global faces

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Globalization in

Historical Perspective

The Many Faces of Globalization

18 November 2010



The components of Globalization

Changing concepts of space and time

Increasing cultural interactions

Growing interconnections and

interdependencies Problems common to all world‟s inhabitants

Powerful networks of transnational actors andorganizations.

All of the above is synchronized….



Space and Time

Cultures and societies are being “squeezed

together”: the world is one place.

How? Increasingly faster communication and

transport.



Increasing cultural flows

What is culture?

Repertoire of learned ideas, values, knowledge,aesthetic preferences, rules and customs sharedby a particular group of social actors.

Is there a global culture?



Interconnections and

Interdependencies

Technology revolution – The Digital Era

Faster communications and travelling time

Interconnections at world level include states,

companies, localities, social movements, interestgroups and individuals

„Network society‟: increase in transnational

exchanges, relations and affiliations is driven byknowledge networks and not by society.



Transnational Actors and

Organizations

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

International Governmental Organizations (IGOs)

International Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs)

Global Social Movements (GSMs)

Diasporas, Stateless People

Migrants, tourists, consultants, artists, academics,economic elites, diplomats, drug dealers, etc



Common Problems

Global terrorism/ Global Crime

Environment

Migration and Human Rights

Others?



Defining Globalization

All those processes by which the peoples ofthe world are incorporated into one singlesociety (Albrow 1990)

Intensification of world-wide social relationswhich link distant localities in such a way thatlocal events are shaped by events occurringmiles away and vice versa (Giddens 1990)



Defining Globalization

„time-space‟ compression, produced by newdevelopments in transport, communicationand information technologies, which havedeeply transformed the political, economicand social relations connecting distantgeographic areas and different social spaces.

Is this new?



Globality

Consciousness or awareness that the worldis one single space.

4 major aspects of globality:

The global „self‟ or the world citizen: solve theworld‟s problems because we identify with allhumanity

Growth of multicultural awareness

Empowerment of self-aware social actors Broadening of identities



Globalization and Globality are results of along evolutionary process, in which societiesall over the world came to relate to one

another. Idea of “Universal Humanity” has its roots in a

cultural, social and political movement called“European Enlightenment”.



Proto-Globalization 1

Ancient civilizations (Middle East, China, Rome) had unified vastareas.

Middle Ages: mosaic of small kingdoms and fiefdoms unified byChristianity.

Cultural universalism of shared beliefs and rituals; Latin as common language (inter-state communication, as well in

church and education) Political mediation by the spiritual leader. Military solidarity in face of the “other”, in this case the rise and

expansion of Islamic states (caliphates)



Proto Globalization 2

15th up to 17th centuries: Europe managed to “takethe lead”, when up until the 16th century they werebehind in many ways. European powers triggeredwhat historians call Modernity.

Influencing the production and trade of severalcommodities in distant countries,

Spreading their institutions all over the world (includingreligious ones)

Overwhelming different cultures with their militarypower and organization of economic production.



Globalisation

Socio- and geopolitical process de-territorialization,

(g)localization, time-space compression



Globalization

Network society(web,interconnections)internationalisation,

universalisation.



Globalisation

Economic process neo-liberalism, market integration,

financial deregulation, rent-seeking, cheap-labour exploitation,commodification, consumerism



Globalisation

Ideology, discourse, grand narrative westernisation, americanisation, McDonaldization

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