Al-Balqa Applied University Faculty of Agriculture Technology

Water Resources and Environmental Management Department

Global warming and effects on water

resourcesPresented By : Ahmed Marei

Water Resources M.Sc

Presentation Title :

Outline

• What’s global warming ?• Atmospheric gases • Greenhouse gases and effects• Who are responsible ? • Effects of global warming • Concerns of global warming on water

resources

What’s the Global Warming?

• The term "global warming" is refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at Earth's surface.

• Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.

• (IPCC) reported that scientists were more than 90% certain that most of global warming was being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases “GHGs” produced by human activities.

Note : Global surface temperature in 2013 was +0.6°C (~1.1°F)

Non-Greenhouse

Gases99%

Greenhouse Gases”GHGs”

1%

Nitrogen N2

Oxygen O2

1. Water Vapor H2O

3. Methane (CH4)

2. Carbon Dioxide Co2

4. Nitrous Oxide N2O

Earth’s Atmospheric Gases

5. CFCs

Argon

• Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2( the most important GHGs). A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. chlorofluorocarbons have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2.

• But because their concentrations are much lower than

CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.

GHGs Greenhouse Gases

Cont. Green House Gases

• The global increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land use change(ex. Deforestation), while those of methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to agriculture.

• Water vapor, which causes about 36–70% of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9%; and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7%.Clouds also affect the radiation balance through cloud forcing similar to greenhouse gases.

List of countries by 2012 emissions estimatesEDGAR (database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) released 2012 estimates. The following table lists the 2012 estimate of annual CO2emissions estimates (in thousands of CO2 tonnes) from these estimates along with a list of emissions per capita (in tonnes of CO2 per year) from same source.

CountryCO2 emissionsEmission per capita

World34,500,0004.9

China9,860,0007.1

United States5,190,00016.4

India1,970,0001.6

Russia1,770,00012.4

Japan1,320,00010.4

International transport1,060,000-

Germany810,0009.7

South Korea640,00013.0

Canada560,00016.0

United Kingdom490,0007.7

Mexico490,0004.0

Indonesia490,0002.0

Saudi Arabia460,00016.2

Brazil460,0002.3

Australia430,00018.8

Iran410,0005.3

• The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in a planet's atmosphere warm its lower atmosphere and surface.

Effects of Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2).

• Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, it is extremely likely (95-100%) that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.

Who are Responsible?

• Rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation.

• Expansion of subtropical deserts.• Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic, with the

continuing retreat of glaciers.• Frequent extreme weather events including heat waves,

droughts and heavy rainfall.• Ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting

temperature regimes.• Reduced diversity of ecosystems & reducing Biodiversity .• Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security

from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from inundation.

Effect forms of Global Warming

Concern of Global Warming on Water resources

Precipitation amount Precipitation frequency and intensity Evaporation and transpiration Changes in average annual runoff Natural variability Snowpack Coastal zones Water quality Water storage Water demand

Concerns of Global Warming on Water Resources

warming of

the climate

system is

unequivocal

warming of

the climate

system is

unequivocal