wittenberg
• Ninety-five Theses
• Edict of Worms
• Charles V
• Bohemia
• Hungary
• Peace of Augsburg
Section 3
Prelude to Reformation
Christian humanism and Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.
Section 3
• During the second half of the fifteenth century, adherents of Christian humanism sought to reform the Catholic Church.
• Christian humanists believed that humans could improve themselves and society.
Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
Europe After the Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Section 3
• Desiderius Erasmus believed that external forms of medieval religion such as pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were unnecessary and that inner piety derived from religious philosophy was more important.
Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
Section 3
• Reasons for Reform of the Catholic Church:
– Catholic Popes were more concerned with politics and material goods than spiritual guidance.
– Parish priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties.
Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
Section 3
– An automatic means of obtaining salvation, such as the collection of relics, was being presented to the people.
– The use of indulgences was used to avoid punishment for sin.
Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
Section 3
Martin Luther
Read about Martin Luther and write a 1-page report about his historical significance.
Who was Martin Luther?
Why did he break away from the Catholic Church?
What were some of his historical accomplishments?
Section 3
• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg in Germany.
Martin Luther (cont.)
• He believed that humans would be saved by their faith in God and not by the good works done in His name.
Section 3
• Luther only wanted to reform the church. He wrote a list of his grievances, known as the Ninety-five Theses, and copies were sent all over Germany.
• In 1521, Luther was excommunicated for attempting to get German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church.
Martin Luther (cont.)
Section 3
• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw, and his works were banned.
• Many German princes who supported Luther confiscated Church land, and a government church was established.
• A new religious service which consisted of reading the Bible, preaching the word of God, and songs, became the basis of the doctrine known as Lutheranism.
• Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.
Martin Luther (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How did Luther outline his grievances with the Catholic Church?
A. Edict of Worms
B. Wittenburg Policy
C. Ninety-five Theses
D. indulgences
Section 3
Politics in the German Reformation
Political and religious problems forced the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to seek peace with the Lutheran princes.
Section 3
• The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Charles V who wanted the empire to remain Catholic.
• The empire included Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, Milan, and Naples.
• Problems with the Ottoman Turks, French rivalry, prevented Charles from asserting military power over the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
Politics in the German Reformation (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars by accepting the division of Christianity. German rulers, but not the German people, could choose their own religion.
Politics in the German Reformation (cont.)
Section 4-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth.
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• predestination
• annul
Academic Vocabulary
• published
• justification
Section 4-Key Terms
People and Places
• Ulrich Zwingli
• Zürich
• John Calvin
• Geneva
• King Henry VIII
• Ignatius of Loyola
• Trent
Section 4
Divisions in Protestantism
By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism.
Section 4
• In Zürich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli was influential in reforming the Catholic Church. His Protestant movement spread through Switzerland.
• John Calvin was a Frenchman whose conversion to Protestantism forced him to flee to Switzerland.
• Calvin believed in an all-powerful God and the idea of predestination.
Divisions in Protestantism (cont.)
European Religions, 1600
Section 4
• Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of Calvinism which soon became more popular than Lutheranism.
• Calvin worked to reform the city of Geneva, Switzerland.
• Geneva soon became the center of Protestant reform in Europe, and its missionaries were sent all over to convert the local populations.
Divisions in Protestantism (cont.)
Section 4
Reformation in England
For political, not religious, reasons, Henry VIII established the Church of England.
Section 4
• King Henry VIII of England established the Church of England when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• Henry’s Church of England was very similar to Catholicism, although after his death English officials attempted to make it more “Protestant”.
Reformation in England (cont.)
Section 4
• In 1553, Henry’s daughter, Mary, came to power and attempted to restore Roman Catholicism.
• Her efforts, including the burning of more than 300 Protestants, earned her the nickname of “Bloody Mary.”
Reformation in England (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What were the results of Queen Mary’s attempts to restore England to Catholicism?
A. The people supported her decisions.
B. It made people more pro-Protestant.
C. Mary was killed by Protestants.
D. The pope supported Mary by sending an army to England.
Section 4
Anabaptists
For believing in the complete separation of church and state, Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous radicals.
Section 4
• Anabaptists were Protestant reformers who did not want to give power to the state.
• Anabaptists believed:
Anabaptists (cont.)
– Religion should be voluntary; baptism occurred as an adult.
– All believers were equal; any member could become a minister.
– Separation of state and church; refused to bear arms or serve in military positions
Section 4
– The religious and political beliefs of the Anabaptists seemed radical, and they were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants.
Anabaptists (cont.)
Section 4
Reformation and Society
Although the family became the center of life during the Reformation, the lives of most women and Jews did not improve.
Section 4
• With the rise of Protestantism came the end of celibacy for Church leaders.
• Women were subservient, and their roles were obedience to their husband and to bear children.
• Protestants expected Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they refused, Protestants such as Martin Luther wrote that Jewish synagogues and homes should be destroyed.
Reformation and Society (cont.)
Roman Catholic, Lutheran,
Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs
Section 4
Catholic Reformation
Perceiving a need for a change, Pope Paul III steered the Catholic Church toward a reformation in the 1500s.
Section 4
• The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation was a Catholic Reformation.
• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, a group who swore allegiance to the pope.
• Jesuit missionaries were influential in spreading Catholicism in Germany and the rest of the world.
Catholic Reformation (cont.)
Section 4
• Pope Paul II led a reformation of the papacy, ending corruption either real or perceived.
• The pope, archbishops, bishops, and other theologians met irregularly at the Council of Trent to discuss Church matters and establish Catholic doctrine.
Catholic Reformation (cont.)
VS 1
THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and Northern Europe
• Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of Renaissance learning and culture.
• Machiavelli’s views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders.
• Humanist education focused on liberal studies.
• Artists sought to portray the world realistically.
VS 2
THE REFORMATION Begins
• Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.
• Catholic teaching stressed faith and good works, but Luther believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation.
• The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars and allowed German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
VS 3
THE REFORMATION Spreads
• Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.
• Henry VIII established the Church of England for political rather than religious reasons.
• Anabaptists believed in the total separation of church and state.
• Pope Paul III took steps to reform the Catholic Church.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Chapter Trans Menu
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Chapter Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
Chapter Trans
Unit Timeline Trans
CnETrans
DFS Trans 1
DFS Trans 2
DFS Trans 3
DFS Trans 4
Vocab1
urban society
a system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life
Vocab2
secular
worldly
Vocab3
mercenary
a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder
Vocab4
dowry
a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife
Vocab5
instability
not steady; wavering
Vocab6
decline
a change to a lower state or level
Vocab7
humanism
an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history
Vocab8
vernacular
the language of everyday speech in a particular region
Vocab9
fresco
a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
Vocab10
attain
to gain or achieve
Vocab11
style
having a distinctive quality or form
Vocab12
Christian humanism
a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
Vocab13
salvation
the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works
Vocab14
indulgence
a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
Vocab15
Lutheranism
the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
Vocab16
precise
exact or sharply defined
Vocab17
ignorant
unaware; lacking knowledge of
Vocab18
predestination
the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
Vocab19
annul
declare invalid
Vocab20
published
printed for distribution
Vocab21
justification
the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God
Help
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction slides, or Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
End of Custom Shows
This slide is intentionally blank.