gli anni 90 the afterglow pre-90: uso end-to-end telnet ftp e-mail
TRANSCRIPT
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gli anni 90
The Afterglow
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Pre-90: uso end-to-end
• Telnet• FTP• E-mail
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1990
• ARPAnet cessa di esistere• viene fondata la EFF• ARCHIE per la ricerca di file su siti
FTP
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1991
• Gopher (Paul Lindner Mark McCahill)• WAIS (Wide Area Information Server) Brewster
Kahle• CIX, primo scambio commerciale su Internet• Gore promuove il National Research and
Educational Network NERN
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gopher
• Origini del nome:– GO-FOR, cerca informazioni– Scava nei menu come una talpa– UMimnesota: golden gophers
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hypertext• la ‘navigazione’ avviene sempre su un solo
sito• il gopher infrange questo limite
– un servizio che inserisca insieme alle proprie informazioni anche quelle di altri
• nasce il concetto di puntatore, legame verso altri documenti
• e’ l’inizio della navigazione virtuale.
Gopher!
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GOPHER
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Other Gopher servers in Italy (link to asso.nis.garr.it) Other Gopher servers in the world Search menu items in most of gopher-space (Veronica) ITU (ex CCITT) documents [link to info.itu.ch] Internet RFC documents [link to vm.gmd.de] IEEE [link to gopher.ieee.org] IEEE Computer Society [link to info.computer.org ] On-Line College Papers [ link to blick.journ.latech.edu ] World Wide Web (CERN) Internet File Server (FTP) Sites
da gopher.polito.itda gopher.polito.it
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1992
• ISOC• NSFnet arriva a T3 (44.736 Mb/s)• 17000 reti• 1000000 di host• 33 nazioni connesse• 50000 richieste ftp per mese• viene presentato il World Wide Web
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CERN: sviluppo dell’HTTPD
http://www.w3.org/People.html
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WWW
• il gruppo di Ginevra coglie l’importamza dell’idea del gopher
• ne amplia nettamente l’orizzonte nel 1990 con il progetto World Wide Web
• ogni nodo di Internet mette a disposizione le sue informazioni, siano queste caratteri, numeri, immagini, suoni o immagini in movimento
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www
• alle informazioni locali vengono aggiunte quelle degli altri mediante dei puntatori
• un linguaggio di presentazione (HTML, Hyper Text Markup Language) si occupa della visualizzazione e strutturazione di questo insieme di informazioni e puntatori
• SGml -> HTml (1.0)
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LYNX il browser testuale
For donating to a Tsunami appeal using Lynx on Solaris 10. BT [British Telecom] who run the donation management system misread an access log and saw hmm thats a non standard browser not identifying it's type and it's doing strange things. Trace that IP. Arrest that hacker. Armed police, a van, a police cell and national news later the police have gone in SWAT styley and arrested someone having their lunch.
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MOSAIC
• la NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) sviluppa un software di consultazione di WWW (la versione cliente): Mosaic.
• Tra gli sviluppatori lo studente Mark Anderseen.
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• idea geniale: aggiungere al www le potenzialità di internet– trasferire files– inviare e-mail– fare ricerche
• external viewer– integrano le potenzialità delle risorse
residenti alla navigazione
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NETSCAPE
• Mark Anderseen fonda la Netscape Corporation
• con Jim Clark, fondatore nell’82 di Silicon Graphics
• la società ha il più veloce sviluppo in borsa della storia
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1993
• NSF crea l’InterNIC• 1500000 host• 100 nazioni connesse• internet talk radio• ONU on-line• esplosione di internet negli USA• USA: National Information Infrastructure
Act• WWW cresce del 364% all’anno, gopher del
997%
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WWW / GOPHER
Nov.92 Mar.93 Jul.93 Nov.93 Mar.94 Jul.94 Nov.94
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
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1994• server del senato degli stati uniti• il primo fiore ordinato e pagato via
internet• mass-marketing via e-mail• Il congresso americano decide che
internet è socialmente e politicamente rilevante e lancia il progetto della NII
• RT-FM prima radio via internet da Las Vegas
• il rapporto tra utenti commerciali e accaddemici passa a 2:1
• 3000000 di host
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1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
$1,000 $10,000 $100,000 $1,000,000 $10,000,000
Internet Host Computers - Jan 1995
1993 GNP ($M)
USA
UKGermany
Japan
Australia
France
Italy
China
Russian Fed
Canada
Spain
Brazil
India
Argentina
SwitzerlandNetherlands
Mexico
Korea, S
Sweden
Belarus
Thailand
Portugal
Turkey
Indonesia
Denmark
AustriaBelgium
New Zealand
South Africa
Hong Kong
Finland
Ukraine
Norway
Poland
Czech Rep
Greece
Israel
Hungary
Algeria
Malaysia
Venezuela
Singapore
PhilippinesColombia
Kazakhstan
ChileIrelandIceland
AzerbaijanGuinea
MoldaviaFiji
SlovakiaSlovenia
Estonia
BulgariaUruguay Egypt
LuxembourgEcuador
Puerto Rico
Romania
Kuwait
Tunesia
Peru
Cyprus
Costa Rica
PanamaZimbabwe
Latvia
Lithuania
Jamaica
Armenia
ZambiaNicaragua
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Iran
Macau
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Host internet per 1000 abitanti
Host internet 1991-2005 nel mondo, migliaia
… da gandalf.it
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˜
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5,076,000,000
2,538,000,000
1,510,912,000
755,456,000507,904,000
151,040,000
302,080,000
75,520,000
37,760,000
18,880,000
9,440,000
4,720,000
2,360,000
1,180,548
590,274365,345234,740161,434
92,83463,26743,79926,141
9,805
5,089
2,8101,961
1,024
562
213
year 81 90 91 92 200120019998979695949382 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Source: MIDS, Austin TX, based on historical data
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1995• Gran parte del traffico USA smaltito dai providers
commerciali• i tradizionali fornitori di servizi dial-up offrono anche
internet• Radio Hong-Kong e’ la prima radio via internet (?)(BBN)• il vaticano on-line• 20 - 30 milioni di utenti• ascesa irresistibile di Netscape• tecnologie:
– java/javascript– VRML
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Host per 1000 abitanti
FinlandIceland
NorwayUS (+gTLDs)
AustraliaSweden
New ZealandCanadaDenmark
SwitzerlandNetherlands
AustriaUK
GermanyLuxembourg
IrelandBelgium
JapanFranceCzech Republic
HungarySpainPortugal
GreeceKoreaPoland
MexicoTurkey
Italy
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Internet Hosts per 1000 Inhabitants, January 1997Source: Network Wizards/OECDA top-level domain name (TLD) is either an ISO country code (e.g. .be = Belgium) or one of the generic domains (com/org/net/etc - gTLD). It should be noted that there is not necessarily any correlation between a country code and where a host is actually located. However all indications are that access is much more limited in Italy than most OECD countries.
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