glossary - bbresources.s3.amazonaws.com · slide /goox/ esvarar, ... newsagent’s...

introductionalarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/ espertador

archeologist /EYi'FoLXjBgW/ arqueólogo/a

author /'GeL/ autor/a

avocado /DdL'YEXN/ aguacate

bacon /'VMYLm/ touciño entrefebrado

biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta

broccoli /'VpFYLoi/ brócoli

camera /'YælLpL/ cámara

cap /YæU/ gorra, pucha

cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor

cherry /'aCpi/ cereixa

chilli /'WiBoi/ chile

coat /YNW/ abrigo

crawl /YpGo/ arrastrarse, reptar

crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritas / fritidas (de bolsa)

dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista

detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective

director /XL'pCYWL/ director/a

earrings /'KmBnh/ pendentes

elbow pads /'CoVLH UDXh/ cobadeiras

electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista

flash /coæi/ flash

gloves /ZoJdh/ luvas

goggles /'ZFZoh/ lentes de mergullo

golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ pau de golf

hang /kæn/ pendurar, colgar

headset /'kCXgCW/ auriculares, cascos

helmet /'kColBW/ casco

hop /kFU/ choutar / brincar, dar choutos / brincos

ice skates /'Og gYMWg/ patíns de xeo

jog /bFZ/ facer footing

keypad /'YAUDX/ teclado numérico

kneepads /'mAUDXh/ xeonlleiras

leap /oAU/ saltar, choutar, brincar

leggings /'oCZBnh/ mallas, leggings

lemonade /oClL'mCBX/ limoada

magician /lL'XhjBim/ mago/a

memory card /'lClLpi YEX/ tarxeta de memoria

milkshake /'lBoYiMY/ batido

muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli (cereal para o almorzo)

nuts /mJWg/ noces

omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla

photo gallery /'cNWN ZDoLpi/ galería de fotos

plumber /'UoJlL/ fontaneiro/a

prawns /UpGmh/ gambas

pull /UHo/ tirar / turrar de

reporter /pB'UGWL/ xornalista, reporteiro/a

rollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/ patíns (de rodas) en liña

sailor /'gMoL/ mariñeiro/a

salmon /'gDlLm/ salmón

screen protector /'gYpAm UpLWCYWL/ protector de pantalla

secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ secretario/a

skate /gYMW/ patinar

ski /gYA/ esquiar

skip /gYBU/ brincar, choutar; saltar á corda

skirt /gYKW/ saia

skis /gYAh/ esquís

slide /goOX/ esvarar, escorregar

slippers /'goBULh/ zapatillas, pantuflas, chinelas

snowboard /'gmNVGX/ táboa de snowboard

steak /gWMY/ filete, bisté

suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta

toast /WLHgW/ torrada

toothbrush /'WIeVpJi/ cepillo de dentes

toothpaste /'WIeUCBgW/ pasta de dentes, dentífrico

torch /WGa/ lanterna

towel /'WPLo/ toalla

tracksuit /'WpDYgIW/ chándal

trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte, tenis

tuna /'WqImL/ atún

waiter /'rMWL/ camareiro

watch /rFa/ ver; mirar, observar, reparar

unit 1lley /'Doi/ calella, canella

amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións

billboard /'VBoVGX/ cartel, valado publicitario

bridge /VpBXj/ ponte

bury /'VCpi/ soterrar, enterrar

campsite /'YælUgOW/ cámping

captivity /YæU'WBdLWi/ cativerio

cash machine /'YDi lLiAm/ caixeiro automático

castle /'YEgo/ castelo

convent /'YFmdLmW/ convento

damage /'XDlBXj/ dano(s), estrago(s)

entrance /'CmWpLmg/ entrada

escalator /'CgYLoCBWL/ escaleira mecánica

exit /'CYgBW/ saída

fence /cCmg/ valado, cerca

fountain /'cPmWLm/ fonte

gate /ZMW/ porta

graveyard /'ZpCBdqEX/ cemiterio

Glossary

1New Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

jewellery /'bILopi/ xoias, alfaias

knowledge /'mFoBb/ coñecemento

lift /oBcW/ ascensor

litter /'oBWL/ lixo

locate /oN'YMW/ localizar, atopar

look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar

market /'lEYBW/ mercado

monument /'lFmqHlLmW/ monumento

newsagent’s /'mqIhMbLmWg/ tenda / quiosco de prensa

nun /mJm/ monxa

pavement /'UMdlLmW/ beirarrúa

petrol station /'UCWpLo gWMim/ gasolineira

port /UGW/ porto

pub /UJV/ pub, bar

public transport /UJVoBY 'WpæmgUGW/ transporte público

realise /'pALoOh/ decatarse de

record /pC'YGX/ rexistrar

remain /pB'lCBm/ seguir a ser

search for /'gKa cL/ procurar, buscar

signpost /'gOmUNgW/ sinal, indicación, letreiro

skyscraper /'gYOgYpMUL/ rañaceos

staircase /'gWSYMg/ escaleira

streetlamp /'gWpAWoDlU/ farol

tiny /'WOmi/ diminuto/a, minúsculo/a

tower /'WPL/ torre

traffic jam /'WpDcBY bDl/ atasco, atoamento

tunnel /'WJmo/ túnel

worth of /'rKe Ld/ de; que vale(n)

youth hostel /'qIe kFgWo/ pousada xuvenil

unit 2amusing /L'lqIhBn/ divertido/a, gracioso/a

annoying /L'mQBn/ molesto/a, irritante

behaviour /VB'kMdqL/ comportamento, conduta

boarding school /'VGXBn gYIo/ internado

brilliant /'VpBoiLmW/ brillante, xenial

careless /'YCLoLg/ desleixado/a, descoidado/a, que non ten coidado

childish /'WiOoXBi/ infantil

clumsy /'YoJlhi/ torpe, tardo/a, romo/a

depressing /XB'UpCgBn/ deprimente

embarrassing /Bl'VDpLgBn/ embarazoso/a, violento/a

emotional /B'lNiLmo/ emotivo/a, sentimental

enjoyable /Bm'bQLVo/ agradábel, divertido/a

entertaining /CmWL'WCBmBn/ entretido/a, ameno/a

event /B'dCmW/ acontecemento

fair /cCL/ xusto/a

gross /ZpNg/ ordinario/a; basto/a

grow into /ZpN 'BmWI/ converterse / transformarse en

hysterical /kB'gWCpBYo/ graciosísimo/a, esmendrellante (~ with laughter: morto/a / esmendrellado/a de risa)

imaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/ imaxinativo/a

infect /Bm'cCYW/ contaxiar

mean /lAm/ ruín, mesquiño/a, coreño/a

nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel, cruel

neighbouring /'mMVLpBn/ veciño/a, próximo/a

nervous /'mKdLg/ nervioso/a

nosey /'mNhi/ entremetido/a

on and off /'Fm LmX Fc/ aos poucos, de maneira intermitente

organised /'GZLmOhX/ organizado/a

outgoing /'PWZNBn/ extrovertido/a, sociábel

pessimistic /UCgB'lBgWBY/ pesimista

polite /UL'oOW/ educado/a, cortés; de boa educación

private /'UpOdLW/ reservado/a

ridiculous /pB'XBYqLoLg/ ridículo/a

rude /pIX/ maleducado/a, groseiro/a

sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/ sensíbel

spread /gUpCX/ estenderse, propagarse, espallarse

unfair /Jm'cS/ inxusto/a

weird /rBLX/ raro/a, estraño/a

unit 3achieve /L'WiAd/ acadar, lograr, conseguir

admire /LX'lOL/ admirar

break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca

compete /YLl'UAW/ competir

complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse

contribute /YLm'WpBVqIW/ contribuír, colaborar, achegar; escribir

convince /YLm'dBmg/ convencer

cut back /YJW 'VDY/ reducir, minguar (o consumo)

defeat /XB'cAW/ vencer, derrotar, superar

drop out /XpFU 'PW/ abandonar, deixar

earn money /Km 'lJmi/ gañar cartos

encourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar; estimular, fomentar

enter /'CmWL/ participar en (~ into: apuntar / inscribir en)

fail /cMo/ fracasar, fallar; suspender

fight /cOW/ loitar, pelexar

footwork /'cHWrKY/ xogo de pernas

get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ acadar un traballo / emprego

get an education /ZCW Dm CXjH'YMim/ formarse, recibir (unha) educación

give up /ZBd 'JU/ renderse, abandonar

give your word /ZBd qG 'rKX/ dar a túa palabra

improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar

Glossary

New Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books 2

inspire /Bm'gUOL/ inspirar

mainland /'lMmoæmX/ terra firme

participate /UE'WBgBUCBW/ participar

pass a subject /UEg L 'gJVbBYW/ aprobar unha materia

perform /UL'cGl/ render; desempeñar, cumprir

pitch /UBWi/ campo, cancha

poll /UNo/ votación; enquisa

rate /pMW/ valorar, puntuar

recommend /pCYL'lCmX/ recomendar

refuse /pB'cqIh/ negarse

remind /pB'lOmX/ lembrar, acordarse de

request /pB'YrCgW/ pedir, solicitar

skip classes /gYBU 'YoEgBh/ saltar, latar ás clases

spend money /gUCmX 'lJmi/ gastar cartos

succeed /gLY'gAX/ ter éxito, triunfar; acadar, lograr, conseguir; tirar, sacar boas cualificacións

take an exam /WMY Dm BZ'hDl/ facer un exame

tell a lie /WCo L 'oO/ dicir / contar unha mentira

tell the truth /WCo fL 'WpIe/ dicir / contar a verdade

tournament /'WTmLlLmW/ torneo

unit 4blow /VoN/ facer voar

bottle /'VFWo/ botella

bowl /VLHo/ cunca

box /VFs/ caixa

can /Yæm/ lata

carbon footprint /YEVLm 'cHWUpBmW/ pegada de carbono

cardboard /'YEXVGX/ (de) cartón

carton /'YEWm/ caixa, envase de cartón

climate change /'YoOlLW aMmb/ cambio climático

cloth /YoFe/ (de) tea

cold-blooded /YNoX'VoJXBX/ de sangue frío

collection bank /YL'oCYim VDnY/ banco de recollida

credit /'YpCXBW/ saldo

cup /YJU/ taza; copa

deforestation /XAcFpB'gWCBim/ deforestación, despoboación forestal

energy efficient /'CmLbi BcBimW/ enerxeticamente eficiente, de baixo consumo

exchange /BYg'WiMmb/ intercambiar

exhibition /CYgB'VBim/ exposición

factory farming /'cæYWpi cElBn/ cría intensiva

glass /ZoEg/ vaso; copa; (de) vidro / cristal

global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ quecemento global

greenhouse gases /'ZpAmkPg ZDgBh/ gases de efecto invernadoiro

habitat /'kDVBWDW/ hábitat

highlight /'kOoOW/ punto (máis) importante

huge /kqIb/ enorme, inmenso/a

industrial waste /Bm'XJgWpiLo rMgW/ refugo(s), residuo(s) industrial(ais)

jar /bE/ tarro, bote

jellyfish /'bCoicBi/ augamar

key /YA/ clave

landfill /'oDmXcBo/ vertedoiro (de lixo)

metal /'lCWo/ (de) metal

nylon /'mOoFm/ nailon

overfishing /NdL'cBiBn/ pesca abusiva

ozone layer /'NhNm oCBL/ capa de ozono

packet /'UDYBW/ caixa, bolsa

paper /'UMUL/ (de) papel

plastic /'UoDgWBY/ (de) plástico

pollution /UL'oIim/ contaminación

recycling plant /pA'gOYoBn UoEmW/ planta de reciclaxe

rubber /'pJVL/ (de) goma

toilet paper /'WQoLW UMUL/ papel hixiénico

weigh /rM/ pesar

wildlife /'rOoXoOc/ fauna

wood /rHX/ (de) madeira

wool /rHo/ (de) la

unit 5accept /LY'gCUW/ aceptar

agree /L'ZpA/ consentir, aceptar; estar de acordo, concordar

approve /L'UpId/ aprobar, autorizar, outorgar / dar permiso

blame /VoMl/ culpar, botar a culpa (a)

break my heart /'VpMY lO kEW/ romperme o corazón

break up /VpMY 'JU/ romper (unha relación)

chemistry /'YClBgWpi/ química

control /YLm'WpNo/ controlar

criticise /'YpBWBgOh/ criticar

disagree /XBgL'ZpA/ non estar de acordo, discrepar, diverxer

disapprove /XBgL'UpId/ desaprobar, estar en contra

disease /XB'hAh/ enfermidade, doenza

exclude /BY'gYoIX/ excluír

fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ namorarse

get along /ZCW L'oFn/ levarse (ben)

get engaged /ZCW Bm'ZMbX/ prometerse

get married /ZCW 'lDpiX/ casar

get to know /ZCW WL 'mN/ (chegar a) coñecer

go out /ZLH 'PW/ saír

gossip /'ZFgBU/ lerchear

3

Glossary

New Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

hurt people’s feelings /kKW UAUoh 'cAoBnh/ ferir os sentimentos da xente

imitate /'BlBWCBW/ imitar; copiar

include /Bm'YoIX/ incluír

influence /'BmcoHLmg/ influenciar, influír en

make friends /lCBY 'cpCmXh/ facer amigos

make up /lCBY 'JU/ facer as paces, reconciliar(se), avir(se)

meaningful /'lAmBnco/ que ten sentido

nothing in common /mJeBn Bm 'YFlLm/ nada en común

obey /L'VM/ obedecer

outlook /'PWoHY/ punto de vista, perspectiva

react /pi'DYW/ reaccionar

rely on /pB'oO Fm/ confiar en, fiarse de; contar con

share my feelings /iS lO 'cAoBnh/ compartir os meus sentimentos

star /gWE/ protagonizar, ter o papel principal

stay in touch /gWM Bm 'WJWi/ permanecer / manterse en contacto

support /gL'UGW/ apoiar

take after /WMY 'EcWL/ parecerse / saír a

trust /WpJgW/ fiarse de, confiar en

unit 6alarm /L'oEl/ alarma

arrest /L'pCgW/ arrestar, deter

bone /VNm/ óso

break into /VpMY 'BmWL/ meterse en (sen permiso), irromper

capture /'YæUWiL/ capturar, apresar

cell tower /'gCo WPL/ antena de telefonía móbil

chase /aMg/ perseguir

clue /YoI/ pista, indicio

court /YGW/ tribunal, xulgado

criminal /'YpBlBmo/ criminal

demonstration /XClLm'gWpMim/ manifestación

escape /B'gYMU/ escapar, fuxir

evidence /'CdBXLmg/ proba(s); testemuño

fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/ pegada dactilar

footprint /'cHWUpBmW/ pegada, pisada

gadget /'ZDbBW/ aparello

give back /ZBd 'VDY/ devolver, volver

hack /kæY/ piratear; picar

investigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/ investigar, pescudar

law /oG/ lei; dereito

life sentence /'oOc gCmWLmg/ cadea perpetua

murderer /'lKXLpL/ asasino/a, homicida

play a role /'UoM L pLHo/ desempeñar / ter un papel

prison cell /'UpBhm gCo/ cela (do cárcere / prisión)

prisoner /'UpBhmL/ preso/a

release (n) /pB'oAg/ liberación, posta en liberdade

release (v) /pB'oAg/ liberar; emitir

robbery /'pFVLpi/ roubo

run away /pJm L'rCB/ fuxir, escapar

scan /gYDm/ examinar

search /gKa/ procurar, buscar, rexistrar

security guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/ garda de seguranza / seguridade

sentence /'gCmWLmg/ condena

solve /gFod/ resolver, solucionar

steal /gWAo/ roubar

suspect /'gJgUCYW/ sospeitoso/a

thief /eAc/ ladrón/oa/ladra

track /WpDY/ seguir a pista a, rastrexar

transfer /WpDmg'cK/ pasar, trasladar

uncover /Jm'YJdL/ descubrir

verdict /dKXBYW/ sentenza; veredicto

victim /'dBYWBl/ vítima

weapon /'rCULm/ arma

witness /'rBWmLg/ testemuña

unit 7absorb /LV'gGV/ absorber

analyse /'DmLoOh/ analizar

artificial /EWB'cBio/ artificial

atom /'DWLl/ átomo

bright /VpOW/ brillante, prometedor

cell /gCo/ célula

cloning /'YoNmBn/ clonación

detect /XB'WCYW/ detectar; percibir

electric /B'oCYWpBY/ eléctrico/a

experiment /BY'gUCpBlCmW/ experimento

filter /'cBoWL/ filtrar

fluorescent /coG'pCgmW/ fluorescente

glow /ZoN/ brillar, escintilar, resplandecer

hybrid /'kOVpBX/ híbrido

illuminate /B'oIlBmMW/ iluminar

laser /'oCBhL/ láser

liquid /'oBYrBX/ líquido

measure /'lCjL/ medir

microbe /'lOYpNV/ microbio

mutation /lqI'WMim/ mutación

particle /'UEWBYo/ partícula

path /UEe/ camiño, vieiro, sendeiro

project /UpL'XjCYW/ proxectar

prove /UpId/ demostrar, probar

Glossary


radioactive /pMXiN'DYWBd/ radioactivo/a

reflect /pB'coCYW/ reflectir

remote control /pBlNW YLm'WpNo/ mando a distancia; control remoto

replace with /pB'UoMg rBf/ substituír / cambiar por

research /pB'gKa/ investigación, pescuda

sense /gCmg/ presentir, percibir, notar

silk /gBoY/ seda

sit /gBW/ estar situado/a, atoparse

solid /'gFoBX/ sólido

stick /gWBY/ apegar(se)

transmit /WpDmg'lBW/ transmitir

vibrate /dO'VpMW/ vibrar

X-ray /'CYgpM/ raios X; radiografía

unit 8advice /LX'dOg/ consellos

appreciation /LUpAii'CBim/ agradecemento, gratitude

area /'CLpiL/ zona, área; rexión

belief /VB'oAc/ crenza

border /'VGXL/ fronteira, límite

button /'VJWm/ botón

celebration /gCoB'VpMim/ celebración

ceremony /'gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia

coast /YNgW/ costa

coastal /'YNgWo/ costeiro/a

community /YL'lqImLWi/ comunidade

countryside /'YJmWpigOX/ campo

culture shock /'YJoWiL iFY/ choque cultural

custom /'YJgWLl/ costume

developed /XB'dCoLUW/ desenvolto/a

festival /'cCgWBdo/ festa, festividade

folklore /'cNYoG/ folclore

gift /ZBcW/ agasallo, galano, doazón

greeting /'ZpAWBn/ saúdo

historic /kB'gWFpBY/ histórico/a

inland /'BmoDmX/ (do) interior

major /'lMbL/ principal, máis importante

mountainous /'lPmWLmLg/ montañoso/a

move away /lId L'rM/ irse, marchar

notice /'mNWBg/ notar, reparar en, decatarse de

population /UFUqH'oMim/ poboación

procession /UpL'gCim/ desfile; procesión

public holiday /UJVoBY 'kFoLXM/ festa nacional / oficial

religion /pB'oBbLm/ relixión

ritual /'pBaHLo/ ritual; rito

spice /gUOg/ especia

stereotype /'gWCpiLWOU/ estereotipo

superstition /gIUL'gWBim/ superstición

symbol /'gBlVo/ símbolo

trend /WpCmX/ tendencia, moda

underdeveloped /JmXLXB'dCoLUW/ subdesenvolto/a, en vías de desenvolvemento

values /'dæoqIh/ valores

village /'dBoBb/ vila, aldea

wedding /'rCXBn/ voda

wedding ceremony /'rCXBn gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia nupcial

unit 9advanced /LX'dEmgW/ avanzado/a, adiantado/a

available /L'dMoLVo/ dispoñíbel

candle /'YæmXo/ candea

convenient /YLm'dAmBLmW/ práctico/a, útil; acaído/a, cómodo/a

deodorant /XB'LHXLpLmW/ desodorizante

disposable /XB'gUNhLVo/ de usar e tirar

economical /AYL'mFlBYo/ económico/a

ethical /'CeBYo/ ético/a, honrado/a

feared /cRX/ temido/a

fork /cGY/ garfo

inexpensive /BmBY'gUCmgBd/ económico/a

invest /Bm'dCgW/ investir

key ring /'YA pBn/ chaveiro

knife /mOc/ coitelo

life-saving /'oOcgMdBn/ salvavidas, de salvamento

light bulb /'oOW VJoV/ lámpada

matches /'læWiBh/ mistos

mouthwash /'lPerFi/ enxaugadura bucal

original /L'pBbLmo/ orixinal

overpriced /NdL'UpOgW/ caro/a de máis

plate /UoMW/ prato

profitable /'UpFcBWLVo/ rendíbel

purpose /'UKULg/ propósito, obxectivo

refuse /pB'cqIh/ rexeitar; negarse

scissors /'gBhLh/ tesoiras

serviette /gKdi'CW/ pano de mesa

ship /iBU/ enviar, mandar, levar

simple /'gBlUo/ sinxelo/a, simple

spoon /gUIm/ culler

tissue /'WBiI/ pano de papel

unethical /Jm'CeBYo/ pouco ético/a

vaccine /'dDYgAm/ vacina

valuable /'dæoqHLVo/ valioso/a

5

Glossary



introduction

Exchanging Personal InformationHi, I’m (Olivia). /'kO Ol FoBdqJ/ Ola, son (Olivia).

Where do you live? /rCL XL qI 'oBd/ Onde vives?

I live on (Oak Street). /O oBd Fm 'NY gWpAW/ Vino en (a rúa Oak).

What about you? /rFW LVPW 'qI/ E ti?

How many brothers and sisters have you got? /'kP lCmi VpJfLh LmX gBgWLh kDd qI ZFW/ Cantos irmáns e irmás tes?

I’ve got (one sister). /Od ZFW 'rJm gBgWL/ Teño (unha irmá).

Have you got any pets? /kDd qI ZFW Cmi 'UCWg/ Tes algunha mascota?

Yes, I have. /'qCg O kDd/ Teño. / Si.

I’ve got a (dog). /Od ZFW L 'XFZ/ Teño (un can).

His name’s (Spot). /kBh mMlh 'gUFW/ Chámase (Spot).

Classroom LanguageHow do you pronounce this word? /'kP XL qI UpLmPmg fBg rKX/ Como se pronuncia esta palabra?

What’s the material for the exam? /'rFWg fL lLWBLpiLo cL fL BZhDl/ Que materia entra no exame?

Can I borrow your dictionary? /'YDm O VFpN qG XBYiLmpi/ Podo collerche prestado o dicionario?

How much time have we got? /'kP lJa WOl kDd rA ZFW/ Canto tempo temos?

When is the homework due? /'rCm Bh fL kNlrKY XqI/ Para cando son os deberes?

unit 1

Getting AroundI’d like to book (two) plane tickets to (Berlin). /OX oOY WL VHY 'WI UoCBm WBYBWg WL VKoBm/ Gustaríame reservar (dous) billetes

de avión para (Berlín).

Would you like full board or just breakfast? /rHX qI oOY 'cHo VGX G bJgW VpCYcLgW/ Quería pensión completa ou só almorzo?

Excuse me. How do I get to the (bridge)? /BY'gYqIg lA kP XI O ZCW WI fL VpBXj/ Desculpe. Como podo chegar á (ponte)?

Take the (second) turning on your (left). /WMY fL 'gCYLmX WKmBn Fm qG oCcW/ Colla a (segunda) á (esquerda).

I’d like to reserve a (single) room. /OX oOY WL pBhKd L 'gBno pIl/ Gustaríame reservar un cuarto (sinxelo).

Would that be return or one way? /rHX fDW VA pB'WKm G rJm rM/ Sería de ida e volta ou só ida?

Go straight to the corner of (Oak Street). /ZLH 'gWpMW WL fL YGmL Ld NY gWpAW/ Vaia dereito até a esquina con / de (a rúa Oak).

When would you like to fly? /rCm rLX qI oOY WL 'coO/ Cando quería voar?

The (bridge) will be on your (right). /fL VpBXj rBo VA Fm qG 'pOW/ (A ponte) estará á (dereita).

What’s your return date? /rFWg qG pB'WKm XMW/ Cal é a súa data de volta?

How can I help you? /'kP YLm O kCoU qI/ En que podo axudalo/a?

OK, then what? /NYM 'fCm rFW/ Vale, daquela, que?

Talking About Past ActivitiesWhere did you go? /'rCL XBX qI ZLH/ A onde fuches / fostes?

How did you get there? /'kP XBX qI ZCW fCL/ Como chegaches / chegastes alí?

Did you do anything interesting? /XBX qI XI CmieBn 'BmWpLgWBn/ Fixeches / Fixestes algunha cousa interesante?

What did you do first? /'rFW XBX qI XI cKgW/ Que fixeches / fixestes primeiro?

First, we (walked across Tower Bridge). /'cKgW rA rGYX LYpFg WPL VpBXj/ Primeiro, (cruzamos a Ponte da Torre).

What did you do after that? /'rFW XBX qI XI EcWL fDW/ Que fixeches / fixestes logo (diso)?

After that, we (visited Camden Lock Market). /EcWL 'fDW rA dBhBWBX YælXLm oFY lEYBW/ Logo (diso), (visitamos o mercado de Camden).

Did you have a good time? /'XBX qI kDd L ZHX WOl/ Pasáchelo / Pasástelo ben?

Speaking Glossary

Speaking Glossary


unit 2

Talking About a Funny IncidentDid anyone see it? /XBX CmBrJm 'gA BW/ Alguén o viu?

What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu?

How did (she) react? /kP XBX iA pi'DYW/ Como reaccionou (ela)?

Can you believe that? /YLm qI VB'oAd fæW/ Pódelo crer?

What were you doing when it happened? /rFW rK qI 'XIBn rCm BW kDULmX/ Que estabas / estabades a facer cando pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu?

What are you laughing about? /rFW E qI 'oEcBn LVPW/ De que estás a rirte/ estades a rirvos?

Really? /'pALoi/ De verdade?

That’s (hysterical)! /fDWg kB'gWCpBYo/ É (esmendrellante)!

I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo.

I’m sorry I wasn’t there! /Ol 'gFpi O rFhmW fCL/ Sinto que non estivera alí!

Telling a StoryOne day, I was (walking the dog). /'rJm XM O rFh rGYBn fL XFZ/ Un día (eu) estaba (a pasear no can).

I was (eating) when suddenly I (saw some birds). /O rFh AWBn rCm 'gJXLmoi O gG gLl VKXh/ (Eu) Estaba (a comer) cando de súpeto (vin uns paxaros).

I don’t believe it! /O XNmW VB'oAd BW/ Non o creo!

It’s true! /BWg 'WpI/ É verdade / certo!

What did you do? /rFW XBX qI 'XI/ Que fixeches / fixestes?

At first, (I just stood there). /LW 'cKgW O bJgW gWHX fS/ Ao comezo, (só quedei alí de pé).

But then, (I started taking pictures). /VLW fCm O gWEWBX WMYBn 'UBYaLh/ Mais logo, (comecei a tirar fotos).

That sounds amazing. /fDW gPmXh L'lMhBn/ Parece incríbel.

No way! /mN 'rM/ De ningún xeito / ningunha maneira!

unit 3

Talking About Goals and AchievementsI’ve always wanted to (go on a safari). /Od 'GorCBh rFmWBX WL ZLH Fm L gLcEpi/ Sempre quixen (ir de safari).

I’ve never been to (Africa). /Od 'mCdL VAm WL DcpBYL/ Nunca estiven en (África).

I can’t imagine (practising three times a week). /O YEmW B'læbBm UpæYWBgBn epA WOlh L rAY/ Non podo imaxinarme (practicando tres veces á semana).

I can’t believe (I’ve passed the maths test). /O YEmW VB'oAd Od UEgW fL lDeg WCgW/ Non podo crer (que aprobase o exame de matemáticas).

I can’t believe it either. /'O YEmW VBoAd BW OfL/ Eu tampouco podo crelo.

How did you do it? /kP XBX qI 'XI BW/ Como o fixeches / fixestes?

Well, it definitely helped. /rCo BW 'XCcBmLWoi kCoUW/ Ben, sen dúbida (iso) axudou.

Well done! /rCo 'XJm/ Ben feito!

Good for you! /'ZHX cL qI/ Ben por ti!

Have you ever been to (Africa)? /kDd qI 'CdL VAm WL DcpBYL/ Estiveches algunha vez en (África)?

No, I haven’t, but I’d love to go. /mN O kDdmW VJW OX 'oJd WL ZLH/ Non, pero encantaríame ir.

Talking About People We AdmireHow did she get started? /kP XBX iA ZCW 'gWEWBX/ Como comezou?

What made her famous? /rFW lMX kL 'cCBlLg/ Que a fixo famosa?

What else has she done? /rFW 'Cog kLh iA XJm/ Que máis fixo?

Speaking Glossary


What has she achieved? /rFW kLh iA L'WiAdX/ Que logrou / conseguiu?

How does she inspire people? /kP XJh iA Bm'gUOL UAUo/ Como inspira á xente?

Why do people admire her? /rO XI UAUo LX'lOL kL/ Por que a admira a xente?

Her (first album) made her famous. /kL cKgW DoVLl lMX kL 'cCBlLg/ O seu (primeiro álbum / disco) fíxoa famosa.

Her parents encouraged her to (sing). /kL UCLpLmWg BmYJpBbX kL WL 'gBn/ Os seus pais animárona a (cantar).

They admire her for (her talent). /fM LX'lOL kL cL kL WDoLmW/ Admírana por (o seu talento).

She makes people want to (work harder). /iA lMYg UAUo rFmW WL rKY 'kEXL/ Fai que a xente queira (traballar máis).

unit 4

Giving an OpinionI don’t see it that way. /O XNmW 'gA BW fDW rM/ Eu non o vexo así.

I can’t argue with that. /O YEmW 'EZqI rBf fDW/ Non o discuto.

I suppose you’re right. /O gL'ULHh qHL pOW/ Supoño que tes / tendes razón.

You’ve got a point. /qId ZFW L 'UQmW/ Tes razón.

I’m sorry, but I disagree. /Ol gFpi VLW O XBgL'ZpA/ Síntoo, pero non estou de acordo.

In my opinion, (factory farming) is quite important. /Bm lO LUBmqLm cæYWpi cElBn Bh YrOW Bl'UGWmW/ Na miña opinión / A meu entender, (a cría intensiva) é bastante importante.

I think it’s terrible. /O eBnY BWg 'WCpLVo/ Coido que é terríbel.

Why do you say that? /rO XI qI 'gM fDW/ Por que dis / dicides iso?

There are other options. /fCL L 'JfL FUimh/ Hai outras opcións.

So what’s your solution? /gN rFWg qG gL'oIim / E / Pois cal é a túa solución?

Describing a ProcessFirst, (glass bottles are filled with fizzy drink). /'cKgW ZoEg VFWoh E cBoX rBf cBhi XpBnY/ Primeiro, (as botellas de vidro

énchense de refresco).

After that, (the used bottles are collected). /EcWL 'fDW fL qIhX VFWoh E YLoCYWBX/ Despois (diso), (recóllense as botellas usadas).

Then, (the bottles are cleaned and refilled with fizzy drinks). /'fCm fL VFWoh E YoAmX LmX pAcBoX rBf cBhi XpBns/ Logo, (límpanse as botellas e énchense de refrescos).

Finally, (they are sent to the shops again). /'cOmLoi fM E gCmW WL fL iFUg LZCm/ Para rematar, (envíanse ás tendas outra vez).

unit 5

Talking About Hopes and WishesI hope I’ll (get married one day). /O 'kNU Oo ZCW lDpiX rJm XM/ Agardo (casar un día).

I wish I could (study art). /O 'rBi O YLX gWJXi EW/ Oxalá puidese (estudar arte).

I’d love to (study art). /OX 'oJd WL gWJXi EW/ Encantaríame (estudar arte).

I’d like to (go to university). /OX 'oOY WL ZLH WL qImBdKgLWi/ Gustaríame (ir á universidade).

Hopefully, I’ll (have two children). /'kNUcLoi Oo kDd WI WiBoXpLm/ Agardo (ter dous fillos).

What are your hopes for the future? /rFW E qG kNUg cL fL 'cqIaL/ Cales son as túas esperanzas para o futuro?

Do you want to (have children)? /XL qI rFmW WL kDd 'WiBoXpLm/ Queres (ter fillos)?

What would you like to do there? /rFW rHX qI oOY WL 'XI fCL/ Que che gustaría facer alí?

What about you? /rFW LVPW 'qI/ E a ti?

I don’t think that will happen. /O 'XNmW eBnY fDW rBo kæULm/ Coido que iso non pasará.

Speaking Glossary


Talking About ProblemsI’m afraid (I won’t make friends at my new school). /Ol L'cpCBX O rNmW lCBY cpCmXh DW lO mqI gYIo/ Sospeito que

(non farei amigos no meu novo colexio).

I don’t know what to do about (my friend). /O 'XNmW mN rFW WL XI LVPW lO cpCmX/ Non sei que facer con (o meu amigo).

The problem is, (I often fight with my brothers). /fL 'UpFVoLl Bh O Fcm cOW rBf lO VpJfLh/ O problema é que (pelexo a miúdo cos meus irmáns).

I don’t feel like (my parents trust me). /O 'XNmW cAo oOY lO UCLpLmWg WpJgW lA/ Sinto / Coido que (meus pais non se fían de / confían en min).

I think (my friends are gossiping about me). /O 'eBnY lO cpCmXh E ZFgBUBn LVPW lA/ Coido que (os meus amigos están a lerchear sobre min).

I’m sorry to hear that. /Ol 'gFpi WL kBL fDW/ Sinto oír iso.

You should (talk to them). /qI iLX 'WGY WL fCl/ Debería(s) (falar con eles/as).

I’m sure you will. /Ol 'iHL qI rBo/ Estou certo de que si.

That’s too bad. /fDWg 'WI VDX/ É unha mágoa / pena.

My advice is (to talk to her). /lO 'LXdOg Bh WL WGY WL kL/ O meu consello é (falar con ela).

I understand. /O JmXL'gWDmX/ Enténdo(o).

What a shame. /rFW L 'iMl/ Que mágoa / pena.

unit 6

InterviewingWhat exactly happened? /rFW BZ'hDYWoi kDULmX/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu exactamente?

Where were you at the time? /rCL 'rL qI DW fL WOl/ Onde estaba(s) nese momento?

Can you describe the suspect? /'YDm qI XBgYpOV fL gJgUCYW/ Pode(s) describir ao / á sospeitoso/a?

What did you do when you saw him? /'rFW XBX qI XI rCm qI gG kBl/ Que fixeches / fixo cando o viches / viu?

Did anyone else witness the crime? /XBX 'CmBrJm Cog rBWmLg fL YpOl/ Alguén máis presenciou / foi testemuña do delito?

What happened next? /rFW kDULmX 'mCYgW/ Que pasou / ocorreu / sucedeu a continuación?

Did you see anything else? /XBX qI gA 'CmieBn Cog/ Viches / Vistes algo máis?

Reporting the NewsWhat is the news article about? /rFW Bh fL 'mqIh EWBYo LVPW/ De que trata o artigo / a nova?

What do we know about the suspect? /rFW XI rA mN LVPW fL 'gJgUCYW/ Que sabemos do / da sospeitoso/a?

What did the witness say? /rFW XBX fL 'rBWmLg gM/ Que di a testemuña?

How did the suspect react? /kP XBX fL 'gJgUCYW piDYW/ Como reaccionou o/a sospeitoso/a?

What did the victim say? /rFW XBX fL 'dBYWBl gM/ Que dixo a vítima?

(A shop owner) said that (someone was stealing rolls). /L iFU NmL gCX fDW 'gJlrJm rLh gWAoBn pNoh/ (O/A dono/a dunha tenda) dixo que (alguén estaba a roubar boliños de pan).

It looks like (the suspect wasn’t a very clever thief). /BW oHYg oOY fL gJgUCYW rFhmW L dCpi 'YoCdL eAc/ Seica (o sospeitoso non era un ladrón moi listo).

According to (the witness, a boy was at the crime scene). /LYGXBn WL fL 'rBWmLg L VQ rLh DW fL YpOl gAm/ Segundo (a testemuña, había un rapaz na escena do crime).

Apparently, there was (a robbery on Elm Street). /L'UDpLmWoi fCL rLh L pFVLpi Fm Col gWpAW/ Polo visto / Segundo parece, houbo (un roubo na rúa Elm).

It seems that (three prisoners have escaped from prison). /BW gAlh fDW 'epA UpBhmLh kDd BgYMUW cpLl UpBhm/ Seica (tres

presos fuxiron / fugáronse do cárcere).

Speaking Glossary


unit 7

Expressing Possibility and CertaintyI’m sure. /Ol 'iHL/ Estou certo/a.

That’s possible. /fDWg 'UFgLVo/ (Iso) É posíbel.

Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Xaora / Por suposto / Sen dúbida.

I doubt it. /O 'XPW BW/ Dubídoo.

There’s a good chance. /fCLh L 'ZHX aEmg/ Hai unha boa oportunidade / ocasión.

Probably not. /'UpFVLVoi mFW/ Probabelmente non.

Probably. /'UpFVLVoi/ Probabelmente.

Definitely not. /'XCcBmLWoi mFW/ Por suposto / Abofé que non.

I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou certo/a.

That’s not possible. /fDWg mFW 'UFgLVo/ (Iso) Non é posíbel.

Do you think (spiders can swim)? /XL qI eBnY gUOXLh YLm 'grBl/ Cres que (as arañas saben nadar)?

Are you sure (this experiment will work)? /E qI 'iHL fBg BYgUCpBlCmW rBo rKY/ Está(s) / Estades certos de que (este experimento vai funcionar)?

We should probably (measure the liquids again). /rA iLX UpFVLVoi lCjL fL 'oBYrBXh LZCm/ Probabelmente deberiamos

(medir os líquidos outra vez).

Identifying People, Places and ThingsIt’s a place where (people like going in the holidays). /BWg L UoMg rCL UAUo oOY ZLHBn Bm fL 'kFoLXMh/ É un lugar onde

(a xente gusta de ir en vacacións).

Sorry, that isn’t it. /'gFpi fDW BhmW BW/ Síntoo, non é iso / esa / ese.

Guess again. /'ZCg LZCm/ Tenta adiviñalo outra vez.

It’s something that (scientists study all the time). /BWg 'gJleBn fDW gOLmWBgWg gWJXi Go fL WOl/ É algo que (os científicos estudan todo o tempo).

I give up. /O ZBd 'JU/ Réndome.

I never would have guessed. /O 'mCdL rHX kDd ZCgW/ Nunca / Xamais o adiviñaría.

It’s someone who (helps animals). /BWg gJlrJm kI kCoUg 'DmBloh/ É alguén que (axuda os animais).

Can you give me a clue? /YDm qI ZBd lA L 'YoI/ Pode(s) / Podedes darme unha pista?

I've got no idea. /Od ZFW mN O'XBL/ Non teño nin idea.

I know! /'O mN/ Seino!

unit 8

Talking About TraditionsWhere is it held? /rCL Bh BW 'kCoX/ Onde se celebra?

Who attends? /kI L'WCmXh/ Quen asiste?

What do you do? /rFW XL qI 'XI/ Que se fai?

What’s it like? /rFWg BW 'oOY/ Como é?

Do you have to (prepare anything)? /XI qI kDd WL UpB'UCL CmieBn/ Tense que / Cómpre (preparar algo)?

Only if I want to. /Nmoi Bc O 'rFmW WL/ Só se quero.

What’s your favourite family tradition? /rFWg qG 'cCBdLpBW cDlLoi WpLXBim/ Cal é a túa tradición familiar favorita?

Speaking Glossary


Making and Responding to SuggestionsHow about (going to London this summer)? /kP LVPW ZLHBn WL 'oJmXLm fBg gJlL/ E se (imos a Londres este verán)?,

Que me dis de (ir a Londres este verán)?

What is there to do there? /rFW Bh fCL WL 'XI fCL/ Que hai para facer alí?

A lot of things. /L 'oFW Ld eBnh/ Moitas cousas.

We can (go to museums), for example. /rA YLm ZLH WL lqI'hALlh cL BZhElUo/ Podemos (ir a museos), por exemplo.

Now, that’s a great idea! /mP fDWg L 'ZpCBW OXR/ Ben, é unha idea estupenda!

Have you got any ideas for the holiday? /kDd qI ZFW Cmi OXRh cL fL 'kFoLXM/ Tes algunha idea para as vacacións?

We could (go on a jeep tour). /rA YLX ZLH Fm L 'bAU WT/ Podemos facer (unha viaxe en todo terreo).

I’m not sure about that. /Ol mFW 'iHL LVPW fDW/ Non estou certo/a (diso).

Where do you think we should go (this weekend)? /'rCL XI qI eBnY rA iLX ZLH fBg rAYCmX/ A onde cres que deberiamos ir (esta fin de semana)?

Why don’t we (go to the new shopping centre)? /rO XNmW rA ZLH WL fL mqI 'iFUBn gCmWL/ Por que non (imos ao novo centro comercial)?

I think everyone would love it there. /O eBnY CdpirJm rHX 'oJd BW fCL/ Penso que lles vai encantar a todos.

That’s not a bad idea. /fDWg mFW L 'VDX OXR/ Non é mala idea.

unit 9

Expressing PreferencesI’m not keen on it. /Ol mFW 'YAm Fm BW/ Non me entusiasma / presta (moito).

I prefer (big bags) to (small bags). /O UpBcK 'VBZ VDZh WL glGo VDZh/ Prefiro (os bolsos grandes) a (os bolsos pequenos).

I’d rather (have a practical big bag) than (an overpriced small bag). /OX 'pEfL kDd L UpDYWBYo VBZ VDZ fDm Lm NdLUpOgW

glGo VDZ/ Prefiro (ter un bolso grande práctico) a (un bolso pequeno caro de máis).

I’d rather not (wear them). /OX 'pEfL mFW rCL fCl/ Prefiro non (levalos/as postos/as).

I can’t stand (big bags). /O YEmW 'gWDmX VBZ VDZh/ Non aguanto / soporto / aturo (os bolsos grandes).

I adore it! /O L'XG BW/ Encántame!

What do you think of (this bag)? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld fBg VDZ/ Que che parece (este bolso)?

Not me. /mFW 'lA / A min non.

How about (these sunglasses)? /kP LVPW fAh 'gJmZoEgBh/ Que hai de / E (estas lentes de sol)?

It’s not that I dislike them. /BWg mFW fDW O XBg'oOY fCl/ Non é que non guste deles/as.

Making ComparisonsIn my opinion, (computers are) too expensive. /Bm lO LUBmqLm YLlUqIWLh E WI BY'gUCmgBd/ Na miña opinión / A meu

entender, (os ordenadores son) caros de máis.

I would buy (this deodorant) because it’s better than (that deodorant). /O rHX VO 'fBg XBLHXLpLmW VBYFh BWg VCWL fDm fDW

XBLHXLpLmW/ (Eu) Mercaría (este desodorizante) porque é mellor ca (ese desodorizante).

I don’t think (a candle) is as useful as (matches). /O XNmW eBnY L 'YæmXo Bh Dh qIgco Dh læWiBh/ Creo que (unha candea) non é tan útil coma (uns mistos).

(Money) isn’t important enough for me. /lJmi BhmW Bl'UGWmW BmJc cL lA/ (O diñeiro) non é o bastante importante para min.

(A torch) is one of the most convenient items. /L 'WGa Bh rJm Ld fL lNgW YLmdAmBLmW OWLlh/ (Unha lanterna) é un dos artigos máis prácticos.


introduction

Grammar Appendix

o Present Simple

O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinións e horarios. Adoita ir acompañado das seguintes expresións temporais: every day (todos os días), at night (pola noite), on + día da semana en plural, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Tamén se empregan estes adverbios de frecuencia: always (sempre), usually (polo xeral), often (a miúdo), sometimes (ás veces, algunhas veces), rarely (estraña / rara vez) e never (nunca, xamais).

We always go to bed early. (Sempre nos deitamos cedo.) Cauliflower is a healthy food. (A coliflor é un alimento san.) I like biscuits. (Gústanme as galletas.) They skate every day. (Eles patinan todos os días.)

En afirmativa é o mesmo que o infinitivo sen to, agás na 3ª persoa do singular, na que se engade -s. Nalgúns casos, dependendo da terminación do verbo, engádese -es:

• Seremataenss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes

• Seremataeno: do ➝ does go ➝ goes

• Seremataenconsoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i antes de engadirlle a terminación -es: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries

A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo.

I don’t eat meat. (Non como carne.)

En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + o verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t, segundo corresponda.

Do you like milkshakes? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Gustas dos batidos? Gusto. Si. / Non.)

Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de do / does.

When do they play tennis? (Cando xogan ao tenis?)

o Present Continuous

O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período de tempo presente. Adoita ir acompañado das expresións temporais at the moment (neste momento), now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora), today (hoxe), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final.

Tim is reading your text message. (Tim está a ler a túa mensaxe de texto.)

A afirmativa fórmase co presente do verbo to be + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing ao verbo:

• Seremataene mudo, perde o e: arrive ➝ arriving• Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w ou x, dóbrase esta consoante: put ➝ putting pero show ➝ showing• Seéde2sílabasesepronunciacomopalabraaguda,dóbraseaconsoantefinal: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning• Seten2sílabaserematanunl, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelling• Seremataenie, cámbianse estas dúas letras por un y: die ➝ dyingEn negativa engádese a partícula not ás formas am, is e are, ou a contracción n’t a is e are.

My mum isn’t surfing the Internet. (Miña nai non está a navegar por Internet.)

En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito seguido de am, is ou are, mais nas negativas is e are contraen coa partícula not.Are you watching your favourite TV programme? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Estás a ver o teu programa de televisión favorito? Estou. Si. / Non.)

Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de am / is / are.

Where are you living now? (Onde estades a vivir agora?)

13

Grammar Appendix


Check Yourself! 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.

1.RobandBen (not eat) meat.

2.Thefarmer (get up) early in the morning.

3. the teacher (give) tests on Fridays?

4. Gemma (not keep) her books on this shelf.

5. Grandma often (play) with the baby.

6. I always (hear) birds in the morning.

7. When you (feed) the dog?

8. Paul never (catch) the ball.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.

1.Themechanic (work) on an old car.

2.Theboys (not listen) to music.

3. What the athletes (do) right now?

4. I (wait) for my friend.

5. Dan (not surf) the Internet at the moment.

6. Pete (have) breakfast now?

7. We (grow) vegetables in the garden.

8.Rightnow,Edna (run) in the park.

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. Mum (serve) dinner now?

2.Mary usually (not ride) her bike to school.

3. How often the students (have) drama lessons?

4. The boys (not play) video games right now.

5. When the library (open) on Mondays?

6. you (understand) French?

7. It (not rain) at the moment.

8. Owen and Sam never (go) to bed early.

Answers, see page 32

contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no intre de falar.

We usually go on holiday to the beach, but we’re flying to London now. (Polo xeral imos de vacacións á praia, mais agora estamos a voar cara a Londres.)

As expresións temporais axudan a diferenciar un tempo do outro.

Os verbos “estáticos”

Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gustos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, posesión epercepción.Refírenseaestados,nonaaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresent Continuous.

I love music. (Encántame a música.)

Grammar Appendix


unit 1

1 Complete the sentences with the Past Simple form of the verbs below.

build•start•notsurvive•write•notlive

1.CharlesDickens stories about the poor people of London.

2.BarackObama hispresidencyoftheUSin2008.

3. Many people the earthquake in Nepal.

4.TheRomans a wall across England.

5. Queen Victoria inPalacioReal.

2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Simple.

1.where/you/go/lastnight

2.she/shop/inCamdenMarket/onSaturday

3. what / you / have / for dinner / yesterday

4. they / have / fun / at the amusement park

5. why / he / stay / at a youth hostel

o Past Simple

O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado. Por iso adoita haber na frase algunha expresión temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a acción: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, yesterday (onte), last month (o mes pasado), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final.

The trip lasted two hours. (A viaxe durou dúas horas.)

O Past Simple os verbos regulares fórmase engadindo -ed ao verbo. Para iso cómpre reparar nestes regras ortográficas:

• Seremataene mudo, só se engade -d: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced

• Seremataenconsoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried

• Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w ou x, dóbrase a consoante: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed

• Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaderradeira,dóbraseaúltimaconsoante: prefer ➝ preferred permit ➝ permitted

• Seremataenl, dóbrase esa letra: travel ➝ travelled

Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cómpre saber de memoria as súas formas de pasado (véxanse as páxs. 33-34).

A negativa fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas do singular e plural.

We didn’t use public transport. (Non utilizabamos o transporte público.)

En interrogativa ponse Did + suxeito + verbo. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did / didn’t, segundo corresponda.

Did you walk to the hotel? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Camiñaches até o hotel? Camiñei. Si. / Non.)

Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de did.

What did Mary learn about Paris? (Que aprendeu Mary sobre París?)

15

Grammar Appendix


Check Yourself!Choose the correct answers.

1.Didyourparentsused to / use toenjoymusicbytheBeatles?

2.Wedidn’tused to / use to have a petrol station on the corner.

3. Mum used to / use to buy fruit and vegetables at that market.

4.Tennisplayersdidn’tused to / use to wear colourful clothes.

5. People used to / use toclimb350stepstothetopofthetower.

6. Did they used to / use to travel to other countries?

7.Largeshipsdidn’tused to / use to sail from this port.

8. We used to / use to go by boat, but now we usually drive.


Used toUsed to, que só ten a forma de pasado e vai seguido doutro verbo na forma base, expresa feitos ou estados que eran habituais noutro tempo e logo deixaron de selo. Tradúcese polo pretérito imperfecto do verbo “adoitar” ou do verbo que o segue.

I used to travel twice a year. (Eu adoitaba viaxar / viaxaba dúas veces ao ano.)

En afirmativa, como só ten forma de pasado, é o mesmo en todas as persoas do singular e do plural.

They used to make a lot of money. (Adoitaban gañar / Gañaban moito diñeiro.)

A negativa fórmase como sempre, con didn’t, e daquela used perde o d final.

She didn’t use to visit her grandparents. (Non adoitaba visitar / visitaba os seus avós.)

E en interrogativa poñemos did diante do suxeito e de use to.

Did they use to take the underground? Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t. (Adoitaban coller / Collían o metro? Collían. Si. / Non.)

Check Yourself!1.Mysister (teach) English to children in Cambodia.

2.Where your family (go) on holiday?

3. Ann and Sam (not have) lunch at school today.

4. We (drink) fizzy drinks at the party.

5. Lisa (not wear) her new jeans yesterday.

6. Christopher Columbus (not sail) around Africa.

7. theRomans (invade)Britainmanyyearsago?

8.In1848,people (find) gold in California.


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets.

1.TheTowerofLondon (be) a prison.

2. the Smith family (live) in this house?

3. Most people (not drive) cars in my town.

4. Young teenagers (not have) mobile phones.

5. My grandpa (ride) a horse to school.

6. you (play) the piano?

Grammar Appendix


unit 2

o Past Continuous

O Past Continuous emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Adoita empregarse con estas expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, at + unha hora, last night (esta noite pasada), yesterday morning / afternoon (onte pola mañá / tarde), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final.

En afirmativa fórmase con was / were + un verbo rematado en -ing.

We were riding our bikes at six o’clock. (Estabamos a montar en bici ás seis en punto.)

I was sitting at the kitchen table while my brother was cooking dinner. (Eu estaba sentado á mesa da co ciña mentres o meu irmán estaba a preparar a cea.)

En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a was / were (wasn’t e weren’t).

They weren’t laughing a moment ago. (Non estaban a rir hai un momento.)

En interrogativa ponse Was / Were + o suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito e was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t.

Were you telling jokes last night? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t. (Estivestes a contar chistes esta noite pasada? Estivemos. Si. / Non.)

Se a pregunta ten unha partícula interrogativa, ponse esta primeiro, antes de was / were.

Why were you crying yesterday? (Por que estabas a chorar onte?)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1.SamandFred (laugh) during the lesson.

2.Thephone (ring) two minutes ago.

3. Sandy (not wait) at the bus stop.

4. We (get) ready to leave two hours ago.

5. The girls (not play) basketballat7.00.

6. I (not use) the cash machine ten minutes ago.

2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous.

1.you/wait/fortheshowtobegin/at8.30

2.what/Rob/do/attheport/yesterday

3. the comedian / tell / jokes / an hour ago

4. why / you / laugh / five minutes ago

5.thechildren/sleep/at10.00lastnight

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1.MsSmith (notteach)Englishat8.00.

2.Where Dad (go) early this morning?

3. We (shop) at the market an hour ago.

4. Our parents (notfly)toRomeat11.00.

5. I (help) my mum yesterday afternoon.

6. you (eat) biscuits five minutes ago?

7. Vera (notdo)herhomeworkat9.00lastnight.

8. The policeman (watch) the alley at midnight.


17

Grammar Appendix


contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple

O Past Simple sinala que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado.

She had fun with her friends last night. (Pasouno ben cos seus amigos esta noite pasada.)I was watching a film yesterday morning. (Estiven a ver unha película onte á mañá.)

Empréganse os dous tempos xuntos para sinalar que no medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as e o verbo en Past Continuous.

When my parents got home, we were playing the guitar. (Cando os meus pais chegaron á casa, nós estabamos a tocar a guitarra.)

My parents got home while we were playing the guitar. (Meus pais chegaron á casa mentres nós estabamos a tocar a guitarra.)

3 Choose the correct answer.

1.IwasstudyingwhenTomsent / was sending me an e-mail.

2.Miadidn’t see / wasn’t seeing the cat while she was feeding the birds.

3. While I rode / was riding my bicycle, I had an accident.

4. Where were you sitting when the film ended / was ending?

5. Ed didn’t sit / wasn’t sitting in a traffic jam when he called me.

6. Did you have / Were you having lunch when the plumber arrived?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

become•clean•nothurt•tour•arrive•notwear

1.JanewasstandingattheentrancewhenKen .

2.Welefttheroomwhilethey it.

3. Don goggles while he was swimming.

4.Kate Japanwhenshelostherpassport.

5. he famous while he was living in Hollywood?

6. Andy his foot while he was playing football.

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1.Whilewe (drive), it (start) to rain.

2.They (not read) when the door (open) .

3. Who you (meet) while you (shop)?

4. The lift (not come) while I (wait).

5. you (cook) when the telephone (ring)?

6. While Debbie (chat) online, she (hear) the news.

7. When the plane (land), it (not snow).

8. The baby (cry) while the doctor (examine) him.


Grammar Appendix


unit 3

o Present Perfect Simple

O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para falar de:

• acciónspasadascuxosefectossonvisíbeisnopresente.

I have complained about his behaviour. (Queixeime do seu comportamento.)

• acciónsocorridasaolongodotemposendicircando.

That writer has inspired my father’s novel. (Ese escritor inspirou a novela do meu pai.)

• accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan. Neste caso, adoita poñerse for ou since e ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente.

She hasn’t run a marathon since last year. (Non ten corrido / corre un maratón desde o ano pasado.)

• acciónsqueacabandeocorrer.Daquelaponsejust entre o auxiliar e o participio.

They have just invented a new mobile phone. (Acaban de inventar un novo teléfono móbil.)

Este tempo fórmase con have / has + un verbo en participio (rematado en -ed se é regular; se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34). Cómpre lembrar que a forma contraída de have é ’ve e a de has é ’s.

En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t a have / has (haven’t / hasn’t).

We haven’t learned anything today. (Non aprendemos nada hoxe.)

En interrogativa ponse Have / Has + o suxeito + un verbo en participio. E nas respostas curtas só se pon o pronome persoal suxeito + have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t.

Have you studied hard for your exams? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Estudaches moito para os exames? Estudei. Si. / Non.)

Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais e adverbios: already (xa), always (sempre), never (nunca), ever (algunha vez [interrogativa]; nunca, xamais [negativa]), just (acabar de), recently (recentemente, hai pouco), yet (aínda [negativa]; xa [interrogativa]), for (durante [ou non se traduce]) e since (desde). Todas menos yet, for e since van entre have / has e o participio. Yet colócase ao final da frase, recently adoita poñerse ao final tamén, for vai seguida dun período de tempo e since vai diante do momento en que comezou a acción.

We have never been to Africa. (Nunca estivemos en África.) Have they won the football tournament yet? (Xa gañaron o torneo de fútbol?)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1.Sandra just (participate) in a competition.

2. you (achieve) your goal yet?

3. I never (fail) an English test.

4. Mark (notlive)heresince2009.

5. Who already (finish) the homework?

6. They (not win) a football match since last year.


1.Ihavewaitedforaletterfromyoufor / since / yet March.

2.Wherehaveyoubeenfor / already / since the last two weeks?

3.Mybrotherhasn’tdrivenacarjust / never / yet.

4. My parents have just / since / ever called me.

5. Sally has for / already / yet finished her project.

19

Grammar Appendix


contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple

O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no pasado garda relación co presente, mentres que as accións en Past Simple non afectan ao presente.

As expresións temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan cando ocorreu a acción. En cambio, as empregadas co Past Simple si especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu.

My friends have arranged a birthday party for me. (Os meus amigos preparáronme unha festa de aniversario.)My friends arranged a birthday party for me last year. (Os meus amigos preparáronme unha festa de aniversario o ano pasado.)

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1.Myparents just (return) from a European trip.

2.Cathy (be) a vegetarian for ten years.

3. That musician (not perform) here before.

4. you (visit) the exhibition yet?

5. Mike never (enter) a judo competition.

6. Sue and I (know)Katesincewewerefive.

7. I (not finish) eating lunch yet.

8. How many goals Rob (score) this season?


3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1.AlexanderFleming (discover)penicillinin1928.

2.MumandDad (not go) out yet.

3.Julia already (see) that film.

4. When David (start) his new job?

5. The dog (not eat) since last night.

6.Joel (not come) to school yesterday.

Check Yourself!

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1.Mygrandparents (live)heresince1995.

2.I (complete) my project last week.

3. Our team (not win) a football match yet.

4. When they (clean) the tables in the park?

5. you ever (meet) a celebrity?

6.Bill (not fail) his driving test yesterday.

7. Debbie just (perform)inher25thconcert.

8. I (not buy) Mum a birthday present yet.


Grammar Appendix


unit 4

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1.Energyefficienthomes (plan) for the future.

2.Dangerousmaterials (not use) in this building.

3. Industrial waste (deposit) in that river.

4. Endangered animals (not protect) in all countries.

5. Deforestation (take) seriously today.

6.Biodegradableitems (sell) in that shop.

2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1.theinformation/save/onyourharddrive

2.howoften/thetelescopes/check

3. the workers / pay / once a week

4. why / the polar bear / affect / by global warming

5. the parks / clean / on Sundays

6. the battery / change / once a month

A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado

Coa voz pasiva saliéntase a acción do verbo e non o suxeito que a realiza, xa sexa porque non é importante ou se sobreentende, ou porque non se sabe quen é. En inglés emprégase moito a pasiva, mais en galego adoita traducirse o verbo na voz activa ou na forma impersoal con “se”.

A afirmativa fórmase con to be en presente ou en pasado + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se é regular; se é irregular, podes consultar a listaxe das páxs. 33-34).

More energy efficient homes are needed to have less pollution.(Precísanse máis casas enerxeticamente eficientes para ter menos contaminación.)We were informed about the greenhouse effect. (Informáronos arredor do efecto invernadoiro.)

En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t ao verbo to be, seguido do participio.

Solar energy isn’t used in many houses in this town. (A enerxía solar non se emprega en moitas casas desta cidade.)

En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be en presente ou pasado + o suxeito + o participio do verbo principal. E nas respostas curtas vai primeiro o pronome persoal suxeito e despois do verbo to be no tempo correspondente, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa.

Were plastic containers invented in the 19th century? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. (Os envases de plástico inventáronse no século XIX? Inventáronse. Si. / Non.)

Se se quere amentar quen ou que realiza ou realizou a acción, ponse ao final da frase precedido de by.

Global warming is caused by several factors. (O quecemento global está provocado por varios factores.)

21

Grammar Appendix


3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple Passive.

build•nottake•discover•use•destroy•notgrow

1.Oil in the desert last month.

2.Thesevegetables organically.

3. Two recycling plants in our town last year.

4.Theanimals’habitat by deforestation.

5. This photo by a professional photographer.

6. Energy efficient methods to make these products.

4 Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.

1. ?

Yes, my bicycle was found by the police.

2.Whichcountries ?

France, Germany, Italy and Spain were visited by the ecologists.

3. Where ?

Many records were broken at the Olympic Games.

4. What ?

Michael was given a tablet for his birthday.

5. ?

No, the animals weren't taken to the vet.

6. When ?

Factory farming was discussed last night.

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive or Past Simple Passive.

1.Thesheep (attack) by wolves last night.

2.Thewater (not pollute). You can drink it.

3. Which languages (speak) in South Africa?

4. The rubbish (not collect) yesterday.

5. Pizza (eat) all over the world.

6. Plastic bottles (not recycle) in our town.

7. We (notinvite)toSara’spartylastweek.

8. yesterday’snewspaper (take) from my room?


Grammar Appendix


unit 5

1 Complete the sentences with will or won’t.

1.Annisbusy.She go out with us tonight.

2.SamandJanegotengaged.They getmarriedinJuly.

3. I relyonPaul,becauseIdon’ttrusthim.

4. When the film start?

5. Dan is moving to another city but we stay in touch.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to.

1.Mycousin (visit) us this summer.

2.KimandJoe (leave) soon.

3. We (not go) to the concert tonight.

4. you (celebrate) your birthday on Saturday?

5.Jack (not study) French next year.

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous with future meaning.

do•notcome•watch•notpractise•give

1.Ourteacher us a test tomorrow.

2.I my homework after school.

3. What you on TV tonight?

4. The boys karate this afternoon.

5. Matt on the trip next week.

Check Yourself!Choose the correct answer.

1.Terryisn’t going to fly / is going to fly to Rome.Hehasgotaticket.

2. Amy will play / Will Amy play basketball tomorrow.

3. You are performing / Are you performing on the stage tonight?

4. My tooth hurts. I am going / am not going to the dentist.

5. Dad will like / won’t likethefilm.It’stoonoisy.

6. Dana is going to learn / Is Dana going to learn a new language?

7. We are getting / Are we getting a new puppy this week.

8. Owen and Meg are getting married / aren’t getting married soon.Theyhaven’tgotenough money.


o futuro

• Will emprégase para anunciar accións ou feitos futuros, para predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá e para expresar decisións súbitas que se toman no momento de falar e que non estaban proxectadas.

En afirmativa adoita contraerse co suxeito (’ll) e en negativa coa partícula not (won’t). En interrogativa vai diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won’t.

Your wishes will come true soon. (Os teus desexos faranse realidade axiña.) Will everybody work online in the future? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Todo o mundo traballará a través de Internet no futuro? Traballará. Si. / Non.)

• Be going to significa “ir / non ir” + infinitivo. Emprégase para falar de plans e intencións e para expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso.

He is going to meet his friends at the gym. (El vai quedar cos seus amigos no ximnasio.) Are they going to play video games today? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Van xogar a videoxogos hoxe? Van. Si. / Non.)

• OPresent Continuous co valor de futuro anuncia o que con toda seguridade ocorrerá no futuro próximo, pois xa se fixou de antemán. Debe ir sempre canda unha expresión temporal para que non se confunda co Present Continuous normal.

My parents are visiting my sister this weekend. (Meus pais visitan / visitarán a miña irmá esta fin de semana.)

• Costemposdefuturoadoitanempregarseestasexpresiónstemporais:soon (pronto, axiña, nun pouco), later (máis tarde, logo), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), next week / year (a semana / o ano que vén), in an hour (dentro dunha hora), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adóitanse pór ao final.

23

Grammar Appendix


4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1.Sue (go) out with you if you (ask) her.

2.Ifyou (not leave) soon, you (not catch) the bus.

3. Tom (play) tennis later if it (stop) raining.

4. If he (not explain) to her, she (not speak) to him.

5. If they (get)marriedinJune,we (go) to the wedding.

5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Second Conditional.

1.I (make) friends with the new girl if she (be) in my class.

2.IfSam (study) more, his marks (improve).

3. You (feel) better if you (not eat) unhealthy food.

4. If more people (use) public transport, there (be) less pollution.

5.Jill (not feel) tired if she (not go) to bed so late.

Check Yourself!Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences in the First and Second Conditional.

1.IfIwere / would beyou,Iwouldn’ttrusthim.

2.Youhurt / will hurt her feelings if you gossip about her.

3. If Ian studied more, he was / would be a good student.

4. Meg married / would marryJakeifheaskedher.

5. If Ann does / will do the dishes, I will sweep the floor.

6. We don’t go / won’t go to the beach if it rains tomorrow.

7. If Mum and Dad visit / will visitGrandma,we’llgowiththem.

8. You would be rich if you didn’t spend / wouldn’t spend all your money.


o primeiro e o segundo condicionalNas oracións condicionais, se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre esta e o resultado.

If you give me your e-mail address, I’ll send you the files. (Se me dás o teu enderezo de correo electrónico, enviareiche os arquivos.)

O primeiro condicional emprégase para dicir o que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada.

A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición, e un verbo con will no resultado.

They’ll stay at home if it rains. (Ficarán na casa se chove.)

Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro ou ambos os dous.

If you don’t go to bed early, you’ll be tired tomorrow. (Se non te deitas axiña, mañá estarás canso.)If you go to bed early, you won’t be tired tomorrow. (Se te deitas axiña, mañá non estarás canso.)If you don’t go to bed early, you won’t wake up on time tomorrow. (Se non te deitas axiña, mañá non espertarás a tempo.)

O segundo condicional refírese a situacións hipotéticas no presente. A afirmativa fórmase con if + Past Simple na condición e would (ou a contracción ’d) + un verbo na forma base no resultado. Se o verbo da oración condicional é to be, empregamos were en todas as persoas.

If he were more optimistic, he’d be more confident. (Se fose máis optimista, estaría máis seguro de si mesmo.)

A negativa fórmase como a do primeiro condicional.

If my friends didn’t go to the concert, my cousin would come with me. (Se os meus amigos non fosen ao concerto, o meu curmán viría comigo.)

Para dar consellos, emprégase sempre If I were you (“Eu de ti”).

If I were you, I wouldn’t be so mean. (Eu de ti non sería tan coreña.)

Grammar Appendix


unit 6


1.“Wearestudyingtoday,”Mikesaid. Mike said that they that day. a. were studying b. are studying c. studied

2.“Iusuallywalktoschool,”Danasaid. Dana said that she usually to school. a. is walking b. was walking c. walked

3. “You must take this medicine, Tom,” the doctor said. The doctor said that Tom that medicine. a. has to take b. had to take c. would take

4.“Ican’ttalktoyounow,”myfriendsaid. My friend said that she to me then. a.can’ttalk b.couldn’ttalk c.wouldn’ttalk

5. “I will show you the evidence,” the detective said. The detective said that he us the evidence. a. would show b. will show c. shows

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.

1.“Youmuststandup,”thejudgesaid.

The judge said that the prisoner up.

2.“Iwillfindthethief,”thedetectivesaid.

The detective said that he the thief.

3. “The victim lives in Oxford,” the policeman said.

The policeman said that the victim in Oxford.

4. “The suspect is crying,” the lawyer said.

The lawyer said that the suspect .

5. “I can give evidence,” the witness said.

The witness said that he evidence.

o estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas

O estilo indirecto emprégase para contar o que alguén dixo mais sen repetir exactamente as súas palabras. Polo xeral, emprégase o verbo say en pasado seguido dunha oración de obxecto directo introducida por that, quítanse as comiñas propias do estilo directo e cámbiase o verbo e mais o pronome suxeito. Tamén podemos comezar co pasado do verbo tell seguido co obxecto indirecto.

“Ralph’s telling a story,” Sharon said. [estilo directo]Sharon said that Ralph was telling a story. (SharondixoqueRalphestabaacontarunhahistoria.)

“The footprint is in the kitchen,” the detective said to me. [estilo directo]The detective told me that the footprint was in the kitchen. (O detective díxome que a pegada estaba na cociña.)

Como o verbo que introduce o estilo indirecto vai en pasado, o da oración subordinada dá un salto atrás no tempo, isto é, o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, o Present Continuous a Past Continuous, will convértese en would,etc.Taméncambianosdemostrativos,osposesivos,osmodaiseasexpresiónsdetempoelugar.Reparanestes exemplos: “I’m working on a new case,” the policeman said. ➝ The policeman said that he was working on a new case. (O policía dixo que estaba a traballar nun caso novo.)“I must focus on our witness today,” Jim said. ➝ Jim said that he had to focus on their witness that day. (Jimdixoquetiñaquesecentrarnasúatestemuñaesedía.)“They’ll arrest the thieves this afternoon,” the shop assistant said. ➝ The shop assistant said that they would arrest the thieves that afternoon. (A dependenta dixo que deterían os ladróns esa tarde.)

25

Grammar Appendix


3 Complete the sentence in reported speech. Use the correct form of the words in bold.

1.“Icanbegininvestigatingtoday,” the detective said.

The detective said that he could begin investigating .

2.“Wewillmeetincourtthis afternoon,” the judge said.

The judge said that they would meet in court .

3. “I will fix the alarm tomorrow Dad said.

Dad said that he would fix the alarm .

4. “The witness is giving evidence now,” she said.

She said that the witness was giving evidence .

5. “I don't want this food,” the prisoner said.

The prisoner said that he didn't want food.

4 Complete the sentences in reported speech.

1.“Ilookforfingerprints,”hesaid.

He said that .

2.“Ican’tcometonight,”Susansaid.

Susan said that .

3. “We are talking to the criminals,” the policemen said.

The policemen said that .

4. “The criminal must go to prison,” the judge said.

The judge said that .

5. “Dan will be here very soon,” his friend said.

Dan’sfriendsaidthat .


1.Theteachersaidthatshe us a test the next day. a. is giving b. would give c. will give

2.Sue’sparentssaidthatshe home before midnight. a. had to be b. will be c. can be

3. The judge said that the criminal for his crime. a. is paying b. was paying c. pays

4. Owen said that he his project the following week. a. finishes b. can finish c. could finish

5. The guard said that the prisoners their cells at night. a.didn’tleave b.aren’tleaving c. havetoleave

6. Detective Smith said that he the evidence that day. a. can examine b. is examining c. was examining

7. The police said that they the thieves. a. caught b. would catch c. can catch

8. Alex said that he his homework then. a. was doing b. is doing c. did


Grammar Appendix


unit 7

1 Choose the correct relative pronoun.

1.Timdoesresearchinatownwhen / where the peoplespeakRussian.

2.Aspiderisacreaturethat / who has got eight legs.

3. Albert Einstein did experiments when / which made him famous.

4.The20thJuly,1969isthedatewho / when man first landed on the moon.

5.J.K.Rowlingisthewomanwho / which wrote the Harry Potter books.

2 Complete the sentences with the relative pronouns below. There may be more than one possible answer.

who•which•that•when•where

1.Weboughtacar works on electricity.

2.Vegetariansarepeople don’teatmeat.

3.Beesareinsects make honey.

4.Let’sgoonaday thereisn’tmuchtraffic.

5. We live on an island there's no Internet access.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun. There may be more than one possible answer.

1.Mysisterhasgotafriend comes from Turkey.

2.Westayedinavillage the people were friendly.

3. The camel is an animal lives in the desert.

4. Morning is the time most students are at school.

5. London is the city Queen Elizabeth lives.

os pronomes relativos

Os pronomes relativos introducen unha oración subordinada que dá información arredor dun substantivo chamado antecedente. Van detrás del e poden facer de suxeito ou de obxecto (neste último caso é frecuente omitilos na conversa).

Who e that empréganse indistintamente cando o antecedente é unha persoa.

That‘s the scientist who / that created a new laser. (Ese é o científico que creou un novo láser.)She’s the girl (who / that) I saw at the meeting. (Ela é a rapaza que vin na xuntanza.)

Which e that empréganse para se referir a cousas ou animais.

This is the microscope (that / which) we use to work. (Este é o microscopio que empregamos para traballar.) The rat is the animal (which / that) they have in their laboratories. (A rata é o animal que teñen nos seus laboratorios.)

Where emprégase cando o antecedente é un lugar.

This is the ideal environment where insects can live. (Esta é a contorna ideal onde poden vivir os insectos.)

Check Yourself!Add the correct relative pronoun. Then match A to B to make sentences.

A

1.Pierreisadesigner…

2.Katewenttoauniversity…

3.Thepoliceexaminedthefingerprints…

4.What’sthenameoftheshop…

5.Februaryisamonth…

6.Ioncehadacat…

7.He’llneverforgettheday…

8.Myunclewasascientist…

B

a. there is a lot of snow.

b. he won the marathon.

c. had seven toes on each foot.

d. they found on the weapon.

e. did research on cloning.

f. creates new fashions.

g. you bought those shoes?

h. she met William.


27

Grammar Appendix



1.Someone / Anyone has taken my phone.

2.Ididn'thearanywhere / anything fall.

3. I saw something / anything moving outside.

4. Has someone / anyone seen the evidence?

5. Have you seen my pen somewhere / anywhere?

6. We are going somewhere / someone exciting.

5 Write sentences with the words below and the correct some or any compound.

1.I/met/who/isacelebrity/.

2.we/didn'tgo/lastnight/.

3. you / see / famous / at the party / ?

4. I / ate / that / hurt my tooth / .

5. the bank is / near / here / .

6. you / do / interesting / yesterday / ?

Check Yourself!Complete the sentences with the correct some or any compound.

1.Thatmuralwaspaintedby in our class.

2.Haveyoutalkedto about your plans?

3.Ican’tfindmyshoes .

4. has taken my phone!

5.Ihaven’tprepared for dinner yet.

6.They’relookingfor quiet to live.

7.I’vegot important to tell you.

8.Wehaven’tbought forMum’sbirthdayyet. Answers, see page 32

os compostos de some e any

Someone (alguén), somewhere (algures, algún sitio) e something (algo, algunha cousa) empréganse en oracións afirmativas e naquelas oracións interrogativas para as que se agarda unha resposta afirmativa (pedimentos, ofrecementos, etc.).

There’s someone measuring liquids in the school lab. (Hai alguén medindo líquidos no laboratorio do colexio.)

Can I have something solid to eat? (Podo tomar algo sólido para comer?)

Anyone, anywhere e anything empréganse polo xeral en oracións negativas e interrogativas. A súa tradución varía segundo o caso:

I haven’t told anyone about your secret. (Non lle falei a ninguén do teu segredo.)Does anyone know about cloning? (Alguén sabe algunha cousa arredor da clonación?)I didn’t go anywhere last night. (Non fun a ningures esta noite pasada.)Are they going anywhere today? (Van a algures hoxe?)They haven’t got anything to research. (Non teñen nada que investigar.)Is there anything to use in our experiment? (Hai algunha cousa que usar no noso experimento?)Estes compostos tamén se poden empregar en oracións afirmativas nas que any se traduza como “calquera”.

There can be microbes anywhere. (Pode haber microbios en calquera sitio.)

Lembra que, se fan de suxeito na frase, levan o verbo en singular.

Grammar Appendix


unit 8

os modais

Son verbos auxiliares, polo que sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base (infinitivo sen to). Non se conxugan, así que non hai que engadir -s na 3ª persoa do singular. En negativa engádese a partícula not ou a contracción n’t ao verbo modal, e en interrogativa ponse o verbo modal + o suxeito + o verbo na forma base.

• Can significa “saber” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade ou permiso.

Monkeys can climb very well. (Os monos saben gabear moi ben.) You can come with me to the party. (Podes vir comigo á festa.)

• Could é o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. Lara could sing when she was two years old. (Lara sabía cantar cando tiña dous anos.) I couldn’t attend their wedding last weekend. (Non puiden asistir á súa voda a fin de semana pasada.)

En interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso ou favores, pero de maneira máis educada que con can. Could you tell me something about British folklore? (Poderías contarme algo sobre o folclore británico?)

• Should emprégase para dar ou pedir consellos e para dicir o que se debería ou non facer. You should bring your umbrella. (Deberías traer o paraugas.)

• Must significa “deber” e expresa a obriga e a necesidade ou conveniencia de facer algo. You must learn their customs. (Debes aprender os seus costumes.)

• Mustn’t expresa prohibición, que algo non está permitido, e tamén que algo non se debe facer porque non convén ou non é correcto facelo.

People mustn’t believe in stereotypes. (A xente non debe crer en estereotipos.)

• Have to significa “ter que” e expresa, como must, a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo. A diferenza é que have to si se conxuga e, por iso, a forma para a 3ª persoa do singular é diferente (has to). Ademais, emprégase nos tempos que must non ten.

She has to feed the dog in two hours. (Ten que dar de comer ao can en dúas horas.) They had to pay to use toilets. (Tiveron que pagar para empregar os servizos.)

En negativa ponse don’t / doesn’t have to + o verbo, e significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”. We don’t have to bring our own food. (Non temos que / por que levar a nosa propia comida.)

Lembra que have to significa o mesmo que must, pero don’t have to e mustn’t non son equivalentes. They don’t have to leave now. (Non teñen que / por que marchar xa.) [non é preciso] They mustn’t leave now. (Non deben marchar agora.) [está prohibido]

En interrogativa ponse Do / Does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo. E nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don’t / doesn’t.

Do we have to travel to the coast? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Temos que viaxar á costa? Temos. Si. / Non.)• May (“poida que”, “talvez”, “se cadra”) e might (“puidese / podería ser que”) expresan posibilidade en

afirmativa e negativa, aínda que con might a posibilidade é máis recuada. May tamén se emprega para dar, pedir ou denegar permiso, ou para facer pedimentos educados. You may arrive in Scotland this afternoon. (Poida que cheguedes a Escocia esta tarde.) Sue might go to the museum tomorrow. (Puidese ser que Sue vaia ao museo mañá.) May I have some water? (Podo tomar un pouco de auga?)


1.Wecouldn’t / can’t come to the festival next week.

2.Youshould / can respect the customs of other people.

3. Should / Could Mum swim when she was five years old?

4.Jenlostherphone.Shehas to / couldn't buy a new phone.

5. You shouldn’t / mustlaughatotherpeople’sbeliefs.

6. Can / Could I see your new car now?

7. You should / mustn’tdrinkthewater.Itisn’tsafe.

8. We mustn't / don't have to go to school on public holidays.

29

Grammar Appendix



1.AmyandTedgotengaged.They getmarriedinJune. a.couldn’t b.may c.mustn’t

2.Where I get some fresh rolls? a.mustn’t b.could c. can

3. I'm sorry, but we be late. a.might b.should c. don’thaveto

4. We gonow.Thetrainleavesin15minutes. a.can’t b.might c.must

5.Kate eat before she goes swimming. a.must b.shouldn’t c. hasto

6. Pete walk the dog in the morning. His sister does it. a.shouldn’t b.doesn’thaveto c.might

7. Megan play the guitar when she was young? a. Could b. Should c. Can

8. use your laptop?

a. Do I have to b. I should c. May I



1.Takeyourumbrella.Itmight / might not rain.

2.Idon'tfeelwelltoday.Imay / may not go to school.

3. May / Might I use your phone, please?

4. Let's go early or we may / might not get tickets.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals in brackets.

1.Sammissedthetrain.He wait for the next one. (have to)

2.Ican'tfindmypen. I use yours? (may)

3.It’ssnowing.You go out without gloves. (should)

4. It rained yesterday, so we go to the beach. (could)

5.Derekdoesn’tfeelwell.He have an allergy to the cat. (might)

6.Ann’sbikeisbroken.She ride it to school. (can)

4 Match A to B.

A B

1. Youmust a. miss his train.

2. Janeshould b. get tickets for the play yesterday.

3. Paul might c. wear shorts in church.

4. Do we have to d. stop at the red light.

5. Mandymustn’t e. use sun cream at the beach.

6. Wecouldn’t f. finish our project this week?

Grammar Appendix


unit 9

1 Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.

1.Mysister’sroom (neat) my room.

2.Myphone (advanced) my tablet.

3. The first Harry Potter book (good) the second book.

4. The large containers (economical) the small containers.

5. Hawaii (hot) Alaska.

2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives below.

valuable•easy•good•expensive•big

1.Don’tshopatthatsupermarket.It supermarket in town.

2.Ilovethiscafé!Theircoffee coffee in our neighbourhood.

3. This guitar guitar in the world. It's worth €2million.

4.Bicycles form of transport for getting around Amsterdam.

5. Elephants land animals in the world.

3 Write sentences with as … as or not as … as and the words below. Use the correct form of the verb to be.

1.SaraandAmandaarethesameheight.(Sara/tall / Amanda)

2.Mum'scarismoreeconomicalthanDad'scar.(Dad's car / economical / Mum's car)

3. My father and I wear the same size shoes. (my feet / big / my father's feet)

4. Wolves are more frightening than dogs. (dogs / dangerous / wolves)

o comparativo e o superlativo

O comparativo de superioridade emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo:

• Aosadxectivoscurtos(de1sílaba,oude2rematadoseny) engádeselles a terminación -er e detrás ponse a partícula than.

This milk is cheaper than the juice. (Este leite é máis barato que o zume.)

• Osadxectivoslongosquedanigual,maislevandiantemore e detrás than. My mobile phone is more expensive than Tim’s. (O meu móbil é máis caro que o de Tim.)

O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as. Tradúcese por “(non) tan / tanto... como/a”.Oranges are as healthy as strawberries. (As laranxas son tan sas coma os amorodos.)This plate is not as big as that plate. (Este prato non é tan grande coma ese prato.)

O superlativo emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha destaca sobre as demais. Para formalo tamén cómpre ter en conta a lonxitude do adxectivo:

• Aosadxectivoscurtos(de1sílaba,oude2rematadoseny) engádeselles a terminación -est e diante ponse o artigo the.

She’s the smartest girl in the class. (É a rapaza máis intelixente da clase.)

• Osadxectivoslongosquedanigual,maislevandiantethe most. A knife is the most useful tool to cut meat. (Un coitelo é a ferramenta máis útil para cortar a carne.)

Regrasortográficasparaengadir-er / -est:

- Se remata en e mudo, só engade -r ou -st: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest - Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: heavy ➝ heavier, pretty ➝ prettiest, mais shy ➝ shyer, shyest

As formas comparativa e superlativa dos adxectivos irregulares cómpre aprendelas de memoria.good ➝ better ➝ the best (bo/boa, mellor, o/a mellor) bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (malo/a, mao/má, peor, o/a peor)

31

Grammar Appendix


4 Complete the sentences with too … or (not) … enough and the adjectives in brackets.

1.Wecangoswimmingtoday.Theweatheris (warm).

2.Putyourcamerainasafeplace.It’s (valuable) to leave on the table.

3.Ihadalatebreakfast.I’m (hungry) to eat lunch now.

4.It’sonly8.30andthetrainleavesat10.00.It’s (early) to go to the station.

5.Ican’treachthatshelf.I’m (tall).

too … / (not) … enough

Too vai diante do adxectivo e sinala que a cualidade expresada por este é excesiva. Significa “de máis, demasiado”.

This computer is too old for games. (Esta computadora é demasiado antiga para xogar a xogos.)This bag is too overpriced to buy. (Este bolso é caro de máis para mercalo.)

Enough ponse detrás do adxectivo e significa “(o) bastante / abondo” ou “(o) suficientemente”.

Your article is interesting enough to post on my blog. (O teu artigo é (o) bastante interesante para colgalo no meu blog.)

En cambio, not + adxectivo + enough indica que algo é insuficiente e significa “non (o) bastante / abondo” ou “non (o) suficientemente”.

This chocolate is not sweet enough. Add more sugar. (Este chocolate non está (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente doce. Engádelle máis azucre.)

I don’t consider these sunglasses pretty enough for Sandra. (Non considero estas lentes de sol (o) bastante / abondo / suficientemente bonitas para Sandra.)

Check Yourself!Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentence in bold.

1.The river is more polluted than the sea. a.Theseaisn’taspollutedastheriver. b. The sea is as polluted as the river. c. Theriverisn’tpollutedenough.

2. This iPhone costs £199. I’ve only got £150. a. This iPhone is expensive enough for me. b. This iPhone is not expensive enough for me. c. This iPhone is too expensive for me.

3. Tom is the most ethical person in the class. a. Tom is not as ethical as the other students. b. Tom is more ethical than the other students. c. The other students are as ethical as Tom.

4. The temperature in Rome and Athens is 20ºC right now. a.RomeisaswarmasAthens. b.RomeiswarmerthanAthens. c. RomeisnotaswarmasAthens.

5. It takes 10 minutes to get to school by bus, 25 minutes to walk and 15 minutes to ride a bike.

a.Takingthebusisn’tasfastasridingabike. b. Walking is as fast as riding a bike. c. The bus is the fastest way to get to school.

6. I’m not tired yet. I think I’ll watch TV before I go to bed.

a.I’mtootiredtogotobed. b.I’mnottiredenoughtogotobed. c. I’mtiredenoughtogotobed.

7. My new phone is more advanced than my old phone.

a. My old phone is as advanced as my new phone. b.Myoldphoneisn’tasadvancedasmynewphone. c.Mynewphoneisn’tasadvancedasmyoldphone.

8. In my opinion, basketball is the most exciting sport. a.Basketballismoreexcitingthaneveryothersport. b.Basketballisn’tasexcitingasothersports. c. Basketballisasexcitingasothersports.



Grammar Appendix check yourself! answer key

Introduction, page 13, O Present Simple, O Present Continuous, Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

1 1.don'teat 5.plays 2.getsup 6.hear 3.Does…give 7.do…feed 4. doesn't keep 8. catches

2 1.isworking 5.isn'tsurfing 2.aren'tlistening 6.Is…having 3.are…doing 7.aregrowing 4. am waiting 8. is running

3 1.Is…serving 5.does…open 2.doesn't…ride 6.Do…understand 3.do…have 7.isn’training 4. aren't playing 8. go

Unit 1, page 15, O Past Simple1.taught 5.didn’twear2.did…go 6.didn’tsail3.didn’thave 7.Did…invade4. drank 8. found

Unit 1, page 15, Used to1.useto 5.usedto2.useto 6.useto3. used to 7. use to4. use to 8. used to

Unit 2, page 16, O Past Continuous

1.wasn’tteaching 5.washelping2.was…going 6.Were…eating3.wereshopping 7.wasn’tdoing4.weren’tflying 8.waswatching

Unit 2, page 17, Contraste entre o Past Continuous e o Past Simple1.weredriving,started2.weren’treading,opened3.did…meet,wereshopping4.didn’tcome,waswaiting5.Were…cooking,rang6. was chatting, heard7.landed,wasn’tsnowing8. was crying, was examining

Unit 3, page 19, O Present Perfect Simple1.have…returned 5.has…entered2.hasbeen 6.haveknown3.hasn’tperformed 7.haven’tfinished4.Have…visited 8.has…scored

Unit 3, page 19, Contraste entre o Present Perfect Simple e o Past Simple1.havelived 5.Have…met2.completed 6.didn’tfail3.hasn’twon 7.has…performed4.did…clean 8.haven’tbought

Unit 4, page 21, A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado1.wereattacked 5.iseaten2.isn’tpolluted 6.aren’trecycled3.arespoken 7.weren’tinvited4.wasn’tcollected 8.Was…taken

Unit 5, page 22, O futuro1.isgoingtofly 5.won’tlike2.Amywillplay 6.IsDanagoingtolearn3. Are you performing 7. We are getting4.amgoing 8.aren’tgettingmarried

Unit 5, page 23, O primeiro e o segundo condicional1.were 5.does2.willhurt 6.won’tgo3. would be 7. visit4.wouldmarry 8.didn’tspend

Unit 6, page 25, O estilo indirecto en oracións enunciativas1.b2.a3.b4.c5.a6.c7.b8.a

Unit 7, page 26, Os pronomes relativos1.who/that–f 5.when–a2.where–h 6.which/that–c3.which/that–d 7.when/that–b4.where–g 8.who/that–e

Unit 7, page 27, Os compostos de some e any

1.someone 5.anything2.anyone 6.somewhere3. anywhere 7. something4. Someone 8. anything

Unit 8, page 29, Os modais

1.b2.c.3.a4.c5.b6.b7.a8.c

Unit 9, page 31, O comparativo e o superlativo, too … / (not) … enough

1.a2.c3.b4.a5.c6.b7.b8.a

33New Action! ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books 33

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, convertersebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haberhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se)hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar, magoar; doerkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducirlearn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender

irregular Verb List

Irregular Verb List


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

leave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar, deixarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicirmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se)smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

A FINALIDADE DO TEXTOPurpose of writingAntes de comezar, debes ter claro o que queres escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal se é un correo electrónico a un amigo/a, e máis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.

ANTES DE ESCRIBIRBrainstorming1. Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas

relacionadas co tema (what?, who?, when?, where?, why?).

2. Leas e risca as que xulgues irrelevantes.

3. Pon as restantes na orde en que queiras presentalas.

ORGANIZA AS IDEAS(Organising your ideas)

A ESTRUTURA DO PARÁGRAFOParagraph structureUn parágrafo ten tres partes:

• A primeira oración (opening sentence), que

presenta a idea principal.

• O corpo do parágrafo (body of paragraph), que amplía a idea principal con información importante.

• A derradeira oración (closing sentence), que resume a idea principal e a repite con outras palabras.

Opening sentence:

Body of paragraph:

Closing sentence:

Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, is a fabulous place for a holiday. This amazing island has got beautiful beaches with impressive resorts. People come from all over the world to see the wildlife at the Teide National Park. Also, you can visit the Institute of Technology and learn how to use renewable energy. If you go to Tenerife, you will definitely have an unforgettable holiday.

ORGANIZACIóN DO TEXTO(Text organisation)

DIVISIóN DO TEXTO EN PARÁGRAFOSParagraphingCando escribimos parágrafos, organizámolos da seguinte maneira:

Paragraph 1: subministra información xeral sobre o tema.

Paragraph 2: dá detalles ou desenvolve o tema.

Paragraph 3: inclúe unha conclusión e ás veces tamén unha opinión.

Paragraph 1: My favourite book is the science fiction / fantasy novel The Hobbit. It was written by J.R.R. Tolkien and first published in 1936. The book tells the story of a hobbit called Bilbo Baggins.

Paragraph 2: Hobbits are small peaceful creatures from a place called Middle-earth and Bilbo Baggins lives a quiet life in his hobbit home. But that changes when Gandalf the Wizard chooses Bilbo to go on a great but dangerous adventure.

Paragraph 3: J.R.R. Tolkien created an amazing world in The Hobbit and the story is very exciting. I really recommend this book for teenagers everywhere.

Writing Guide

REPASA O ESCRITO(Checking your writing)

AS MAIúSCULASCapital lettersEscríbense con maiúscula:

• a primeira palabra dunha oración.

We had a great holiday.

• os nomes e os títulos das persoas.

This is Mrs Lucy Smith.

• os nomes de vilas, cidades, países, nacionalidades e linguas.

Dover, Moscow, China, French

• os días, os meses e os días festivos.

Wednesday, April, Christmas

• as palabras importantes dos títulos de libros, películas e cancións.

A Safari Mystery

• o pronome persoal I.

My friends and I love computer games.


A PUNTUACIóNPunctuation• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e

negativas. My favourite sport is basketball. I don’t eat tomatoes.

• O sinal de interrogación (?) ponse ao final das preguntas.

Have you got a pencil? Did you do your homework?

• O sinal de exclamación (!) ponse ao final da frase e serve para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e para facer fincapé nalgunha cousa.

Wow! You look fabulous!

• A coma ou vírgula (,) emprégase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and.

I can play football, basketball and volleyball.

AS PREPOSICIóNS DE TEMPOPrepositions of timeEmpréganse distintas preposicións segundo o que queiramos expresar:

at two o’clock in the morningat Christmas in 2015from 6.00 to 8.00 in May

from September to June on Monday on 12th January

Pero:

at the weekend at night

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO – VERBOWord order: Subject – VerbO suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo.

We left school at three o’clock. s v

Mais nas preguntas vai detrás do verbo.

Is Tom tall?v s

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: AS EXPRESIóNS TEMPORAISWord order: Time expressionsAs expresións temporais poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, malia que é máis habitual poñelas ao final.

We saw a film last night. time expr.

De iren ao comezo, afástanse da oración principal poñendo unha vírgula.

Last night, we saw a film.time expr.

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOSWord order: Adjectives Os adxectivos polo xeral van diante dos substantivos.

healthy sandwich terrible film adj n adj n

Tamén detrás do verbo to be.

The sandwich is healthy. The film was terrible. v adj v adj

E detrás dos verbos estáticos.

The dress looks expensive. v adj

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOSWord order: AdverbsOs adverbios de modo adoitan ir detrás do verbo.

He speaks clearly. v adv

AS CONXUNCIóNSLinking words• and une dúas oracións ou ideas. He brought a suitcase and a backpack.

• or conecta diferentes alternativas. Was it a goat or a sheep?

• but contrasta dúas ideas. The film was good but depressing.

REPASA O ESCRITO(Checking your writing)

Writing Guide


AS CONXUNCIóNS FINAISConnectors of purposeAs conxuncións finais, como to, in order to e so that, empréganse para expresar a finalidade ou o propósito manifestado na oración principal.

I walk to school to stay fit.

You can use a mobile phone in order to take pictures.

We should leave now so that we won’t be late.

OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIAConnectors of sequenceCando se contan unha serie de feitos, empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron:

• first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar)

• after that (despois, logo)

• at first (ao comezo)

• then (logo, entón)

• later (despois, máis tarde)

• at last (por fin)

• next (a continuación)

• finally (ao final, finalmente, para rematar)

First indica o primeiro que pasou e finally o derradeiro.

Yesterday, we went to the amusement park. First, we got a map from the visitors’ centre. Then, we went on some rides. Next, we had lunch. After that, we saw a musical show. Finally, at 10 o’clock we drove home.

AS CONXUNCIóNS COPULATIVASConnectors of additionAs conxunción copulativas empréganse para relacionar ideas semellantes entre si e engadir información adicional. A máis común é and. A mesma función pode ser exercida por algúns adverbios: also, in addition e as well as.

I am going to call Sarah and tell her how I feel.

I booked a plane ticket. I also reserved a hotel room.

I repaired your computer. In addition, I changed the memory card.

We bought food for the party as well as drinks.

LINGUAXE INFORMAL Informal languageA linguaxe informal escrita adoita caracterizarse polo emprego de:

- formas contraídas (I’m, doesn’t, you’ve)

- expresións cotiás (cool, hi, bye, guess what?)

- puntuación informal como parénteses (–), guións –, puntos suspensivos para omitir contido … , signos de exclamación ! e emoticonas :-), :-(, ;-).

A ORDE DOS ADXECTIVOS Adjective Order• Se hai varios, polo xeral van nesta orde: opinión, tamaño, idade, forma, cor.

ridiculous, cone-shaped green hat

• Cando hai dous adxectivos acompañando un mesmo substantivo, non hai vírgula entre os adxectivos; mais se hai máis de dous adxectivos, non hai vírgula entre os dous últimos.

The comedian was wearing big red shoes.

They live in a large, old brown house.

FEITOS E OPINIóNSFacts and opinionsOs feitos son información real e obxectiva, mentres que as opinións son puntos de vista persoais. Cando se escribe, adóitanse empregar feitos para apoiar as opinións que se dan e adoitan empregarse expresións como I think, I feel, in my opinion ou it seems.

He won the competition. (Feito)

I think he had to train for months. (Opinión)

In my opinion, it isn’t easy to win a competition like that. (Opinión)

AS CONXUNCIóNS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVASConnectors of cause and effectAs conxuncións causais máis comúns son: because, because of, as a result of, since.

I couldn’t have a cup of coffee yesterday because the coffee machine was broken.

Sam doesn’t like swimming in the ocean because of the fish in it.

As a result of deforestation, rainforests could disappear in 100 years.

I haven’t seen Jim since 2014.

As conxuncións consecutivas máis comúns son: so, therefore, as a result.

There are many endangered animals in this area. Therefore, we must protect them.

There was a great fire in this forest many years ago. As a result, many trees were destroyed.

Writing Guide


AS CONXUNCIóNS E LOCUCIóNS ADVERSATIVASConnectors of contrastAs conxuncións e locucións conxuntivas adversativas empréganse para relacionar ideas opostas. As máis empregadas son: on the one hand, on the other hand, but, however e although.

On the one hand, I enjoy going to parties. On the other hand, I don’t like organising them.

People are often generous, but there are some people with the mean gene.

I don’t usually criticise. However, my neighbour always criticises me.

Although he is short, he plays basketball really well.

AS COMIÑAS Quotation marksAs comiñas (“ … ”) adoitan empregarse para citar literalmente e por escrito o que alguén dixo. A cita comeza coa primeira letra en maiúscula e, ao rematar a cita, engádese unha vírgula para separala do falante.

“She has to have the information on her computer,” the police officer said.

The suspect shouted, “I didn’t steal the painting!”

OS SINóNIMOS SynonymsAo escribir, adoitan empregarse sinónimos co obxectivo de evitar a repetición de palabras ou para facer máis interesante o texto.

Yesterday, I received great news from my sister. She’s pregnant!! Getting such good news from a relative makes me feel very happy.

PRESENTACIóN DE EXEMPLOS Presenting examplesCando se redacta un texto, é frecuente a necesidade de dar exemplos. Para iso empréganse expresións como like, for example ou such as.

There are many types of trips. For example, adventure trips, road trips or camping trips.

I like international food such as Asian, Italian, Brazilian and Greek.

Writing Guide


Writing GuideCadros resumo

TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play


IH-011-976

PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogar

PAST SIMPLE

I playedyou played

he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played

PRETÉRITO PERFECTO

eu xogueiti xogaches

el, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASE

I have playedyou have played

he, she, it has playedwe have playedyou have playedthey have played

eu teño xogadoti tes xogado

el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado

eles, elas teñen xogado

PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO PAST PERFECT

eu xogarati xogaras

el, ela xogaranós xogaramosvós xogarades

eles, elas xogaran

I had playedyou had played

he, she, it had playedwe had playedyou had playedthey had played


glossary - bbresources.s3.amazonaws.com · slide /goox/ esvarar, ... newsagent’s...

Documents