glycolysis
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GLYCOLYSIS
MSD
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Definition
Derived from Greek wordGlykys = Sweet Lysis = splitting
The process in cell metabolism by which carbohydrates and sugars, especially glucose, are broken down, producing (C6H12O6) ATP and pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules
of NADH.
Glucose = (C6H12O6)
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Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is the stepwise degradation of glucose (and other simple sugars).
• Glycolysis is a paradigm of metabolic pathways.• Carried out in the cytosol of cells, it is unique, in that it can function
either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and the electron transport chain.
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Overview of Glycolysis • Glycolysis consists of two phases-• In the first, a series of five reactions, glucose is broken down to two
molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. • In the second phase, five subsequent reactions convert these two
molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into two molecules of pyruvate.
• Phase 1 consumes two molecules of ATP. • The later stages of glycolysis result in the production of four molecules
of ATP.• The net is 4 – 2 = 2 molecules of ATP produced per molecule of glucose.
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Overview of GlycolysisoMost of the details of
this pathway (the first
metabolic pathway to be
elucidated) were worked
out in the first half of the
20th century by the
German biochemists
Otto Warburg, G.
Embden, and O.
Meyerhof.
oIn fact, the sequence of
reactions in is often
referred to as the
Embden-Meyerhof
pathway.
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Steps of Glycolysis
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10 Steps involves in Glycolysis
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Step 1• The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate
group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm.
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Step 2• The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-
phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate.
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Step 3• The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule
to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.
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Step 4• The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into
two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
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Step 5• The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts
the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
• Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed / used in next step of Glycolysis.
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• Net result for steps 4 and 5:
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
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Step 6• enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase
• enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to (NAD+) to form NADH.
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 H+
• Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form
1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.
TPD+ 2P + 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate → 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
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Step 7• The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP• This happen for each molecule of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
Result in step 6: 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
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Step 8• The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate
from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)
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Step 9• The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-
phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
Result: 2 molecules of C3H3O3P1
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Step 10• The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to
form pyruvic acid and ATP
Result in step 10: 2 molecules of 2 ATP + 2NADH
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Net energy ATP utilized ATP produced
2 ATP 2ATPFrom glucose to glucose -6-p.From fructose -6-p to fructose 1,6 p.
4 ATP (Substrate level phosphorylation) 2ATP from 1,3 DPG.2ATP from phosphoenol pyruvate
In absence of oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis)
6 ATPOr8 ATP
2ATP-From glucose to glucose -6-p.From fructose -6-p to fructose 1,6 p.
4 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 2ATP from 1,3 BPG.2ATP from phosphoenol pyruvate.
In presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis)
+ 4ATP or 6ATP(from oxidation of 2 NADH + H in mitochondria).
Energy Production of Glycolysis
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Substrates produced by different reaction can enter glycolysis at different points. Eg. When an animal breakdown glycogen glucose 6 phosphate is produced, it can enter at second step. This means one less ATP is required for the pathway.
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Inhibitors of Glycolysis
a) Arsenate and Iodoacetate- Inhibitors of Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase
b) Bromo hydroxy acetone phosphate- Inhibitor of dihydroxy acetone phosphate
c) Fluoride- Inhibitor of Enolased) Oxamate- Inhibitor of Lactate dehydrogenase
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