glossary - · pdf filenelson science & technology perspectives 8 ... comparison matrix...

Glossary A actual mechanical advantage ♫ the mechanical advantage of a machine in real-world applications; equal to ideal mechanical advantage minus force lost to friction, slippage, and distortion (p. 42) adhesion [ad-HEE-zhun] ♫ the attraction between the particles of one substance and the particles of another substance (p. 189) aerodynamics [air-oh-dye-NAM-iks] ♫ a part of fluid dynamics concerned with how gases move (p. 194) aquifer [ACK-wuh-fer] ♫ a geological formation of loose rock or soil that is saturated with groundwater (p. 272)

atmospheric [at-muhs-FEER-ik] pressure ♫ the force the atmosphere exerts on a unit of surface area (p. 234)

Nelson Science & Technology Perspectives 8 © 2010 Nelson Education Ltd.

automation [OT-uh-MAY-shun] ♫ the replacement of human workers by technology (p. 72)

B bacteria ♫ the most basic of all unicellular organisms; lacks a nucleus (p. 141) ballast [BAL-uhst] tanks ♫ compartments in a ship or submarine that take in water to keep the ship stable or help a submarine dive below the surface (p. 220)


bar graph [GRAFF] ♫ a type of graph used to make comparisons when one variable is in numbers and the other is not; useful for showing how data are distributed across categories (p. 398)

bioremediation [BYE-oh-ruh-mee-dee-AY-shun] ♫ the use of living things (micro-organisms, fungi, and green plants) to remove contaminants from a polluted environment (p. 300) blackwater ♫ water that contains feces and urine; also called “sewage” (p. 307) bubble [BUH-bul] map ♫ a graphic organizer that shows properties or characteristics (p. 407)


buoyancy [BOY-uhn-see] ♫ the upward supportive force on an object in a fluid (p. 216)

C cause-and-effect question ♫ a type of question that asks whether something is causing something else (p. 355) cause variable ♫ see independent variable ♫ cell [sell] ♫ the basic structural and functional unit of life (p. 96)

cell membrane ♫ the part of a cell that surrounds and holds the cell contents together; controls movement of substances into and out of a cell (p. 104) cell theory ♫ the theory that states that all living things consist of cells, that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells (p. 97)


cellular differentiation [SELL-yuh-lur DIF-uh-REN-shee-ay-shun] ♫ the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function (p. 149)

cell wall ♫ a structure surrounding plant cells that protects and supports the cell; made of cellulose (p. 106) characteristic [kair-ik-tuh-RIS-tik] property ♫ a property that makes a particular substance distinct from others (p. 213) chloroplast [KLO-ruh-plast] ♫ site of photosynthesis; chloroplasts in a plant cell absorb sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food (p. 106) chromosomes [KROH-muh-SOHMS] ♫ rod-like structures in the nucleus of a cell; contain the genetic information of a cell (p. 105) cilia [SILL-ee-uh] ♫ hair-like projections that help propel the cell or move the substances surrounding the cell (p. 107)


circle [SER-kuhl] graph ♫ a type of graph that shows the whole of something divided into all of its parts; shows how different things compare in size or quantity; also known as pie graph (p. 399)

climate [KLYE-miht] ♫ an average of weather conditions in an area over 30 years (p. 316) cohesion [koh-HEE-zhun] ♫ a measure of how strongly the particles of a fluid attract each other (p. 188) compare and contrast chart ♫ a graphic organizer that shows similarities and differences (p. 406)


comparison matrix [MAY-triks] ♫ a graphic organizer used to record and compare observations or results (p. 406)

compress [kuhm-PRES] ♫ to pack closely together; squeeze (p. 228)

compressibility [kuhm-pres-uh-BIL-ih-tee] ♫ the ability to be squeezed into a smaller volume (p. 228) concentration [kawn-suhn-TRAY-shun] ♫ a measure of the quantity of dissolved substance contained per unit volume of solution (p. 290) concentration gradient [GRAY-dee-uhnt] ♫ a difference in concentration of a substance between two areas (p. 122) concept [KAWN-sept] map ♫ a graphic organizer that shows relationships between ideas; the ideas are connected by arrows and words or expressions that explain the connections (p. 404)


condensation [kawn-duhn-SAY-shun] ♫ the change of state from a gas to a liquid; occurs when a gas loses thermal energy (p. 271) consumerism [kun-SOO-muh-RIZ-um] ♫ linking personal happiness with the purchase of goods and services (p. 22) contaminant [kuhn-TAH-mih-nuhnt] ♫ an undesirable substance in a mixture (p. 292) controlled variable ♫ a condition that remains unchanged in an investigation; does not affect the outcome (p. 355) convection [kun-VEK-shun] ♫ the transfer of thermal energy from one part of a gas or liquid to another by a circulating current of faster-moving and slower-moving particles (p. 318) customer service ♫ help provided so that customers can use a physical or social system efficiently (p. 70) cycle [SI-kuhl] map ♫ a graphic organizer that shows cycles in nature (p. 403)

cytoplasm [SI-tuh-PLAZ-um] ♫ the watery substance in a cell in which the organelles are suspended; also used for transport and chemical reactions (p. 104) NEL Glossary 423


D density ♫ a measure of the mass per unit volume of a substance (p. 212) dependent variable ♫ the variable that is affected by a change in an investigation; the variable measured to see how it is affected by the independent variable; also known as effect variable ♫ (p. 355) deposition [deh-puh-ZIH-shun] ♫ the change of state from a gas to a solid; occurs when a gas loses thermal energy (p. 271)

desalination [dee-sal-uh-NAY-shun] ♫ the technology of removing salt and other minerals from water (p. 291) diffusion [dih-FYOO-shun] ♫ the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (p. 121)

displace ♫ to take the place of (p. 209)


E economic efficiency [uh-FISH-un-see] (everyday usage) ♫ the ability to do something well or achieve a desired output without wasting energy, effort, or materials (p. 61) eddy [EH-dee] ♫ an area of slower-moving fluid that occurs behind an obstacle (p. 185) effect variable ♫ see dependent variable ♫ effort arm ♫ the part of a lever that extends from the fulcrum to where the force is applied (p. 31)

electron microscope ♫ a microscope that uses beams of electrons instead of beams of light; has more magnifying power than a compound light microscope (p. 111) endocytosis [EN-doh-si-TOH-sis] ♫ the process by which a cell moves large amounts of material, or non-dissolved particles, into its cytoplasm from the outside environment (p. 132) energy ♫ the ability to apply a force to move an object a distance (p. 47) evaporation [ih-vah-puh-REY-shun] ♫ the change of state from a liquid to a gas; occurs when a liquid gains thermal energy (p. 270)


exocytosis [EK-soh-si-TOH-sis] ♫ the process by which large amounts of material, or large non-dissolved particles, are moved from a cell’s cytoplasm to the outside environment (p. 133)

F fertilizer [FUHR-tuh-lye-zuhr] ♫ a substance used to provide nutrients to plants, usually for the purpose of increasing crop production (p. 292) field of view ♫ the visible area of the specimen seen through the eyepiece of a compound microscope (p. 100) fishbone diagram ♫ a graphic organizer that shows the important ideas under the major concepts of a topic (p. 404)


flagella [fl uh-JELL-uh] ♫ tail-like structures that propel cells through their environment (p. 107)

floc [flawk] ♫ sticky clumps formed from the reaction of alum in water, combined with sand and other waste solids (p. 277) flood [fluhd] plain ♫ an area of fl at land that is flooded when a river overflows its banks (p. 326) flow chart ♫ a graphic organizer that shows a sequence of steps or a series of component relationships (p. 403)

flow rate ♫ a measure of how quickly fluids move; measured in a volume per unit time (for example, L/s) (p. 187) fluid [FLOO-id] dynamics ♫ a part of the study of fluid mechanics concerned with how fluids move (p. 194) fluid [FLOO-id] mechanics ♫ the study of fluids and how they behave when at rest and when moving (p. 194)


fluids [FLOO-idz] ♫ materials that have no fixed shape and are free to flow, such as liquids and gases (p. 180)

force ♫ any push or pull (p. 13) freezing ♫ the change of state from a liquid to a solid; occurs when a liquid loses thermal energy (p. 271) friction [FRIK-shun] ♫ the force that resists the movement of objects sliding or rolling over one another (p. 38) fulcrum [FULL-kruhm] ♫ the pivot point of a lever (p. 31)


fungi [FUN-jai] ♫ organisms that usually obtain nutrients from dead or decaying matter and cannot carry out photosynthesis; nutrients are usually absorbed (p. 141)

G glacier [GLAY-sher] ♫ a river of ice, formed from snow accumulated over hundreds of years, that moves slowly downhill under the force of gravity (p. 273) global warming ♫ an increase in Earth’s average atmospheric temperature (p. 321) graphic [GRAFF-ik] organizer ♫ a diagram used to organize and display ideas visually; useful for connecting different concepts, ideas, and data (p. 403) greywater ♫ water that has been used for cooking, laundry, bathing, or similar tasks (p. 307) groundwater ♫ water that seeps through soil and cracks in rock; source of water for underground springs and wells (p. 272)

H heat capacity ♫ a measure of the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain temperature interval; a measure of how much thermal energy a particular object can store (p. 317)


heat sink ♫ matter that absorbs thermal energy but does not change state or significantly increase in temperature (p. 318) herbicide [HUR-buh-side] ♫ a chemical substance used to kill or slow the growth of certain plants; oft en used to kill weeds that compete with crop plants (p. 292) hydraulic [hye-DRAWL-ik] system ♫ a system that uses liquids under pressure (p. 229)

NEL Glossary

425 hydrodynamics [hye-dro-dye-NAM-iks] ♫ a part of fluid dynamics concerned with how liquids move (p. 194) hypothesis [hye-PAW-thuh-sis] ♫ a prediction about the outcome of a controlled experiment along with an explanation for the outcome; may be written as an “if… then… because…” statement (p. 356)

I icecap [AYS-kap] ♫ a large area of ice that permanently covers land (p. 273) ideal mechanical advantage ♫ the mechanical advantage of a machine if all of the input force is converted into output force; never possible in real-world applications (p. 42) independent variable ♫ the variable that is changed in an investigation; also known as cause variable ♫ (p. 355) inference [IN-fer-uhns] ♫ a possible explanation of an observation; an educated guess based on experience, knowledge, and observations (p. 360)


input ♫ the force, energy, or raw materials that you put into a system (p. 15)

input force ♫ the effort force applied to the lever (p. 32)


internal combustion [kuhm-BUHS-chun] engine ♫ a device that provides power by burning fuel within its cylinders (p. 243)

invertebrate ♫ an animal without a backbone (p. 140)

K K-W-L chart ♫ a graphic organizer that shows what you know (K), what you want (W) to find out, and what you have learned (L) (p. 405)


L laminar [LAM-uh-ner] flow ♫ a smooth pattern of flow (p. 185)

law ♫ a general statement that describes a commonly occurring natural event; a law does not explain why or how a natural event occurs; it just describes what happens in detail (p. 349) line graph ♫ a type of graph that shows changes in measurement when two variables are in numbers; shows a relationship between two sets of numbers (p. 398)


load arm ♫ the part of a lever that extends from the fulcrum to the mass being moved (p. 31)

load force ♫ the force that the input force has to overcome in order to cause movement (p. 32)

locomotion [LOH-kuh-MOH-shun] ♫ movement that takes an object from one place in its environment to another; a characteristic of animals, animal-like protists, and some bacteria, but not plants or fungi (p. 145)


lost energy ♫ energy that has escaped from a system (p. 58)

lubricant [LOO-bruh-kuhnt] ♫ a substance that reduces friction and causes surfaces to slide more easily (p. 39)

M magnification [MAG-nuh-fi h-KAY-shun] ♫ the degree to which the appearance of a specimen is enlarged (p. 98) magnitude [MAG-nuh-TOOD] ♫ the quantity of force (p. 36) mass ♫ the amount of matter that makes up an object or substance (p. 208) mechanical advantage ♫ the ratio of output force to input force for a given machine (p.40)


mechanical efficiency [uh-FISH-un-see] (scientific usage) ♫ the percentage of work input that is turned into useful work output (p. 64) melting ♫ the change of state from a solid to a liquid; occurs when a solid gains thermal energy (p. 270) meniscus [meh-NIS-kuhs] ♫ the downward curve of the surface of a volume of liquid (p. 391)

mind map ♫ a graphic organizer that shows relationships between ideas; words or pictures representing ideas are connected by arrows; similar to a concept map, but does not include explanations for connections (p. 404) movement ♫ a change in the shape or figure of all or part of an organism; a characteristic of all living things (p. 145) multicellular [MULL-tee-SELL-yuh-lur] organism ♫ an organism that is made up of more than one cell (p. 140)


N nested circle diagram ♫ a graphic organizer that shows parts within a whole (p. 405)

newton [NOO-tun] (N) ♫ the unit used to measure forces (p. 37) nucleus [NOO-klee-us] ♫ the control centre in a cell; stores the genetic information that directs all of the cell’s functions (p. 105)


O organ ♫ two or more tissues that work together to perform one or more functions (p. 149)

organelle ♫ a small structure found within a cell; performs a specific function in a cell (p. 104) organism ♫ a living system with parts that work together to carry out the processes of life (p. 140) organ system ♫ a group of organs that work together to perform related functions (p. 150)


osmosis [oz-MOH-sis] ♫ the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration (or low solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (or high solute concentration) (p. 124)

output ♫ the task or service that a system performs (p. 15)

output force ♫ the force the lever applies to the load (p. 32)


P particle theory of matter ♫ a theory that explains what matter is made of and how it behaves (p. 182)

NEL Glos sary 427

Pascal’s [pass-KAL’s] Law ♫ states that a force applied to a fluid is distributed equally through all parts of the fluid (p. 235) pesticide [PESS-tuh-side] ♫ a chemical substance used to kill animal pests; oft en used to kill insects that damage crop plants (p. 292) phagocytosis [FAG-uh-si-TOH-sis] ♫ a type of endocytosis in which a cell uses pseudopods to move non-dissolved solid particles into its cytoplasm from the outside environment (p. 132)


phloem [FLOH-um] vessels ♫ a system of tubes in a plant that transports nutrients (such as dissolved sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant (p. 154) physical [FIZZ-uh-kuhl] system ♫ a group of physical parts that work together to perform a function (p. 10)

pie graph ♫ see circle graph ♫


placemat organizer ♫ a graphic organizer that gives each student in a group space to write down what he or she knows about a topic; the group then discusses their answers, what they have in common, and writes in the middle section (p. 409)

pneumatic [noo-MA-tik] system ♫ a system that uses gases under pressure (p. 229)

polar ice sheet ♫ a frozen field of ice covering either the North Pole or the South Pole (p. 273) precipitation [prih-sip-uh-TAY-shun] ♫ solid or liquid water that falls to Earth’s surface (p. 273) prediction [pruh-DIK-shun] ♫ states what is likely to happen as the result of a controlled experiment; may be written as an “if…then…” statement (p. 356) pressure [PREH-shur] (scientific definition) ♫ the force per unit area (p. 234)


procedure ♫ a step-by-step description of how an investigation will be performed (p. 357) protist ♫ an organism that is neither plant nor animal, but shares many of the same characteristics of both; usually unicellular, but can be multicellular (p. 141)

Q qualitative [KWAHL-ih-tay-tiv] observation ♫ an observation that describes characteristics that cannot be measured or expressed in numbers (p. 358)

quantitative [KWAHN-tih-tay-tiv] observation ♫ a measurable observation that can be expressed in numbers (p. 358)

R runoff ♫ water from precipitation and snowmelt that flows over Earth’s surface (p. 272)


S salinity [suh-LIN-uh-tee] ♫ a measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in water (p. 290) scientific inquiry [SI-ehn-TIH-fi k in-KWI-ree] ♫ the process of exploring the world, asking questions, and searching for answers that increase our understanding (p. 346) scientific notation ♫ a type of mathematical abbreviation that omits large numbers of zeros (p. 396) selectively permeable membrane ♫ a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through it (p. 120)

sewer [SOO-er] system ♫ a network of pipes that transports dirty or used water (p. 306)


side effects ♫ the unintended or undesired outputs of a system (p. 16) simple machine ♫ a device that requires a single force to work; made of only one or two parts (p. 30) sliding friction ♫ the force that acts like a brake when one surface slides over another surface (p. 38) social system ♫ a group of people, or other organisms, joining together to perform tasks and establish relationships (p. 11)

static friction ♫ the force that holds a motionless object where it is, preventing it from being moved across another object’s surface (p. 38) stormwater runoff ♫ water, usually from precipitation, that runs off roofs, lawns, and paved areas (p. 307) streamlined ♫ a smooth shape designed to decrease resistance to fluid flow (p. 186)


sublimation [sub-lih-MAY-shun] ♫ the change of state from a solid to a gas without first becoming a liquid; occurs when a solid gains thermal energy (p. 270)

surface tension [TEN-shun] ♫ the strong attraction among the particles that form the surface of a liquid (p. 188) sustainability [suh-stay-nah-BIL-ih-tee] ♫ being able to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (p. 278) swim bladder ♫ a controllable, balloon-like chamber that allows fish to alter their buoyancy (p. 220)


system ♫ a group of parts that work together to perform a desired task (p. 10)

systems thinking ♫ taking into consideration the inputs, outputs, and side effects of systems (p. 16)

T theory [THEE-uh-ree] ♫ an explanation of an observation (p. 349) thermal pollution ♫ artificially raising the temperature (for example, of water) (p. 296) tissue [TIH-shoo] ♫ a group of differentiated cells that work together to perform a specific function (p. 149)

transferred ♫ moved from one place to another (p. 58) transformed ♫ changed from one form to another (p. 58)


tree diagram ♫ a graphic organizer showing concepts that can be broken down into smaller categories (p. 404)

turbid [TER-bid] ♫ not clear; containing tiny specks of sediment or other solid matter (p. 296)

turbulent [TER-byoo-luhnt] flow ♫ an irregular, mixing flow pattern (p. 185)

NEL Glossar y 429

turgor [TUR-ger] pressure ♫ the outward pressure that is exerted on a plant cell wall by the cell contents when water is taken in by osmosis (p. 126)


U unicellular organism ♫ an organism made up of only one cell (p. 140)

V vacuole [VAK-yoo-OHL] ♫ a membrane-surrounded storage compartment in a cell; stores food, water, and other materials (p. 105) valve [valv] ♫ a mechanism that controls the flow of fluid in a pipe or tube (p. 242)

variable ♫ any condition that could affect the outcome of an investigation (p. 355) Venn diagram ♫ a graphic organizer that shows similarities and differences (p. 406)


vertebrate ♫ an animal with a backbone (p. 140)

viscosity [vihs-KAWS-uh-tee] ♫ a measure of how easily a fluid’s particles are able to slide past one another (p. 188)

volume [VOL-yoom] ♫ the amount of space an object or substance takes up (p. 208)


W wastewater ♫ water that has been used or contaminated by human activity; blackwater and greywater (p. 307) water cycle ♫ a continuous pattern in nature in which water moves as it changes state above, on, and below the surface of Earth (p. 270)

watershed ♫ an area surrounded by high land and drained by a river and its tributaries; all runoff from within the watershed leaves the watershed at the same exit (p. 299) water table ♫ the depth at which loose rock and soil below Earth’s surface are saturated with water; the upper boundary of an aquifer (p. 272)


water treatment ♫ the process of removing potentially dangerous substances from water to make it more acceptable for a desired end-use (p. 276)

weather ♫ the day-to-day environmental conditions in a given place at a given time; includes temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, and precipitation (p. 316) weight [wayt] ♫ the force of gravity acting on an object (p. 208) word splash ♫ a graphic organizer that “splashes” key words of a topic on a page randomly; similar to a word wall, but more colourful (p. 408)


word wall ♫ a graphic organizer that lists the key words and concepts for a topic (p. 408)

work ♫ the result when a force moves an object a certain distance (p. 46)

X xylem [ZI-lem] vessels ♫ a system of tubes in a plant that transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots and leaves (p. 154)


glossary - · pdf filenelson science & technology perspectives 8 ... comparison matrix...

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