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Global Review Jeffrey Milder EcoAgriculture Partners

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Page 1: Global Review Overview

Global Review

Jeffrey MilderEcoAgriculture Partners

Page 2: Global Review Overview

Global Review FramingKey Impediments to

Scaling-up Effective ILM

Global Review1. Knowledge and

experience not synthesized or shared

2. Limited capacity to implement effective

practices

3. Unsupportive policies, incentives and

investments

Learn systematically from prior experience

Synthesize information for key user groups

Provide a robust evidence base

Page 3: Global Review Overview

Global Review Goal:To bolster and communicate the evidence base about integrated landscape approaches to support practitioners, policymakers, and advocates to develop and scale-up effective practices

Page 4: Global Review Overview

Global Review Goal:To bolster and communicate the evidence base about integrated landscape approaches to support practitioners, policymakers, and advocates to develop and scale-up effective practices

Means to this Goal:Draw on the expertise of leading practitioners, researchers, and experts from around the world to implement an applied research portfolio consisting of about 40 “Knowledge Products” that document and communicate key dimensions of the practice, impact, potential, and key mechanisms supporting integrated landscape management

Page 5: Global Review Overview

Global Review StructureKnowledge Products Address 9 Key Questions

KQ 0: global review of ILM practice

KQ 1: current extent & future potenial of ILM

KQ 2: role of ILM in supporting climate change adaptation and mitigation

KQ 3: biophysical aspects of implementing ILM

KQ 4: social and institutional aspects of implementing ILM

KQ 5: market mechanisms to support ILM

KQ 6: policy and governance to support ILM

KQ 7: priority investments to support ILM

KQ 8: research agenda for ILM

Related to four key themes

Global Potential

Action in Landscapes

Markets

Future Directions

Page 6: Global Review Overview

Status of Global Review Knowledge Products (KPs)

KPs already completed

3

12

4

11

8

KPs funded and in progress

KPs funded and in design

KPs not yet funded, and high

priority

KPs not yet funded, but lower priority

Page 7: Global Review Overview

The Global Review: A Tasting Menu● KP 0.8 – integrated landscapes ‘storybook’ (illustrations)● *KP 2.1 & 2.2 – integrated landscapes for climate change adaptation,

mitigation, and climate-smart agriculture● *KP 3.6 – integrating food and energy in rural landscapes● *KP 3.7 – integrated landscapes for resilience and disaster risk mitigation● *KP 4.3 – landscape governance for multi-objective, multi-stakeholder

mgmt.● *KP 5.2 – “ILM in an age of supermarkets”● *KP 6.5 – integrated landscape/ecosystem approach to foodshed planning● *KP 6.3 – national policy analysis to support integrated landscapes● KP 7.3 – economic costs & benefits of integrated landscape approaches● KP 8.2 – how plant breeding can support multi-functional rural landscapes

Page 8: Global Review Overview

Key Sets of Global Review Outputs

●Publications in peer-reviewed journals (and special issues)

●Set of briefs for awareness-raising, outreach, and advocacy

●Landscapes manual/sourcebook and curriculum materials for training practitioners & landscape leaders

●Multi-media (video, photo narratives, etc.) to communicate compellingly, including to non-reading audiences

●Landscapes for People, Food and Nature book

Page 9: Global Review Overview

This afternoon’s session

Who?What?When?Where?Why?How?

The Continental

Reviews

Thematic Global Review

Studies

Page 10: Global Review Overview

An overview of the continental reviews

Research questions1. Where is ILM happening? What kinds of problems

does it seek to solve? Who is leading these efforts?2. What activities comprise integrated landscapes and

initiatives? How are they structured and implemented?

3. When, where, and why have ILM approaches been effective or ineffective in advancing multiple landscape goals?

4. Based on this experience, how can we support the wider and more effective adoption ILM in places where it can provide significant benefits?

Page 11: Global Review Overview

Research methodology

STEP 1: Cast a wide net

STEP 2: Evaluate and filter results

STEP 3: Tier 1 survey—landscapes & initiatives continent-wide

STEP 4: Stratified sample for Tier 2

STEP 5: Tier 2 “deep dive” analysis

STEP 6: Analysis and knowledge sharing

Page 12: Global Review Overview

Latin America

Natalia Estrada, CATIEJeffrey Milder, EcoAgriculture PartnersFabrice DeClerck, Bioversity

InternationalAbigail Hart, EcoAgriculture PartnersCelia Harvey, Conservation International

Photo: IFAD

Page 13: Global Review Overview

Where are the landscape initiatives located?

n = 212 potential initiatives

Page 14: Global Review Overview

Genesis

Keyword / School of thoughtCharacterization of the collected landscape initiatives

Field schoolWater management

Protected areasBiological corridors

Climate changeRural development

Buffer zones Sustainable tourism

Watershed mgmt.Biosphere reserve

Model forestImproving VC

Conservation / sus.Community based

(2) 3 8 13 18 23

Chart Title

Regional platform

Government aid

Multilateral

Government / research

int'l research program

int'l conservation proj.

Landscape-scale partnership

int'l dvpmt proj.

- 5 10 15 20

Page 15: Global Review Overview

What land uses were present in these landscapes?

Industry, mining, oil/gas dvpmtWetland

Tropical dry forestOther annual crops

WaterGrassland

Villages / towns / urbanOther sun-grown perennials

Forestry plantationsAgroforestry

Temperate or upland forestAnnual grain crops

Tropical moist forestPasture

- 20 40 60 80 100

Major Minor Don’t exist

Page 16: Global Review Overview

ON

M

L

K

J

IHG

F

E

D

C

B

AEnhance sustainable land management

Conserve biodiversity

Stop or reverse land/resource degradation

Increase farmer incomes

Conserve soil / increase fertility

Manage water quality or flow

Improve crop productivity

Not important

Very important

What were the main motivations for the landscape initiative?

Page 17: Global Review Overview

Investments in agriculture

Crop intensification (conventional)Irrigation systems

Livestock intensification (agroecology)Implementation of laws or incentives

New crops or crop varietiesHome gardens

Extension or capacity building programs Value chain

AgroforestrySoil conservationAgrobiodiversity

Crop intensification (agroecology)

- 20 40 60 80 100

Core Supporting Not Included

Page 18: Global Review Overview

Investments in forestry, conservation, and NRM

New mgmt plans for existing PA

Watershed management

New protected areas established

Extension for forestry/NRM

Improved forestry management

New conservation areas

Community-based NRM

0 20 40 60 80 100

Core Supporting Not Included

Page 19: Global Review Overview

Investments in livelihoods and human wellbeing

Human health

Land tenure and resource access rights

Migration

Malnutrition and hunger

Gender equity

Income generation and diversification

Traditional knowledge

Enterprise development

0 20 40 60 80 100

Core Supporting Not Included

Page 20: Global Review Overview

Investments in multi-sectoral coordination and planning

Local/external conflict mediation

Local/local conflict mediation

Strengthen existing coordinating bodies

New landscape coordinating body

Capacity building for ILM

Technical assistance for ILM

0 20 40 60 80 100

Core Supporting Not Included

Page 21: Global Review Overview
Page 22: Global Review Overview

AsiaSocio-ecological production landscapes in Asia

Kaoru IchikawaUnited Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies

Photo: Nakwoodford

Page 23: Global Review Overview

Socio-ecological Production landscapes (SEPLs)●Developed by interactions between

humans and nature

●Local knowledge, techniques, rules and norms regarding wise use of natural resources and sharing of benefits and burdens

●Benefit people and maintain ecosystems and biodiversity

Page 24: Global Review Overview

SEPLs in Asia

●Pastoralism●Rice cultivation:● Temperate ● Tropical (hills and mountainous)

●Lowland

Page 25: Global Review Overview

Pastoralism ●Dry and/or alpine climate with seasonal/ irregular pattern of precipitation

●Controls herd's load on vegetation by translocation

●Traditional institutional system of pasture and livestock management

●Political and economic regimes change

●Overuse and abandonment of pasture land

Rice cultivation system

●Temperate and humid climate

●Integrated land use system representing a mosaic pattern

●Woodlands are managed regularly

●A decreasing and aging population resulting in abandonment of farmland and woodland

Photo: T. Okayasu Photo: JWRC

Page 26: Global Review Overview

Rice cultivation, homegarden, shifting cultivation, livestock

● Tropical climate in hills and mountains● Complexity of landuse and mixed livelihoods ● Irrigation system for dry season● Shifting cultivation and the extraction of wild

plants● Growing population/ migration to urban

areas● Development of market economies ● Intensification and abandonment

Rice cultivation systems with fishery

● Lowland near the wetland areas● Production systems and/or crop

varieties along with the gradient of water condition.

● Accompanied by fishery activities. ● Population increase and market

economy development ● Conversion of land use and

extraction of wetland vegetation

Photo: JWRC Photo: JWRC

Page 27: Global Review Overview

Common characteristics

●Practices that enable adaption to spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions●Fallow systems●Combined use of different production systems●Combined use of different of different

species/varieties of crops and livestock●Land use according to topographic conditions

●Local institutional systems that adjust and coordinate resource use

Page 28: Global Review Overview

Challenges and responses

Challenges● Population increase● Emigration● Development of market economy● Degradation of SEPLs

(overexplotation,conversion,abandonment)

Responses● Policy development and implementation of land tenure

and resource management such as community forestry● Projects on community development, awareness raising,

restoration of ecosystems and abandoned agricultural facilities, supported by NGOs, private sector organizations, governmental bodies and international organizations

Page 29: Global Review Overview
Page 30: Global Review Overview

AfricaPhilip Dobie, World Agroforestry

CentreJeffrey Milder, EcoAgriculture Partners

Photo: CGIAR Climate

Page 31: Global Review Overview

Landscape approaches found across the continent

ForestsDrylandsWetlandsWatershedsCross boundaryProduction systemsConservation reserves

Page 32: Global Review Overview

Availability of data

• Basic information reasonably easy to find

• But reporting is not complete or easily accessible

• NGO work particularly difficult to track down

• More propoganda than reliable, quantified data

• Little on impact

Page 33: Global Review Overview

Key themes of landscape initiatives (n=68)

NR managementCommunities/ CD

Productive systemsPoverty/ livelihoods

Land degradation

Investment/financeLand degradation

Conservation/ biodiversityPolicy/governance

Ecosystems services

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Page 34: Global Review Overview

Preliminary evidence & implications

• Most projects dominated by NRM, with design by conservationists

• Development aspects often appear weak: where are the people’s needs? Mention of livelihoods > poverty alleviation > improved incomes

• Some focus on governance; little on policy and legislation (IUCN a commendable exception)

• Very mixed approaches to investment, from serious intent (TerrAfrica) to passing mention

• Surprisingly little on climate change, ecosystems services, or tourism

• Impact quantification generally weak

Page 35: Global Review Overview

Implications for future projects

• Need much more study of costs and benefits, with quantitative comparisons of approaches

• Need much more focus on impacts (landscapes and people)

Page 36: Global Review Overview

Thanks for your attention!