global ii honors midterm review

8/3/2019 Global II Honors Midterm Review

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Global II Honors Midterm Review

Cause for Roman Empire

Corrupt rulers

Inflation

Military over extended and wasnt paid - No loyalty

-Constantine moved empire East

-Forms Byzantine (Turkey)

-Becomes Middle Ages - Self Suffice

-Left manors because of crusades

-Political system emerges: Absolutism

Absolutism - Absolute rule of an empire in which all decisions are made by one ruler Absolutism

Unlimited power

Seeks to control all aspects of society

Total power - King or Queen who has power

Divine Right - The idea that God created the monarch and the monarch acted as Gods

representatives on Earth; an absolute monarch answered only to God

Philip II of Spain Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Given Spain, the Spanish netherlands, the Spanish colonies in America by his father Charles

Became father or Portugal 1580

Became very rich from gold and silver

He waged war against Muslims & Protestants in Europe (Philip was Catholic)

Saw the defeat of the mighty Spanish Armada (Navy) By English

This opened the door for other European countries to go to the new worldUnder His Rule

Spain went through a golden age

Art flourished

Great literature such as Don Quixote de la Mancha considered the first modern European novel

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Problems

Inflation (Value of gold and silver)

Taxes - Nobility did not pay - No middle class - Poor felt the burden

Spain borrowed money from Prussia and Italy to fight wars which plunged them into debt

Problems in Spanish Netherlands:

-Dutch began to revolt, Dutch were not Catholic, The Dutch had a very strong economy

Philip killed many Protestants, William of Orange lead the Dutch (Defeated

Spanish)

Dutch Trading Wealth

Dutch stabilized the government

-Replaced Italians as the Bankers of Europe

-Built the largest shipping fleet in the world

-Came to the New World for trade

Absolutism in France

Henry of Navarre became Henry IV

-First king of the Bourbon Dynasty in France

-He gave up protestantism to become Catholic to keep his country happy

-Edict of Nantes - Henry IV allows for Huguenots (Non-Catholic) to worship in France-He was assassinated by religious fanatic in 1610

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

-Son of Henry IV and took power in 1624 (Weak King)

-Appointed Richelieu who was very strong as his minister

-He basically became the ruler of France and took away the Huguenots rights and

weakened the nobles rights

-Went to war with the Habsburgs Louis XIV - Most powerful ruler in French history

-Louis XIV should not have taken power

-Richelieu successor was Cardinal Mazarin who helped with the Thirty Years War

(Which made France the most powerful in Europe)

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-Known as the Sun King and descended from the Bourbons

Louis XIV Wars

Got his country involved in many wars which weakened the country financially and with th

government

-War of Spanish Succession

Louis grandson, Philip of Anjou took over Spain

Bourbons controlled the two powerful countries in the world - France & Spain

1701 - Many countries go to war with Louis XIV

12 Year War - (Costly) Ended in treaty of Utrecht or Piece of Augsburg end war

Thirty Years War

Background to conflict

-Catholic & Lutheran Princes of Germany watched each other and both tried to get

followers - both felt threatened by Calvinism

-Lutherans form the Protestant Union in 1608

-Catholics form the Catholic League

Ferdinand II - Head of Habsburg Family and land of Germany (Catholic), closed some

Protestant churches in Bohemia and German Protestant Princes revolted

-1618-1648,-First 12 years of war, Ferdinand II troops destroyed all of Protestant land they could

(Habsburg Triumphs)

-1630 Protestant army leader Gustavus Adolphus drove Catholics out of Norther

Germany (Killed in 1631)

Peace of Westphalia

War brought Germany over 4 million deaths

Made it hard for Germany to unify (Wont unify until 1871)Seven Years War

Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French

In response: Frederick made an alliance with Britain, Austria, France Russia VS. Prussia an

Britain

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1756-1763

War was also fought with North America (French & Indian War)

Britain emerged as victors

-France lost its colonies in North America

Russian Czars

Ivan III of Moscow (1462-1505)

-Conquered territory around Moscow

-Liberated Russia from the Mongols

-Centralized Russian government

-Foundation for absolute monarchy

Vasili (Ruled for 28 years)

-Took over his father Ivan III

-Contributed his fathers work

-Increased power of central government

Russian Ivan IV Ivan the Terrible

-1533 came to power

-Only 3 years old

-Boyars - Russian landowning nobles-Fought to control Ivan IV

-16 years old and first to use the title of Czar officially in Russia

-Good period of rule 1542-1560 (Won battles, added land, gave Russia a code of laws)

-Bad period (1560) - Wife Anastasia died and accused the Boyars of killing her. He

organized his own police who hunted down and killed anyone he thought was against

him. He dressed in black and road black horses (paranoid)

-1581 - Killed his own son which was the only heir to power. When Ivan died in 1581,his second son who was very weak took power

Ivans Son

Physically and mentally incapable of rule

Died without an heir

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Time of troubles in Russia

Boyars struggled with czars for power

1613 - Michael Romanov selected Czar

He was the nephew of Ivan IVs wife and began the Romanov Dynasty for 30 years

Czar Peter I

Had to share crown with dumb brother

In 1696 he took total power

How Russia was different from Europe:

He was a reformer in Russia

Believed serfdom (Slaves to land) lasted for life

When land sold, serfs went with it

Russia adopted Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity

Visited Europe

1680s, he decided to secretly visit disguised as commoner

He had a passion for ships and trade

He believed Russias future was dependent on having a warm water port

Great Embassy

1697 Peters visit to Europe Learned European customs & techniques

Took 200 servants and 55 boyars

Kept his identity a secret

Worked ordinary job and was eventually found out

Peter Rules Absolutely

#1 Goal was westernization

-He knew he would have to force change onto most Russians-Brought Russian orthodox under state control

-Reduced power of Boyars

What else did he do?

-Modernized army

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-Hired European officers to drill army

-Heavy taxes to pay for army

-Introduced potatoes

-Raised Womens status

-First newspaper, made nobles give up traditional clothes, made education a priority

-Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, fought for 21 years with Sweden to gai

the window to the Baltic Sea

-1703 - Capital moved

-By 1725, Russia became strong

England

Queen Elizabeth I Died 1603

No Child

Cousin James Stuart (King of Scotland) was nearest relative and also became King of

England 1603

Believed in Absolute Authority

Offended Puritan members of Parliament

James I dies in 1625 and Charles I takes over Charles I took over James I

Forced to sign Petition of Rights in 1628 saying he would not:

-Imprison subjects without due cause

-Add taxes without parliaments consent

-House soldiers in private homes

-Impose martial law in times of peace

English Civil War Charles I tried to force Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican Prayer Book

He wanted one religion in England

The Scottish rebelled and threatened to invade England

Charles needed money to fight so he had to call Parliament

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Parliament used this time to oppose him:

-Royalists : Supports of Charles I (Cavaliers)

-Roundheads : Supports of Puritans (Hair was cut short above their ears)

Oliver Cromwell

1644 Became Puritan general

Defeated the Royalists

Took the King as prisoner

In 1549, put King Charles on trial for treason

Abolished the English Monarchy

Sentenced Charles to death

Cromwell worked to make Catholics disappear (Strict Puritan ways - Dictator)

Established a commonwealth

1653 Sent parliament home

First written constitution of any modern European state

He tore it up and ruled as a dictator

Ruled until his death in 1658

Reign of Charles II

Older son of Charles I Rule was called The Restoration

Brought back things banned by Puritans (Theater , women on stage, sports, dancing)

Passed Important things: Habeas Corpus - 1679 Law that gave every prisoner the right to

obtain a writ or document that the prisoner be brought before a judge to decide whether the

prisoner should be tried or set free

Who Takes Over:

James II (Catholic) group called the Tories supported him Whigs opposed him (Whigs = Protestants)

James II upsets subjects

-James II oldest daughter was a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange (Prince o

Netherlands(

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-William and Mary lead an overthrow of James II called the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

Constitutional monarchy -William and Mary had to sign

Bill of Rights

Creation of a Cabinet

-Became a link between the King and Parliament

-Over time became the center of power

-Prime Minster is the leader today

The parliament removed the monarchy from power while most other states at this time were

absolute monarchies. This gave English citizens civil rights , which developed into a

constitutional monarchy when the throne was restored

Scientific Revolution

New view of human beings emerged during 17th and 18th century

Medieval Society Views:

-Primarily Theological

-Political theory based on divine right of kings

-Activities ranging from marriage and divorce to eating habits-Hours of business regulated by Churches and Religious Doctrines

-After Scientific Revolution, secularism emerged and many became openly

hostile to established Christianity

Causes

The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics

-Renaissance and the questioning spirit

-Humanism-Leonardo DaVinci

Navigational problems of long sea voyages in the Age of Exploration

-Instruments developed; telescope, barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, microsco

Scientific Method by Bacon and Descartes

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Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543

Heliocentric - Everything revolves around the sun

Religious Reaction - Lutherans and Calvins condemned Copernicus (Catholics thought it

would go away)

Johann Kepler

First great Protestant scientist

Mathematically proved heliocentric universe

Three Laws of Planetary Motion:

I. Discovered orbits of planets are ellipses that complete their orbits in equal times

II. The line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps in equal areas in equal times

III. Time it takes planets to complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun

Galileo Galilei

Laws of motion using experimental method (acceleration and inertia)

First to use telescope as scientific instrument (validated Copernicus heliocentric theory)

Faced inquisition of Pope Urban VIIII, forced to recant his findings

Francis Bacon

Empiricism - Idea of collecting large amounts of data for scientific purpose

Inductive Method - Begin to form an acquaintance with thingsRene Descartes

Discourse of a method - Deductive method: Cognito Ergo Sum - I think , therefore I am

Cartesian Dualism - Divided all existence through deductive reasoning.

-Spiritual can not be examined through deductive reasoning, the material subject to

experimental method

Sir Isaac Newton

Led to enlightenment Enlightenment leads to Revolution

Experimental led to Agricultural Revolution

Improvements in exploration and technology would lead to Industrial Revolution

Would change the World

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The Enlightenment

Secular/Worldly View

Natural science and reason

Mans intellect apart from God

Faith in reason, not revelation

Deism - God is rationalized

Impact on thoughts and culture on the urban middle and upper class

John Locke 1632-1704

The two treaties on Civil Government

State of nature

Consent of the governed

Social Contract

Natural Rights

Essay concerning human understanding -1690

-Life, Liberty, Pursuit of happiness

-Pioneered empiricist approach to knowledge

-Empiricism - Theory that all knowledge is derived form sense-experience

The Philosopher Ideas would change society

Influence monarchs during their time

Although some were imprisoned, their ideas would build a more humane and democratic

western world

Voltair (Franois-Marie Arouet)

Deist

Genius for social criticism Ecrasez IInfame (Crush the infamous thing)

Enlightened despotism

Raised as a Christian but rejected organized religion

Related to Maria Theresa

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Baron de Montesquieu

Spirit of Laws (1748)

Separation of powers

Impact on future constitution

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Considered part of the Enlightenment but was founder of Romantic movement

State of nature: man a noble savage

Social Contract 1762

Emile 1762 - Education

Denis Diderot 1713-1784

Encyclopedia

Economic Theory

Adam Smith 1727-1790, Wealth of Nations, Free Market

Gender Theory

Salons of Madame de Geoffrin

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightened Despotism

Philosophers believed enlightenment monarchs could initiate reform-Benevolent Absolutism could lead to progress

-People not capable of ruling themselves

-Rulers should promote good of the people

Rules of Enlightened Despotism

Religious tolerance - Voltaire

Simplified legal codes - Beccaria

Promotion of practical education - Rousseau Continued military expansion and state building

Three most important Enlightened Despots : Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Josep

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Frederick the Great

First servant of the state

Abolished serfdom

Religious freedom

Education in schools and universities

Codified laws: legal security for all

Fostered Industry and Agriculture

Social Structure remained stratified

Catherine the Great

Conspired against her husband Peter III to gain the throne

One of the greatest rulers Russia ever had, and in European history

Imported Western culture form France, Spain, Russia

Domestic Reforms -

Restricted practice of torture

Allowed limited religious toleration (Tolerated Catholicism not Protestantism

Tried to improve education

Strengthened local government

-Ruled from 1762-1796-Well educated and exchanged letters with Voltaire

-Absolute authority

-Proposal of reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria

Montesquieu was separation of powers, Beccaria was abolishment of torture

-Religious Toleration

-Limited reforms Peasants werent helped

-Her views about enlightened reforms changed after an uprising of serfs in 1773. Army crus

them and she originally favored an end to serfdom however the revolt showed her she need

noble support to keep the throne

The French Revolution

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity -King Louis XVI was indifferent to pleas of people

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How did the Enlightenment evolve and affect society and government?

The Scientific Revolution shattered long held views about the universe

This encouraged Enlightenment thinkers to question society and government

Locke Contract between people and government Montesquieu Checks and Balances

Rousseau Individual freedom

Voltaire- Freedom of thought & expression

Their radical beliefs in natural rights of man inspired the French

and American Revolution Scientific Revolution > New Thinking > Revolution in France and America

Ingredients for Revolution 1688 Glorious Revolution in England removes James II (William and Mary take over

o No more catholic or absolute monarchs Now has parliament and Bill of Rights Enlightened Ideas American Revolution in 1776 and Constitution in 1789 The estates in France

I. Clergy = Wealth/No Taxes (Privileged)II. Nobles = Wealth/Few Taxes (Privileged)

III. Everyone else or Bourgeois = Middle Class/Some Wealth/High Taxes/

Some Rights

a. Bourgeois occupations would be bankers, merchants, farmers, etc. Monarchy Louis XVI and Mary Antoinette

o Plunged France into debt

Supporting American RevolutionPersonal Luxuries

Louis XVI had week spending and couldnt control his wife or

countrys spending. Needed more money from taxes

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1789 II Estate forces Louis to call the Estates Generalo First such meeting in 175 yearso First two estates

The Revolution Goes Off Rumors

o King using military against National Assemblyo King using troops to massacre French citizens

Citizens arm themselves with whatever they can find July 14, 1789 The Bastille prison is stampeded by a mob looking for weapons

o Release prisonerso Took guards hostage and killed others

Tennis Court Oath - Third Estate locked out of Estates-General meeting and to make a point

they locked themselves into the Tennis Court due to the lack of representation

The Great Fear Rumors

o

Noble hiring people to attack peasants Citizens break into the house of nobleso Destroy legal papers so there was no proof that they owed moneyo Killed nobles and burned houses

October 17, 1789 Women storm Versailles because of the cost of breado National Assembly provided breado King and Queen return to Paris

Great Fear spreads to clergy National assembly ends estates systemo Commoners and peasants now equal to clergy and nobles

No One is Safe from the Guillotine

Statement of Revolutionary Ideas

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August 1789 National Assembly adjusts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of

Citizenso Influenced by Enlightenment and Declaration of Independence

Men are born and remain free & equal in rights Liberty, Security, Prosperity

Freedom of Speech and Religion Revolutionary leaders adopt Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

State Controlled Church National Assembly goes after Catholic Church

o Takes Church owned lands (Sales of Church lands helps pay French debt)o Declares clergy that will be elected and paid as state officialso French peasants (Catholic) take offense

Creates division in Revolution

Royals Arrested June 1791 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to sneak out of country

Arrested near Austrian border

Attempted to escape and made Revolutionaries even angrier at royaltyDivisions Develop

1791, National Assembly creates a new constitution

Creates limited Constitutional Monarchy Strips King of authority

Creates the Legislative Assembly (King Louis XVI forced to agree)

Pre-Existing Problems

Food shortage Government debt

Povertyo Factions split Revolutionaries

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Radicals left to get rid of King (redo government)o Maximilien Robespierre

Moderates Center They want Constitutional monarchy with Legislative Assembly

Conservatives Right Constitutional monarchy with few changes in government ingovernment

Divisions Develop

migrs The Rich who fled from France during the Revolution) They took actions to

try to undo the Revolutions to get back their land

Sans-Culottes - The lower class in Paris wanted even more radical changeo They had no power in the assembly, but that did not stop them

War & Execution

Austria and Prussia fear the revolution will spreado They pressure France to restore monarchyo 1792 France responds by declaring war on Austria & Prussia

Prussian commander warns that he will destroy Paris if royal family is harmed

August 10, 1792 Parisians furious at the threato They stormed the Tuileries (palace where the royals were arrested)

Mobs massacre royal guard, and take royal family prisoners

Rumor: Kings supporters in Paris prisons are going

to break out and retake Paris (Mobs raid prisons and murder 1,000 nobles

September Massacre)

Radical Forceo Legislative Assembly to set aside the 1791 constitutiono Creation of a new government: National Convention

National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention

New Government

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o Abolished the monarchyo Declares France a republico Adult males have the right to vote

National Convention, led by radical Jacobins, put Louis XVI on trial and sentenced himto death

o January 21. 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotineo Led byMaximilienRobespierreo War with Prussia continues Joined by England, Holland and Spain

National convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women

Reign of Terror

Many groups in France fighting for power

Peasants loyal to Catholic Church/King

Clergy resisting government control

Rival leaders in different regions of France

1793 Maximilien Robespierre gains power

Vowed to build a Republic of Virtue by erasing Frances pastChanged calendar

No Sunday

Closed Churches Reign of Terror = Robespierre = Leader of Committee of Public Safetyand virtual

dictation

Goal- Protect the revolution from Spain, England, Austria, Holland, Enemies

Begins arrest, trialsLots of torture and death

Many enemies of the revolution = personal enemies of Robespierre because of

their challenges to his power

Approx. 40,000 people killed in the Reign of Terror

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85% were peasants or middle class

National Assembly: Basically Third Estate Legislative Assembly: Strips King of Authority (New constitution)

National Convention (Set up republic and voting for men)

End of Terror

1794 - Fearing own safety, members of National Convention turns on Robespierreo Demand arrest and execution

Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 with his execution

Public opinion shifts

Tired of inflation for necessities and terror

1795 National Convention creates the third government since 1789

Gives more power to the upper middle class

Creates two halves of legislation - Like congress

Created Directory (5 men acting as an executive body - like President)

Directory gives commands to France;s armies to Napoleon Bonaparte Very weak

Best decision was giving Napoleon power

The Napoleonic Wars

Objective - To understand the rise of power

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in 1769 - Born into poor noble family

Promoted to general in 1793 after driving out the British

In charge of army; won several battles

Takes over France in a military coup

Did not like what was happening with the Directory

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France and Europe

Europe has declared war on France

The balance of power is disappearing

Fear that the revolution would spread First Coalition joins against France (Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Holland)

Napoleons Secret

Levee on Masse - Draft

Heavy emphasis on artillery

Rewards based on talent

Napoleonic Wars Continued

Napoleon beats all of the European powers

Fought 40 battles with success

Second Coalition formed against France

Napoleon restored order, and incorporated enlightened ideas, stimulated the economy

Russia, Austria, Britain, Ottoman Empire all apart of coalition

They removed the monarchs from countries that Napoleon decimated

Napoleon set up Puppet Governments Like Spain and Holland

The directory overthrown in 1799

Replaced by Consulate -Becomes a new government

Napoleon becomes first consul

By a coup dtat

Domestic policies

Concordat - Agreement

Limits amount of influence

Separation of Church and State

Napoleonic Code - Set of Laws

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Limits freedom of speech and press

Fear of the spread of propaganda

Unify the country under a set of laws but creates limitations to prevent criticism

Public Education - Ties to Rousseau Louisiana Purchase of 1803 - Helped to remove French debt

Implemented public works - building roads - creates jobs

Stimulated economy - Turns France from debt, divisiveness, bloodshed into a

unified nationalistic empire

Emperor of the French in 1804 - Crowned by Pope

Third Coalition formed in 1804

Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia France controlled parts of Prussia

Ottoman left because they have fallen to internal corruption because of France

Napoleon attempts to invade Britain

Battle of Trafalgar begins Sea battle fought between British, Spanish and French Navy

Napoleonic Wars Continued

Napoleon successfully in Europe; defeats Third Coalition Declares Continental System

Europe-wide boycott of British goods

Napoleon makes reform against Europe

Napoleon invades Spain in 1808

Peninsular Wars

Causes economic deficit

Sloppy mistakes out of greed Napoleons Legacy and the Congress of Vienna

An unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French

Napoleonic Code

Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

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Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders to reestablish peace and stability to the continent

Klemens von Metternich - Key figure of the Congress of Vienna

Distrusted democratic ideas of the French Revolution

Three Goals:

I. Prevent future for French Aggression

- By surrounding France with strong countries

II. Restore a balance of power

-So no one country would be a threat to others

III. Restore Europes royal families to the thrones

-That they held before Napoleons conquest

Key Alliance: Holy Alliance: Czar of Russia, Emperor of Austria, King of Prussia

Concert of Europe devised by Metternich, assured that nations would help one another if an

revolutions break out

Ideas of Congress

Balance of Power - Keep Europe balanced so that no one nation can be too powerful

Legitimacy - Rulers prior to Napoleon should be placed on the throne- ConservatismRevolts

However, reestablishment of harsh monarchs gave purpose to liberal revolutionaries in Mex

and Brazil in the 1820s

Liberalism

Legacy:

I. Balance of Power

II. Restoration of MonarchiesIII. New political map of Europe

IV. New political philosophies - Liberalism and Conservatism

Understanding - The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before t

French Revolution and Napoleons conquest

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The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially

Italy and German states. Unsuccessful revolutions in 1848 - Increased Napoleonic tensio

Revolutions Fail 1848 - Ethnic uprisings Mob in Vienna crushed by police Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings break out in Austrian empire

Nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for parliament and self government for Hungary Meanwhile in Czech, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence

Revolutionists failed to unite Conservatives regulated power and by 1849, empire had practically returned to

conservatism that controlled government politics

Latin American Revolutions

The American and French Revolutions inspired the slaves of Saint Domingue to revolt, whi

would spark others to revolt as well

Nationalism and the idea for independence spreads to South America, Haiti and Mexico

Because of conquest = Age of Exploration which led to colonization

Latin America colonized by Spain Indigenous peoples land and customs taken over by mother country

Independence movement spurred by nationalism would spread through Mexico, Hait

Latin America (Early Colonization)

Jose de San Martin - Simon Bolivar - Helped several countries in South America to obtain

freedom

Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Equator, Columbia, Paraguay

Fight to free the others Simon - Goal was to unite all of the countries together into 1 nation

Did not work because of the geography/ Each country developed its own culture

and customs

Characteristics of Colonial System

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Colonial governments mirrored the home governments - Spanish rule for 300 years (Viceroy

only peninsulares could hold top positions

I. Peninsulares - Spain/Iberian Aristocrats

II. Creoles - Descendants of Peninsulares

III. Mestizos - Caucasian and Indian Mix

IV. Mulattoes - Caucasian and African Mix

V. African Slaves

VI. Native American Slaves (More susceptible to disease)

Rigid class structure

Catholicism - used as mirror for mother country and justification for taking over lands - God

Gold, Glory (Needed to spread Gods Word)

Strong influence on the development of Spanish and French colonies (Jesuits)

Mining of precious metals - Gold

Exported throughout Europe/Helped stimulate economy

Outposts of colonial authority

Monarch for Latin America - King Philip II

Inherited it from Isabella and Ferdinand

Mirrored mother country To ensure like mother country, class structure installed

Bourgeois = Creoles

Most resentful towards Peninsulares

Influences of Independence Movements

Enlightenment ideas

American Revolution

French Revolution People are born with Natural Rights

Revolt of Haiti

French-ruled city

Slaves rebelled in 1791, abolished slavery in 1798 and won independence in 1804

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First to achieve independence

Led by Toussaint LOuverture

Former slave

We are fighting so that liberty, the most precious of all earthly possessions may not

perish

Defended the armies of Spain, France, Britain (More lives lost than in any revolution

Mexican War for Independence

Miguel Hidalgo - A priest

Independence finally achieved

New struggles

Message for Catholicism We are all Gods Children

South American Independence Movements

Simon Bolivar - The Liberator

Native creole who led revolutionary effort in northern areas of South America

Columbia 1819

Venezuela 1821

Clash of Philosophies Three schools of political theory and thought struggled for supremacy

o Each Style: I. Conservatism Usually wealthy land owner & nobility. They

argued for protecting the traditional monarchies in Europeo II. Liberalism Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants. They wanted

to give more power to elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners

could voteo

III. Radicalism - Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. The believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution

(Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) Nationalism Develops

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o As many debate government issues, nationalism, pride in ones nation comes

about. Nationalist movement would lessen the difference between the

philosophieso Nation-State, represent the nation to the world (England, France, Spain)o Nationalists challenge conservative power

Greeks rebelled against Ottoman Turks and won independence; first to do

so.

Eventually Greece joins in union with Europe to oust Turks

Italy & Belgium broke free

Some nations won independence through revolution, revolts, and

uprisings. Some didnt always work, some had conservative government,

others had not Radicals change France

o Democracy was the main goal, absolute monarchy was pushed, which failed and

led to anger o New King (Louis-Philippe) was supported by liberalso Louis-Philippe was removed after 18 yearso

Republic was established but split quickly; some wanted political reform, otherwanted social & economic

o Emperor Napoleon III was a success after Louis-Philippe

Built up infrastructure

Low unemployment rate Reform in Russia

o Feudal system holding them back o

Started falling behind on infrastructureo Alexander II made modern reforms to make them competitiveo 1891 (No More Serfs)o Alexander III took over became more strict yet industrialized and nationalism

developed

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Impressionists React Against Realism Started with French painters acting out against realism Impressionism tried to show their impression of a subject or a moment in time Impressionists were more upbeat & positive

Nationalism: Italian and German Unification: Emergence of Realpolitik Failure of 1848 for liberals and Romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not

enough to accomplish revolutionary goalso After 1850 Age of Realism replaced Romanticism as dominant philosophyo A political representation of realism is the notion of:

Realpolitik: Accomplishing ones political goals via practical means (as

opposed to idealism driving political decisions)

Nationalist goals were achieved step by step Story of three men

o Giuseppe Mazzini Publicist The Hearto Camillo Cavour State-man The Heado Giuseppe Garibaldi Soldier The Sword

Influenced by Revolution, Led revolts in 1820 and 1831, Guiseppe Mazzini- Prophet oItalian Nationalism

o Formed group calledYoung Ladyo Campaigns for national Italian dialect

Unification comes by military and diplomatic means Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdo

of Sardinia/Piedmont

Count Camillo Cavour Prime minister of Kingdom of Sardinia Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound state

o Northern Italy under Sardinias control

Not interested in Southern Italy (Too different-poor and agrarian)

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o Established this kingdom as a serious European power

Fights in Crimean war

Negotiates French support in war with Austria

Creation of a Unified Northern Italy Prompted by Piedmonts victory over Austria, several Italian revolts Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont By 1869, Italy consists of three regions, a northern Italian kingdom, the Papal States an

The Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of a guerilla movement Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)

o Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolutiono Quickly overthrown the corrupt government of Two Sicilieso Cavour now invades the south and takes the prize from Garibaldi

Unification By 1861. All of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united

Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia Venetia will be added in 1866 Rome seized in 1870

Problems After Unification Italy Poor with large illiterate population Division between Church and state Economic divisions between the North and South

Localism too strong in many areaso Development of local strongmeno Little knowledge of and participation in government

Solutions to Problems Industry and trade were fostered by government

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War with Denmark (1804) Dispute over Schleswig-Holstein Supported by Austria Joined occupation

War with Austria (1866) 7 Weeks war (Austro-Prussian War) Quickly defeated Austria and German allies Austria forced to give up roll within Germany

Franco-Prussian War In many ways can be viewed as 1st shots of WWI Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that must prevent

German Unification Bismarcks goal was to complete unification by bringing into the union of south German sta

War France is not prepped for this

Technologically backwards Lasted 6 months

The states of South Germany joined the Nourth German confederation against France Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French

Captured 100,000 French troops Take Napoleon III as prisoner

Industrial Revolution

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

I. Colonial Empire - Mercantilism

-Receving raw goods, very economically stableII. Georgraphy - Water ports - Rivers, Canals, Harbors, Coal, Iron, Water

III. Factors of Production - Land, Labor, Capital

IV. Agriculture - Agrarian Revolution

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-Technology in farming, such as crop rotation, irriation, new scientific methods t

improve farming (more efficient, allowing for faster production)

V. Transportation - Transportation of goods

-From hand made to machine made goods

Causes Population explosion - more demand than supply (machines met the demand) Energy explosion - Mills, steam engines, water, trains, faster production Agrarian Revolution

Family Life Familes worked together at home Very distinct social classes Power comes from ancestor

Classes in England Becomes more complex because of Factors of Production

Creates new businesses New jobs and new markets

EntrepreneursIndustrial Revolution Greately increases output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle of the

1700s innovations led to Agrarial Revolution

Agrarian Revolution Wealthy landowners bought land of village farmers

Enclosed land with fences Within enclosures, landowners experimented with farming methods

I. Land owners tried new agricultural methods

II. Landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up

farming and to move into the city to work in the city

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Britain Expanded economy to support industrialization Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions

People ecnouraged by the availiblities of bank loans to invest in new machinary Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased

demand for goods Military success Parliament also provided laws to help encourage and protect businesses Britain held Factors of Production

The resources needed to produce goods and servises that the Industrial Revolution requir

Why did People move from Rural Areas to the Cities? Jobs, Increased wages, transportation

Problems faced Overcrowded, unsafe working conditions, competition for jobs, disease, lack of sanitation

How did Social Roles Change? The middle class became more complex The breakdown of the family unit

What Impact did Social Classes have on the Family? Divide occured in families based on economies Less family time The children of the working class could not attend school and their wages were needed to he

the family The children of the upper middle class have better education Mothers stayed home to work on moral values

Lived in beautiful neighborhoods outside the city Family is no longer top priority

Before the Industrial Revolution Hand made, lived in simple cottages, made their own clothes, grew on food

After

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Bought food & clothing in stores, goods were made with machines, traveled farther and fart

more rapidly, hygiene and medicine improved, people lived in bigger buildings, population

boomed Caused by Agrarial revolution and population explosion

The Textile Industry Would become leading industry (cloth and cotton) Prior 1750s, the putting it out system had developed to raise production

Peasent families spun raw cotton to thread, skilled artisans finished the cloth This means that production is completed in stages

Inventions creates in the 1700s brought the production of textiles under one roof, vastly

improved speed of production and amount of output

Transportation Revolution during the Industrial Revolution As more goods were produced, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of getting

those goods from place to place Used turnpikes, canals, steam trains

Phases of the Industrial Revolution Phase I (1750-1880s)

Britain was a major player Iron, steam engines, and textile industry were the standard Privately owned buisness

Phase II (1880s - 1900s) New industrial powers emerge New factory systems New sources of energy and faster output

The New Industrial Powers How where other nations able to catch up to Britain?

More abundant supplies of coal, iron and other resources Followed Britains lead (often stealing) their technology

New powers

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Germany, Belgium, France, U.S., Japan Powers left behind

Russia and other European countries Competition for industry and new market The marriage of science, technology and industry = economic growth To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts on

assembly line

Transportation and Communications Steamships replace sail boats Raillines connect inland cities and sea ports mining regions and industrial centers Nikolaus Otto makes gas motor engine Karl Benz - 1st Car Mass production of cars = Ford Orville and WIlbur Wright made 1st plane Samuel Morse - Telegraph

Rise of Big Business New technologyies required large investments of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs so

stock or shares in the company to their investors Large scale companies formed cooperation buisiness that are owned by many investors who

buy shares of stock Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, and made corporate structures that

controlled entire industries or areas of the economy Sometimes a group of businesses joined forced and formed a cartel- an association to fix pri

on production quotas or control markets

Industrial Development in the US The US had the same resources as Britain War of 1812 - Britain blockaded them because they saw this as a threat This forced them to stand on their own Industrialization began with textine

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Britain kept inventions and markets in UK because they did not want secrets out 1813 Francis Cobat Lowell mechanized the whole process of making cloth

Lowell, Massachusetts was booming

Continental Europe Industrializes Belgium is first to adopt British technology for industrialization British workers spread ideas into U.S, Germany and Belgium Germany was practically seperated so their industrialization wasnt as big as U.S, Britain or

Belgium European countries each had their strong points when it came to industrialization Frances Industrialization was more steady then others because their agriculture was still stro

so they didnt have as many problems

The Impact Competition in developed areas Wealth gap widened Resources from poor countries supplied wealthy countries

Romanticism

1815, introduces Individual freedom Emphasis on passion and emotion Imagination superior to reason Belief in the supernatural Victor Hugo (1802-1883)

French and champion of Human Rights Writings criticize injustices of Industrialization

Mary Shelly Frankenstein was a social philosophical statement and was daughter of Mary

Wollstonecraft

Political Ideologies of the Industrial Revolution

An organized collection of thought as a way of looking at things

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Ideal view of life Main purpose is to offer change to what ever is happening socially To create enough work so that there will be no poverty an abundance of wealth and prosperi

Age of Isms Social Darwinism Romanticism Conservatism Communism Socialism Liberalism

Womens Issues Revolution in part fueled by economic necessity of many single & married women Women found jobs in domestic service, textile mills, workshops and coal mines Wome found a better life, however many held poor working conditions with low wages Treated unfairly and not seen as a mans equal

Liberalism Dominant political theory in 19th century

Strong belief in individual liberty, private property, and freedom from governmentintereference

Favor parliamentary government Society is collection of individuals Voting right started with property owners and readers during the Industrial Revolution Strong supporter of Capitalism

Mary Wollstonecraft

1709-1797 - mother of Mary Shelly and mother of feminism Famous book Vindication of Rights of Women (1792) Called for equality of sexes SPoke out about injustices against women (Wanted equal rights)

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

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Famous book On Liberty (1859) Most influential philosopher on liberal democracy in the 19th century Individual rights and freedoms Liberalism = Human happiness Promited the use of economic theory in politiccal decision maing Capitalism allowed people to pursue their own interests Principle of utility Womens Right to vote

Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) God Father of John Stuart Mill Founder of Principles of Utlity or Utilitarism which is the greatest happiness for all Humans want to maximize happiness

Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) Father of Capitalism Famous book Wealth of Nations (1776) Liberals during Industrial Revolution used writing to support their views of freedom, liberty

and economics

Called for Laissez-Faire policy (No Interference/ Hands Away policy) Market can decide on its own Invisible hand theory - those who seek wealth by persuing their own interests are inadvertan

helping the community and the poor Government only comes in if it needs to

Liberalism vs. Conservatism Liberalism: Government should allow free market & capitalism so that people could persue

their interests and happiness Conservatism: Modern conservatisism emerges in the late 18th century. Society is hierarchic

so never equal (they like status quo) and tradition should be preserved as well as optomisti

Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) Father of Conservatism

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Reflections of French Revolution (1790) Criticzed the French Revolution Says it is chaotic, murerous and violent

Birth of Communism By 1851, 50% of British people were living in bad conditions Pollution and open sewers Dirty drinking water Unsanitary streets Houses were built near factories which made slums Long hours, small living quarters and child laor

Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) Father of Communism Saw Industrial Revolution & its emphasis on capitalism was evil In his book, he said that society is broken into two classes

I. Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) II. Proletariats (Working Class)

Communist Manifesto Written in 1848, very influential Foundation for communist ideaology Calls for the transformation from capitalist mode of production through violent revolution o

the proletariat Social organization

Communist Views Towards Industrial Revolution

Capitalism is unjust and promotes inequality and alienation of the working class Elimination of private property = freedom Common ownership of the means of production All should share in wealth Produced by what is needed by all

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Society should be classless

Socialism Like communism, wealth should be controlled by the people Absolution of money, markets, capital and labor Nationalization of the means of production Call for equality of the working class Socialism has equal classes Communism is classless with limited rights

New Harmony (1825) Robert Owen - Welch born social reformer, who reacted to the excess poverty in the Industri

Revolution Thought distress with the poor was because of competition of human labor with machines Get rid of machines and unite people together Poverty could be eliminated if they made more places like this

Fabian Society British socialist movement Felt they could pursuade people to adopt through intellectual arguement rather than revoluti

Cause for democratic socialism, wanted to educate those with political power in governmenlead reforms to change the working class

Members wrote essays Change would come gradually and did not need a violent revolution like Marx called for

Other Socialists Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish playwright

Joined Fabian Society in 1884 Wrote essays for them and argued the needs of the working class of the poor Formed British labor party No one should be poor with socialism Everyone fed, clothed, housed, employed, whether someone liked it or not

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Socialist Views Towards Industrial Revolution Did not need violence to achieve social justice Elimination of private property, competition, capitalism, and machinary Socialism could support true freedom Collective ownership Democratic socialism is best

Imperialism Developed countries who are large, take over smaller undeveloped nations and use their

resources Economical - Resources, New Markets, Global Empire, Trade Routes Political - Powerful, Nationalism, Strong Military Social - Spread of Christianity, Education Science - New Inventions and Medicine

Social Darwinism Derives from Charles Darwin Competition between nations Which one is superior due to imperialistic nations

Feeds into racism Survival of the Fittest

The Berlin Conference (1884) All are competing for gold, diamonds, ivory in Africa Avoid war with European nations Divided Africa Did not receive consent with African leaders

Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium involved in Scramble for AfricaSouth Africa Slave trade Zulu tribe led by Shaka Zulu who conquered every tribe Enhanced tribe

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British and Cape Town Zulus Vs. Boers (Dutch) British push Boers out and started moving north (Boers) British started to try and negotiate Zulu Vs. British

Boer Republic - Work for British but slaughtered by Zulu British cant take Cape Town without ousting Zulu first

Lost battles initially to Zulu (Shaka trained soldiers differently) British won after with the use of auxillary

Boer War (Dutch and British) Cecil Rhodes (Prime Minister of Cape Town)

Learned tribal customs Forced British laws Took over Ivory & Diamond trade

Boers that were found were placed under British

Antislave Trade Legislation

Violation of human rights Denmark - 1803 Great Britain - 1807 France - 1818

European Imperialism in Africa 1870 - 1898) - Scramble for Africa European powers engage in a Scramble for Africa starting in the 1870s. By 1890, most of

Africa came under European rule

By 1890, Ethiopia and Liberia remained indepenent By 1914, Africa and Asia are partitioned King Leopold (Belgium) ruled Congo like his own. Natives that did not supply enough rubb

their hands would be cut off. Imperialists conflicted with one another. Conflicts would be worked out at Berlin Conferenc

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Effects Positive - Modern transportation and communican systems such as telegraphs, railroads, and

telephones Introduction to European medicine and improved nutrition (Led to expansion of

population) Negative - Africans were treared inferior, Familes were torn apart, Culture was disrupted,

Europeans divided and ignored the tribal, ethnic and cultural boundaries of the African peop Led to tribal conflicts in many African nations (still present today)

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands Ottoman Empire loses power

Ottomans downfall began with the death of the last great ruler; Suleyman I Followed by weak leaders with failed reformations (was not modern)

Europeans seize territory Geopolitics - An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products (Reason

for Ottoman failure) Crimean War - Russia vs. Ottomans (With allies of Britain and France) The Great Game - Britain vs. Russian - over Indias riches (Britain control)

Egypt initiates reforms Started socialist political reforms to avoid social darwinism

Muhammad Ali - Reaosn for reforms Suleyman I - Last strong ruler of Ottoman Empire

Corruption in government Europe was modern

Nationalism - Albania, Greece, Romania

Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Armania, Turkey, all at some point ttried to break away because ofBalkans

Egypt was used as cash crop Persia was used for its oul (Britain had control) British takes over Suez Canal (helped pay for debt)

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Imperialism in India Jewel of British crown Britain started with indrect control East India Company - Started in 16th century and set up trade with Mughal Dynasty, howev

lost power with indirect control Great Britain regulated but did not intervene

Respectful of traditions Important for goods and 300,000,000 people

Sepoy Soldiers - Mualims and Hindus wanted to get rid of classes of India As time progressed, Britain didnt respect Hindus and Muslims beliefs

Sepoy Rebellion - 1 year against Great Britain (Britain Won) However after this, Britain took direct control

Britain installs governor to oversee India

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global ii honors midterm review

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