GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONHISTORYELEMENTSPRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONMEASURING DISTANCEGPS MEASUREMENT ERRORSTECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACYAPPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTIONGISIt is a computerized information storage processing and retrieval system that has hardware and software especially designed to cope with geographical referenced spatial data

GISTechniques to input geographical information converting the information to digital formTechniques for sorting information in a compact format on computer disk or digital storage mediaCan analyze, make measurements and find optimum sites or routes and a hosts of other tasksCan predict outcome of various scenarios, can display data in the form of maps, images etc

GPS HISTORYLAUNCH OF SPUTNIK IN 1957TRANSIT SYSTEM IN 1960F.O.C (Full Operational Capacity) IN JULY 17 1995ICONAVSTARDESIGNED BY U.S DoDPRECISE LOCATIONACCURATE TIME

GPS ELEMENTS1. SPACE SEGMENT2. CONTROL SEGMENT3. USER SEGMENT

SPACE SEGMENT24 SATELLITES IN A CONSTELLATION OF 6 ORBITAL PLANES, EACH SATELLITE COMPLETES 1 REVOLUTION IN 12 HOURS6 ORBITS INCLINED 55 DEGREES FROM THE EQUATOR4 SATELLITES FOR 3-D POSITIONINGThis configuration provides for at least 4 equally spaced satellites within each of the orbital planes

CONTROL SEGMENTMONITOR STATIONSMASTER CONTROL STATIONFrequency L1=1575.42 MHz C/A code, L2=1227.60 MHz P code

CONTROL SEGMENT

USER SEGMENTCONSISTS OF GPS RECEIVER,ANTENNA AND PROCESSORSPS-STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICEPPS-PRECISE POSITIONING SERVICE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONTRILATERATION PRINCIPLEA body cannot occupy 2 positions in space simultaneously2-D TRILATERATION3-D TRILATERATION

2-D TRILATERATION

3-D TRILATERATION

MEASURING DISTANCE

SATELLITE AND THE RECEIVER GENERATE SAME PSEUDO-RANDOM CODES AT THE SAME TIMEMEASURING HOW LONG THE SIGNAL TAKES TO REACH USMULTIPLY THE TRAVEL TIME BY THE SPEED OF LIGHT

GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORSCLOCKIONOSPHEREMULTIPATH

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACYDGPSDIFFERENTIAL GPS WAASWIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM

APPLICATIONEnvironmental ManagementData RepresentationVector method Raster methodPredict climate changes, outcome of various scenarios

APPLICATIONS

MILITARY APPLICATIONSMISSILE GUIDANCE

AIR NAVIGATION

MOST DIRECT ROUTES BETWEEN AIRPORTS

GPS IN COCKPIT

.ACCURATE POSITION DATA

SEA NAVIGATION

MORE ACCURATE MAPS: NAUTICAL & AERONAUTICAL MAPS

LAND NAVIGATION

GPS IN VEHICLESMAPPING THE EARTHSET YOUR WATCH

SURVEY

SURVEYING WITH GPSSCIENCE IN THE FIELD

AGRICULTURE

GPS AND AGRICULTUREYIELD MAP

CONCLUSIONSatellite based navigational aidGuide by 24 satellites round the globe in 6 orbits3D positioning and timeType of terrain and weather does not effect positioningCheap and precise operating equipmentInherent error correction modeA variant of GPS , DGPS has already been introduced

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