glucose (a) linear and ring forms(b) abbreviated ring structure
TRANSCRIPT
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Glucose
(a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure
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Disaccharides
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
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Different Ring Strucutres
(a) and glucose ring structures
Glucose Glucose
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and Configurations
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Cellulose
Glucosemonomer
Cellulosemolecules
Microfibril
Cellulosemicrofibrilsin a plantcell wall
0.5 µm
10 µm
Cell walls
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Chitin
The structureof the chitinmonomer.
(a) (b) (c)Chitin forms theexoskeleton ofarthropods.
Chitin is used to makea strong and flexiblesurgical thread.
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Fats (Triacylglycerols)
Fatty acid(palmitic acid)
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Glycerol
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Saturated Fats
(a) Saturated fat
Structuralformula of asaturated fatmolecule
Stearic acid, asaturated fattyacid
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Unsaturated Fats
(b)Unsaturated fat
Structural formulaof an unsaturatedfat molecule
Oleic acid, anunsaturatedfatty acid
cis doublebond causesbending
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Phospholipids
(b)Space-filling model(a) (c)Structural formula Phospholipid symbol
Fatty acids
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictails
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hyd
rop
ho
bic
tai
lsH
ydro
ph
ilic
hea
d
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Fig. 5-14
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictail WATER
WATER
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Steroids
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Fig. 5-16
Enzyme(sucrase)
Substrate(sucrose)
Fructose
Glucose
OH
H O
H2O
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Fig. 5-UN1
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
α carbon
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Amino Acids
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Amino Acids
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Peptide Bond
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Sickle-cell Disease
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Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure
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Quaternary Structure
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4 Levels of Protein Structure
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What determines a proteins structure?
The unique conformation endows each protein with a specific function
Physical and chemical environment affects struture- _________________: protein unravels and losses its conformation
- pH, [salt], temperature
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Protein Folding in the Cell
It is hard to predict a protein’s structure from its primary structure
Go through several intermediate structures
____________ are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Fig. 5-24
Hollowcylinder
Cap
Chaperonin(fully assembled)
Polypeptide
Steps of ChaperoninAction:
An unfolded poly-peptide enters thecylinder from one end.
1
2 3The cap attaches, causing thecylinder to change shape insuch a way that it creates ahydrophilic environment forthe folding of the polypeptide.
The cap comesoff, and the properlyfolded protein isreleased.
Correctlyfoldedprotein
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DNA, RNA and Proteins
mRNA
Synthesis ofmRNA in thenucleus
DNA
NUCLEUS
mRNA
CYTOPLASM
Movement ofmRNA into cytoplasmvia nuclear pore
Ribosome
AminoacidsPolypeptide
Synthesisof protein
1
2
3
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Fig. 5-27ab5' end
5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
3'C
5'C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
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Fig. 5-27c-1
(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
Purines
Guanine (G)Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA)
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
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Fig. 5-27c-2
Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Sugars
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
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Fig. 5-27ab5' end
5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
3'C
5'C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
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Fig. 5-28
Sugar-phosphatebackbones
3' end
3' end
3' end
3' end
5' end
5' end
5' end
5' end
Base pair (joined byhydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Newstrands
Nucleotideabout to beadded to anew strand
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DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
Siblings share similarity in DNA and protein sequences than unrelated species members
Two species that appear closely related based on fossil and anatomical evidence should more similar in DNA sequences than more distantly related species
Molecular biology can be used to assess evolutionary kinship
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You should now be able to:
1. List and describe the four major classes of molecules
2. Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
3. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats and between cis and trans fat molecules
4. Describe the four levels of protein structure
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You should now be able to:
5. Distinguish between the following pairs: pyrimidine and purine, nucleotide and nucleoside, ribose and deoxyribose, the 5 end and 3 end of a nucleotide