Global StudiesRegents Review

M r. G i e s l e r

G l o b a l S t u d i e s

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Nomad Technology Pharaoh Empire Cultural diffusion

Civilization Fertile crescent

Middle Kingdom Neolithic Polytheistic

Cuneiform Dynasty Paleolithic gods Hammurabi

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500)

Key IDs

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500)

The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago

Hunters and Gatherers

Simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood

Development of Farming

The Neolithic Revolution

Gave up their nomadic way of life

Early civilizations developed in river valleys

Developed systems of government, social structures, and belief systems

Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas mover from one culture to

another

Cultural Diffusion

Mesopotamia

The Fertile Crescent

Tigris and Euphrates

Persian Gulf

Mediterranean

Location allowed for frequent migration and invasions

Diversity made it difficult to unite all people into a single nation

Known as the “Cradle of Civilization”

Mesopotamia

Sumerian Civilization Sumer – 5000 years ago

Tigris and Euphrates

New City-States – would frequently fought against each other for

water and land

Religion – polytheistic

most gods were closely tied to the forces of nature

China Developed in the river valley of the Yellow River and Yangzi

Mountains, deserts, and an ocean isolate China

Believed that their civilizations was the center of the earth – The Middle

Kingdom

Government 1600 BCE – The Shang people or groups of families

controlled China

The Shang set up the first dynasty

Social Structures – During the Shang Dynasty, noble warriors owned the

land

Merchants and craftspeople earned a living

Peasants lived in farming villages

Qin Dynasty 221BCE – 206BCE

Han Dynasty 206BCe – 220CE

First Emperor Dies

Led by peasant leader – took the title of Gao Zu

reduced taxes

eased harsh policies of the Qin

Civil Service Exams

Based on the teachings of Confucius – spelled proper behavior, men were

superior

Made paper out of pulp

Wheelbarrow

Acupuncture

Jade and Ivory carvings

Limited Democracy in Athens Pericles (460BCE-429 BCE) Direct Democracy – large number of male citizens took part in the day-to-day running of government Women were inferior Slaves did not participate Athens became the cultural center of Greece Great Thinkers, writers, and artists

Alexander the Great Macedonia – mountain kingdom north of Greece 300BCE, Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece Alexander succeeds his father Built empire, which included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India Spread Greek culture Hellenistic culture – blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian life More rights and opportunities to women, who gained some political power

Athens

Limited DemocracyLaws made by assemblyMales OnlyTrade with othersEducation for boysWomen inferior

Sparta

MonarchyMilitary societyTrade and travel not allowedMilitary training for boysWomen obey menWomen own property

LanguageShared heroes

OlympicsSame gods and

religious beliefs

Socrates Plato AristotleDeveloped Socratic method;

learning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions

Believed government should control lives

Believed one strong and good leader should rule

Government put him to deathDivided society into three

classes: workers, philosophers, and soldiers

Believed people learned through reason

Greek and Hellenistic Contributions An enduring legacy Philosophy – Greek thinkers tried to use observations and reason to understand why things happened Arts and Architecture – beauty, balance, and order. Greek paintings and statues were lifelike; building (Parthenon). Architects today still continue to use ancient Greek ideas. Science and Math – earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun; Hippocrates studied the causes of illness and looked for cures; Pythagoras developed a formula to measure the sides of a right triangle.

Growth of Global Trade Routes

Classical civilizations engaged in trade with one another – exchanged

goods, technologies, and culture. Cultural Diffusion!!!

Phoenician Trade – one of the earliest trading empires of the Middle

East

Made up of small city-state in what is today Lebanon and Syria.

Manufactured glass from sand, dye, and created scrolls from

Egyptian papyrus (paper)

Ships sailed across the Med

Most important contributions – the alphabet and system to record

business transactions…the alphabet is the basis for OUR alphabet

Belief Systems

Key IDs

Animism Buddha Hijra Brahman Nirvana Quran

Reincarnation Monotheistic Sharia Karma Torah Missionary

Dharma Messiah Diaspora Upanishads Bible Cultural Diffusion

Questions to consider during this sectionWhat are the specific characteristics of the major religions and beliefs systems?

How are they the same?

How are they different?

How do they affect culture?

How did they spread from one region to another?

HinduismCaste System

The caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime.

In Next LifeIn This Life

A PersonIs born into

a caste

If good and obeys caste rules

If bad and breaks caste rules

Higher Caste

Lower Caste

Buddhism

500 BCE

Also in India

Founder Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha

Buddha – the Enlightened One

Sacred Text – “Three Baskets of Wisdom”

The Four Noble Truths

All life is suffering

Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions

The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire

Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

The Gupta Empire India 320 CE – 520 CE Gave power to local leaders United most of the India subcontinent Promoted peace and prosperity Hinduism played a big role Geography Remember the Maurya Dynasty? Geography helped in many ways. Mountains protected from foreign invasion; Indus and Ganges Rivers provided water and fertile soil

Influence of Hinduism The Gupta Dynasty adopted and promoted Hinduism Affected social life of the Gupta villages through the caste system

Role of Government Gupta emperors ruled Gave great power to local leaders; elected by merchants and artisans Each village, a local council made decisions Most respected people served on the council

The Gupta Empire Role of Women – Early time women served on councils; Hindu law would change this role – greater restrictions on women

Role of Hinduism Hindu concepts dominate Caste System People could not change their caste in one lifetime, but…..

Life During the Gupta Empire Village was the center Villages ran their own affairs and faced little resistance from the central gov’t…as long as they paid their taxes Village governed by caste rules Higher the caste the stricter the rules; designed to keep them from being contaminated by people within the lower castes The Untouchables – outcasts who lived harsh lives; given jobs that were considered impure such as cleaning the streets or digging graves; had to live apart from the other members of Gupta society; people who violated social norms were punished by being made Untouchable; outside the caste system;

Tang and Song Dynasties

Tang Dynasty Tributary State Song Dynasty Porcelain

Calligraphy Pagoda Gentry

The fall of the Han Dynasty, 200 CE

China was divided for 400 years

600s, Tang Taizong, a young general established the Tang Dynasty

Ruled from 618-907

Vast Empire

Forced Vietnam and Korea to become Tributary States

Remained independent, but had to acknowledge China’s greatness and send

tribute (payment)

Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare

4th Crusade (early 1200s), Western Christians took Constantinople and

ruled it for 50 years

The Final Blow – The Ottoman empire , in 1453 took Constantinople

(Instanbul)

Islam Civilizations

Key IDs

Caliph Shiite Sharia Sunni

Abbassid Dynasty Averroes Umayyad Dynasty Cultural Diffusion

The Spread of Islam

Early 600s

Arabian peninsula

Founder – Muhammad

Abu Bakr – the first Caliph; the first successor to Muhammad

Caliphate – period of time when Muslims were ruled by calpihs (unit the

900s)

The Spread of Islam

India

Early 700s, conquered the Indus Valley

100s and 1100s, Turks conquered most of Northern India

By 1200, Turks created a Muslim Empire in Delhi

S.E. Asia

After the Muslims took control of India in 1200s, Islam spread into

Asia

Cultural Diffusion

Islam spread through trade

Thriving trade networks established

JapanFeudal Japan Landowners and Warriors

Emperor still ruled – in name only

Powerful warrior nobles controlled the country

Shoguns – real power lay in the hands of the shoguns, or top military

commanders

Europe – nobles distributed lands to vassal lords

Japan – Shoguns distribute lands to daimyo; in exchange for a promise to

support the shogun with their armies

Samurai – Daimyo granted lands to lesser warriors called Samurai, “those

who serve”

Bushido – strict code of conduct for the Samurai; to be loyal, brave, and

honorable; ritual of suicide (seppuku)

JapanFeudal Japan Peasants and Artisans – peasants farmed the land, and artisans made the

weapons for the Samurai in exchange for protection

Merchants – Usually had more wealth than the upper classes, merchants

were the lowest social class.

Women – Early Feudal period, women sometimes became warriors or ran

estates

Over time, status declined

Inheritance was passed to sons only

Tokugawa Shogunate 1603, Tokugawa shogunate emerges

brings peace and stability to Japan for 300 years

Expansion of Chinese Trade

Key IDs

Zheng He Cairo Hanseatic League

Bubonic Plague Venice Canton

Mogadishu Trade Fair Epidemic

Major Trade Routes

Trade routes enabled people and goods to move across Asia, Africa, and Europe

Indian Ocean – allowed easy trade between Asia and East Africa

Trading Centers emerged

Europe Comes Alive

IDs

Guild Humanism Ignatius Loyola Apprentice

Capitalism Michelangelo Common Law Magna Carta

Commercial Revolution Leonardo da Vinci 95 Theses Parliament

Renaissance Protestant Revolution Indulgences Martin Luther

Commercial Revolution 1000 -1300

Expansion of trade and the growth of cities brought new ways of thinking and doing

business

Money grew in importance

New social class emerged

Urban Centers based on trade gave new power to a rising new class – middle class

middle class – merchants, traders, and artisans

Middle – ranked between the older feudal classes of nobles and peasants

Guilds – trade associations emerge

Checked of quality of goods

hospitals and aid to widows and children

Regulated hours of work and price of goods

Apprentices – training of new artisans

The Renaissance and Humanism

1300s – 1500s

A period of great creativity and change in Europe

Renaissance = Rebirth

Golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences

Began in Italy in the mid-1300s and then spread northward

Why Italy? Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing.

Merchants had new-found wealth and were willing to use it to promote the arts and

education

The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine Chapel

di Vinci

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

John Calvin – another reformer

Like Luther, believed that people could only reach heaven through faith

Predestination – belief that God had determined before the beginning of time

who would gain salvation

Calvinists lived a strict, disciplined, and frugal lives

Luther CalvinDid not believe in the sale of indulgences Believed Christians reached heaven only

through faith in God

Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God

Believed people are born sinners

Did not believe that priests had special powers

Preached Predestination

Ideas spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia

Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England, and Scotland

Followers later called themselves Protestants

Led a community in Switzerland

Long-Term Causes Short-Term Causes

Roman Catholic Church becomes

more worldlyHumanists urge return to simple

religionStrong kings emerge and resent power

of the Church

Indulgences are sold in GermanyMartin Luther writes 95 ThesesLuther translates Bible into GermanPrinting press helps spread ideasReformers call for change

Long-Term Effect Short-Term Effects

Religious wars break out in Europe for

more than 100 yearsCatholic Reformation takes placeInquisition becomes strongerMany Jews forced into Eastern Europe

Peasants revoltLutheran, Calvinists, Anglican and

Protestant churches emergeHoly Roman emperor weakened

The Protestant Reformation

• Add to their lands• Set up organized

government• Collect Taxes• Create a royal

treasury• Set up royal courts

and royal law

Decide who can build castles and whereForce vassals to obey the KingEstablish common law so that all people are treated the sameCollect records of who owns land

•Make throne hereditary•Becomes allies with the Church•Organize army•Take French lands from English king

Kings of England Kings of France

Kings Increase Their Power

MesoamericaKey Ids

Olmecs Mayas Aztecs

Terraces Quipus Incas

Geography Ice Age – resulted in a land bridge between Siberian and Alaska

Paleolithic Era

Nomads (hunters) in Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into

North America

Nomads migrated east and south

Aztecs Late 1200s

Migrated from the north into the Valley of Mexico

Fierce warriors

Used conquests and alliances to build a large empire

Tenochtitlan (capital) – city with temples, palaces, gardens, and zoos

Aztec Expansion Early 1400s, formed alliances with neighboring states

Military conquests over hundreds of smaller states

Each conquered state was given and Aztec governor

wealthy from tributes

By 1500, Aztec empire covered most of Mexico; 30M people

Terraces

Zheng He Expeditions

ExplorationReasons to Explore Ottoman Empire interference

1400s, seek new routes to the Asian spices

Italian and Muslims merchants controlled the routes between Asia

and Europe

Muslims bring goods to the Med and the Italians brought it the rest

of the way – it became very expensive – time to cut out the middleman

Time to look for new oceanic routes

ExplorationEarly Exploration Africa to Asia

1415, Henry the Navigator (son of Portuguese king), fleet of ships that

explored the coast of W Africa

1488, Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern Africa)

da Gama follows Dias route, across the Indian Ocean

Lost half his ships

Returned home with Asian spices

Established a successful trade route and would expand their empire

1492, Columbus reaches the Americas

1493, Spain and Portugal claim land in the Americas

Imperialism – compete for colonies in the Americas

ExplorationImperialism The Dutch Spain, England, and France

By the 1700s, England and France became competing forces in the

Asian trade network, concentrating in India

Mughal Rulers (India) weak and civil wars lead to British and

French East India Companies making alliances with local rulers.

Each organized their own army of sepoys, (Indian Troops)

1750s, British East India Company and sepoys push the French out

Forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes

Would become the real power in the region

Exploration

The Spanish Empire

Religion – Catholic Church – spread Christianity

Encomienda System – Spanish law allowed the colonies

to only trade with Spain; Under this system, a conquistador,

was granted land along with permission to demand labor or

tribute from Native Americans

Culture – Colonies developed a new culture that

combined European, Native American, and African

traditions…everything was affected (art, literature, life)

Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

Key IDs

New Ideas – Middle Ages, scholars believed the earth was the center

of the universe. This idea came from Roman-Greco thinking and the

teachings of the Church.

Scientific Revolution

Scientific Method Montesquieu Copernicus Descartes

Voltaire Heliocentric Natural Laws Rousseau Galileo

Enlightenment Enlightened Despot Isaac Newton John Locke Joseph II

Rise of Napoleon 1799, popular general

Napoleon helped overthrow the Directory in a coup d’etat, or revolt

by military leaders

He helped organize a new gov’t and put himself in charge

Three years later, he took the title of Emperor of the French

Had absolute power

French people, hoping for stability, supported Napoleon

Reforms by Napoleon

Economy – controlled prices new industry, and infrastructure

Education – public education system

Napoleonic Code – enlightened ideals and religious toleration

Effects of the French Revolution Growth of Nationalism – inspired feelings of national pride and

unity; this lead to the emergence of identity replaced earlier loyalty to

local authority and the person who occupied the monarchy

Nationalistic feeling across Europe and the world also emerged;

Napoleon’s conquests had a part in the eventual unification of both Italy

and Germany – the weakening of Spain led to the Latin American

independence movement

Metternich

Revolution of 1830 France – restoration of the Bourbons by the Congress of Vienna led to

attempts to restore absolutism; Bourbon monarch Charles X was

overthrown by a revolt and replaced by Louis Philippe

Belgium – revolutionaries demanded independence from the Dutch,

Belgium would gain independence in 1831

Italy – CoV (Congress of Vienna) divided Italy among several ruling

families, including those from France and Austria. 1830, revolutionaries

in northern Italy rose up to throw off foreign domination…they were put

down by Austrian troops

Poland – most were under Russian control, 1830, nationalist in Poland

staged and uprising…they failed to gain widespread support

Revolution of 1848 France – King Louis Philippe’s gov’t denounced as corrupt,

prompting another revolution in 1848; Louis steps down, and a republic

was established; upper and middle-class interests gained control of the

gov’t and violently put down a workers’ rebellion in Paris. The fighting

left bitter feelings b/t the working class and the middle class

Austrian Empire – Students revolt, Metternich attempts to suppress;

Metternich resigns when workers rose up to support the students; Austria

agrees to certain reforms; Austrian army regains control and many

revolutionaries were imprisoned, executed, or sent into exile

Nationalism in Asia India, since the 1700s, Britain maintained control

Nationalistic idea began to grow through Indians educated in the West

Indian students learned about democracy and natural rights – they

called for self-rule

Indian National Congress – 1885, made up primarily of Hindu

professionals and business leaders

Initially, called for equal opportunity to serve in the gov’t in India;

called for greater democracy and western-style modernization, looking

ahead to self-rule

Economic and Social Revolutions

Key IDs

The Agrarian Revolution In 1750, most people still lived in small villages and made their own

clothing and tools

Agrarian Revolution Enclosure Industrial

Revolution Factory

Laissez Faire Adam Smith Liberalism Conservatism

Thomas Malthus Socialism Karl Marx Suffrage