global supply chains
TRANSCRIPT
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS
BAExE PresentationGroup 03
Task Assigned» Global Supply Chains» Globalization’s impact on enterprise supply chain» Complexities & Risks (Identification, mitigation,
management, etc.)» Supply chain planning, execution, visibility, etc. » Business processes » Integration » Enabling Technologies » Etc.
Definition of a Supply Chain
What is a Supply Chain?» “a network of facilities and distribution options
that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers”
» Types of transactions» Physical flows» Data flows
Information Flow» Product descriptions, specifications, and prices » Purchase order information such as quantities,
required shipment dates, and addresses » Planned and actual production, shipment, and
delivery dates/times and status against such schedules
» Technical and engineering data on products, components, and equipment
» Accounting information such as prices, discounts, allowances, and account numbers, and
» Product quality data, such as test results, performance measurements, and warranties.
Supply Chain Mesh
Impact of Globalization on Global Supply Chains
Impact of Globalization and Information Technology
» Intensified competition and the pressure to lower costs has increased
» Standardization of information technologies» Global sprawl
Global Supply Chain Risks» Volatile fuel prices» Disrupted supplies of raw materials
or parts» Increased complexity of products
or service offerings» Increases in cost of labor due to
currency fluctuations» Supplier planning/communication
issues» Changes in customer/consumer
preferences» Problems with manufacturing
capacity» Port operations and customers
delays» Service failures due to longer
supply chain lines/lead times
» Service failures caused by supply chain partners (delivery, quality)
» Geopolitical instability» Shortage of skilled resources» Reduced accuracy of
forecasting/planning» Problems with logics
capacity/complexity» Inflexible supply chain
technology» Natural disasters» Intellectual property risks from
offshore supply chain relationships
» Terrorist infiltration
Risks Categorization» Logistics Risk» The dangers associated with the physical movement of
goods and materials
» Supply & Supplier Risk» The potential disruption of raw material and
component supplies
» Cost/Commodity Risk» The risk is either failing to recognize cost-effective
opportunities or not being able to migrate when the opportunities are discovered
Risks Categorization» Capacity Risk» Relates primarily to the integrity of a company's
facilities or those of its business or outsourcing partners
» Intellectual Risk, Profitability Risk & Demand Risk» Associated with customer demand fluctuation, new
product development.
Global Supply Chain and Terrorism
Global Supply Chain and Terrorism» Use of commercial airliners as missiles» Threat Categorization» Transportation modes (air, road, rail, maritime)» Entry points (airport, border crossings, ports,
pickup/delivery points etc.)» Threat areas (passengers, employees, cargo, shippers
etc.)
Counter-Terrorism Initiatives» Container Security Initiative (Advance Shipment
Note)» Addresses the potential threat of the container itself» Considers the history of the container, not just the
contents of the container
» C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism)» Mechanism for companies to work with the U.S. Customs
Service» Intent is for companies to become known entities to the
Customs Service and become a more trusted importer of goods to the United States
Counter-Terrorism Initiatives» TAPA (Transported Asset Protection Association)» Unique forum that unites global manufacturers,
logistics providers, freight carriers, law enforcement agencies, and other stakeholders with the common aim of reducing losses from international supply chains
» Freight Security Requirements
Insecurity over Security» Security risk of network infiltration and
information theft» Need for an authentication solution
» Authentication Techniques» Fingerprint scanners and sensors » Facial recognition» Iris Scanning» Tongue print check in military operations» Digital Signatures and Certificates
Digital Signatures
RFID: Changing Face of Supply Chain Management
» Dynamic World» Intensive competition» Optimize Processes» for increasing efficiencies and reducing costs
» Need» End-to-end visibility: Capturing the data of
material flows at all levels of the value chain» Sense and Respond» Item-level tracking
RFID: Changing Face of Supply Chain Management
Bar Codes» Most primitive form of tagging» The information about an item can be captured
using optical barcode scanners
» Limitations» Damages» Human Interaction and need for close line of sight» Lack of Information» Speed and Scalability
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)» e-tagging technology» Enables passive object tagging» Automatic data capture, using RF sensing as
opposed to optical sensing in the case of barcodes
Benefits of RFID» Reliable» Range» Amount of data that can be stored » Automated data capture» Total Visibility
Issues and Concerns with RFID» Technical concerns» Cost» Integration» Standards» Consumer concerns
Automatic Identification (Auto-ID)
Auto-ID» Smart Tag» Combination of EPCs & RFID
» Low cost» Open-standard based
» EPC: Electronic Product Code» 96-bit code» Uniquely identified» PML: Product Markup Language»Open-standard language like XML
Auto-ID Technology
RFID EPC PML
AutoID vs. RFID» RFID» Expensive» Proprietary» Integration Issues
» Auto-ID» Low Cost» Adoption of a standard
code
Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Global Supply Chain
Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002» Corporate financial scandals of Enron
» "to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made in agreement to the securities laws"
Implications on Supply Chain» Inventory and Fixed Asset Reconciliation» Material Transfers» Segregation of Duties in the Procure-to-pay
Process» Viable SCM Processes» Vital information for the CFO or chief compliance
officer» Vendor Managed Inventories » Long Term Purchase Agreements » Lease Agreements » Letters of Intent
How to manage impact of SOX on Supply Chain
» Communicate all Business units on frequent basis» Information technology » Visibility» From purchase orders to delivery orders » Operations, inventories and other assets
Supply Chain Automation
Challenges to Supply Chain Automation» Wider scope -> more player involved» Technology disparity within intensified» Systems not integrated» Flexibility» Cost optimization
Supply Chain Reality
Challenge: Adapting to technological change
» Cloud Computing is a computing paradigm in which tasks are assigned to a combination of connections, software, and services accessed over a network
» The ultimate form of globalization
Automating the Cloud» Advantages» lower-cost labour pools» IT services without the infrastructure investment» off-site operational efficiency» CapEx
» Disadvantages» A loss of infrastructure visibility» Degree of blind faith
Next-Generation IT Automation» CMDB (Configuration Management Database)» A federated metadata repository
» Universally connect any business function to the IT components, processes, and infrastructure
Supply Chain Integration
Supply Chain Integration» Event-driven Economy» Demand –realized > Demand-satisfied» Instantaneous» Any direction, any system» Exchanging Information isn’t enough
» B2B Application Integration vs. Supply Chain Integration
Integration Issues» Traditionally» Intra-organization
» Integrate external systems» Impossible to get all member organizations to agree
on a set of standards
» Need» Layers and layers of middleware
Integration Issues» Solution» Agree on a single communications standard» Common communications mechanism and
middleware approach
Middleware» Move information and shared business logic
between applications» Hide complexities of the source and target
systems» APIs
» Middleware Models» Pub/Sub» Request/Response
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)» Want to communicate?» Common vocabulary» Universally understood» Messages structured in a standardized way» Interpreted and acted on
» Exchange of electronic files in a standard format» Easily processed» Automated without human intervention
EDI vs. Paper Exchange
Sample EDI File
eXtensible Markup Language (XML)» Human-readable information-exchange standard» Encapsulates both data and metadata
» Sample XML File
EDI vs. XML» EDI» Huge Expense» Proprietary» Inability to adapt
changes» Batch-oriented
» XML» Efficient approach» Less Expensive
<bill> <to>ABC Inc.</to>
<duns id="1234567 /> </bill>
Service-oriented Integration» Web Services» Applications with business or process functionality» Standardized XML interface» Interoperability between disparate applications
» Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)» Standards and infrastructure
Integration Standards» Underlying Problem» Lack of universally accepted and implemented
standards» Reduces opportunities for cost savings» Duplication of effort» Maintenance of redundant systems» Investment in inefficient processes
Standards» EDI Standards» ANSI X12» Edifact
» UCCnet for Retail Supply Chains» RosettaNet for High-tech Manufacturing» VDA for Automobiles» SWIFT for Financial Transactions
Strategic Supply Chains» Shift from selling a product to offering a service» Dynamic and resourceful» Strategic collaboration between two organizations
or business units» End-of-life handling of products» Minimize the physical material flow but maximize
information flow from the order to the delivery cycle
Appendices» RFID Case Study» U.S. Army Achieves Real-Time Visibility of Supply
Trucks Traveling in the Middle East
» Supply Chain Integration Case Study» Invoice Payment Authorization
» Case Study» Supply Chain Innovator, the Li & Fung Virtual
Enterprise