Global Climate Change and Energy SystemsWorkshop for the Riverside Unified School District

Agenda:

Thursday, October 156:15pm Kawai Tam, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering: Sustainability

6:45pm Mirvat Ebrik, Sustainable Energy Systems Group at CE-CERT: Cellulosic Biomass to Ethanol

7:15pm Matthew Barth, Department of Electrical Engineering: Solar Energy Systems

7:45pm Tour of CE-CERT Labs

Thursday, October 226:15pm Matthew Barth, Transportation Systems Research Group at CE-CERT: Transportation

6:45pm David Cocker, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering: Atmospheric Particles

7:15pm Akua Asa-Awuku, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering: Climate

7:45pm Tour of CE-CERT Labs

“Green” Transportation SystemsMatthew Barth

Professor and DirectorCollege of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology

University of California-Riverside

CE-CERT’sLaboratories:

Emissions and Fuels ResearchWayne Miller, Tom Durbin, David Cocker, Heejung Jung

Atmospheric Processes ResearchBill Carter, Dennis Fitz, David Cocker, Kwangsam Na

Transportation Systems Research Matt Barth, Kanok Boriboonsomsin, Yushan Yan

Sustainable Energy ResearchJoe Norbeck, Charles Wyman, Chan Seung Park, Bin Yang

Environmental ModelingGail Tonnesen, Zion Wang, Mohammad Omari, Chao-Jung Chien

www.cert.ucr.edu

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Air Quality

air quality in Southern California

Hydrocarbon Exhaust Standard

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1.50.39 0.25 0.125 0.075 0.04 0.01

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1966 1975 1981 1993 TLEV LEV ULEV SULEV

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key factor:emission certification standards

Transportation: Energy and Emissions• Increasing concern to stabilize greenhouse gases (GHG) to

below levels emitted today (while still meeting energy needs)

• Transportation accounts for 33% of U.S. CO2 emissions

• 80% of transportation CO2 comes from cars and trucks

• Major emphasis is on cleaner, more efficient vehicles:• making vehicles lighter (and smaller) while maintaining safety

• improving powertrain efficiency

• developing alternative technologies (e.g.,hybrids, fuel-cell vehicles)

• Focus has also been placed on alternative fuels:• biofuels (cellulosic ethanol)

• synthetic fuels

• Programs that reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT)

• Programs that increase transportation efficiency (ITS)

California has approved funding for over $5 billion in transportation related funds for research, development, demonstration and deployment of technologies for improving energy efficiency and air quality

• Assembly Bill 32: stabilize GHG emissions to 1990 levels

• Proposition 1B: allocates $3 billion for infrastructure and air quality

• Assembly Bill 118: provides $1.4 billion for energy efficiency and air quality issues

• Los Angeles-Long Beach Port Complex: initiated a $1.2 billion program to clean up air pollution related to port activities; South Coast Air Quality Management District will add another $1 billion

California Efforts

New Vehicle Technology

fuel cell vehicles (example: Honda Clarity)

battery electric vehicles (example: Mitsubishi)

hybrid vehicles (example: Ford Escape) plug-in hybrid vehicles (example: Chevy Volt)

Alternative Fuels: Ethanol• corn-based ethanol: various studies show that this is not energy

efficient and not truly sustainable

• cellulosic ethanol:• ethanol obtained from any type of cellulosic biomass• requires a more elaborate pre-treatment step

Breakdown hemicellulose to

sugars

Make enzymes, breakdown cellulose

to glucose, and ferment all sugars

Biological steps:Cellulase production

HydrolysisFermentation

Cellulosic biomass

Pretreatment

Ethanol recovery

Residue processing

UtilitiesFuel ethanol

Process effluents

Exportedelectricity

Process boundaries

Lignin, etc

Process Heat, Electricity

Charles Wyman et al.:UCR CE-CERT

Synthetic FuelsSolid To Liquid: Coal to Liquid (CTL)

Biomass to Liquid (BTL)

Joseph Norbeck and C.S. Park:UCR CE-CERT

Personal Mobility:

• personal mobility is an important part of a progressive society• the automobile has become essential element of life• our mobility is often restricted due to limitations in

transportation infrastructure• resource management problem:

• if resources (transportation infrastructure) are limited and demand is high, congestion occurs

Roadway Congestion: impacts on energy and emissions

• Texas Transportation Institute Annual Mobility Study:• http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums• congestion has grown everywhere in areas of all sizes• congestion occurs during longer portions of the day and delays more travelers

and goods than ever before• billions of gallons of fuel are wasted every year, more emissions

“slow speeds caused by heavy traffic and/or narrow roadways due to construction, incidents, or too few lanes for the demand”

General Solutions to Reducing Congestion• Manage Supply:

• build more lanes to increase roadway capacity• build more infrastructure for alternative modes (bike, rail, transit)

shown to be more cost effective (Lipman, 2006)• improve system operations (e.g., respond quickly to incidents)• implement intelligent transportation system techniques

• Manage Demand:• implement pricing mechanisms to limit use of resources• provide greater range of alternative modes• allow for alternative work locations and schedules• have employers provide travel support programs

• Manage Land Use:• implement better urban design• provide for mixed use development of land• increase housing and industrial density• allow for innovative planning and zoning• implement some type of growth management

Intelligent Transportation Systems

application of advanced and emerging technologies from the fields of electronics, communications, control, and information processing to improve

surface transportation

Targeted Benefits:• Improving Safety

• reducing accidents (42,000 fatalities per year)• making accidents more survivable

• Improving Transportation Efficiency:• increasing throughput• reducing congestion• maximizing economics

• Energy/Environment:• in-direct benefits• directed benefits

Improving Efficiency: Intelligent Transportation SystemsKey ITS Research Areas with Energy/Emissions Impacts:

Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems:• Longitudinal Collision Avoidance• Lateral Collision Avoidance• Intersection Collision Avoidance• Automated Highway Systems vehicle platooning

Advanced Transportation Management Systems:• Traffic Monitoring and Management Traffic PeMS• Corridor Management Corridor speed management• Incident Management• Demand Management and Operations congestion pricing

Advanced Transportation Information Systems:• Route Guidance ECO-Route Guidance• En-Route Driver Information Dynamic ECO-Driving• Traveler Service Information Safe Trip-21• Electronic Payment Services

Vehicle Activity Data Collection in Southern

California

Vehicle Activity:Real-Time Traffic Data

• real-time traffic density, speed, and flow is become more readily available

• Example: California Traffic Performance Measurement System (PeMS)

• Real-Time data can be used measure congestion

CO2 Emissions as a Function of Average Traffic Speed

velvel

timetime

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Activity Database containing Database containing

sample vehicle velocity sample vehicle velocity trajectoriestrajectories

CMEMCMEM(microscopic fuel (microscopic fuel

consumption/emissions consumption/emissions model)model)

vehicle/technology vehicle/technology category selectioncategory selection

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Average Speed (mph)

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mi)

Real-world activity

Steady-state activity

ln(y) = b0 + b1·x + b2·x2 + b3·x3 + b4·x4

Methodology:

Different ITS strategies to reduce on-road emissions

Ramp metering, signal synchronization, incident management, etc.

better enforcement, speed limiters, active accelerator pedal, etc.

Variable speed limitIntelligent speed adaptationEtc.

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Real-world activitySteady-state activity

Congestion Mitigation Strategies

Traffic flow smoothing techniques

Speed Management Techniques

Example ITS Programs aimed at Environmental/Energy Concerns:

Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems:• Automated Highway Systems: platooning of vehicles

Advanced Transportation Management Systems:• Dynamic Eco-Driving• Corridor Speed Management

Advanced Transportation Information Systems:• Environmentally Friendly Route Guidance

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non-automatedtraffic (LOS-F-)

(14 mph)

non-automatedtraffic (LOS-A)

(60 mph)(45% saved)

AHSnon-platoonedtraffic (60 mph)

(47% saved)

AHSplatooned

traffic (60 mph)(49% saved)

idealconstant-speedtraffic (60 mph)(50% saved)

Initial Energy and Emissions Analysis of Automated Highway Systems:• sponsored by NAHSC/PATH

• CO2 and fuel are linearly related

• used energy/emissions model withtypical driving activity

reference:M. Barth, ''An emissions and energy comparison between a simulated automated highway system and current traffic conditions,'' Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Dearborn, MI, Oct. 2000

“Dynamic Eco-Driving”Eco-Driving Advice with Dynamic Feedback

• Static advice, for example:• Shift up as soon as possible• Maintain a steady speed• Anticipate traffic flow• Accelerate smoothly• Decelerate softly• Check the tire pressure frequently

• Dynamic advice/feedback, for example:• Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA)• Instantaneous fuel economy readings• Cumulative real-time travel cost display

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Distance Traveled, km

Dynamic Eco-Driving Field Experiments: Example Results

same travel time results:

-13%15341766Fuel (g)-37%3.976.28NOx (g)-41%1.903.20HC (g)-48%50.4797.01CO (g)-12%47815439CO2 (g)

DifferenceISANon-ISAEnergy/Emissions

-13%15341766Fuel (g)-37%3.976.28NOx (g)-41%1.903.20HC (g)-48%50.4797.01CO (g)-12%47815439CO2 (g)

DifferenceISANon-ISAEnergy/Emissions

reference:M. Barth and K. Boriboonsomsin (2008) “Energy and Emissions Impacts of a Freeway-Based Dynamic Eco-Driving System”, in press, Transportation Research Part D: Environment, Elsevier Press, August, 2008.

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Signalized Corridor Speed Management• Much fuel is wasted and CO2 is emitted by vehicles waiting at

signalized intersections• vehicle speed trajectory can be planned based on knowledge of

signal timing• concept: broadcast signal timing information to vehicle to plan

vehicle trajectories• potential target demonstration: California VII corridor where

DSRC equipment is already in place with signal information

Single Intersection Optimization with Signal Phase and Timing Information

Distance

Speed

Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2

Vehicle 3 Vehicles

2 & 3

Phase 1 Accelerating

Phase 3 Decelerating

Phase 5 Accelerating

Phase 2 Cruising

Phase 4 Idling

Analysis boundary

DSRC Range (r)

LDV24 Fuel CO2 CO HC NOx

Vehicle 1 27.8 87.5 0.378 0.013 0.011 Vehicle 2 70.6 222.4 0.990 0.045 0.063 Vehicle 3 64.5 203.1 0.873 0.034 0.067 % 3 vs 2 -8.7 -8.7 -11.8 -24.8 +6.4

(2-1) 42.9 134.9 0.612 0.032 0.052 (3-1) 36.7 115.6 0.496 0.021 0.056

% (3-1) vs (2-1) -14.3 -14.3 -19.0 -34.7 +7.8

advanced signal information can help reduce intersection-influenced fuel consumption by 14% for cars and 12% for trucks

reference:M. Li et al., “Traffic Energy and Emission Reductions at Signalized Intersections: A Study of the Benefits of Advanced Driver Information”, submitted to International Journal on ITS, January, 2009.

Navigation Techniques:• route finding uses famous minimum path algorithms

(Dijkstra, etc.)• shortest

distance

• shortest duration (requires traffic info)

• lowest energy, lowest emissions (requires traffic info, road grade, energy & emissions models)

New Navigation Tool: ECO-Routing:• shortest-distance or shortest-duration path will often

be the path that minimizes energy use or emissions• roadway congestion and other factors (e.g. grade) create scenarios where

minimum-energy and minimum-emissions path may be different than shortest duration or distance

Example ECO-Route Scenario

Summary of Energy/Environmental Beneficial ITS Strategies:

Traffic Operations:• congestion mitigation strategies that reduce severe congestion such

that higher average traffic speeds are achieved (e.g. ramp metering,incident management);

• speed management techniques that can bring down excessivespeeds to more moderate speeds of approximately 60 mph (e.g.enforcement, ISA);

• traffic flow smoothing techniques that can suppress shock waves,and thus, reduce the number of acceleration and deceleration events(e.g. variable speed limits, ISA, Smart Engines)

Information Systems:• Environmental Friendly Navigation

• Dynamic Eco-Driving

• Corridor Speed Management Systems

Vehicle Systems:• Automation (lateral and longitudinal control, platooning, etc.)

• Closed loop systems: Smart Engines, HEV energy management