GRAY

G^ossan^ of Tedinical Terms

for Uie use of

Book-Oilectors 8. LibrariaDS

Library Science

B.L.S. -

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GLOSSARY

OF TECHNICAL WmS

YOB THE USE 0^" BOOK- COLLEC TOP: S AND LIBRARIANS,

BY

LILY GRAY

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OE BACHELOR OE LIBRARY SCIEITCE,

IN THE STATE LIBRARY SCHOOL

OE THE

UNI^/ERSITY OE ILLINOIS,

JUNE, 1906. n\l

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

^ 'Ci^jtt—|Q^ir. 190

1

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY

ENTITLED ....0JLOlWfc^.Q^^ oj^ ijL,C^.'>-VA^oJL ilSL-VA-yT^ -^rcn-^ ."tis-ii^

VsixJU Cr^, ..C..<=RJLiL^^ 0>w-v^x^ ,'^.A'ScrN-i^sJ^^

IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF (^.C^ci..xSlio*w. tLkJL^V-^-^v^ ^ CA.-5i-,/^/^jCJk-..

.J&...Dsjd^.X.^?v:3^x^-S^ tv^.. SL-.CK_M^

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF

93455

INTRODUCTION.

Lists of technical terms and abbreviations have been in-

cluded in manuals of bibliography, books on the art of book-

binding; and books v/ritten for the aid of book- collectors . To

put a careful selection of these terras and abbreviations,

taken from various sources, into one list, whicxi may be of

assistance to librarians and catalogers, as well as to book

lovers, is the endeavor here made, hov/ever imperfect its exe-

cution may be.

The only attempt at originality has been to make the list

as simple and as easy to use as possible.

The abbreviations

Dutch

French

G German

GR Greek

I Italian

L Latin

S Spanish

have been used in designating words from those languages.

Otherwise, it is understood the words are English.

The following authorities were consulted in the prep-

aration of the list:

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive.org/details/glossaryoftechniOOgray

2

AUTHORITIES.

Caxton club, (Ci^iicago)

Catalog of an exiiibition of 19tn century boo^k-bindings

tne Caxton club. Dec 16-20, 1897 Ci-iicago, 1B97.

Century dictionary and cyclopedia. N Y

Cockerell, D.

Bookbinding and the care of books. IT Y 1902.

Collins, -F. H.

Author and printer. London, 1905.

DeVinne, T. L.

A treatise on title-pages. N. Y 1902.

Hazlitt, ¥.C.

The boo'^:- collector. London, 1904.

Horne, H. P.

The binding of books. London, 1B94.

Jacobi, C. T.

On the making and issuing of books. 1891

Library Journal

Mcllvaine, M.

Glossary of foreign words used on title-pages and in

bookbinding. 1906. va.<.

Maire, A.

Manuel pratique du bibliot ^lecaire. Paris, 1^9^.

Matthews, Brander.

Book-bindings, old and new. N Y ,1R95.

Medlicott, Mary. comp.

Abbreviations used in book catalogs. Boston, 1906.

(Bulletin of bibliography pamphlets, no 15)

Nicholson, J. B.

Manual of tne art of bookbinding. 1RR7.

Pratt institute free library.

Co-operative bulletin. v. 1, no. 7, June 1902.

Rogers, ¥. T.

A manual of bibliography. N Y 1891.

Slater, J. H,

How to collect books. London, 1905.

So the ran, Henry.

Catalogs of superior second-hand books in literature,

science and art. London, 1905.

Standard dictionary.

Verzeichniss des musicalien Verlages von Breitkopf und Hartel

in Leipzig.

Webster's international dictionary.

Zahnsdorf, Joseph W.

The art of bookbinding. London, 1R97.

a c inp . { F .

)

a dent. (F.

)

ti fil. (F.)

a fr. (F.)

a mezza per^:. ( I .

)

a. (F.)

A. X.

A. T). S.

A. L.

A. L. F.

A. , Aus. (G. )

AblD. , Abbild.,

Abbild'gn. (G.)

Abdr., (G.)

Abtn. (G.)

Absciin. (G.)

Afl. , Auf 1. (G.

)

anc.rel. {F.

)

Anra. (G.)

ant

.

app. (F.)

Aufl. (G.)

Ausg. (G.)

ausg. (G.)

aut., autog. F.

)

4

ABBR«]VIATTONS.

a compart iments (panelleii.)

a dentell:^ (witu lace-liVp toolinp-.)

a filets (with fillers.)

a froid (blind tooled.)

a mezza pei'^t-inena (half parchment.)

annee (j^ear , )

autograph document,

autograph docuiTient signed,

autograpji letter,

autograph letter signed.

Ausscimitt (an extract.)

Abbildungen (illustrations, cuts.)

/bdruck (impression.)

Abtheilun/^ (division.)

Abschnitt (section or pert.)

Auflage (edition.)

ancienne reliure (antique binding.)

Anmerkung (note, annotation.)

antique.

appendice (appendix.)

Auflage (edition.)

Ausgabe (reprint .

)

ausgebessert (repaired, pieced-out.)

autographe (autograph.)

5

B. I.

b . , uc<s . , baz

b.

, bd. , bde .

bd. , bnd.

bds

.

beigeb. (^-.1

bel. ex. ("P. )

Bildn. [a,)

Bl. (C.)

Bog. , Bg. (G.

)

or . , oroci.. (F. )

br. ,geix. (G.)

brocri.. (F. )

Blacl: let.tar.

(F. ) basane (bazil, or sheep skin.)

(G. Band, Bande (volurie, vo lumen.)

bound.

paper boards.

beigebimden (bound v/itn. )

bel exemplaire (fine copy.)

Bildniss (portrait.)

Blatt (slieet, leaf.)

Bogen ( Si.eet . )

brocixe, brocixure (stitci-ed.)

brosc/iirt, gei.eftet (stitched.)

brochure, (pamphlet, brochure.)

c. d. P. (F.) cuir de Hussie (Russia leather.)

c.et ferin. (F.) coins et ferrnoir (corners and clag)

c.f. (L.) cum figuris (v/itn illustrations.)

ca. azz. (I.) carta azzura (blue paper.)

ca. gr. (I.) carta grande (large paper.)

ca. vel. (I.) carts, velina (vellum paper.)

carat got. (I. caratteri gotici (Gotiiic characters-)

carat ton. (I.) carattere tondo (circular characte:*)

6

cart. (F.)

cart . , car toji. (G. )

cart . Brad . (F.

)

cf

.

cf . extra

.

cii.m. (L.)

chagr. (F.)

cl.

cl. bds.

cl. ex.

cl. gt.

c 1 . Ip

.

c Id . p 1

.

clo.

cpit. F, G.)

couv. imp. (F.

)

cr.

c tlD . ( .

)

cuts

.

cartonne (boards.)

cartonirt (in boards.)

cartonnage Bradel (bevelled boardi^

Bradel bindlnr in boards or

paper for t;ie teraportry prer

serv&tion of books.)

calf.

calf extrp.

charta magna (large paper.)

cnagrin (Russia, snagreen.)

c lo tii.

cloth boards,

clotii extra,

clotxi gilt,

cloth limp,

colored pla-^es.

c loth.

c o.'Op let ( c omp le t e . )

couvert imx)rirae (printed cover.)

crown (as crown 8vo.)

cattunband (bound in muslin.)

wood- cut s

.

7

d. u. (n.)

d . i . ( . )

d. , dem. (7.) .

d . -mar . (F.

)

d.-r-l. (F.)

d.- toile (F.

)

d. -vsau. (F.

)

D. S.

d. s. t. (F.)

dem.,

d^/

.

dent. (F.)

dent. int. (F.)

des, (P.)

dor. (I.)

dor. in testa ( I .

)

dor. sui fol. ( I .

)

dor. (F.

)

dor. s.pl. (F.

)

dor. s. tr. (F.)

dos de vel. (F.

^

dup

.

durcnscn. {Ct.)

das xieisst (tixat is.)

das ir-t ( tr.at is. )

demi (i.alf.

de.'rii- maroquin (naif morocco.)

demi- reliure (half binding;.)

d6mi-toile (iialf cloth.)

d6rii-veau (naif calf.)

document signed. >

dore sur tranche (gilt edges.)

demy (as demy octavo.)

dentelle, dentelle (lace ornament.)

dentelle int'^rieure (lace ornament

on inside of cover.)

dessins (desip-ns, drawings.)

dorato (/?ilt .

)

dorato in testa (f^ilt top. )

dorato sui fogli (gil''' edged.)

dore (gilt .

)

dore sur plat (sides gilt.)

dore sur tranche (gilt edges.)

dos de velin (vellum back.)

duplicate

.

durcnschossen ( interleaved.

)

8

Ebd. {r.)

ed. , sdit.

Einb, (n.)

eril

.

en f . (F.

)

en livr . (F.

)

en por tef . (P.

)

en t . (F. )

en vel. (F.

)

ens. (F.

)

env.d'aut, (F.)

erp. (n.)

esempl. ( I .

)

ex.

Ebende (tiie ca:ne.)

edited, edition.

Einband (bindinr.)

enlarp;ed.

en feuilles (ir: sneets.)

en livraisons (in numbers, in parts.)

en por t-efeui 11;^ (in portfolio.)

en toile (iii clotn. )^

en velin (in vellura.)

ensuite (next, after, witn.)

envoi d'auteur (with author's comcli-

ments, gift of author.)

erganzt (completed.)

esemplare {a. copy.

)

extra.

facs

.

farb. (r.)

fcp. , fcap.

ferm. (F.

)

ff. Cf.)

fiK. (I.)

fig. au trait.

fac- cimilr;<=!.

farbifT ( nolo ru'l . )

foolscap.

f ermo i r ( c 1;^ sp . )

feuiliets (folios or leaves.)

figure, figurato (engraving.)

figure c.u trait (drawn i : outline.)

fig. col. (F.)

fig. s.b. (F.)

fil. (F.)

f. comp. (F.)

f. d. (F.)

f. d. s. 1. p.

fl.d 1. (F.)

f 1. , in fol.

f ol.

folg. (G.)

For. {rr.)

form (F.

)

f. atl. (F.)

figures coloriees (colored i ilustrat iorip

figures sur bois (wood cuts.)

filets (fillets.)

filets a c mpartiinents (gilt fillets

in panels .

)

filets dores (gilt fillets or roll.)

(F.)

filets d'or sur les plats (gilt fillets

on side .

)

fleur-de- lis ( f lov;er-de- luce . )

(F. ) in folio (folio.)

folio

.

folgende (sequel, following.)

Forel (parcijuent . )

format (size.)

format atlantique (atlas folio.)

f . . ob. , form. obi. (F.)

format oblong (oblong.)

10

Fr. ,Frz., Fz. (0. )

Pranzband (calf binding.)

front, gr. (P.) froiitispice grav^ (en,rraved title.)

fronts. frontispieces.

Pzb. , Fzbd. , Frzbd. (G.)

Franzband (v/hole French cetlf . )

g. e.

g . i i

.

g. m. e.

^ • "t«j ^# t« G»

gb^,

geb. (G.

)

gedr. (G.)

geh. (G.)

gf. (F.)

gldschn. (G.)

git., gt.

goth. (F.

)

gr. (G.)

gr.pp. (G.)

gilt edges.

gilt head.

gilt marbled edges.

gilt top edre.

gebundexi (bound.)

gedruckt (printed.)

geheftet (stitcned.)

giaufre (goffered.)

goldscnnitt (gilt edred.

)

gilt.

gothique (gothic.)

gross (Irrge.

)

gross pappe, papier (large paper.)

11

grav. ("P. )

gr. pap., c- P

gr. mar; . {7.)

Grol. (F.)

gravureF! (enfiravinrp;.

)

(P.)

grand papier (l^rge paper.)

granden marfjes (large margins.)

Grolier (Grolier st."lo of bindinp.)

Ifbcth. , Hctb. (G.) HalbcattunlDand (half muF-lin binding.)

Hbsfn. (G.) Kalbsoffian (half morocco.)

Hds . , Hdschrf t ., Hs . ( G .

)

Handschrift (manuscript.)

(G. ) herausgegeben (published, edited.)

half.

half bound,

half calf,

half morocco,

half russia.

Heft. (number or part,

hfzbd., hfz., hbfrz. (G.)

halbf ranzband (half bound.)

herausg.

hf.

hf .bd.

hf . cf

.

hf. mor.

hf, russ.

Hft. (G.)

hlb. (G.) halb (naif.)

12

Hidrbd., Hbldr. , Hibld. (n.)

Halbl()derbc.nd (b. und i- naif Iftatiier. )

Hlwd. , Hln. , Ifblwd. (0. )

Halbleiiiw; .nf5 band (bound in half cloth.)

Hlzbd. (G.) Holzhand (bo'.:nd in wood.)

Hlzscim. (G.) HolzschnitJ (wood-cut.)

Hpgt., Hbprgt., Hpericr. {Cr.)

Halbpergament oand (bound in parchm'^nt.)

nrsg. (G.) herausgegeben (publisned, edited.)

ib. , ibid. (L,

)

illus

.

iTnp

.

imp. f ol.

in-4 (p.

)

in- 8 (F.)

in- 12 (F.)

in-f ol. (F. , I. )

in p. (I.

)

in perg. (I .

)

in t . (I.

)

int. (I.)

ibidem (the same.)

illustrations , illustrated

.

imperial.

imperial folio.

in-quarto (quarto, 4 io )

in-octavo (octavo, 8 vo )

in-douze (duodecimo, 12v^o , twelvemo.)

in-folio, in foglio (folio.)

in pelle (in calf.)

in pergamena (in parchment.)

in tela (in cloth.

)

intonso (uncut .

)

17)

Jajirg. , Jhrr;. (n.) Jaxirrarig (annufil. )

Jci.tt., Jchtn. , Jciitnb. (0.)

JucJrit enband (Russia binding-.)

kl. (G.) klr.iri (small.)

kl. 8 (G.) klein (small octavo.)

Kntb. ,Kntbd. (G.) K&.ttunba,nd (bound in muslin, clotii. )

Kpfrt. i'^'.) Kupfertefel (copperplate engraving.)

l.p. large paper.

1. s. letter signed. Also locus sigilli,

place of tne seal.

Ldr. {C,) Leder (leather, sneep, calf.)

Ldrbd. , Ldb. , Ldr. (G.

)

Lederband (whole bound leather.)

leg. (I.) legato, legatura (bound, binding.)

leg. ant. (I.) legatura antico (antique oinding.)

leg. bod. (I.) legato alia Bodoniana (Bodonian binding

leg. in pel. (I.) legato pelle (whole leatxier binding.)

leg, ol. ( I .

)

le.gatura plandese (TXitch binding;. )

14

leg. 1/2 tela (i.) leg;£tto in mezza tela (xialf clotn

bindiiif^. )

leg. 1/2 pelle (T. )

legato in mezza p.:lle (half leat/ier

bind inp.

)

Lfg. (ri. ) Li efo runr (number, part, series, of

a periodical.)

lib. librarian, library.

Licjitdr. (C.) Licx^tdrucke (pnotographs , etc.)

11. leaves.

Ip. limp.

Lwd,, Lwb. , Indb. (Tr. )

Leinwandbarid (bound in clotn.)

(I.)maccii.

rn&rb

.

rn. e

.

MS. (E. , "P. , I. )

maccliiato (spotted cr stained.)

merbled.

raaroled edges.

manuscript, raanoscritto (manuscript.)

MSS. (E. , F. , I.) manuscri i)ts , manoscritti (manuscripts,

m. , mar. (P.) maroquin (morocco.)

(F.)

maroquin antique (morocco antique.)

m. ant. , mar. ant.

ir

m . b. , mj; r . b 1 . ( F . )

rnaroquiii bleu (blue rnorocco.)

m. br. , mar. br. (F.

)

maro'iuii"! brun (brown morocco.)

m. cit . mar. cit. (F,)

maroquin citron (citron morocco.)

m.d. m., mar. d. d. m. (F.)

maroquin double mar'oquin (marocco

lined witii rnorocco.)

m. d. d. t., mar. d. d. t. (F.

)

maroquin douole de tabis (morocco

lined witn watered silk.

)

m.d. L. (F. ) maroquin du Levant (Levant morocco.)mar. d. d. t,

m . n . , mc r . n . ( 17 . )

maroquin noir (blc.ck morocco.)

m. r. , mar. r. (F.) maroquin roure (red morocco.)

ra. v., mar. v. (F.) maroquin vert (green morocco.)

m. viol., mar. viol. (F.

)

maroquin violet (violet morocco.)

Marquin (morocco.)

marroccnino (morocco.)

mehrfarbig (many colored, polychromat i(i

meiirfarb. Tafl. (0.)

mehrfarbig Tafeln (pol.ychromat ic

pic turss.

)

m. (I.) mezza (naif.)

m.leg. (I.) mezza let:-atura (jrialf binding.)

m. {a.) mit (with.)

Mar. (G.)

mar . ( I

.

menrfarb. (G.

)

16

m. Atl. {r..)

m. Ho. ('•.)

m Ta. (r.)

min. ^

nor

.

mor. ex.

m. 1.

mouill. et piq

musl.

mit Atlas (wit-i Atlas. )

mit Holzrcnni t t-rvi , Cw it, • v/ood-cuts.)

mit Tal'eln (witii platet^.l

miniaturep (miniaturfis.

)

morocco

.

morocco extra.

morocco lin-d.

mouillures et piqiSres (damp spots

and worm noles. ^ s

muslin.

new edition.

neue folgs (nev; series.)

no date.

no place, or no printer's name,

non coupe (uncut, not cut open for

read ing.

)

(?. >

nor. relie (unbound.)

n. rogn. , non rogn. (F.

)

non rogne (uncut, not tri-nmed. by tne

binder.

)

now. in numbers.

n. ras. (P.) notes manuscrites (manuscript notes.)

n. e.

n. f. (G.)

n. d.

n. p.

non coup. (P.)

n. r. , non rel.

17

ohl. {!.) oblungo (oblonp.)

obi. R ohlonfT. octrvo.

ott. COUP. (I.^ ottinp. conservazi one (heR^, pr^'Perva*-. iorj

0. p. out of print.

p.

PP.

pac. ("P^., I.)

pap.

p., pap. (F.)

p. de H. (T.

)

pap. fort ("P.)

pap. teint'^ {7 .)

p. vel. (F.

)

p. V. ,

pap. verge

pape.

pages

.

pagina or pspine (ppp-e, or pa^es.)

paper, i. e., sewed,

papi jr (paper.

)

I^apier de Hollande (Dutcn paper.)

papier fort (strong paper.)

papier teinte (colored paper.)

papier veliri (vellum paper. )

(P. )

papier verge (laid paper.)

PlD. , Pd.,

Ppta.,Ppbd. (a. )

Papp"barid (bound in paper. )

Pp. (G.) Pappe, Papior (paper, pasteboard.)

parcii. parcrira. (F.

)

parcnemin (p&rciiment .

)

pts. • in parts.

18

peau de Russ. (F. ) peau de Rusnie (Rur,Fia.)

peau de tr. (F. ^ pefui de truie (hof^skln.)

p.d. t. d. R. (T".) peau de truie de Rupr.ie (Punnian

hopskin

.

)

peau de v. " (v,) peau de veau (calf.)

perc., percal. percaliri', muslin,

perg. , pg. ,pgmt.

, pgt.

pergamina (parcixment .

)

Pgmtbd., Pgb.,Prgmtb. (G.)

Pergarnenfband ("bound in parchnjent . )

p. (I.) pelle (calf.)

p. f . , p. f ers . , pet . f . {'^.)

petit fers (toolinf^ worked ou.t "by the

combination of single patterns

from small dies.)

pice. (I.) piccolo (small.)

piq. (P .) piqures (worm- Jriole s.

)

pi. enl. (F. ) planches enluminees (illuminated plated

plaq. (P.) plaquette (thin volume bound.)

pi., plchs. (F.) planches (plates.)

ports. portraits.

ptrs. (P.) portraits, (portraits.)

p. post, as post 8vo.

pub. publisiied.

19

quad. (r.^ quaderno (a quirK of paper.)

qq. (F.) quelques (some, fev/.)

qq. rao\iill. ("F.) quelques moinllures (Eeveral damp

stains.

)

rac. (P.)

r. (I.)

r. ('c g. edges

red

.

rel. , r. (F.

)

rep. (Cr.)

rev

.

rn.

Roxb

.

^oy. , ry.

rus.

, russ .

racco^-'Tnode (repaired.)

recto. {rip;h.t hand page.)

red and gilt edges,

reduced.

relie, reliure (bound, binding.)

rep arirt (repaired.)

revised

.

roan

.

Roxburghe style of binding,

royal, as royal 4 to.

Russia leather.

\

?0

Si\ , srn. {C.)

Rfnb. , r.^n. (0. )

sammt.l. (n .

)

Sars. (r.)

sc

.

Schwldr. , Schwsldr,

sd. , sv/d.

s. {a,)

sec . ( I .

)

sec

.

s . , s t e . ( .

)

sig. (?.)

Sii., Sp . ,

Siip .

s. d' (I.)

s. a", et t. (L.

s.imp. (L. )

s. 1. (I. , 7. , I.

)

s . 1. eta. (L. )

s. 1 . n. d. (F.)

s. n. (L.)

s. t. (L.)

Raffiari (morocco.)

Raff ianbarid (n. rocco bindinp .)

sKmrntliche (all comple + e.)

Rarnenet (taffeta.)

scarce

.

(0.)

SciiV/artenleder , Schv/einsled'3r (hogskin,

pigskin.)

sewed.

sehen ( see . )^

secolo (century.)

section.

sei te (pare .

)

signe, signature (signed, signature.)

Siieep skin.

senza data (vitiiout date.)

)

sine anno et typographo (v. ithout year

and printer.

)

sine inrpreRsire (v/ithout printer.)

sine loco, sans lieu, senza luogo

(wi tiiout place . )

sine loco et anno (witiiout place and

date .

)

sans lieu ni date (no place or date.)

sine nota (witnout note.)

sine typoprapho (witnout printer.)

21

srn.

sra. 4to

Sratbd. (0.)

sq

.

stilt . (G .

)

St.

sup. , s.

sup. ex.

aupp.,

suppl.

small.

small quarto.

SajTimetband (velvet tjinrtinip:.

)

square

.

St&.iilst ic ji (st-.eel enr;-ravirir. )

Steintafel ( lit/iogra )

St i tcned

.

super (as super royal Bvo.)

super extra.

supplement.

TalD . ( Ct . )

Taf., Tfl. (Tr.)

taglio r . ( I . )

tarl. (I.)

t. (I.)

tete dor. (F.)

Textabildgu. (G.)

Th. , Till. , Thle.

thk.

tip. (I.)

Tatclle, Tarellen (table, t&bles.

Taf el (enp-raving.)

taglio rosso (red edges.)

tarlato (wor^n holed.)

te la ( clo til. )

tete dore (gilt top.)

Textabildungeii (illustrations of

text.)

(G.)

Theil (part.)

thick.

tipogrefia (tyT)ogrp.phy.

)

22

t. p. w. title-page wanting:.

tit. r. et n. {v,) titre roupe et rioir (titl(=; red and

hlaclc.

t. (v,) toile (cloth.)

t. pi. {'^.) toile pleino (full cloth.)

t. e. E. top ed^e gilt.

t. , torn. (L. , I . , P. ) to.mus , tomi; tomo, tomi; tome, tomes

( V o luit: u , V o lume s .

)

tr. (?.) tranche (edge.)

tr. cis. (F.) tranches ciselees (tooled edges^.

)

tr. dor. ("P) tranches dorees (ed^^s gilt.)

tr. eharh. (P. ) tranches ebarbes (trimmed edges.)

' tr, .jasp. (P.) tranches jaspees (sprinkled edges.)

tr. jn. (F.) tranches marhrees (edges marhled.

)

tr. p. (F. ) tranches peignees (combed edges.)

Tnis refers to tne process of

marbling, in wnich a comb is drawn

through the colors, leaving lines

which appear as scallops on the

paper,

tr. r. (P.) tranches rouges (red edges.)

trans. translated.

23

ubers. ('^ .

)

unaufc. (n.)

unbescu. (C .

)

unb

.

unc t

.

u. a. (G.)

u. a. (G.)

u. de)-F.. (G.)

u. f.

, uff . (G.

)

u. s. f. (G.)

U.S. w. (G.)

u. z.

ungeb (G.)

ub*jrsetzt

.

unaufgeschni t ten (uncut, not cut open

for r'>;vdinr;;. )

unbesciiiii tten (uncut, not trimmed

by tixe binder.)

unbound,

uncut

.

und S,hnliche (and tiie like, similar.)

und andere (and others.)

und dergleichen (and the like.)

und folgende (and the following.

)

und so fort (and so forth.)

und so weiter (and so on.)

und zwar (and indeed.)

ungebunden (unbound.)

V. d. various dates.

V. y. various years.

V. (E.) veau (calf.)

V. anc. (P.) veau ancien (old calf.)

V. ant. (F. ) veau antique (calf antique.)

v. b., V. bl. (F. ) veau bleu (blue calf.)

V. br. [v.) veau brun (brov/n calf.)

24

dor. [T^.) veau dor6 (calf gilt.)

V. ec . i'^.) veau ecaille (tortoise calf, scaled

calf . )

)

V fil. i'^.) veau avec filnts (calf witn fillets.)

V, f. (P.) veau fauve (fawn calf, plain calf.)

V jasp. (F. ) veau jaspe (calf stained cr marbled.)

v.ra. , V. raarb. (?.) veau marbre (calf marbled, mottled

calf .

)

V p. (T^.) veau porphyre (calf to imitate

porphyry.)

V r., v. rac. (P.) veau rr-cine (tree calf.)

v^ r. ("P.) veau rouge (red calf.)

vel. (F.) velin (vellum.)

vel. bl. (F.) velin blanc (wnite vellum.)

v^l. de H. (F.) velin de Hollande (Dutcix vellum.)

vergr. ,verg. (G.) vergriifen (out of print.)

V. (L.) verso, (left iiand page.)

vign. (F.) vignettes (vignettes.)

vol., vols. volume, volumes.

vollst. (G.) vollstandig (complete.)

V. (G.) von (by.)

w, witn.

wohlf. (n.) wofilfeil (cheap.)

z . B . ( G .

)

zum Beispiel (for example.)

25

TECIUaCAL TERMS.

AAmAWS'EL

AAW.TFiRKim

ABPIDrr^fENT

CD)

See also

ABTHEILUNG

ABTEILUNCt {a)

X CO]>IPAP.TI?m'TS (E)

A PROID (E)

Appendix.

Note, explanator.y reroar'k.

Alor idgrnent , outline.

Grundriss (G)

Abregl (E)

Compendio (I)

Cornpendio (S)

Uittreksel (T))

Section,

Panelled, checkered.

Blind-tooled, i. e. tooled witiiOut gold,

the design being impressed on the leath-

er with a hot iron, slightly changing

the color and showing the indentation.

Used "by tiie early monks. Sometimes

calle<^"i "monastic."

26

APT^REIINH

AFZONBERII JK

ACrOTADO

AI?^ m JOIS

ALT)ims

AilEPIGRAPHE

A:MLEiTirNrr

Ai>i?'irEP"^imri

AITTXAJ.I

ANIJARIO

AITNOTATION

AFr'O^AziOKE

AMNUAIHE

AWIWAL

(T))

(P)

(n)

IJITGAVE

(D)

(S)

(P)

Section.

Scraped down close to the board.

Part.

, sec t ion.

Separate edition.

Out of print.

Boards

.

Books from tne press of Aldus Manutius, of "^^enice,

and his successors. 1495-1597. They are fine

texts and printed with especially c^st types.

Aldus was txie first print t^r to use Italic type.

(F) Witnout title; witixout inscription of

title. Most manuscripts are anepigraphe

most incunabula also.

(Cr) Appendix.

(G) Introduction.

(C-) K^ote, explanatory remark.

(I) Annual.

(S) Annual.

(P) Note, explanatory remark.

(I) Note, explanatory remi.rk.

(F) Annual.

Term a,pplied to a literary worV appearing once a

year; an illustrated work issued near Christmas of

each year. Name formerly given to well bound,

illustrated works whiCii were very popular from

1822-56.

27

ANKHTAL

am;juahio

ANOPISTOaRAPH)':;

ATTOTA^ION

AK^TI^HONAI^'R

A PETI"^S ?ER!^

APAISADO

APEITDICE

APPAlNfDICE

APPENDICE

APPENDIX

Fee alsoJahrbucj. (n)

Anriuaire i"^)

Annali, annuario (I)Aiiriario {?-)

Jaarbock (D)

(I) Annual.

(P) A term applied to manuscripts and print-

ed books, in whicJa the writing or

print inc: is on tne recto alone. Most

rolls and bloc-c books are of this type.

(R) Note, explanatory remark.

(?) See Livres liturgiques.

(P) Tooling dene by hand in small separate

tools to make up the pattern. A distino-

tion is here implied between hand- too lectj|

binding and tnat stamped at one blov/, or

decorated by means of a roll carrying a

continuous pattern.

(S) Oblong.

(S) Appendix.

(I) Appendix.

(P) Appendix.

A part added to a book or document, containing

explanatory or statistical material, relating to

the main part, but not essential to its co.mplete-

ness. Therein it differs from S u p p 1 e -

men t,v/hich is intended to complete and correct

the main part of tne work.

27 2

APPENDIX

APPROBATION

AQUATINTE

AUFLAGE

AUsaABE

iCr)

A^/EC E1\TETES CrRAVES

(?)

Set: alsoAnhang (G)Appendice (F)AppccMdice, coda (I)ApendicG (R)Aanhangsel (T))

The act by which the Royal Censor,

charged with readin{;^ a manuscript, de-

clares that he has reaci it and has found

nothing immoral, or apainst the estab-

lisned lav;s , in it, which would prevent

its beinp- printed.

Engraving executed in a single color,

generally dark, or neuter, and giving

different tones by the degrees of

shading.

Edition.

Edition.

With engraved headings.

2M

BAND

BANDS

(D) (n) Voli-irjio, book.

Projection^' produced on txie back of tne volume,

by t:ie cordj. or tapes, on wxiici. are oev/n tiie

sections of the book.

bXsan, bapaot^ (?) Sheep- skin tanned in oak- or larch-ba

and used for book-binding, etc. It i.

distinguished from r o an, which iR

tanned in sumac.

BASANE VEPTE TtAi'.OQUIlTEE

(F) Raw siieep-skin moroccoed. ,

BASTARD TITL!^ A repetition in print of the name of tiie book,

written in earlv times on the cover.

A fly-, or half-title before the full title of a

work.

See also!Palse- ti t le

.

Half-title.

BEDEi^K BLATT (CO

BEIHEFT (C-)

BEILACE (Cr)

BENEDI n T I ON]-IATRE

(E)

BERQUIITADE (E)

Memorial publication.

Supplement.

Supplement

.

SeeLivres liturgiquesErom the name of Berquin, a literary

work, written for children and resem-

bling, in material and in form, the

works of Berquin, a Erench v/riter for

c'nildren in tne 18th century.

29

BIBLIO^OIIY (GF)

BIBLIOCtRAPIT

BIBLIOGRAPHICBIBLIOGRAPi^ICAL

BIBI.IOnpAPMlZT^

BIBLIOGRAPTTY

BIBLIOKL^IPT

BIBLIOKLKPTOMAMIAC

BIBLIOLATERBIBLIOLATRIST

BI3LI0LATRY

BIBLIOLATROUS

(^i|31iov booV, R.nd^ o v freneration)

"^hp !)roduct, ion oP hooko.

bibliograpiie , GR p t|5 X t o vj pa- 4* ^ 5 )

A book v/riter.

Of, relating to, or dealing witj:i bibli-

ograpiiy.

To write a bibliography of.

{y bibliographie, GR ^^^Xioj ^o.^^<^

book-writing)

1. The writing of books

i

2 Tne systematic descriiJtion and his-

tory of books, tneir authors iiip, print-

ing, publication, editions, etc.

3 A book containing such details.

4 A lis ^, of the books of a particula^:

author, printer, or country, or of

those dealing with an^;^ particular theme

the literature of a subject.

(gr jSt|SXLOV book, and KX&rrrr^^ thief)

A book tixief

.

A book tiiief , regarded as insane.

One wno has an excessive admiration or

reverence for books.

(GR jSLjSXiov book, andXarpecc^ worship

ExtrB.vagant admiration . of a book.

Given to, or characterized by

bibliolatry.

30

BiiaioLonv

BIBLIOLOniCAL

BIBLIOLOr^IST

BIBLIOMANCY

BIBLIO?.IA:\rR

BI3LI01.IANIA

BIBLIO^miAC

BIBLIOMAJ"jIAC!AL

BIBLIO^IAITIAN

BIBLIO?mTISM

BIBLIOACA.TIIST

BIBLIOPE'^-IST

BIBLIOPE^IRTinBIBLIOi^ECrl^^'^irAL

(GR^'-^^JoV bnoV, and Xoy05 diacournf^

Scientific clescj-ij lioji of book:;, i.ouk-

lore, bibliograpiiy

.

Of, or pertainine to b i b 1 i o 1 o c :)

A professed student of bibliolo-g y.

ll

(GF, 3i./3/V/ov book, and /AO.V re to. divin-

ation) Divination by books, gener-

ally b;^ verses of the Bible.

(F bibliomane; GR |3tj3\iov book,

and yuavca5 mad) An indiscriminate

collector of books.

(GR ^i^XCo-V book, and ^ccVta mad-

ness) A rage for collecting and

possessing books.

One affected witi. bibliomania, mad for

books.

Of, relating to, or characterizing, a

bibliomaniam.

A bibliomaniac.

Bibliomania.

A bibliomaniac.

A bookbinder.

Of, or relating to, or befitting a

bookbinder.

31

BIBIIOPEr-Y

BIxSLIOPHAr-IC

BIBLIOPPiArrlST

BIBLIOPKIIR

BIBLIOPHILIC

BIBLIOP'TILISM

BIBLIOPHILIST

EIELI0PKILIS7IC

BIBLIOPHILOUS

BIPLIOPMILY

BIBLIOPHOBIA

BIBLIOPOEFY

booV., and 7r^JyVl'^t to fix)

Bookbinding as a fine art.

Of, or pertainiiif^^ to a bibliophagist.

(OR ^c^A 1.0V book, andi^a^iov devouring;)

A devourer of books.

(r bibliopjjile; GR )Sl/3K'ov book,

and 0i\oc, friend) A person,

who loves books, and who seeks them

with tne sole desire of instruction, and

w.iO on.y acquires tnose bo^'oks, v/nich he

consider.s raos:: suitable to form col-

lection, wiiich shall be valuable for

the number and variety of its contents.

Of, or pertaining toabiblic-p h i 1 e.

The principles and practice of a

bibliophile.A bibliophile.

Of, or pertaining to a bibliophile.

Addicted to bibliopixily

.

bibliophi lie) Love of books,

taste for books.

(GR 6t/5\i ov book, and ^o/5os dread)

Dread of, or aversion to books.

(GR lJS C o->^ book, and 7roiy<rtj making)

Tne making of books.

BIBLIOPOLE

BIBLIOPOLARBISLIOPOLICBIBLIOPOLICAL

BIBIIOPOLI^M

BIBLIQPOLIST

BIBLIOPOLIS^in

BI3LI0TACTE (F)

BIBLIOTAPHE {^)

BIBLIOTECmE (P)

B IBL 1 T "^CHEC WOMI

S

(P)

BILDNISR (G)

BILLIGE AUSGABE

(G)

BLA-D («^AT7 4 ZIJ^^EN)

(D)

BLADWiJZER (D)

'S2

(GK 6t/^ At o Tru>\i^5 frora ^ tj3> X c ov' book,

and TTajXi^j- seller, dealer)

A dealer in books; a bookselli.-r

.

Of, or belonging; to booksellers; hence

bibliopolically.The principles or trade of booksellinr

A bookseller.

Of, pertaining to, or befitting a book-

seller.

One w.r.o is exclusively employed in ar-

ranging books on the shelves. A page

a library.

A man who buries'his books and does not

give them to the v/orld. A place in a

library where reserve books are placed

Library economy.

Library economy.

Portrait

.

Cheap edition.

Sheet, 4 pages.

Table of contents.

33

BLE"F1"0 When a book has "been cut dov/n into the print, it

is said to l^ave been blod.

Sec also cropped.BOGEjT (G) Sheet 4 pages.

BOG-RNBEZEUCHNUNG

(G) Signature (in printing.)

Polded edge of tne sheets in an unoijened book.BOLT

BOUND

BOUSTROPHEDON (E)

BREVET

BROCI-TE

(E)

(E)

See alsoGebundenPelieLegatoEncuardernadoIngebonden

(E)

(I)

Cs)(D)

Writing wnicxi goes alternately from

left to rigiit and frcin riglit to left.

The Greeks wrote this WE^y, at first.

A license (of booksellers or printers.)

Paper covers.

Stitched, i. e. having the sections

caugiit together with threads, but not

fastened to bands, as in regular sewing,

The Erench stitcn runs diagonally across

tne back of ti^e book and is not to be

confounded with machine stitching, wire

stitching, side stitching, etc. This

stitching is usually covered v/ith paper,

BROKEiJT OVER When plates are turned over or folded a short dis

tance from the back edge, before they are placed

34

BROSCHIRT

BUCHERFREUND

in tne. volume, so as to facilita-t-e their beinp

turned easily or laid flat, they are so id to be

b r o e n over. Wiien a leaf has been turned

down, tne paper is broken.(Cr) Paper covers.

(Ct) Book- lover.

BileHERSAW a.ER (^r) Book- CO Hector.

CIAHIER (F) Number, pr.rt.

CALENDERED PAPER

Paper whicn is very hig;hly rolled or glazed, for

receiving illustrb.tions.

CAJ'£E0-BII^IDI1IG Binding, wnere tiie leatiier is stamped with dies,

cut in intaglio, whereby impressions in relief,

imitations in some sort, of antique cameos, were

produced.

CAI'TCELS Leaves containing errors, which have to be dis-

carded and replaced by corrected sheets. ?uch

leaves are marked by the printer with a star.

Duplicat3 sheets or quires, which are to be sul

-

stitutad in place of otiiers, either to correct

35

grave errors in the printing;, because they have

"been suppressed by tne censors, or, "bocause they

contain parts, which have been omitted fro/:i the

text.

CAKTONIEFT

CARTO-NNArt-H] BRA^EL

(P)

CARTONWE

CARTOUCHCARTOUCHE

(P)

Bound in boards. i

I

A method of temporary binding in boards

or paper, introduced into^ Erance by a

man named Bradel. The sections are not

sawn at the back, but sewn on ribbon and

the boards removed a certain distance

from tne b£.cl<:, leaving a hollov;, into

which the covering ispressed.j

In boards.

A painted, engraved, or sculptured ornam.ent of

irregular or fantastic form, enclosing a plain

central space used as a field for inscriptions,

etc. Such ornaments v/ere much used during the

16th and 17th centuries to decorate the title-

pages of books.

CARTOUCIiE A EEUI LINAGE

(E) Cartouche in ornaments imitating the

foliage of trees.

CATALOCO (I S) Catalog.

36

CATAI-OG

CATALOGUE

CATALOCrUF'

c;atch-wopt)S

CHAP BOOFS

CHAPTER BOOKS

A liPt of the najTiG.s of people or t;.inp:p.,generally

arrang'^'d alphabetically, and including some

description. See also List.

See alsoVerzeicLniss (G)

Catalogue, liste (F)Catalogo, lista (I)

Catalogo, lista (S)Catalogus (D)

|

(1?) Catalogj

("n) Catalog. ''

The lines which contain the catch words.This is the name given to one or ^T^ore words, I

placed at tue foot of tne verso of a leaf, and

reproduced on the first line of the recto of ti-e

following leaf. It is, in snort, a new v/ay of

making a guiding mark, differing from signatures,

allowing tn leaves to he put together one after

the other, witiiout having recourse to signatures.

They were used in the manuscripts of the 11th

century and, quite frequently, in those of tiie

14tn. Tiie first instance of this usage is in a

Tacitus printed at Venice by Vendelin de

Spire in 1468, or 1469, Tney were in use until

the 18 til century, but, after ti.e 14th, they were

put only at the foot of the verso of the last leaf

of each. section. 1

i

Abbreviation for Chapter b o o k.s.li

See Phare books.

37

CEAUHEK TYPF,

CEEAV EDITION

CHIT^'T^RE

CHIE7RES

CHEYROrrRAPHl=]

CODA

CODEX

COIEEE

COLLATION

COLLA^ION''TEN

COLL EC CI ON

Type ur.ed by William TAorrin, in hir, imitation of

old styl^ printing.

alsoBillige Ausp:abe (G)^Idition a bon marciie (E)Edizione econoraica (I)

Edicioii bar8.ta (S)Goedkoope uitgave (D)

|

(^) Monogram. !

(E) Numbers

(E) This word designates t:ie tlluminators

,

who, in the Middle Ages, applied gold

to tne ornamental capital letters, w/iichj

were placed at tne nead of chaptsrs,

and to miniatures.^

(I) Appendix.|

(L) A manuscript, whose form was that of

our actual books, as distinguished from

the (v 1 u m e n) roll. The leaves of]

parchment were cut to certain dimensions

and bound together.

(E) Hefeidband.

Tiie examination of tixe signatures, etc., of a bool^,

to ascerta-in if tney follow in order and are

complete.

(E) Collation.

(S) Collection

3B

COLLET ''I ON A number of "bookB, considered as a whole, of

w.iich the sin^'-le volumes are parts.

Ree alsoSaramlung [f^-)

Recueil (I^)

Coilezione, raccolta (I)

Colecciou (C)Verzaineling [J))

OOLLEZIONE RA^.fOLT/

(I)

COLOPHOIT

CO^TPEITDIO

COJIPIET

CO^jDPLETE

Collect ion.

The note at tne end of old books, containing the

names of tiie printer anci publisher , place v/here

printed, and da.te.

(I S) Abridgment, outlines.

(E) Complete.

See alsoVollst^Indig (Cr)

Coraplet (E)

Completo (I)

Complete (S)

Volledig (D)

CO^'IPLE'T^E ¥OEKP>

See alsoSamtliche werke (cO

Oeuvres co'npletes (E)

Opere complete (I)

Obras completers (S)

Volledige werken (D)

CO?IPLETO (I S) Complete.

CO-MCORIDAITCE IDE LA BIBLE

(E) Concordance of the Bible.

CONCORDANCE OE '^IiE BIBLE

The name given to repertoires, in which are

classed, in alphabetical order, all the words of

the Bible, with the passages in which the words

39

CONTENT IDO

CONTEIiT

CON'^^IITUA'^IOK

COK'^IMJA'^ION

are

(F)

(S)

The

cited. "i^hey are found in many laniPiuap-es

.

Colleague, fellow-member, associate.

Content

.

subject matter of a book.

1

2

3

CONTINUAZIOl^^E

CONTEinJTO

CONTREEACON

(I)

(I)

(?)

See alsoInhaltContenuContenutoContenidoInhoud

(G)

(E)(I)

(S)

Content

.

Continuation.

Any irregular publication not issued oftener

than once a year, especially, a book, v/hich

is issued in parts.

Any annual publication.

Any book, which is issued or supplied in

pB.rts.

Any incomplete file o"^ a periodical.

?ee alsoEort setzungSuite

Cent inuazioneCont inuac ionVervoeg

(C-)

(E)(I)

(S)

(B)

Continuation.

Content.

Forgeries of works printed a+ certain

places, and bearing on the title pages

false names of editors and places of

publication. Sometimes, they were

printed for tne purpose of fraudulent

gain. Sometimes, works prohibited by

40

the censor W'?r:; so pub 1 i s ii-'^d . ?Tolland,

Belgi'i™, Geneva, Basle ati ^ Avipnon (tiiis

last before becoming a city of France)

produced tiiese v/orks on a large scale.

COPIE (?) Coi^ied, in maiuAScript.

COPIED Ii; MANU?^CRIPT See alsoGesclirieben (G)CopitS (-P)

In coi)ia (a mano) (I)

En cop i a (f^)

In afschrift (nD)

COPPKR ETCTTIKTa

The art and process of engraving by means of a.cid

which eats into a surface, which inay be glass,

zinc, iron, or steel, but is generally copper.

The surface is first covered with a varnish, and

this varnisii is scratched through by an etching

needle, to expose tne metal in lines forming a

drawing. The plate is then exposed to tiie acid,

which bites into the exposed lines, so that they

are made deep enough to receive tne ink for the

engraving.i

See alsoKupferradierung (G)

I

Gravure a I'eau forte (F)Intaglio ad acqua forte (I)

Grabado al agua fuerte (S)

Sterkwc-terplaat (B)

COPPERPLATE See Line engraving.See also

Kupferst ich (G)

Gravure sur cuivre (P)Incisione in rame (I)

Grabado en cobre (S)

Kopergravure (D)

41

CORRITrE

CROPPED

CUART^T]PNO

CUL- DE-LA?.fPE

CURSIVE

CUT-IN NOTES

(S) Revised.

(7) Revised.

A book is sr-.id to be cropped v;hen tae edres ?re

cut down very iiiuch'.

See also Bleed.(S) Number, part.

(F) A vignette or flower at the end of a

chapter, which forr, is inscribed in a

triangle, the point at the bottom],

S e e IT a n u s c r i p t s

.

Side-notes, wiiicn are inserted witnin the text at

tixe side, instead of in tne margin.

See also No t e s.

DECKLE The raw or ragged edge all around trie fou.r sides

of a full size sheet of handmade paper, which is

produced by tne deckle proper, wnicn is

a rectangular frame, Ip.id upon tiie wire mold,j|

on wnicn the paper pulp is placed, to confine the I

pulp witiiin the limits of tne regular size of the!

i

sheet. ,!

Ij

DEEL (D) Volume, book.

42

DESRIN

DIARIO

DIBUJO

X)I!=!PE^!?A

DOREUR

DOF BRISE

IXIR PLEIN

A book is dfif ;c ive iP an;' of t/.e lerjvep nre

patched, or mended ii. any other way, or if tae

title-paf'e, frontispiece, or any of the plates are

laid down, i.e. rebacked wit/i paper, to

preserve tiiem, or render tiiem stronger,

(F) Drawiiig, design.,

(F) Newspaper. ;

(S) Drav/inp;, design.\

I'

(I) Drawing, design.

(I) Part, section.

A dark brov/n calf used generally'' for religious

books, and worked in blind, or tooled.

(F) Literally Gilder. One wiio by

means of small hec.ted hand tools and

stamps, each bearing a portion of ti^e

design, impresses a decoration in gold

upon a book cover, or other suitable

surface. Finisher, tne nearest

approach to a synonym in English,

(F) Hollow back

(F) Solid or rigid back, as contrasted with

Dos brise, or hollow back.

A book may have a flexible back and, at

the same time, be hollow-backed, the

cords or bands being pressed into the

back when it is glued up and tne outer

covering forming a false back.

43

DOUBLEDOdBLURil {V)

DRU^K (G)

DURCHGESEHE^N (C)

As used in "boo'k'bindinp;, it desip;na + eF5 the

leather, silk, or otii^^r fabric, sone-

ti"ies used on the inner side of the

boards of a book, in place of the or-

dinaryboard papers.

See* alsoZeichnungDessinDi segnoDibujoTeekening

Printing, print.

Printing, print.

Revised.

(P)(I)

(S)

EAII i?ORT (p)

EDIT ION {^)

EDI CION BARATA (S^

EDI C ION POT^UJAR

(S)

EDI C ION SEPARADA

(S)

EDI 10 PRINrEPR

(L)

Etching.

Edi t ion.

Cheap edition.

Popular edition.

Separate edition.

The edition which the author corrected

and preferred.

44

ETiITiON

EDIT 10!^ (F)

EDITIO.Ni A BOJ^ MARCHE

EDITION m LUXE

EDITION PO^ULAIRi^

(7)

EDITION S^PAR'^E

(^)

EDI Z IONE (I)

EDIZ IONE ECONOMIC

A

(I)

EDI Z IONE POPOLAFlE

(I)

EDI Z IONE J^EPARATA

(I)

See alsoAuflaf':e., AuRfabe (n)

^•iition {y)Edizione (I )

Edicidn (9)Oplaaf^, uitgave (D)

Edition.

Cheap edition.ii

(

:l

i

ii

Erenci-L co lloqualism for the largej

li

paper editions issued of first-class

books, such as: the Larp-e, Larger and

Largest paper; the copy on yellow papef;

"blue paper, writing paper; on Papier de

Holla.nde, de Ciiine, or de I'Inde; or on

Japanese vel]-um; the very limited[

impression. I

Popular edition.„

Separate edition.

Edition.

Cheap edition.

Popular edition.

Separate edition.

4 5

"EINZEL-AUPOAJ^E (O) Separate edition.

ELZ"'^"^''I'R? Rooks from the prtiss of tl^e "Rlzevirs, celebrate^l

for the care which they ghve to their printinp and

also for tlie delicacy of the type which tney used

and wiiiCii wr. s made by Gararnont. There were twelve

printers in t^.e fainil;/; tiie work of tiieir success-

ors is often included under tue name. The most

famous of the family v; re Abraiiam, Bonaventure,

Loiiis and "Daniel, whose work a' tained the greatest

perf ec + i on.

E^IBLE^TRS (1?) Emblems.

EMBLE'^'IS Symbolic figures, with a sentence below each. In

the 17th century, works with emblems played an

important part. In our day, the marks of certain

libraries or printers, are only emblems.

EN COPIA (S) Copied, in manuscript.

ENCUADEPNADO (S) Bound.

ENCIJADERNADO A LA RUSTICA

(S) Papercovers.

EFD-PAPEP.S The blank leaves at the beginning and end of a]

book; also called Ely-leaves.i

ENIUMINEIJR (E) Synonjnn of M i n i a t u. r i s t;

Il'i.uminator

.

EJILUMINURE (E) The art of illuminating manuscripts.

EPUISS (E) Out of print.

ERr^ANCrSBAND (C) Supplementary volume.

ESATJRITO (I) Out of print.

46

EVANPrlilllAPE

EX DONO

EX LIBRIS

exehtplar

explicit

1502-1664. WorVs of a famil^' of French printers

These books, for accuracy and beauty of workraan-

siiii), wr;re not inferior to those of Aldus.

(?)

(L)

(L)

(L)

See L i V r e s 1 i t u r i q u e s.

A written or printed inscription, which

marks tiie source of a book, which has

been givei: to a library or to an

individual. v

Book plate. The mark of ownership of a

book. It is generall\ a label, on which

is engraved, in copper-plate o r etching,

the coa*--of-arriis , the device or thej

emblem, adopted by the owner of the

book. Rich amateurs have had their arms

engraved also on t'ne covers and backs of

their books. The Ex-libris, ap-

peared first in Germany, in the 16th

century.,

Copy.

This designates the final note placed

at tije end of a manuscript, or incuna-

bula, whetixer after the text and before

tne index, if there is one, or even

after the index. Tne word originated

with the Latin copyists, who put at tiie

end of a work, written on a roll, the

words, EXPLI^ITU?^ ESTLIBER. (the book is unrolled.)

47

At the end of tna 3d century, tiie for-

mula v/as abridged and remained >

Explicit. Intne incunabula,

this note generally contr.ins the name

of the printer, the date of the printing;

of the book and the name of the city

where it was printed.j

EXTPA The binding; of a book is said to be extrawhen it has gilt ornaments on side and back, silk

headbands, etc. '

ij

EXTRA ILIUSTRATED See Grangerizing.j

jj

j

i

PAC- SIT'^ILE (L) The exact reproduction of an object,

a manuscript, a writing, or a printed

text, by mechanical means, by transfer-I

ring it b;'' hand, or by photography;^, or

heliograpjiV. -

j|

EALSE BANDS These are pieces of cardboard, or cord, tnin and

narrow, wuiciri the binder glues on the back of the

book before putting the leatiier over it. The

48

leather , witiCii is fastened over it, forms a pro-

11 ject ion whicii imitates the true bands.

FALP'R '''ITIK Tiiis is placed upon a separate paf^^e, and is given

to the important tlivisions of Book, Part,or C a n t 0. It is in smaller type than the

B a s t a r d title.See also Bastard-title.

Half-title.leaves of a book are spread, or fanned out

and fixed in tnat position. Then, tney are

painted on in water color, and when dry, gilded.

so that the design can only be seen when the

leaves are spread out.

'FAll'FA'R'E, A LA

(?) This design consists of geometrical

figures, with sprays of palm branches,

leaves and foliated forms, deftly

introduced, the whole being tooled in

gold. Colloquially, it means Flour-ish of trumpets.

PASCIOOLO (I) Number, part. section.

PABICUL^ Number of a work, part. Usually a

small part, not alvyrays complete in it-

self, not a separate paging.

FEHLT (a) Out of print.

FEUILLE (P) Sheet, 4 pages.

Leaf, sneet, whole sneet, which folded.

49

FEIJILLET

FINAL PART

FINE PAPER

FINISHINrr

FLEUPjE

FLEURON

(F)

(F)

mak^is a section of tiie book.

Leuf, part of a printed sheet contain-

ing two pages.

Par-teboard or cardboard sheets, on which

are written the titles of worVs. They

are of different sizes, and are used to

supply title-pares.

Wheels for engraving the parallel lirjes of a

border

,

See alsoSciilussat z

Partie finalePartie finalePartie finalSlot

(fx)

(F)

(I)

(S)(B)

The best edition of a book; sometimes expressed by,

tne let.tars F P.

All ornamentation in blind- tooling, or in gold,

by means of tools used in combination.

(F)

(F)

Flov/ery, florid.

An ornament smaller than the Gui-

de 1 a m p e, and which is placed

on the title-pages or on the blank

pages at the end of the principal

divisions of a work. In the latter

case, they are often given the name of

Cul-de-larap e, although they have

not tixe ordinary form.

50

(G)

FLY- LEA'R'

FLY-TI-^LR

Broadside

.

Small ornaments raadts of type metal, Wiiicii could bqj

readily coubined to suit any lengtn or v/idtn of

page. Tney were used to make borders sround the '

tex '.

Fee End papers.The half-title in front of tne general title, or

whicn divides sections of a work.

See alsoBastard.title.Half-title.pals e-t i t 1 e;

FOr-LIO (Di 4 PAnii.iE)

(I)

POIIO FIZE

Sheet, 4 pages.

See alsoHochforma.tGrand formatEormato a,ltoTamano grandeGroot formaat

iCr)

(I)

(S)

FOLIOTAGE The work of putting on a manuscript a

successive number for eacn separc^tr

leaf. It is indispensable for tnose

manuscripts which have not been num-

bered.

The front edp-e of a book.

The bibliographical expressior. for size and

shape of a book.

EORIIAT OBLONG (E) Oblong.

EORE-E^GE

FORMAT

51

FORMATO ALTO (i)

FORMATO OBLIJNGO

(I)

FORRELL

Folio size.

FORTSETZU>in

FORWAR'DTNr.

FRACTUR

Oblong.

Rou£;h undreGsed skins of beasts used in early

times for "binding.

(0) nontinuation.

All procossef^ t/irouph which a book passes after

sewing, other than t/^ose of ornanient&t ion by

means of tools or rolls.

(G) German expression for the German

text, or Black-letter characters.

FRRIICH SIZ?]S

In-f. or in-folIn-

4

In-

8

In- 12In- 16In-1"In-32

Quarto

.

t»

Octavo

.

Duodecimo

.

16mo

.

18rao

.

32mo.

52

(?) Ply- leaves, end-papers.

(P) Goffered.

GEBT'NT)"F1N (G) Bound.

GEDRUCKT (G) Printed

.

GETTTil'PTET (G) In pamphlet form.

GT?!?AMTPEG I I'EP. (G) Complete index.

GESCHRIEPEN (G) Copied in manuscript.

GILT This term applies to both the edges of a hook and

the ornaments on the cover.

GIOPvNALFi (I) Newspaper.

GOEmOOPE UITGAVE

(D) Cheap edition.

GOPEEl^ED Having a pattern stamped upon the edges of a hook

by raea,ns of hot irons, after gilding.

GOLDEN TYPE The type used hy William Morris, founded on, or

evolved from the general appearance of the letters

in a 15th century folio printed Leonardus of

Arezzo, in 1476.

gondeu:p (P)

gotische schript

(G)

GOTJTTIEPE (P)

GKASADO AL AQUA PUEHTE

(R)

GRABADO EN ACEPO

(S)

To v/arp

.

Black- letter.

Pore- edge

.

Copper etching.

Steel-engraving.

53

GRABADO EN COBl-E

(S)

GRMD AIGLP] (IN POLIO)

(F)

Copper-plate

.

GRANGERIZING

GRATER

Grand eagle ( stfit ionery)

Grand eagle (size of paper)

20 and in by 40 in.

(?) Polio size.

Cramininf^ a book with illustrations of everything

it contains. Called Grangeri zingbecause Granger's Biblio-graphical history of

E n g land was at one time most frequently

selected for this kind of illustration.

Also, to obtain i lustrations for any book, from

others in print, often spoiling many books to

illustrai.e one.

(P) To scrape

The Prencii put their books in the press

between boards aiid rasp the edges.

GRAVUR"^^ A L'EAU PORTS

(^)

GRAVURE SUR ACIER

(P)

GRAVURE ?UR CUI^mE

(P)

Copper etching.

Steel- engraving

.

Copper-plate

.

54

I.

11

GR0LI3RESQUE Tne tarrn applied to tiie introduction of a "border,

formed of an interlaced fillet. One of tne;

distinguishing marks of a Grolier.|

GROLIERR Books bound for Jean Grolier, Vicomte d'Arguisy.

1479- 15 6 5. mostly Classics and books of I tali an

authors. The bindings are in 2 classes:11

1 Those bound for others, but coming into his

collection, to which he merely added ^his name and

motto.'

2 Those especially bound for him, partly in P

France, partly in Venice. They were bound in

morocco or brown calf and the back, witnoutjj

ornament, has generally 5 or 7 bands. There are

4 leaves of guard, the 3d being vellum. The i|

ornamentation isin compartments, or geometrical,

the Italian bindings with colored ba.nds, the

Prench, in black and gold. Sometimes, there are

graceful interlac ings , diversified by f 1 e u r-

i

o n s and other small tools. Two m.ottoes are

generally used:jj

lo Grolierii et amicorum, and

Portio mea, Doraine, sit in terra viventium.

GROOT ?OP''^AT (T)) Polio size.

GRUMDPISS (G) Abridgment, outlines. '

|

GUIPES Cards iiigher trian those which serve for the

cata.log, of a different color, and on which are

indicated tne bibliograpnic divisions of

65

of alpliab'it ic and synternatic catfilogs.

HAL"TP- BOUND

HAI.T^- TITLE

HALR^-UITCIAL

HALT -MAR?:

Wirien tne "back and corners only of a, book are

covered witn leather, and the sides witii pa,per

or cloth.

A label- title, invariably printed in the centre o

of the page preceding the title-page proper.

It consists of a few v/oros only, the fev/er tiie

better, giving; the snort title of the book,

which the general title explains. A half-title

may precede any or all of tue several distinct

portions, of a book.

See alsoBastard-title.Half-title.

See manuscripts.

In England, an official stamp pi.it upon e.rticles

made of gold and silver, as an evidence of gen-

uineness; so called from Goldsmith Hall in

London.

56

KAED LISTS

HEAT) BAMDEP.S

HEAD) CAP

HEAD- PIECE

HEET

HOCHEORjMAT

HUMDEL

2 Any mark of genuineness, good quality, etc.

Post'jrs announcing tne publication of one or

more books. Tnese w-.-re fastened to the doorposts

of cnurches, where dealers in manuscripts v/ere

accusto-'oed to meet. In University towns, tiiese

lists were attached to the doors of the univer-

sity, the doors of students' lodging houses or

on the wall near the stand or booth, where the

travellinf bookseller displayed his wares.

At first, tiiey were printed in folio, afterward

in quarto or octavo sheets for insertion in books

or for general distribution.

The silk or cotton ornament placed at the top

arid bottom of the back of a book.

A twist of two or three, silken or linen, threads

around a square or oblong band. The band is made

of several thicknesses of either vellum or catgut,

somewhat less in height than the squares of the

book for which they are intended.

The fold of leather over th-, h e a d-b a n d.

Ornaments placed at the top of tne page at the

beginning of a chapter.

(C) Number, part.

(G) Eolio size.

(D) Number, part.

57

ILJ.UMIN/"'TOT^T The worlc of coverinr witn color tne outlinen of

a design traced in line. The most ancient manu-

scripts are ornamented witi- illuminations, and the

first printed "bouks had tneir capital letters,

for which the place was reserved, made by hand,

and decorated. This word is particularly applied

to the horder decoration, w?iile the various

subjects, landscapes and figures took the name

of miniatures.

See also

Miniatures.ILLUT^INATOR Synonym of miniaturist, hut the most ancient

form. It designates him vmo ornamented manuscripts

with illuminations. He made not only ornamental

letters, hut also patterns and interior designs.;l

Till the 15th century, the scribes and illumin-

ators formed tne class of calligrapher s . After

tliat time, they were distinct classes. Accord-

ing to Seroux d'Agincourt, between the 9th and

10th centuries, they conrprised four great

classes.i

1 The scribes. '

2 The calligraphers proper, still designated

by tii.e name of chrysographers , because thej,

ornamental letters, which they raade , had back-

grounds of gold. I

3 Tliose wxio painted and wrote at tiae same time.

4 Tnose wno designed andpajnted very y;o11.

These last form tne most noble class

IIIPERPKCT COPY A book is considered imperfect if anytning, even

a blank leaf, or a slip of errata be

raissinr.

(S) Printin^o;, print.

(F) Printin/:, print.

The indication of ti. e place wiiere a book was p

printed, either wit/i or without the printer's

name

.

IN A^'SCHP.I'P'T (D) Copied in manuscript.

IN alp^iab^tisch.^:p pechea^polce

IMPPESION

UffBEsr^ION

IlfPRINT

(G)

IK TAUF^CH VERKET^

(G)

INC IPIT (L)

INCISIONE IN ACCIAJO

(I)

INCISIONE IN RAME

(I)

In alphabetical order.

In aljThabeticsl order.

Tnis is tixe first word, with which

incunabula wit/iout a title begin. The

title at the beginning being v/anting,

the first lines of the first page take

its place and should be transcribed on

the (fiches) cardboards, on which

are written the titles of books.

Steel-engraving.

Copper-plate

.

59

IN COPIA (A IIM^O)

(I)

INCUNABULA (L)

Copied in manuscript.

Under tnis name are included all txie

books printed before 1500 A. D.

They are divided into two classes:

1 The Xylograpiiic or Block-books,

printed by means of a whole plate, on

v/iiich v/ere engraved in relief the

designs and tue text.

2 Books printed with movable types.

In order to recognize incunabula they

must submitted to tests

1 On the firmness and thickness of

the paper.

2 On the typographical characters,

which are full nf added lines, in

German, Dutch, and even French print-

ed books. On tne irregularity and

imperfection of type, which is very

striking in the books printed by the

Italian presses.

3 On the partial or complete absenc

of the marks of punctuation.

4 On the appearance of the copy of

manuscript, witii tne exception of tne

capital letters, whicn are put in and

decorated by hand.

60

5 On the abbreviations, which are

numerous and like in every respect, to

those of manuscriptK of tne same time.

6 On the absence of signatures, of

catchwords, of pagination, of registers,

at least at the "beginning.

7 On the sepr.rate title in front,

which does not exist.

8 On the absence of any indication

of the place of printing, of the

editor, of tue name of trie printer and

of the date.

The cataloging of incunabulapresents certain difficulties, by

reason of the imperfect information

found in the whole book.

INDIA PAPEP Paper of different qualities made from the inner

fibre of the bamboo. It is generally of a buff

color. India proof engravings are taken off on

this paper, sometimes for books, sometimes, as

independent prints. It is the thinnest of opaque

papers and especially adapted for fine and im-

portant work.

IITDIA PROOPF Strictly, first proofs only of an illustration

pulled on I n d i a paper, but used indis-

criminately for all illustrations printed on

India paper.

61

INDICE (o)

iNT:)ir:E (i)

INrr"RBnNDT^]N (D)

im^^.:iAAiT) CD)

INHALT (C)

INHALTSVERZEI C HNI

R

INKOUD

INLEIDING

INSET

Table of content.

Taule of contents.

Bound.

Pap er covers.

Content

.

(15)

(D)

(G)

Table of contents, index.

Content

.

Introduction.

Inscription.

A sneet, or part of a sheet, to be placed insede

of another sheet to complete sequence of

pagination,

INTAC-IIO AD ACOUA FORTE

INTE]'.EOLIE

INTRODUCCION

INTRODUCTION

(I)

(F)

(S)

INTRODIJC'^'ION

INTRODUZIONE

(?)

(I)

Copper etching.

Interleaved.

Introduc tion.

See alsoEinleitungIntroductionIntroduzioneInleidingIntroduccion

Introduction.

Introduction.

(a)

(E)(I)

(D)(S)

62

JAARBOnK (D)

JAHRBUCH (G)

JAPAN VAVm

JASPURE

JESTJS

JErUF^ in 18

JOUENAL

JOURNALS

JOQRNEAUX

Annual.

Annual.

Called after Jansen and done without

exterior ornament for tue sect of

Port-Royal.

Paper usually mf.de from the fibre of the paper

mulberry. It is of different thicknesses.

(P) Marbling.

(P) Super-royal, Grand royal, Imperial.

(F) Imperial paper.

(p) Size of Didot's classical authors.

Super- royal paper,

(p) Newspaper.

Printed v;or"k:s whether by single sheet, in- folio,

or by sheets folded in a smaller form, but

appearing periodically: daily, weekly, monthly.

In tne two last cases, we preferably apply to

tnem tixe generic term, per iodica,ls

.

(p) Journals.

67>

KAKTONIEl'T {Cr) Bound J 1 boardn.

K1T0TTET3 WORK

KUP-PERBLATT

KlJP-pEEnTICH

This v;aB founded in 1891, by tiie late William

Morris, as a privF. te press, at his home, Kelm-

soott manor-i'i. lise , in tne upper Thames valley.

It closed after his death in 189P. Books from

tiiis press commanded nip>i prices in 1899-1900,

"but are now much cheaper. The productions

from tiiis Press were tne result of careful

study for effect.

V/nere tne panels of the boards are ornamented by

a series of knots and Aldine leaves.

{c) Copperplate,

(n) Copper- plate.

LABEL TITLE-PA^'-E

This consists of a few words printed at the top

of a preliminary blank leaf.«

LAID DOWN When papes or pla+es are rebfcked with paper,

to preserve tnem, or render tnem stronger, they

are sa.id to be laid down.

64

LAID PAPER Paper, wiiici., xiel<i u.. to tjiu li(:iit, Ui.ow:;

all the marks of tne wire- frame mold, and has the

appearance of being ribbed. It may be either

hand- or machine-made.

See also Wove paper.LARrii] PAPTIP CO'^I>T

The best copies of a wor>; v/itn large mergins

They are bibliograpixically termed Editionsd e luxe. They are sometimes designated by

the initials L. P. They usually contain the

identical text found in the ordinary copies, but

are printed on paper of a larger size and of!|

better quality, and are bound in a better or

more distinctive sti^'le. Any plates they may

contain are generally'" in proof state. Largepaper copies are alv/ays limited in

number and sometimes bear the signature of tiie

author within the front cover. They are also

published at a higher price, at least double

that of the ordinary copies. .I

Lav/ books are usually bound in calf, which is

left wholly uncolored, hence the terra for white

calf.

(?) See Livres liturgiques.(I) BOUITD.

;

LECTIOMAIRE

LEGATO

rt5

(I) Paper covers.

LETT"'^1P.Ii1D F5o called wuen merely tue title and autiior's

name are lettere'l on the "back of a book.

LIBRARY ECONO'^

Tne word designates, in a general way, every-

tiiing connectdd witu tne knowledge of tue book,

handling, cataloging, classif ic£,tion on tne

shelves of e library. It is besides applied to

the formation of a library and its complete

organization.

LlEEtTRS (P) Binders, tyers.

LIEPERUNG (CO Issue (of a periodical) section, part.

LINE ENGRAVING Engraving on metal, v/hen the plate is pre pared

by cutting directly into the raetal witi. the

burin, or graver,

(I) (S) Catalog.

(17) Catalog.

(F) Number, part.

LISTA

LIFTE

LIVRAISON

LIVRES D'HEITRE^

(?) Prayer books in Latin and in Erench,

published at tne end of the 15th and

tne beginning of the 16th century, v/ith

decorated letters, and vignettes, v/hose

execution showed a very pure taste.

The printers sougiit especially to copy

the manuscripts. The printers and ed-

66

Ll^rRES LITURaiQIJES

itors w}io were especially famous for

these productions, were: Simon Vostre,

Philippe Pisouchet, Antoine Verard,

Thielraan Kerver, Trilles Hardoyn, etc.

The liturgies comprising the different

collections of prayers and hymns in tiie

exercise of tne cult of the Roman ij

Catholic religion. They are numerous.

A few of them are:

SACPA^'/TENTAIPP Book of the sacraments^

It comprises the whole of the prayers

wliich tne priest recites at the altar to

convert the elements of "bread and wine

into the ood^- and blood of Jesus Christ.

Saint Celase and Saint Cregory the Great

are the principal authors of the S a c-

ramentaire of the Roman church!

MISSEL The hook including the service

for Mass, by Saint Gelase and Saint

Gregory. il

EVAIJGELAIP.E Includes the wnole of

the Gospels. [

II

LECTIONNAIRE This contains the

Epistles and Lessons which shoi.'ld be

read at Mass.

67

67

BI^Tlfi-ninTIONNAIRl^ book of "ben-

edictionf:.

ANTIPHONATPT^ The booV contsininp:

the marked hymns.

LIVRaSS POPULAIRES

LO]\ffiARDIQUE (?)

LONGWERPICt POPJ.IAT

(33)

The kind of "books, Wiiose history has

been written by Charles Nisard, meriting

the attention of book lovers, by reason

of the persistant imita-tion of the

earliest forms, style, manner and com-

position of books, which have to-day

disapper.red or are very rare. This

popular literature includes everything;

science, medicine, letters, astronomy,

history, etc., and has undergone fev\^

transformations on the wrxole. Almanacs,

oracles, treatises on medicine, romances,

the Dance of Death, figure among these

books. A general bibliography of these

books would be of real service.j

See manuscripts.

Oblong.

68

MAT^E UP Sometimes an imperfect book is maae perfect by the

addition of tiie missing leaves taken from some

other copy. Such books are said to be madeu p. '

MAMUSr;RI"PTS An exact acquainta.nce with manuscripts demands

long and profound study. The science which is

concerned with it is called Pal^o/rraphj'-. Besides

this, an acquaintance with diplomacy", archaeology

and the science of seals must be p^rt of the

equipment. For manuscripts witnout date, there

are some difficulties in the way of their '

determination. I

Different methods of writing must be known. ;

CURSI'''E Running hand made .with the pen, with-

out particular form.„

UNCIAL Writing, whose name is derived from

tne n c e, or inch. Originally it was written I

in large capital letters. Afterwards, this term

was apt^lied to letters v/hose upright lines wereli

curved and wnose angles were refunded.!|

.

HALF UNCIAL A mixture of u n c i a 1 and i

minuscule.j

MINUSCUL'R Small letters, opposed to maj-uscule, capitals. This style flourished in

the Merovingian age.

69

LO'^ffiAR'niQlJR A variet;' of the mi nusculeused at the end of tiie 9tn century; called in

the middle Ages; Littera be n even-tan a.

NATIONAL WRITINCr A name applied to writing

iDelonging to different countries, or ccTiing forth

from these countries: Merovingian, Lombardic,

Visigothic, Anglo- F^axou ,Irish, etc. ^

After writing, tne abbreviations must be

studied, tneir various forms and their meanings.

Txie most condensed abbreviations bear the name of

Notes Tironiennes, in use during a

part of the Middle Ages, and which are attributed

to Tiron, a freedman of Cicero.

The wording of the manuscript and the grammatical

forms employed, should not be neglected.

In short, for title-deeds, and all the documents

of Chancery, the names of sovereigns, of priests,

signatures of notaries and witnesses should be

equally verified.

The seals and their fastenings merit a careful

attention.

A manuscript demands a much more detailed descrip-

tion than a printed book. There cannot be too

many details to define it.

The subject on which it is v/ritten, the form of

the. letters axid trie size of the page, from margin

70

to raarf;;in, snould be rioted. The titles, or first

lines of the manuscript Si.ould be transcribed in

full as well as the subscription.j

MARBLINri Any raarkinp; rese^nblinp; that of veined or variegat-

ed marble; hence any mottlinf^, veining, or cloud-1

in^: of a surface.

llARCrlNALIA The bibliographic tern for notes in the margin.

See also

Should'er notes.Side notes.

IFootnotes. 1

*

LIESS CATALOfT These catalogs were published in Germany, twice a

year, the first at the Lenten 7air, afterwards caS.

called the "Rastar, or Early Spring "Pair, the

second at tne Autumn, or Michaelmas Pair. There

were two series: one published at Frankfort on

tne Main, 1564-1749; the second, at Leipzig,

1594-1861. At Leipzig, at rare intervals, catalogs

were published for the New Year's Fair. There

were tv/o classes of these catalogs: 1 General

book-fair cata.logs by private individuals

2 Official catalogs,

MINIATURES (J*) Designs covered with water- color paint-

ing, by which are ornamented manuscripts

and even certain printed books, such as

Livres d'h.eures. By exten-

sion, the terrn is applied to every

71

design, engraving, or painting, of small

size and delicate execution. In manu-

scripts, the miniatures were set off^

with gold, whether on the background,

with geometrical superimposed designs,

or on the figures.

MINUSCULE See Manuscripts.MISSEL (F) See Livres litur:giques.MIT HANDSCHRI^TLinKE^T NITIZEN

(G) ¥ith manuscript notes.

MITRE In bookbinding, to join perfectly, as lines

intended to meet at right angles.

NACH UNGE'HRUCKTEN QUELLEN

(Ct) Prora unpublished sources.

NACHGELASSENE SGFRIETEN

(G) Posthumous writings.

NACHLA.SS (G) Posthumous works.

NACGEIJ^.TEN ^/ERKEN

(D) Posthumous works.

72

NAOKZIEN (I^)

NATTONAT TOITINO

NOM-DJl-PLUHIE

NOTA

NOTE

NOTE

(^)

(P)

Revised

.

See Man Ti s c r i p t b.

Band s

.

False bands.

See alsoZeitungJournalGiornaleDiarioNiewsblad

(G)W(I)

(S)

CD)

Tiie assumed name under wnicix any one writes.

(I S) Note, explsnatorv remark.

Explanatory remark appended to tine text, and

generally in smaller type.

CENTER-NOTE This is pieced "between two

columns, as in cross-references, in some editions

of the Bible.

CUT- IN- NOTE Set in a space left in the text,

near the outer margin and as nearly as possible|

in line with the matter referred to.

In China and Japan, 8,11 notes are at the top of thg

the page.|

See alsoAnmerkung (Cr)

Note, annotation (E)Nota, annotazione (I)

Nota, anotacid^^n (S)Aanmerking ' (D)

(E)

NOTES TIRONIEl^'NES

Not.

See M nuscripts.

73

NIJT.TBER Part.

See alBOHeft, (G)

Cahier (F)

p'ascict Ic (I)

Cuarderno {^)Hundel ("D)

NUMBERS Signs of enumeration, which serve in typography

for nurnberirig leaves and paf.';es, putting dates at

tne foot of tixe title page and ti.e signatures at

"beginning of sections, or parts of sections. Our

actuel figures are derived from the Arabic. The

Greeks expressed theiu means of a letter* sur-

mounted "by an accent, or sign. The Romans used

letters to express numbers.

NITp. l?EST (C-)

HITR FOCH FEF^^ (P )

On approval, or on sale account.

Not on approval, only on definite order.

OBLONG

OBRA (S)

OBRAS ^OTfPLETAS

(S)

See alsoQuerformatPormat oblong'Eornato oblungo

. ApaisadoLongwerpig format

Work.

Complete works.

(I)

(s)

74

GETTITO (P)

(P)

OEIJVPCRS POFTHU?aCS

(?)

OPEKA (I)

OPEPE CO^'TPLETE (I)

OPEpE POSTU:rE (I)

OPIFTOGPAPH (E)A

Postlmraour. v/orks

.

Worl<. This word is applied to any-

tlung that is me.de or done,

c. f. Ouvrage.

Complete works.

Posthumous v;orks.

¥ork.

Complete works.

Posthumous works.

A manuscript written, contrary to custoTi^

on the "back, as well as the front of the

roll of parchment or papyrus The

xylographic works are only v/ritten on

one side of the leaf, "but the two pages

are sometimes placed hack to hack.

OPLAAG (D) Edition.

OPUSCULES Small or unimportant works.

ORNEM A PROID SUR LES PIA':^S

(E) Ornamented with blind tooling on the

75

OUT Oy PRINT

OUTCRY

OUTLINE

OUTROPE

See alsoFehlt

^EpuiseEsauri toAgo tadoUi tverkocht

Sale by auction, vendue.

See alsoOutropePort sale.

See alsoGrundrissAbreglCompendioCompendioUittreksel

Auction, vendue

(0){^)

(I)

(S)

(r>)

(0)

a)

(?)

OUVRAGE

See alsoOutcry.Port sale.

Work. Ouvrage is applicable to

anything that is made witii art

c. f. Oeuvre.

76

PAialNATION This term designates tlie whole of tue fif^ures

placed at the top of a sheet or a pare in a man-

uscript or a printed hook. The ancient manuscripts

were never paged, the incunabula not before 1475.,

PALAEOriRAPiilE (P) Palaeography.

PALAEOGRAPHY The science of ancient writings, whatever they may

be, inscriptions or manuscripts.

PALI]i.IPSE?=!'^ (CtR) ( tt ct\

t

/u, y <y«• t-0 V scratched; or scraped

again) Any writing material, from

which the writing has been erased to

make room for other writing: hence,

the new writing upon such material.

PAMPHLET Any work that does not exceed five sheets octavo

is called aPamphlet.PAPER COVERS

See alsoBroschirt

Broche

(0)

Legato alia rustica (I)

Encuadernado a la rustica

Ingenaaid

PARAGPJ^PH- TITLE

An introduction, set as a paragraph in the type of

the text, often, not always, at the head of a

page , of whicii the larger portion is entirely

blank. Not a title, but a first step in that

direction. Sometimes set in type of larger size

than that of the book.

77

PART F!ect ion.

PARTE (S) (I)

PART IE (P)

PARTIE PINAL (S)

PARTIE "PTN^^LE (P) (D

PATENT "0' II.?PRI?TEUR

(?)

See alsoLieferunp (ri)

Livraison (F)

Pascicolo, dispensa (I)

Part, section.

Part, section.

Pinal part. v

tJ'inal pnrt.

PEBICtR^E

PLANTINS

PLATE

The authority accorded "by the king , or

other sovereign to print a book. The

first license knovm and dated, dates back

to 1507. It was given by tne Pope for

the printing of tiie Latin edition of the

Geography of Ptolemy. In England, the

letters-patent date from 1532.

The individual history of a book is called its '

Pedigree. Autograph inscriptions furnish

the best proof of former ownership.

j

Books from a press in Antwerp, from 1565 until '

very recently. Celebrated for the elaborate en-

graving on t/i.e title-page, and for the fine type

used in printing.

An illustration printed from a plate. The term is

often incorrectly applied to illustrations

printed from wooden blocks. Any full-page illus-

78

PONTUSEAUX

tration printed on different paper from that of

tiie book is usual.ly callnd a plate.PLIECO im 4 PLMAS)

(S) Sheet, 4 papes.

POINTILLR [y) Geometrical outlines, filled in witn

innumerable* gold dots, each dot sepa-

rately tooled and the whole for^ninp" a

brilliant series of fine stars falling

in patterns on a ground of scarlet

morocco. Much used by Le CTascon in

place of the solid line tools in the

17th century.

(F) Rods These are the lines, at regular

distances apart, which cut at right

angles other lines very close together,

called vergeures, which are seeri

in paper held to the light. They orig-

inate from the paper pulp being supported

against the separations of tne wires

placed on the fraiiie, when the paper is

made. Bi the horizontal or vertical

position which they occupy in the make-

up of the ancient book, its form can be

determined, if the work has not signa-

tures. This test can be applied to

incunabula, for example. In the modern

79

book, even for tne papers called 1 a i

the lines arc not alwa; s disposed in

the order of ancient books.

POPULAR ET)ITION See alsoVolksausr^abe (G)

Edition populaire (P)

Edizione popolare (I)

Edici6n popular {9)VoolksuitgP<ve (D)

PORT SALE Public auction or sale

See alsoOutcry.Outrope

.

POSTER An advertising sneet of considerable size, usuallji

printed and often illustrated and bearing large

letters, so that when posted on a vjall, it may

easily b^ read,

POSTHUMOUS WORKS

Books published after the death of the author.

See alsoNachlass (G)

Oeuvres posthumes (F)

Ope re postume (I)

Obras posturaas (S)Nagelaten werken (D)

POY/DERING The process of ornamenting with small patterns,

continually repef^ted. The pattern is shown as

isolated, with the background between.

PRACHTAUSCtABE (n) Edition de luxe.

PRECIO (S) Price.

80

See alsoVorrede {G)

Preface (T)

Preface, prefazione (I)

PrefacioVoorrede (D)

PREFACPl (E)

PREFACE (I)

PREFACIO (R)

PREFAZIOl^E (I)

PREIS (Ct)

PREZZO ( I

)

PRICE

Preface

.

Pref fice

.

Preface

.

Preface.

Price

.

Price.

See also

PreisPrixPrezzoPrec ioPrys

(P)(I)

(D)

PRINTERS' MARKS

Emblematic or heraldic devices, whicn each printer

adopted and which figured, either on txie title-

pa,^re, or at the end of the book, after the 15th

century. These marks were required of the French '

printers after the year 1547. Among the most

famous, can be named: the olive tree of Estienne,

the griffin of Crriphe, the escutcheon with the

two leaning deer of Jehan Petit, tne grenadier

witn a shield, of Simon Vostre, etc. The most of

tiiera were accompanied by a legend or a device.

PRINTIITC, PRINT See alsoDruckImpression

(^0

(?)

81

St&mpeImp res ionDruk

(I)

Those "boolAS ;/hich the public can only ohtain at

second-hand, as they are none of them for sale

except to those for whom they are printed.

a sovereic^^, or a prelate, granting to

a printer the exclusive right of print-

ing a v/ork for a limited time. The !

oldest of tnese papers gr'ven in Ger-

many is that which the Bishop of

Bamberg, Henri, in 1490, gave in favor

Liber missalis secund-um ordinem ecclesiaeBambergensis. In France,

they are found from 1507 on. In spite

of t lie Privilege the forgeries

were numerous, and nearly all of the

works vmich found a ready sale were

reprinted clandestinely in the country.'',

even with the false marks indication

printer and place of publication. This

was done especially in Holland, at|!

Geneva and Avignon.

PRIVILEGE (7) This consisted of a document given by

82

PRIX

PROBEXKl^PLAR

PROOF

PROOF

PRY?

PUNCTUATION

{V) Price.

(G) Rpecimen copy.

Edges left uncut as proof tha-t- the "book has

not "been unduly cut down.

An impression of a sheet of a v/ork, to be examined

to see if it be correct. Proofs are termed, ac-

cording to circumsta-nces , First proof,Clean proof, Its own ^paper,and Rev i s e.

(D) Price.

Its absence is one of the distinctive charsct'^r-

istics of i n c u n a b u 1 a, at least, before

14'''o. The printers contented themselves with

reproducing the punctuation they found in the

manuscripts

.

QUATERNIONS

QUERFORMAT

(L)

(G)

The sections of a manuscript, or a

printed book, composed of 8 leaves.

Tne incunabula are often printed in this

way. As is easily seen, it is the sheet,

octavo form, with 16 pages.

Oblong.

83

1

i|

QUIPPOS These are small cords attached to a cord, or a rod,

and forming at regular intervals more or less

complicated knots. It was the only mode of'

v/ritinp kriovm to the ancient Peruvisns, and is

used, even to this day, among the natives of that

country.

RAND (G) Margin.

RECLA^/[ES, RECLAMANTES

RECTO

RECUEIL

REGISTER

REGISTER

REGISTER

Catchwords.

The page to the right hand of the reader when the

book is open; always the odd page.

See also Verso.(E) Collection^

(C) List, index^

A term used mn printing when one papie is exactly

printed on the back of the other.

This is a table , which indicates the parts of

which a book is composed, on which the first words

of the leaves which compose the half of each sec-

tion are printed. It was called: R e g i s -

fl4

REGISTERBAKTD

REGISTERS

RECrlSTRE

RECtLURE

REIHE

RELIE

REIIAIITDERS

trura chartarum orin short,

R e g i s t r u m. It stjrved in gathering togeth-

er the sections for binding. The first time

that tiie register was used, it is believed

was in tne Piiilppics of Cicero, and in

Titus Livius, botiri printed b;^- Ulric

Hahn, in 1469, or 1470.

(G) Index volume.

Book markers fastened to the headband of a book

are so called.

(P) Register.

(E) Ruling.

(G) Series.

(E) Bound,

That part of an edition, as of a book, left on thej

publisher's hands, after the demand for it has

ceased.

REPRINT, or EXCERPT

The whole or part of a book, which is re- issued,

interlaced.

(I) Revised.

(S) Revised.

(E) Revised.

RETICULATED

RETOCCATO

REVISADO

REVISE

R5

REVISED

RIVE-nilTO

REVU

ROLLS

ROXBURGHE

ROXBURGHE BIND

J

RUBRIC

RUBRICATE

RULES

RUNNERS

RUNNING TITLE

See alsoDurchgesehen, verbessert (G)Reveduto, retoccato (i)Revu, r^vis^, corrig^ (v)

Revisado, corregido (^)Nagezien, verbeterd (v))

(I) Revised.

(p) Revised.

YTheels, for toolinp;, engraved with some figured

ornament, which is repeated at each revolution^

Having a leather back witii. cloth sides and gilt

top.

:ng

This shows a decoration of Etruscan vases, some-

times copied in colors by means of acids.

That exceptional part of a manuscript of book,

that appears in red, once used to note initial

letters, caption words, etc.

To tint with red; to illuminate a book v/ith red.

Borders of straight lines enclosing a text.

Figures or letters placed down the length of a

page to indicate the particular number or position

of any given line.

Words placed at the top of the page to indicate

the subject of the text; sometimes callec' h e a d-

lines.

86

SATMIING (G)

SAMTLICHK WERK?]

(G)

SCHLriSSATZ i^r)

SCHRIPTCHEN (G)

SCHRIFT^^TTiili-R'p

(G)

SECCION

SECTION

SECTION

SEJ.fE

SEMI^

(S)

SEPARATE EDITION

Collection.

Complete works.

Collocted works.

T'inal part.

Pamphlet

.

Author.

Part, section.

See alsoAbtheilung

Partie, sectionParte , sezioneParte, seccionAfReeling

Section.

(G)

(P)

(I)(S)

As used in "bookbinding and the other

arts, a semis is a decoration com-

posed of small, often repeated figures,

the units of which do not touch.

Similar in significance are the English

heraldic terras, Powder and

Pov/dering.see also

Einzel-AusgabeEdition separee (t?)

Edizione separata - (I)Edicion separada (S)Afzonderlijk uitgave (D)

SERIE (E) (D) (I) (S)

Series.

87

SERIES

SEZIONE

SHARE BOOKS

SHEET

See alsoReiheSerieSer ie

SerieSerie

(0)

(I)(S)(T^)

(I) Section.

The practice of dividing the cost of publishing

into shares, each partner being liable for his poi^

tion of the cost and taking a proportionate

number of copies of the printed book, lasted

until early in the last century, in England and

the United States. The books thus issued were

known as Share-books. They were also

called Chapterbooks, because the meet-

ings of the booksellers who combined to publish

them V(fere, as a rule, held at the Chapter Coffee

House.

see alsoBogenEeuille

Eoglio

PliegoBlad

(G)

(I)

(S)(D)

SHOULDER-NOTES Marginal notes placed at the top corner of the

page.

SIDE-NOTES Marginal notes at the side, distinct from foot-notes.

SIGNATURES The capital letters or figures under the bottom

line of the first page of each sheet, to indicate

their order in binding. The invention has been

88

attributed to Zarot of Milan, 1470, and to Koel-

hoff of Cologne, 1472.

SLOT

SOIISCRIPTION

SPHRAGISTIQTTE (P)

STAALTtRAVURE (d)

STAMPE (I)

STEEL-ENGRAVING

STEIlsTAFEL (G)

STER]^V/ATERPLAAT

SUB- TITLE

Pinal part.

Colophon.

The study of txie seals, and of the

stamps, wxiich represent seals, in the

ancient acts and documents, official or

private;

Steel- engraving.

Printing, print.

see alsoStahlstich (G)Gravure sur acier ("p)

Incisione in acciajo (I)Graoado en acero (S)

• staalgravure (D)

Lithograph.

SUITE

SUPER- EXTRA

SUPL®.CENTO

Copper etching.

Sometimes called amplified name, or title is

added to the title of a book, to explain or modify

its meaning; the Bastard- orHalf-

title, which is placed before the general

title of a work; also called E 1 y-t i t 1 e.

(E) Continuation.

A book finished in tue best style, with gilding on

both outside and inside of tJrie boards.

(S) supplement.

89

SUPPLWTENT An addition to a book or a paper, by which it is

made more fall and complete.

SUPPLEJMT (T))

SUPPLElilENTARY VOLUME

See alsoBeilaf?;esupplementSuppiemen toSuplementoBi jvoegsel

Supplementary volume

Supplement

.

See alsoErgangsband (G)

Volume supplementaire (P)

Volume supplementare (I)

Tomo de suplemento (S)supplement (D)

SUPPLEMENT (I) Supplement.

TABLE (P) index, register.

TABLE DES J^IATTERES

(}?) Table of contents,

TABLE OP CONTENTS

See alsoInhalts-Verzelchniss (G)

Table des matidres (p)indice (I)

fndice . (S^

Bladwijzer (D)

TAPEL

TAIL

(G) Plate, table.

The bottom of a book.

90

TAIL- PIECE

TAILLR

TAILLR DOUCE (F)

TALL COPY

TA.MANO GRANDE

TASCHETTAIJSGASE

TEEKEUIHG

T¥m CATALOG

TERNIONS

An ornament placed at the end of a chaptor to fill

up a vacant space.

(F) All cuttings made by the aid of the

graver in the plates of copper steel, or

zinc.

Any kind of engraving on metal, whether

made "by tiie graver, etching, or mezzotint

copper-plate.

A copy of a book on the ordinary sized paper, and

barely cut dovm by the binder.

(S) Folio size.

(G) Pocket edition.

(D) Drawing, design.

1677-1709. Catalogs issued four times a year,

about the middle of the four lav/ terms; in Nov-

ember, for the Michaelmas term, in February, for

the Hilary term, in May, for the Easter term, and

in June, for the Trinity term. They were first

published by John Starkey. The cost was sixpence,

and they seem to have been in demand, as new

issues with abridged titles were supplied. Sub-

division was by size and price of book.

(L) This word designates a printed leaf,

composed of four pages, whatever may be

the shape of the book. This term is on-

ly applied to the incunabula, whose

parts form Ternions, Qua-

91

THEIL

TITEL

TITELBILD

TITLE-PAGES

TITRE

TOME

ternions, or Quintern-i n s.

(a) Part, volume.I

(Cr) Title, title-page.

(Gr) Frontispiece.

The first incuriabula were without t i t 1 e-p a g-\

es; it was only about 1470 that they were printed

on a separate sheet. During the 16th and 17 tn

centuries, the t i t 1 e-p ages affected the

form of a reversed pyramid, and for the works of

controversy and religious criticism, they had a

wording, v/hich implied any thing else except the

contents of tne bookf

(P) Title-pages.i|

(F) A term often confounded with the word

Volume. ATome is properl\ a

finished part of a work, while a v o 1-

u m e is the material section of the

same work. Thus, we say: • a work in six

tomes, forming tv;elv v o 1 u m e sj,

or in twelve tomes, forming six

volumes; that is to say, that in !|

the first case, the tome forms two

V o 1 u m e s, while in the second case

two tomes are included in the same

volume.See also volume.

92

TOMO (S)

TOMO BE SUPLEEENTO

TRANCHRFILR

Volume, book,

TRIAL COPIES

TRimniTG

TROY TYPE

Supplementary volume.

Needlework made witji silk thread, or

cotton, of different colors, and which

is fastened hy sewing to the head and

foot of tne back of tne book before

proceeding to tne finishing of tne cover^

In the days before the introduction of cloth

covers, a publisher had several copies of the workI'

he intended to issue, bound up in different style^

either to satisfy himself, or to submit to the

author.

Shaving the rough edges of the leaves of a book

that is not to be cut.

A species of type used by William Morris.

93

(D) Edition.

(D) Abridemerit , outline

(D) Out of print.

ctee manuscripts.Books thc.t are not cut open v/ith the paper-knife,

Edges not ploughed by the binder.

The book is said to be unopened if t.he bolts of

tne sheets have not been cut.

UNTERHALTUNCrSLEKTURE

(G) Light reading, fiction.

USAGES (P) Religious books.

UITGAVE

UITREKSEL

UITVERITOCHT

UNCIAL

UNCUT

UNCUT EDGES

UNOPENED

VELAYURE

VERBESSERT

VERBETERD

VERPASSER

VERGRIEPEN

VERSAimiNG

VERSO

(E) old form of velours, velvet.

(G) Revised.

(D) Revised.

(G) Author.

(G) Out of print.

(D) Collection.

The page of an open book to the left hand of the

reader, always tue even page.

a!?*^ p ft c t: o.

94

VERVOLrr (D)

VERZEICHNISr: (0.)

VIDETTES (E)

VOLKRAIISGABE ( G)

VOLKRUITGA^rR (D)

VOT.LEDIG (D)

VOLLRDIGE WERKRN

(J^)

VOLLSTANDICr fc)

VOLLSTMDIGE SCHRIETEN

(G)

VOLLSTMDIGE V/ERKE

(G)

VOLIBIE Book.

VOLUME SUPPLMfElTTAIRE

(E)

YOLIW f^UPPLE^fENTAPE

(I)

VOLUT.ffilJ (I)

Continuation

.

Catalog, list, index.

Guides

.

Popular edition.

Popular edition.

Complete

.

Complete works.

Complete

.

Complete writings.

Complete works.

Flee also Tome.c;ee also

BandVolume, tomeVolumeTomo, vo lumenBand, deel

(G)

(E)(I)

(^)

(B)

Supplementary volume.

Supplementary volume.

The name given to books on parciiment or

papyrus, in tJae form of a lonp rolled

band.

95

VOLIJIIEN

VOORREDE

VORBLATT

VORRET^E

VOR^'^ORT

(S)

(0)

iCr)

Volume, book

Preface

.

Fore- leaf.

Preface

.

Preface

.

WASSER^'LECKICt (Cr) Y^ater- stained.

WATER- LINES Those transparent lines, wiriich cross the sheet of

paper at a distance of a"boii* 1 to 3 inches apart,

and are produced hy the wooden or metal supports,

wnich are put under tue wires of tne metallic

frame in wjiicli tne paper is made, so that they

should not bend under the v/eight of pulp required

to form, the sneet of paper. These v/ a t e r-

lines always cross the sheet in its narrowest}

width, tney are not found in machine made papers.

The size of old books can often be determined

from them.

96

I

;l

I

WATEPJIIARK? These are tj^e outlines of objects, or the first

letters or names of manufacturers, which api)ear

in tne paper when held up to tiie light. In papei

made by hand, they are produced by means of a fine

brass wire, which passes around in tiie wires of

the frame and the support inp rods and copies thejj

design wished; the paste run on the form takes

the impression of ti.e wires in all their curves.

'For modern papers, tne marks are csrved or cut on|

the cylinders between wjiich the paste of paper

is to pass. The rods and the wires 5 re also

carved or cut.

Books of the 15th and 16th centuries can be named

as to size, by the position of tne water-marks. If these are perpendicular, the

book is either an Svo, an IRmo, or a folio.

If the lines are horizontal, the book is a 12mo

,

or a 4to. In the case of a 24mo , tne lines are

sometimes perpendicular and sometimes horizontal.

In folios, the vir a t e r m a r k is in tne

middle. In 4tos, it is folded in half in the

back of the book, midway between the top and bot-

tom. In 8vos, it is in tne back and at tlie

top of tne pa2;e, and in 12mos and 16mos, it is

seen on the fore-edpes.

97

WERK

WERKE

WIECtENDRUCKT

WIRB-Jl/VRK

WORK

WORJ^STICHIG

WOVE PAPERS

(G) (D) V/ork.

(G) Works.

(0) Incunabulum.

semi-transparent lines on paper, caused by the

wires forming the frame in which the paper is made.

See also

Oeuvre, ouvrap;eOpera (I)Obra (s)Werk

(G) Having wormholes.

Those which have no wire-marks or water-lines,

such as those which are seen when laid p a-

p e r s are held up to the light. They may he

either hand- or machine-made.

See also Laid paper.

XYLOGRAPHIC BOOKS

Block books.

XYLOGRAPRE (P) The engraver of letters on wood. It is

he who makes the ornamented letters

(vignettes) for tiie library, as well as

the large letters for posters.

98

XYLOGRAPHIE Xy lOi'^rapu;/.

XYLOGHAPI-fY (GR)

This is tne art of writing; on wood,

taken in the largest sense. In reality,

it is cutting on tne surf; ce of a piece

of wood, designs and text, in a way, by

wiiicn these designs or this text can be I

reproduced by printing. It results from,|

this tnat all the parts wnich snould

bear on tne paper are in relief, wnile

the blanks are cut in.

Xylography came to e.n end on the discov-

ery of printing. To give a list of

Xylographic works would

take too long. These a^e a few:

BIELIA PAUPERUM, or histories of the

Old and New Testaments.

APOCALYPSE, or History of St John the

Evangelist

.

HISTORY OF THE viRaiN ^^ARY, taken from

the Ca.nticle of Canticles. 'I

ARS MORI ^ill^'lll , or Temptations of the,

dying.

ARS JilEMORA-NDO

.

99

SPECULUr.T HUMANAJ-; SALVATIUNIP , or Spec-

ulum Nostrae Salutis.

DANSE MACABRE, ETC.

ZEICHMIJNG

ZEITU.NG Newspaper.

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