glories of persia culture - part 18

8/11/2019 Glories of Persia Culture - Part 18

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Glories of Persia Culture - impression of Iran in 29 Days - Part 18 29

: Allan, 2552-4411

: Mehrad Kajooeyan, Arg-e -Jadid Travel Cop.

05/22() 18 75KM( 1 10 ) PERSEPOLIS85KM( 1 10 ) PASARGAD

155KM( 1 40 )

Lacous ( Peacock' house ), Marvdasht

8:0075 km

Takht-e Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid) and ParsehUNESCO (1979 )2,500

PERSEPOLIS ( Dan Cruickshank80 )

Dastan ( : Parviz McShlcotion : Mohammod Reza

Shcijarian )

Majdbd mason marks

tongues-and-sockets anathyrosis

Urartian (), Egyptian ( ),

Babylonian( ), Elamite (, Assyrian ( ), Scythian ( ) Lydian & Ionian (

)

Elamite

Persepolis Elamite Tablets

515 Achaemenid

Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550330 BC) Darius I
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire


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80 km 518 BC

Parsa, / , PolisTakht-e Jamshid

{ Throne of Djamshid the Great Djamshid }

Persepolis ( , Prsa ) Capital of Persia.

" God protect this country from foe, famine and falsehood." 331BC

( Alexander, the King of Macedonia )

25,000 Ekbatana (

Medes Parthian )

150

1930 Andr Godard, Ernst Herzfeld ( 1931~34 ) ,

Erich F. Schmidt ( 1935~39 )Andr Godard, Sayyed Moammad-Taqi Moafawi

and Ali Smi
http://baike.baidu.com/view/31356.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godardhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/31356.htm


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13 1979

Darius I the Great ( 522-486 BC) 518

KingXerxes the Great( Khashayar,486-66 BC)

Artaxerxes I (466-24 BC) 200

15 m2515~490 BC

Apadana 490~480 BC Tripylon( 500x 400 x 10~13m , LxWxH)

480~470 BC470~450 BC

360~338 BC 32 ( 13 )
http://baike.baidu.com/view/523632.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2483418.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2483418.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://baike.baidu.com/view/523632.htm


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()

14 12 448 297

7 111 10 13 10 20
http://baike.baidu.com/view/523632.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2483418.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2483418.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/523632.htm


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Persepolis 15 Kuh-e Mehr (Kohmehr) Mount Mithra ( 13 Kuh-e Ramat

Mount Mercy Nowruz

)MarvdatPlain ( )


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Persepolis

: 1 ). Terrace Platform, 2 ).

Gate of Nations ( Xerxes the Great ), 3).Apadana Palace of Darius, 4 ). Hall of a Hundred Columns, 5).

Tripylon Hall andTachara Palace of Darius, 6 ). Hadish Palace of Xerxes, 7 ). Palace of Artaxerxes III, 8 ). Imperial Treasury

, 9 ). Royal Stables, and Chariot House.

Persepolis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great


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Persepolis


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6~7 m 111 ( Terrace Stairway

4~6 3 x 4.55m)(

)

( 486~66BC ) ( Terrace Stairway)

3 (

) ( Gate of All Lands )

Xerxes

2 ). The Gate of All Lands (

)

16.5.8 m 23


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( 92 x 9.7m )(Lamassu Shedu

) " Guardian Bulls "


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Old Persian, Babylonian , Elamite (7.2 x2.5 m)

:

A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created heaven, who created man, who created happiness for man, whomade Xerxes king, one king of many kings, commander of many commanders. I am Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings,the king of all countries and many men, the king in this great earth far and wide, the the son of Darius, an Achaemenid. King

Xerxes says: This (is) the country Prsa which Ahura Mazdgave me, which, being beautiful, possessing good horses,possessing good men, by the grace of Ahura Mazdand of me Darius the king, does not fear any [enemy]. He ends with theinvocation: Let Ahura Mazdprotect this country from the Lie, from an evil host, from famine (DPd 5-18). In the secondDarius enumerates twenty-five countries which were subject to him, and in the Elamite text he speaks of the building ofPersepolis: As for the fact that upon this place this fortress was built, formerly here a fortress had not been built. By the grace

of Ahura MazdI built this fortress. And Ahura Mazdwas of such a mind, together with all the divine beings, that this fortress(should) be built. And (so) I built it. And I built it secure and beautiful and adequate, just as I was intending to. Finally, in theBabylonian text Darius acknowledges that the work which was done here was done by artisans of different nations subject tohim .

2 ). Gate of Nations ( Xerxes the Great )

18 (),

( )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great


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16.5 m

()

20


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3).Apadana (Audience )Palace of Darius

( Apadana ) 515~ 485 BC 30 Nawrooz ( Audience Hall ) 3m 80 m

(60 x60 m ) 12 ( 12 X 3= 36 ) 60

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palace


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5


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Persepolis Main Hall (a) The battle of the king with a devil in the form of a horned lion (shirdal) (b) The entrapped devil in the form of columncapital. The column capitals.

Persepolis Main Hall (a) The battle of the king with a devil in the form of a bird ( Homa griffins, b and c) The entrapped devils in the form ofcolumn capital.


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Persepolis Main Hall (a) The battle of the king with a devil with the head of a horned lion and his victory (b) The devil entrapped in the form ofcolumn capital. (A Collection of Traditional Iranian Architecture, Geographic Organization) (c) The column head in the shape of a lion

Persepolis , Main Hall (a) The battle of the king with a devil with the head of a cow and his victory (b) The devil entrapped in the form of columncapital.


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1933 facades ( Babylonian and

Elamite ) I ). (

)


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Nisaean


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32 ( quinces

)


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II ). 23


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(

Drangians


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Scythian )


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( Ahura Mazd) : Proclaims Xerxes, the Great King:By the favor of Ahura Mazd, Darius the king, my father, built much that [is] beautiful and ordered [to be built], and similarly, by the will of AhuraMazd, I added to that work and built more. May Ahura Mazd along with the divine beings protect me and my kingdom.

( 466BC

Artaxerxes Triphlon Hundred Column Hall

Tripylon ) .

Mede

( )( )

( hechiliarch (*hazrapati hazrbed)

chiliarch
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chiliarch-greek-title-of-one-of-the-chief-offices-of-state-in-achaemenid-persia-presumably-translated-from-old-persian-hazahttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazarbedhttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazarbedhttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazarbedhttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chiliarch-greek-title-of-one-of-the-chief-offices-of-state-in-achaemenid-persia-presumably-translated-from-old-persian-haza


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12

( )

9~12 m


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Mede


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.


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( )


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Susians


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Assyrians


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Amyrgaean Scythians (Saka haumavarg)

Asian Nilgai( ) Scythians (Saka tigraxaud)


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Armenians

Indians


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Bactrian Arians () Babylonians

Bactrian Arachosians Lydians ( )

Assyrians Cappadocians ()

Egyptians ( )

Scythians (Saka tigraxaud) Ionians

Bactrians ( Gandarians )

(Pre-Arsacid) Parthias Asagartians (of the Yazd area)

Amyrgaean Scythians (Saka haumavarg)

Indians Thracians(

)Arabs (of Jordan and Palestine)

Zarangians ( Sistn) 2 Libyans

Ethiopians 2400


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1 ) Media, 2) Elam, 3) Parthia, 4) Aria, 5) Bactria, 6) Sogdiana, 7) Chorasmia, 8) Drangiana, 9) Arachosia, 10) Sattagydia, 11)Gandara, 12) Sind, 13) Amyrgian 14) Scythians, 15) Scythians with pointed caps, 16) Babylonia, 17) Assyria, 18) Arabia, 19) Egypt, 20)Armenia, 21) Cappadocia, 22) Sardis (Lydian), 23) Ionia, 24) Scythians who are across the sea, 25) Skudra, 26) petasos-wearing Ionians(Macedonian?), 27) Libyans, 28) Ethiopians, 29) people of Maka (Mykians/Makran?), 30) Carians.

Behistun

1) Persia, 2) Elam, 3) Babylonia, 4) Assyria, 5) Arabia, 6) Egypt - the countries by the Sea, 7) Lydia, 8) the Greeks, (Ionians) 9) Media, 10)Armenia, 11) Cappadocia, 12) Parthia, 13) Drangiana, 14) Aria, 15) Chorasmia, 16) Bactria, 17) Sogdia, 18) Gandara, 19) Scythia, 20)Ghi-mi-ri or Cimmeria in Babylonian version), 21) Sattagydia, 22) Arachosia, 23) Maka

III ).

( Leo Taurous

Ahura Mazd ( ))


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5.32m

( ) ( 15m ),

61 5~6 ( 17 )

36 12 72 3600

20 m

13

Lydian


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1

23

ARACHOSIA SAGARTIANS

CILICIASCYTHIANS

BECTRIAN

()

()


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4). The Palace of Darius (the Taara The Mirror Hall) & Tripylon Hall ( Central Palace , Council Hall ) .

Taara 2.2~3.0 m 40 x30 m

Goldenrhyton from Iran'sAchaemenid period, excavated at Ecbatana (Tell Hagmatana). Kept atNational Museum of Iran.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhytonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hagmatana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iranhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Rython_boz.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Iran-bracelet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Rython_boz.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Iran-bracelet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Rython_boz.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Iran-bracelet.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hagmatana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyton


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500 ( Darius I )


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12 ( )( Artaxerex III (356~36 BC))

16 Egyptian covetto cornice

" : Darius the great king, king of kings, king

of countries, son of Hystaspes, the Achaemenid, who built this taara. ( )

1718 Cornelis de Brujin

Taara (

)


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( panm)

"

By the grace of Ahura Mazd thishadiDarius the king made who (was) my father. (

)


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HystaspesArsames

( )


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Presence of fravashi (fravahar) as the symbol of spiritual evolution (passage through six Amshaspand) and attainment of holiness and eternallife next to Iris

( Faravahar, ) : ()

( )


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Taara

Shapur II Shapur Saknh Estar and Sistn Buyid king, Aod

-al-Dawla Kufic Pahlavi

Wilkinson Qar-e Abu Nar

( 1888 Farhd Mirz Farmnfarms ) 12


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Taara Artaxerxes I Palace H

Tripylon . Apadana 2.60m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palace


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(15.46 x 15.46 m)4 Harem

28

Hadi. Artaxerxes I


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2

Apadana

( )( )

Tripylon

Artaxerxes I

28 Jamid

5 ). The Palace of Xerxes ( Hadi, Hadish Palace) & The harem of Xerxes

Taara 18 m 16194

124
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apadana_Palace


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(1978 ) Taara Hadi

" Darius the king Xerxes the king" Hadi

The harem of Xerxes 12

(

)


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Pbak

pur Ardair


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Harem 1930 Friedrich Krefter1973~78 Museum

of Persepolis 2002 Foundation for Parsa-Pasargadae Research

Darius, built much excellent (construction), and, although he had other sons, Ahura Mazd so desired that Darius mademe the greatest after himself. He adds: When I became king, I built much excellent (construction). What had been built by m y father, that Iprotected, and other works I added.

8.20m 1.20m 70.5

()


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6 ). Hall of a Hundred Columns,

68.5 x 68.5 m2

( )

100 14

100

The magnificent palace and its sculptured friezes originally glowed with color. Herzfeld writes that when in 1932 he uncovered the easternstaircase, he found traces of pigment everywhere at the sculptures which had been buried under the soil. Unfortunately, Herzfeld did not give a


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detailed record of these polychrome works, which vanished soon after their unearthing. In addition, in some places, especially in the center ofthe exposed tower walls near the roof, glazed bricks were used to show a frieze of trees, flowers, lions, and other animals in blue, yellow, andturquoise colors. A rectangular area in the center was covered with inscriptions of Xerxes in the Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite cuneiformcharacters.

( 16 )

100


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(87 )

Artaxerxes the king speaks: this house [is one that] Xerxes the king, my father,

laid its foundations in the protection of Ahura Mazd; I, Artaxerxes the king, built and brought (it) to completion

486~ 450 BC
http://baike.baidu.com/view/158767.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/19306.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/19306.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2411.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/15837.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/916758.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/916758.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/84472.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/84472.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/916758.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/916758.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/15837.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/2411.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/19306.htmhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/158767.htm


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Charter of Freedom:by Cyrus The Great who ruled Persia from 559 B.C.E. to 529 B.C.E:

My numerous troops moved about undisturbed in the midst of Babylon. I did not allow anyone to terrorisethe land of Sumer and Akkad.I kept in view the needs of Babylon and all its sanctuaries to promote their well being. I lifted their unbecoming yoke. Their dilapidateddwellings I restored. I put an end to their misfortunes.I am Cyrus, King of the world, great king, mighty king, king of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters,

son of Camboujiyah (Cambyases), great king, king of Anshn, grandson of Kourosh (Cyrus), great king, king of Anshn, descendant ofChaish-Pesh (Teispes), great king, king of Anshn, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingshipthey desire for their hearts, pleasure. When I well -disposed, entered Babylon, I set up a seat of domination in the royal palace amidst

jubilation and rejoicing. Marduk the great god, caused the big-hearted inhabitations of Babylon to ... ... ... ... ...me, I sought daily toworship him.At my deeds Marduk, the great lord, rejoiced and to me, Kourosh (Cyrus), the king who worshipped him, and to Camboujiyah(Cambyases), my son, the offspring of (my) loins, and to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit before him weglorified exceedingly his high divinity. All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper to the Lower

Sea, those who dwelt in ... ... ... ... ..., all the kings of the West Country, who dwelt in tents, brought me their heavy tribute and kissed myfeet in Babylon. From ... ... ... ... ...to the cities of Ashur, Susa, Agade and Eshnuna, the cities of Zamban, Meurnu, Der as far as theregion of the land of Gutium, the holy cities beyond the Tigris whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whoseabode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.

I gathered together all their inhabitations and restored (to them) their dwellings. The gods of Sumer and Akkad whom Nabounids had,to the anger of the lord of the gods, brought into Babylon. I, at the bidding of Marduk, the great lord, made to dwell in peace in theirhabitations, delightful abodes.

May all the gods whom I have placed within their sanctuaries address a daily prayer in my favour before Bel and Nabu, that my daysmay be long, and may they say to Marduk my lord. May Cyrus the King, who reveres thee, and Camboujiyah (Cambyases) my son...Now that I put the crown of kingdom of Persia, Babylon, and the nations of the four directions on the head with the help of God (Ahura

Mazda), I announce that I will respect the traditions, customs and religions of the nations of my empire and never let any of mygovernors and subordinates look down on or insult them until I am alive. From now on, till God grants me the kingdom favor, I willimpose my monarchy on no nation. Each is free to accept it , and if any one of them rejects it , I never resolve on war to reign. Until I amthe king of Persia, Babylon, and the nations of the four directions, I never let anyone oppress any others, and if it occurs , I will take hisor her right back and penalize the oppressor.And until I am the monarch, I will never let anyone take possession of movable and landed properties of the others by force or withoutcompensation. Until I am alive, I prevent unpaid, forced labor. To day, I announce that everyone is free to choose a religion. People are

free to live in all regions and take up a job provided that they never violate others rights.No one could be penalized for his or her relatives faults. I prevent slavery and my governors and subordinates are obliged to prohibitexchanging men and women as slaves within their own ruling domains. Such a traditions should be exterminated the world over.

I implore to God to make me succeed in fulfilling my obligations to the nations of Persia, Babylon, and the ones of the four directions.

Cyrus The Great
http://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htmhttp://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htmhttp://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htmhttp://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpghttp://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htmhttp://www.persepolis.nu/zoroastrian.htm


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Artaxerxes I 14 28

Artaxerxes I

Artaxerxes I

(

) Taara Harem ( )


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( Faravahar, ) :

7 ). Palace of Artaxerxes III,

8 ). Imperial Treasury :The Treasury. On the southeastern corner of the Terrace, Darius built a treasury along a west-east long axis (120 x 60 m), but he later enlargedit northwards and still later Xerxes extended the building northward and gave it its final shape, a fortress-like structure surrounded by a thickmud brick wall pierced with a single entrance at the northeastern corner. The columns of its various halls rested on square double plinths ordiscoid slabs mounted on square plinths, and had wooden shafts covered with ornate and brilliantly colored gypsum plaster. After clearing thestructure from debris, the excavators destroyed some important architectural and artistic features of the Treasury by shortening its walls to astandard low level, ostensibly to preserve them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III


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Alexander approached Persepolis in 330 BCE, its treasurer Tiridates hastened to submit the citadel in the hope of saving the city and itsacropolis. But Alexander plundered Prsa and slaughtered its people, then pillaged the citadel. The Treasurys vaults were packed full of silverand gold. The total was found to be one hundred and twenty thousand talents, when the gold was estimated in terms of silver. AfterwardsAlexander burned the enormous palaces, famed throughout the whole civilized world (Diodorus 17.71). That the fire was deliberate is shownby the facts that the accessories in precious metal inlaid in sculptured reliefs were first systematically removed, and no attempt was made to putdown the fire by the use of water from the moat. Alexanders true reason for the barbarism must have been the conviction that as l ong as themother-city of the dynasty he was determined to uproot remained intact, the Persians would not accept him and would co ntinue to fight for therecovery of the Persian city. The excavation of the Treasury has found little, mainly discarded and fragmentary objects. A part of an archiveconsisting of 750 small Elamite clay tablets was found left heaped up in a western columned hall among burnt debris. Most are from the time ofXerxes, but some date from the last years of Darius and some from the first years of Artaxerxes I. They are administrative records concerningwages and other expenditures paid from the treasury to laborers or officials.


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(525)

() 76m 36 (18.6m)

1/125%

" The cedar

timber from there (a mountain by name Lebanon) was brought, theyaka timber was brought from Gandara and from Carmania. The gold wasbrought from Sardis and from Bactria . . . the precious stone lapis-lazuli and carnelian . . . was brought from Songdiana. The turquoise fromChorasmia, the silver and ebony from Egypt, the ornamentation from Ionia, the ivory from Ethiopia and from Sind (Pakistan) and from Arachosia.The stone-cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians. The goldsmiths were Medes and Egyptians. The men who wroughtthe wood, those were Sardians and Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians. The men who adorned the wall,

those were Medes and Egyptians."

20 ( ) ( )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaka


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Achaemenid "Eternal Soldiers" at Persepolis


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"The October 12th is the day that Cyrus the Great founded Iran, and established the first ever empire which accepted the first UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights written by Cyrus the Great. He proclaimed that all people in dominion of Persian Empire would be protected byCyrus the Great's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights had codes which were new to anyone inits own time; such as, freedom of speech, freedom of thought, absent of religious persecution and many more rights that people would enjoy in

his empire. 1960 1971 10 2500

1471


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(

)


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PASARGADAE 87

Cyrus the Great(559530 BC) 546

Pthragda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great


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1.6 (Artaxerxes II Mnenon 405~358 BC, Artaxerxes III

Ochus, 358~338 BC ) 2

Centaurea depressa


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The Audience Hall of the Pasargadae Palace


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Stone Tower

KOH-E-RAHMAT

NECROPOLIS ( NAQSH E ROSTAM)


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15 ( Darius I Xerxes

Artaxerxes Darius II ) (

Artaxerxes II, III ) Darius I " It's not my

desire that a man should do harm, nor is it my desire that he goes unpunished when he does harm "


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Cyrus tomb in Pasargades, the oldest base-isolated structure in the world


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12km Naqsh-e Rustam ( Necropolis ) Mountain of Mercy the Throne of Rustam

1923 Ernst Herzfeld 1936 ~39 Erich Schmidt

1).

1 ). The investiture relief ofArdashir I (c. 226-242): The founder of theSassanid Empire is seen being handed the ring of kingship byAhura

Mazda.In the inscription, which also bears the oldest attested use of the term 'Iran' (see "etymology of 'Iran'"for details), Ardashir admits to

betraying his pledge toArtabanus IV (the Persians having been a vassal state of theArsacid Parthians), but legitimizes his action on the

grounds that Ahura Mazda had wanted him to do so.

2). The triumph ofShapur I (c. 241-272) : This is the most famous of the Sassanid rock reliefs, and depicts Shapur's victory over three
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Roman emperors,Gordian III,Valerian andPhilip the Arab.A more elaborate version of this rock relief is atBishapur.

3). The "grandee" relief ofBahram II (c. 276-293) : On each side of the king, who is depicted with an oversized sword, figures face the king.

On the left stand five figures, perhaps members of the king's family (three having diadems, suggesting they were royalty). On the right stand

three courtiers, one of which may beKartir.This relief is to the immediate right of the investiture inscription of Ardashir (see above), and partially

replaces the much older relief that gives Naqsh-e Rustam its name.

4). The two equestrian reliefs ofBahram II (c. 276-293) : The first equestrian relief, located immediately below the fourth tomb (perhaps that of

Darius II), depicts the king battling a mounted Roman soldier. The second equestrian relief, located immediately below the tomb of Darius I, is

divided into two registers, an upper and a lower one. In the upper register, the king appears to be forcing a Roman enemy from his horse. In the

lower register, the king is again battling a mounted Roman soldier. Both reliefs depict a dead enemy under the hooves of the king's horse.

5 ). The investiture ofNarseh (c. 293-303) : In this relief, the king is depicted as receiving the ring of kingship from a female figure that is

frequently assumed to be the divinityAredvi Sura Anahita.However, the king is not depicted in a pose that would be expected in the presence of

a divinity, and it hence likely that the woman is a relative, perhaps Queen Shapurdokhtak.

6 ). The equestrian relief ofHormizd II (c. 303-309) : This relief is below tomb 3 (perhaps that of Artaxerxes I) and depicts Hormizd forcing an

enemy (perhaps Papak of Armenia) from his horse. Immediately above the relief and below the tomb is a badly damaged relief of what appears

to beShapur II (c. 309-379) accompanied by courtiers.
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Shapur Gordian Philip the Arab, Valerian

( Bishapur-e Chowgan, Darabgerd ) Shapur

( Korymbos)

Valerian ( ) Philip the Arab

Parthian, Middle Persian, Greek (Ka'ba of Zoroaster )On the far side of Carrhea and

Edessa a great battle took place between us ( aand the Romans). And we with our hands took Valerian Caesar prisoner, and the rest who werethe commanders of his army, the Praetorian Perfect, and the Senators, and the officers, all those we captured, and we led them away into Parsand settled in Persian territories.


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Artaxerxes Adur Narse ( Hormozd 309


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) Hormozd (

)( Papak )


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Great God Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created that sky, who created humankind, who created happiness for human-beings,

who granted Darius be king, one king of many, one lords of many.

I am Darius Great King, King of Kings, King of countries diverse, King of these lands great and distant, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a

Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage. Declared Darius King : By the grace1 of Ahuramazda these

countries that1 I occupied outside of Persia; I ruled over them ; they bore tribute to me. What was said to them by me, that they did; my law -

that held them firm; Media, Elam, Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdiana, Chorasmia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandara, Sind,

Haumavarga Saka, Saka Tigrakhauda, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sardis, Ionia, Saka who are across

the sea/river, Skudra, petasos-wearing Ionians, Libyans, Ethiopians, people of Maka, Carians. Declared Darius the King: When Ahuramazda

beheld the earth in turmoil, thereupon upon me was bestowed my kingship; I became king.

By the grace of Ahuramazda restored the throne; what I decreed, that they obeyed, as my desire was. Now if you wonder this : How

many are those countries which King Darius held, look at the sculptures (of those) who bear the throne, then you will know, Also, to you1 it will

become known the spear of a Persian man has gone forth far; Further, to you it will become known a Persian man has very far from Persia. Has

fought in war. Declared Darius King: This which has been done, all that by the will of AhuramazdaI did. Ahuramazda bore me aid, until I

accomplished the work. May Ahuramazda protect me from harm, and my royal house, and this land and pray of Ahuramazda, this may

Ahuramazda give O man, that which Ahuramazda commands, let this not seem repugnant to you; do not leave the right path; do not rise in

rebellion!


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Shapur


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Ardavan Cetesiphon Firuzabad Naqsh-e Rajab


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( Korymbos)(

)Ardashir (Barsom )Ahuramazda

Parthian, Greek, Middle Persian This is the picture of God Ahuramazda Ardashir

Ardashir Ardavan Ahuramazda

Ahriman ( )


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( Quran gate ) 6:00

( Delgosha Garden ) 14 ( Khajoy-e - Kermani , Khwazu Kermani , 1280~1352 )


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Abdol All Ghasrodashtl 2007 14 Khajou kermani ( Abul-A

Kaml-al-Din Mamud b. Ali b. Mamud Morshedi , Khwaja ; 12801352)

Morshediyya ( ) Shaykh Abu Eshaq Kazeruni Il-Khanid rulers Abu

Said Bahdor Khan and Arpa Khan, the Mozaffarid Mubariz al-Din Muhammad , and Abu Esshaq of the Inju dynasty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt


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Homy o Homyun(

( Homy ( Katay Cathay)

Homyun .


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Homy o Homyun(

)

1214
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( )
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glories of persia culture - part 18

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