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2 www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org Mainstreaming Conservation into Development
We aspire to a world where, by 2020, wild tigers across Asia will no longer face the risk of extinction — and will live in healthy populations within high conservation value landscapes that are managed sustainably for present and future generations.
Our Vision
Wild Tigers are on the verge of extinction
At the turn of the 20th Century, an estimated 100,000 wild tigers inhabited a range extending across Asia and the Russian Far East. But poaching, habitat loss, and fragmentation have relentlessly pushed tigers into smaller and smaller enclaves – in smaller numbers – to the verge of extinction. Today, there are perhaps 3,500 wild tigers living in their natural habitat. They inhabit 119 million hectares of forests in Tiger Range Countries. Please refer to the Tiger Landscape map on the next page.
The Tiger – a top predator in forest ecosystems – is a natural indicator of the functionality and sustainability of an ecosystem. Given persisting trends of deforestation in East and South Asia and a continuing crisis for wildlife, the prognosis for wild tigers is rather bleak.
The Global Tiger Initiative was launched by President Robert B. Zoellick of the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, Smithsonian Institution, International Tiger Coalition, and an alliance of governments and international organizations in June 2008. The GTI envisions a reversal in trends for the wild tiger, helping it to recover and repopulate its habitats in sustainable numbers. Today’s challenge is to fulfill the growing development needs of people and to manage natural resources, of which the tiger is one, in a sustainable way. In other words, we need to create a new development paradigm.
Sustained funding (national and international) will be necessary over 10-15 years to enhance management and control systems in use at these tiger habitats to ensure sustainable use of forest resources. These measures could bring tiger population declines to a halt and improve local livelihoods.
Why Care about Tigers?Wild tigers are not only a symbol of all that is splendid, mystical and powerful about nature. They are also a beacon of biodiversity, linking together the forests they inhabit and the natural resources and ecosystem services that their habitats produce for people. Sadly, the next decade may be the last one for the wild tiger. The loss of tigers and degradation of their ecosystems would inevitably result in a historic cultural, spiritual, and environmental catastrophe for the Tiger Range Countries.
Habitats where wild tigers live have high economic and ecological value. Tiger lands provide vital services to humans, such as carbon sequestration,
hydrological balance, pollination services, protection from natural disasters and soil erosion, medicinal plant genetic diversity, and bio-prospecting. A majority of the Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs) lie in one of the designated 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world.
The tiger is an indicator of how human society is doing with regards to the larger question of sustaining environmental quality in the face of ever-increasing demands on finite resources. The tiger’s well-being is a barometer of the critical question: Are we making the right choices to sustain the planet? Success in saving the tiger would energize ongoing efforts to fight species extinction and to protect our planet’s increasingly threatened biodiversity, which is its very life-blood.
The ChallengeChanging this trajectory toward extinction is a challenging task. Policymakers remain unaware of the immense economic and ecological value of living tigers and their natural habitats, leading to neglect of conservation objectives in national planning. Poaching continues unabated due to the weak institutional capacity for wildlife law enforcement in most Tiger Range Countries and the burgeoning global demand for tiger parts. Infrastructure planning and changes in land use that disregard the loss of tiger habitats and biodiversity, lead to habitat reduction and fragmentation. Tiger landscapes are also surrounded by pockets of poverty. Nearby communities depend on resources in these landscapes for survival. When over-exploitation of forest resources occurs, the wildlife habitats are compromised. Lack of scientific monitoring and ineffective management of landscapes contribute to habitat deterioration.
Mainstreaming Conservation into Development www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org 3
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Declining Habitat and Plumetting Population1940 Bali tiger extinct
1980s Java tiger extinct
1970s Central Asian tiger extinct
1990s South China tiger reportedlyextinct in the wild
Perc
ent R
emai
ning
Hab
itat
Tige
r N
umbe
rs
Orange = tiger numbers Blue = habitat remaining*Source: Wikramanayake, E., et al. In press
SAUDIARABIA
TURKEY
OMAN
SOMALIA
REP. OF YEMEN
SYRIAN A.R.
BULGARIA
JORDAN
U.A.E.
KUWAIT
QATAR
CYP.
LEB.
BAHRAIN
JAPAN
PHILIPPINES
AUSTRALIA
SRI LANKA
TIMOR-LESTE
UKRAINE
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY
ROMANIA
GERMANY
BELARUSHUNGARY
LITH.RUSS.
FED. LATVIAESTONIA
AUST.CZECH REP.
SLOVAK REP.
MOL.
DENMARKTHE
NETH.
SERB.
U.K.
CHINA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
PAKISTAN
INDIA
MYANMAR
THAILAND
INDONESIA
CAMBODIA
VIETNAMLAO
P.D.R.
BANGLADESH
IRAQ
AFGHANISTAN
POLAND
I.R. OF IRAN
UZBEKISTANTURKMENISTAN
MALAYSIA
TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZ REP.
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
REP. OFKOREA
D.P.R. OFKOREA
ARMENIA
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
Equator
Volga
Ural
Brahmaputra
Ganges
Xi
Yangtze
Huang
Amur
Aldan
Lena
Irtysh
Euphrates
Tigris
Indus
Amu Darya
Syr Darya
Irrawaddy
INDIANOCEAN
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
CASPIAN
SEA
BLACK
SEA
SOUTHCHINA SEA
ARABIANSEA
BAY OFBENGAL
SEA OF JAPAN
EASTCHINA SEA
SEA OFOKHOTSK
0 500 1000 1500 2000250Kilometers
(accurate to 30°N)
Russian Far East - North East China
Terai Arc
Nam Et Phou Loey
Lower Mekong Forests
Taman Negara - Belum - Hala Bala
Central Indian Landscape
Kayeh - Karen - Tennaserim
Leuser - Ulu Masen
Central - Southern Sumatra
Kaziranga - Karbi - Anlong
Sundarbans
Central Western Ghats
Bhutan - India - Myanmar
Beijing P’yongyang
Moscow
Kathmandu
Dhaka
Hanoi
Vientiane
Bangkok
KualaLumpur
Jakarta
Naypyidaw
Phnom Penh
Thimphu
NewDelhi
Amur (Siberian) Tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)
Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris)
Indochinese Tiger(Panthera tigris corbetti)
Malayan Tiger(Panthera tigris jacksoni)
Sumatran Tiger(Panthera tigris sumatrae)
South China Tiger(Panthera tigris amoyensis)
1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger ConservationHua Hin, Thailand27-29 January, 2010
Global Tiger WorkshopKathmandu, Nepal27–30 October, 2009
Youth Tiger SummitVladivostok, RussiaNovember 18-25, 2010
Sources: World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, Save the Tiger Fund, and Smithsonian National Zoological Park.TCLs, Tiger Historic range, and Remaining Habitat: Sanderson et al. 2006, Dinerstein et al. 2007
1 Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs) are large blocks of suitable habitat where tigers are known to occur. They are a block or cluster of blocks of tivity of the
habitat type known to have been extirpated.
2 TCL Priority Areas represent priorities for conservation investment. Priority rankings are based on habitat size, presence of breeding, conservation , threat levels, and representativeness of rankings across habitat types.
Global Priority: Highest priority for conservation. Regional Priority: Moderate priority.
3 Megalandscapes (or TCL Clusters): TCLs or groups of TCLs where the potential for habitat restoration can create larger landscapes. They are considered high priorities for landscape restoration and tiger population recovery.
For more information on the methods used to delineate and prioritize TCLs, and policy implications, please see:
Sanderson, E., J. Forrest, C. Loucks, J. Ginsberg, E. Dinerstein, et al. 2006. Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005-2015. The Technical Assessment. WCS, WWF, Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF, New York – Washington, D.C.
Internet web site: http://www.savethetigerfund.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Full_ReportsDinerstein, E., C. Loucks, E. Wikramanayake, J. Ginsberg, et al. 2007. The Fate of Wild Tigers. Bioscience 57( 6): 508-514Save the Tiger Fund Web site: http://www.tigermaps.org
Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs)1, 2
Global Priority Areas
Regional Priority Areas
Long-Term Priority Areas
Megalandscapes (or TCL Clusters)3
Historic Range of Tiger circa 1850
Capitals of Present Tiger Range Countries
2010 Year of the Tiger and International Year of Biodiversity Activities
Long-Term Priority: Long-term priority. nt Data:
Tiger Conservation Landscapes and Historic Range of Tigers across Asia
Caspian Tiger(Panthera tigris virgata)
extinct in 1970s
Bali Tiger(Panthera tigris balica)
extinct in 1940s
CITES COP-15Doha, Qatar
13–25 March, 2010
CBD COP-10Nagoya, Japan
18–29 October, 2010
Java Tiger(Panthera tigris sondaica)extinct in 1980s
Global Tiger Summit, St. Petersburg, Russia21-24 November, 2010
Pre Tiger Summit Partners DialogueBali, Indonesia, 12-14 July 2010
1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger ConservationHua Hin, Thailand27-29 January, 2010
International Forum and Festivalof Tiger Conservation and Culture
Hunchun, China29-31 August, 2010
Conservation and DevelopmentPractitioners Network - Training of Trainers,
Dehradun, India, March 2010
Global Tiger Recovery ProgramFinalization Workshop
New Delhi, India21-22 October, 2010
SAUDIARABIA
TURKEY
OMAN
SOMALIA
REP. OF YEMEN
SYRIAN A.R.
BULGARIA
JORDAN
U.A.E.
KUWAIT
QATAR
CYP.
LEB.
BAHRAIN
JAPAN
PHILIPPINES
AUSTRALIA
SRI LANKA
TIMOR-LESTE
UKRAINE
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY
ROMANIA
GERMANY
BELARUSHUNGARY
LITH.RUSS.
FED. LATVIAESTONIA
AUST.CZECH REP.
SLOVAK REP.
MOL.
DENMARKTHE
NETH.
SERB.
U.K.
CHINA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
PAKISTAN
INDIA
MYANMAR
THAILAND
INDONESIA
CAMBODIA
VIETNAMLAO
P.D.R.
BANGLADESH
IRAQ
AFGHANISTAN
POLAND
I.R. OF IRAN
UZBEKISTANTURKMENISTAN
MALAYSIA
TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZ REP.
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
REP. OFKOREA
D.P.R. OFKOREA
ARMENIA
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
Equator
Volga
Ural
Brahmaputra
Ganges
Xi
Yangtze
Huang
Amur
Aldan
Lena
Irtysh
Euphrates
Tigris
Indus
Amu Darya
Syr Darya
Irrawaddy
INDIANOCEAN
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
CASPIAN
SEA
BLACK
SEA
SOUTHCHINA SEA
ARABIANSEA
BAY OFBENGAL
SEA OF JAPAN
EASTCHINA SEA
SEA OFOKHOTSK
0 500 1000 1500 2000250Kilometers
(accurate to 30°N)
Russian Far East - North East China
Terai Arc
Nam Et Phou Loey
Lower Mekong Forests
Taman Negara - Belum - Hala Bala
Central Indian Landscape
Kayeh - Karen - Tennaserim
Leuser - Ulu Masen
Central - Southern Sumatra
Kaziranga - Karbi - Anlong
Sundarbans
Central Western Ghats
Bhutan - India - Myanmar
Beijing P’yongyang
Moscow
Kathmandu
Dhaka
Hanoi
Vientiane
Bangkok
KualaLumpur
Jakarta
Naypyidaw
Phnom Penh
Thimphu
NewDelhi
Amur (Siberian) Tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)
Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris)
Indochinese Tiger(Panthera tigris corbetti)
Malayan Tiger(Panthera tigris jacksoni)
Sumatran Tiger(Panthera tigris sumatrae)
South China Tiger(Panthera tigris amoyensis)
1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger ConservationHua Hin, Thailand27-29 January, 2010
Global Tiger WorkshopKathmandu, Nepal27–30 October, 2009
Youth Tiger SummitVladivostok, RussiaNovember 18-25, 2010
Sources: World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, Save the Tiger Fund, and Smithsonian National Zoological Park.TCLs, Tiger Historic range, and Remaining Habitat: Sanderson et al. 2006, Dinerstein et al. 2007
1 Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs) are large blocks of suitable habitat where tigers are known to occur. They are a block or cluster of blocks of tivity of the
habitat type known to have been extirpated.
2 TCL Priority Areas represent priorities for conservation investment. Priority rankings are based on habitat size, presence of breeding, conservation , threat levels, and representativeness of rankings across habitat types.
Global Priority: Highest priority for conservation. Regional Priority: Moderate priority.
3 Megalandscapes (or TCL Clusters): TCLs or groups of TCLs where the potential for habitat restoration can create larger landscapes. They are considered high priorities for landscape restoration and tiger population recovery.
For more information on the methods used to delineate and prioritize TCLs, and policy implications, please see:
Sanderson, E., J. Forrest, C. Loucks, J. Ginsberg, E. Dinerstein, et al. 2006. Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005-2015. The Technical Assessment. WCS, WWF, Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF, New York – Washington, D.C.
Internet web site: http://www.savethetigerfund.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Full_ReportsDinerstein, E., C. Loucks, E. Wikramanayake, J. Ginsberg, et al. 2007. The Fate of Wild Tigers. Bioscience 57( 6): 508-514Save the Tiger Fund Web site: http://www.tigermaps.org
Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs)1, 2
Global Priority Areas
Regional Priority Areas
Long-Term Priority Areas
Megalandscapes (or TCL Clusters)3
Historic Range of Tiger circa 1850
Capitals of Present Tiger Range Countries
2010 Year of the Tiger and International Year of Biodiversity Activities
Long-Term Priority: Long-term priority. nt Data:
Tiger Conservation Landscapes and Historic Range of Tigers across Asia
Caspian Tiger(Panthera tigris virgata)
extinct in 1970s
Bali Tiger(Panthera tigris balica)
extinct in 1940s
CITES COP-15Doha, Qatar
13–25 March, 2010
CBD COP-10Nagoya, Japan
18–29 October, 2010
Java Tiger(Panthera tigris sondaica)extinct in 1980s
Global Tiger Summit, St. Petersburg, Russia21-24 November, 2010
Pre Tiger Summit Partners DialogueBali, Indonesia, 12-14 July 2010
1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger ConservationHua Hin, Thailand27-29 January, 2010
International Forum and Festivalof Tiger Conservation and Culture
Hunchun, China29-31 August, 2010
Conservation and DevelopmentPractitioners Network - Training of Trainers,
Dehradun, India, March 2010
Global Tiger Recovery ProgramFinalization Workshop
New Delhi, India21-22 October, 2010
The Global Tiger Initiative The Power of Partnerships
The Global Tiger Initiative works with tiger range countries (TRCs), utilizing the convening power of the World Bank and a broad coalition of international organizations such as the Global Environment Facility, World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, and Smithsonian Institution to bring support to the international conservation community. It is a vehicle to infuse a sense of urgency and energy into tiger conservation and seeks to bring about a paradigm shift in the way ecosystems are valued and governed. Leading up to the 2010 Heads of Government Tiger Summit, the GTI is bringing ‘game-changing’ strategies and political commitment to strengthening policies in favor of biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability by:
Making the world aware of the tiger and wildlife crisis
The wild tiger is well on the road to extinction, but the serious ecological and economic loss its disappearance would entail is not well understood. GTI hopes to let the world know that 2010 – the Year of the Tiger in the Chinese calendar – is likely the last chance to take concerted action and reverse this trajectory towards extinction.
Harvesting knowledge from the world’s top scientists and practitioners
Lifetimes have been devoted by many experts and conservationists to accumulating knowledge about the ongoing decline of wild tiger populations. Since its launch, the GTI has harvested from this vast pool of knowledge through a number of partnerships and global forums where all 13 Tiger Range Countries and the international conservation community have developed a collaborative program to save tigers. TRCs are already devoting considerable resources to wildlife conservation, and by looking at what has worked best and why, a Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) that includes National Tiger Recovery Programs (NTRPs), has emerged with an implementation and flexible financing plan.
Securing highest-level political support and influencing public policy
Since its launch, the Global Tiger Initiative has gradually built political support in the Tiger Range Countries for a sustained program to save tigers. The Tiger Summit convenes leaders of these governmentsfor the first time to implement a program in support of wildlife conservation and biodiversity. Influencing public policy and leveraging financial support from international donors are top priorities to achieve a doubling of wild tiger populations by the next Year of the Tiger, 2022.
Development Milestones Since 2008Tiger Summit of Heads of Governments and Global Partners St. Petersburg, Russia
Pre-Summit Partners Dialogue Bali, IndonesiaGlobal Tiger Initiative stakeholders build political and financial support in preparation for the Summit
National Consultations in Tiger Range Countries Meetings with governments and stakeholders take stock of National Tiger Recovery Programs and deepen technical work in the countries
GTI Executive Leadership ForumWashington, DC “Sharpening National Action Plans for Biodiversity and Tiger Conservation – the Road to the Tiger Summit”
Announcement of new International Consortium on Combating Wildlife CrimeDoha, Qatar Five international organizations (INTERPOL, World Customs Organization, UNDOC, the CITES Secretariat, and the World Bank) announce joint collaboration to tackle international wildlife crime
Conservation and Development NetworkIndia Training of Trainers’ Course in Conservation Practice, Smithsonian Institution and Wildlife Institute of India(followed by second part held in Washington, DC in June 2010)
1st Asia Ministerial Meeting on Tiger Conservation and the Hua Hin DeclarationHua Hin, ThailandAgenda for tiger conservation raised to new political level and establishment of the tiger range countries’ mandate to double tiger populations
Kathmandu Global Tiger Workshop and Kathmandu RecommendationsKathmandu, NepalExpertise from top conservationists unleashed for first time in technical recommendations to the tiger range countries
Launch of the Conservation and Development Network by the Smithsonian Institution and World BankNew capacity-building and training programs for improving management on the front lines of tiger conservation
International WorkshopPattaya, Thailand“A Forgotten Crisis: Arresting Wildlife Depletion in Asia through Strengthened Regional Cooperation and Effective Partnerships” Resulted in consensus on the Pattaya Manifesto, an international call to action to tackle wildlife crime
Launch of Global Tiger Initiative Smithsonian National ZooWashington, DC
NOV2010
JUL2010
JUN2010
APR2010
MAR2010
FEB2010
JAN2010
OCT2009
JUN2009
APR2009
JUN2008
6 www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org Mainstreaming Conservation into Development
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The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP)The Global Tiger Recovery Program offers a unique opportunity for transformational change in how the world values and protects its natural heritage and natural wealth. It scales up practices that are already working in Tiger Range Countries and will support new transnational and trans-boundary actions. Taken together, the GTRP aims to achieve the global goal of doubling wild tiger populations over the next 12 years. Customized to the needs of each tiger range country, the recovery programs will be grouped into 4 areas:
4 Landscape management
4 Technology for Wildlife and monitoring systems
4 Community engagement
4 Cooperative management of international, trans-boundary landscapes
The GTRP will also support global action to fundamentally change the current dynamic threatening the extinction of the wild tiger. The key areas making up these Global Support Programs include:
4 Illegal Wildlife Trade consortium focusing on effective interdiction and on wildlife law enforcement capacity-building
4 Demand Management global awareness hard-hitting campaignsthat should persuade people to stop consuming tigers
4 Capacity-building for policy makers and practitioners of conservation in the TRCs
4 Practical monitoring systems that are consistent, transparent,scientifically defensible, and yet simple to determine how tiger conservation programs are performing are requisite in the platform for a wild tiger stabilization and recovery.
A Global Program to Save Wild Tigers
History in the Making – Heads of Government Summit in St. Petersburg
Hosted by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and actively promoted by World Bank Group President Robert B. Zoellick, world leaders will assemble in St. Petersburg, Russia, on November 21-24, 2010, to forge national and international commitments to double the number of tigers by 2022, the next Year of the Tiger. At the same time, global supporters and financiers will commit to supporting this critical and urgent program. For the first time, the eyes of the world will
turn to a gathering of global leaders and luminaries to focus on the plight of wildlife and the state of wilderness.
The heads of Tiger Range Country Governments and global partners will sign off on a Global Tiger Recovery Program, which will spell out the necessary policy and financial commitments and systems for implementation and robust monitoring. St. Petersburg will also mark a major milestone of a global awareness campaign to mobilize international support to protect the tiger from extinction. This historic Summit will mark a turning point in efforts to save wild tigers as part of our common heritage but it will only be the beginning of the Global Tiger Recovery Program work.
A consensus agenda to save wild tigers from extinction was officially sanctioned in the Hua Hin Declarationat the 1st Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010, and has evolved through national consultations in the tiger range countries and at the Pre-Tiger Summit Partners Dialogue in southern Bali in July. It aims to double wild tiger populations, protect biodiversity, and bring wildlife conservation into the development agenda.
Tiger Recovery GoalsThe Tiger Range Countries have set an ambitious goal: double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to 7,000 by 2022. Scientific analysis shows that doubling is feasible, if poaching is contained and landscapes are protected and managed for tigers and also provide benefits to local communities.
But the goal is more than just doubling tiger numbers. The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) is based on the premise that the tiger crisis represents the larger biodiversity crisis in Asia. As forest-dependent, apex predators, tigers are barometers of the health of their ecosystems - ecosystems that support an immense wealth of biodiversity that can be protected under the tiger’s umbrella.
Mainstreaming Conservation into Development www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org 7
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Participants in the Global Tiger Initiative
“Saving tigers is our test; if we pass, we get to keep the planet”adapted from Marjorie Douglas - journalist, writer, and environmentalist
Open to all interested parties. To join GTI, please inquire at our website.www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan
Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia
Government of the People’s Republic of China
Government of the Republic of India
Government of the Republic of Indonesia
Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Government of Malaysia
Government of the Union of Myanmar
Government of Nepal
Government of the Russian Federation
Government of the Kingdom of Thailand
Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network
Aaranyak
American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Animals Asia Foundation
Animal Welfare Institute
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Born Free
Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
Care For The Wild
Cat Action Treasury
Conservation International
The Corbett Foundation
David Shepherd Wildlife
FREELAND Foundation
Global Environment Facility
Global Tiger Patrol
Humane Society International
International Fund for Animal Welfare
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Save the Tiger Fund
Smithsonian Institution
Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park
Species Survival Network
Tigris Foundation
TRAFFIC
21st Century Tiger
World Society for the Protection of Animals
WildAid
Wildlife Alliance
Wildlife Conservation Nepal
Wildlife Conservation Society
Wildlife Trust of India
Wildlife Watch Group
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
World Bank
World Wildlife Fund
The Zoological Society of London
www.GlobalTigerInitiative.org Mainstreaming Conservation into Development